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BA Thesis Seminary Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Bakalářská diplomová práce 2014 Marie Libichová Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Marie Libichová One story, two genres; the narratives of Miranda and Caliban in John Fowles‘s The Collector Bachelor‘s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Mgr. Milada Franková, Csc., M.A. 2014 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Mgr. Milada Franková, Csc, M.A., for her time, valuable advice and her patience when supervising my thesis. Table of Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Fowles's work; his authorial attitude ................................................ 2 1.2 Features of Pulp fiction in general and in The Collector ................. 5 1.3 The plot of the novel; three semantic plains .................................... 9 2. Comparison of both parts of the novel - the aspects of the content ......... .14 2.1 Motivation ....................................................................................... 14 2.2 Prehistory of characters .................................................................... 20 2.3 Social aspect ...................................................................................... 22 2.4 Description and characterization ....................................................... 25 2.4.1 Description of characters ................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Description of places and settings .................................................... 27 2.5 Dreams and fantasies ........................................................................ 30 3. Comparison of both parts of the novel - formal aspects ............................... 34 3.1 Narrative technique ........................................................................... 34 3.2 Language and syntax ......................................................................... 37 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 39 Works Cited ...................................................................................................... 41 Summary ........................................................................................................... 43 Shrnutí ............................................................................................................... 44 1 Introduction The aim of this thesis is to compare two narratives in The Collector, a book written by English writer John Fowles. The first and third parts of the story are told by Frederick Clegg, ordinary clerk who collects butterflies. He admires a young girl Miranda but he never dares to show his admiration. He just dreams about being with her, however he does not see her as a personality - he simply does not care about what person she is. When he wins a lottery, psychopathic traits emerges in his conduct; now he is able to make his dream of "collecting" the desired girl happen and soon the story turns into a horrific nightmare. The second part is told by Miranda who becomes Clegg's captive. She is a young student of art, a member of upper - middle class. Like many other young people of her age she deals with school, parents, love and social affairs. Being caught in a desperate situation - kidnapped by a psychopath, she comments on it in a diary; it helps her to endure her gruesome circumstances. Although both characters tell the same story the narratives differ a lot, both in the content and language. Clegg simply describes events, stubbornly follows his fantasy of being with Miranda "in a modern house"; he gradually begins to feel that things are not progressing according to his plan, but he does not reflect upon the reality. The language he uses is simple and in many respects it reminds of pulp fiction stories: it is full of cliché, starchy expressions; he always puts emphasis on what is considered proper (he repeatedly says "as they say"). Miranda's narrative is more meaningful. Unlike her captor who does not think of her as a real human being - being simply a valuable item of his collection - she tries to understand his unsound mind; though she does that in vain hope that she would be able to persuade him to release her. Even in her horrifying situation she deals with the same issues as she used to before. She cannot speak with her friends but she thinks about them. She contemplates on art, society and politics and she employs a colourful language. ―The diversity of speech and 1 writing styles made clear by the presentation of discrete textes keeps Clegg and Miranda separated by a very real space.‖ (Docherty, p. 120) The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with Fowles‘s authorial attitude and the arrangement of the book which consists of two narratives. To distinguish both part of the book the narratives are compared with respect to the content and the form: narrative techniques and language. In order to see Fowles‘s unique literary style all his novels are compared here too. First part also defines features of pulp fiction in general and shows the way they are used in the book. The plot of the story is additionally outlined here. The second part focuses on the comparison of both narratives with respect to the content. It deals with motivation, prehistory of characters, social aspects of the novel, description and characterization, description of characters, description of places and settings, and dreams and fantasies. The aim of this comparison is to show that the same event was a completely different experience for both protagonists. The third part compares the forms used in both parts of the story; this narrative technique based on narrator-switching is not unusual. It occurs in The Joke by Milan Kundera, The Centaur by John Updike, Nothing Like The Sun by Athnony Burgess and many others. The originality of this book lies in that both of the narrators tell the same story - both of them in their own way and in their specific language which is equally analysed. 1.1 Fowles’s work, his authorial attitude Fowles‘s work focuses on pathological phenomena within society, on their genesis, motivation and their development. He often ends his work in a way that is not expected in a novel, either by letting events proceed freely or he even leaves them open-ended. The observation of pathological symptoms emerges in each of Fowles's works, sometimes very clearly, for example in The Collector or The Magus, other times less noticeably, like in Daniel 2 Martin or The French Lieutenant's Woman. ( Hilský, 281-95) In his novels, Fowles counterbalances two opposing approaches, one of pulp fiction and the other one of art fiction which is typical of the literature at the turn of the millennium when the so called post-modern novelists strive to mix literary genres so that they could address as many readers as possible. That is why Fowles's work is accepted and appreciated by a wide number of readers as well as by many literary experts. Fowles utilizes two literary styles. The first being traditional realism typical of a descriptive writing style. He employs this style in The Collector in Ferdinand – Caliban‘s (Cleggs nicknames) narration which is descriptive and simplified. The second being an experimental outline of novel imagination as portrayed in Miranda's diary. While in Fowles‘s other novels both styles intertwine in such a manner that they cannot be identified clearly, in The Collector, both techniques are obviously separated and so they are perceived as stylistic and mentally discrete units. Part one, three and four are all told in a simplistic way. The narration itself focuses on details (Fowles describes the room in the cellar that is furnished for the captive, the clothes that are bought for her, the meals that are cooked, etc.), and there is not much space left for the narrator‘s reflection. Part two contains Miranda‘s diary notes, which suggests rather an imaginative novel. It works with the narrator‘s reflections on various subjects; Miranda deals with art issues, sociological reflections of the contemporary society, social classes, gender issues, uneven partnership between men and women. Her narration maintains gradation, it is readable even when she is describing the horror she experiences. The Collector (1963) is Fowles‘s first work. It is based on a real event. It is the most concise and most accurate work in style. Both styles used are clearly distinguished. Each style represents a different part of the book and has its own narrator. The motif of a kidnapped and captured woman is not new in literature, not even in English literature. Martin Hilsky names 3 Clarissa by Samuel Richardson. The Collector is also Fowles's shortest work in contrast to his other much larger and more complex novels. It is set mostly in one place – a secluded house, where the whole story unravels in a relatively short time period - and it involves only two characters. Moreover, one is not able to say which one is the central protagonist - if there is one – by the way the story is built and because the narrators take turns in telling the story. (Hilský, 294) Fowles's other works: The Magus (1965, rewritten 1977). The story is set on a fictional
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