Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Ornithocephalus Alliance

of Subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae)

Exploring the Tree of Life of Rare, Neotropical, Miniature Orchids A TALE OF AN ORCHIDOLOGIST

AMONG PERFUMES, GASTRONOMY,

BOTANICAL GARDENS, AND

RARE, NEOTROPICAL, MINIATURE

ORCHIDS

Past, Present, and Future CHAPTERCHAPTER II

- The Past -- Guido Pabst (1914-1980) 1975 1977 P. Cribb & Toscano (Kew, 1987) H&R Florasynth Bayer Inc. University of Reading

Kew Gardens

October 1989

Ornithocephalus group of Subtribe Oncidiinae (formerly Subtribe Ornithocephalinae)

“Bird’s Head Orchids”

About 100 species of small epiphytes distributed in the Tropical Americas, with several genera restricted to the Atlantic Coastal Forests of Southeast Brazil Brazilian Atlantic Forest Original and current Atlantic Forest coverture in Brazil Less than 5% remains

Vegetative and Floral Morphology Leaf Anatomy Floral Anatomy SEM Elaiophores (Oil Producing Glands) Pollinium and Pollinarium Morphology Seed Morphology Rare and unusual flavonoids found in this group List of Publications

1) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. 1993. Rauhiella silvana. A new species of the subtribe Ornithocephalianae (Orchidaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Lindleyana 8 (2): 103 - 105. 2) Williams, C.; Toscano de Brito, A. L. V.; Harborne, J. B.; Eagles, J. & Waterman, P. 1994. Methylated C-glycosylflavones as taxonomic markers in orchids of the subtribe Ornithocephalinae. Phytochemestry 37 (4): 1045 - 1053. 3) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. 1996. The use of concentrated ammonia as an excellent medium for the restoration of orchid pollinaria: an example from the Ornithocephalinae (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 11 (3 ): 205 - 210. 4) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. & Kollman, L. 1997. Zygostates leptosepala - a new species in the subtribe Ornithocephalinae (Orchidaceae) from Brazil. Kew Bull. 52 (1): 239-242. 5) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. & Werkhoven, M. C. M. 1998. Zygostates ligulata: a new species in the subtribe Ornithocephalinae (Orchidaceae) from Guyana and Suriname. Lindleyana 13 (1): 3-5. 6) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. (1998). Leaf anatomy of Ornithocephalinae (Orchidaceae) and relalated subtribes. Lindleyana 13 (4): 234-258. 7) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. (1999). Seed morphology of subtribes Ornithocephalinae and Telipogoninae (Maxillarieae: Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 14 (1): 24-26. 8) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. (1999). Sphyrastylis dressleri - a new species in the subtribe Ornithocephalinae (Orchidaceae) from Panama. Lindleyana 14 (1): 27-37. 9) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. (2000). Two new species of Orchidaceae from Brazil. Lindleyana 15 (3): 184-188. 10) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V & Dressler, R. L. (2000). New combinations in Ornithocephalus Hook. (Orchidaceae, subtribe Ornithocephalinae) and description of a new species from Mesoamerica. Lindleyana 15 (4): 252-256. 11) Toscano de Brito, A. L. V. (2001). Systematic review of the Ornithocephalus group (Orchidaceae; Oncidiinae) with comments on Hofmeisterella. Lindleyana 16 (3): 157-217. 12) Toscano de Brito, A.L.V. 2007. A taxonomic revision of the genus Phymatidium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Kew Bull. 62(4): 529-560. 13) Toscano de Brito, A.L.V. 2007. A new species and a new combination in the Ornithocephalus group of subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 28(2): 109-111. 14) Toscano de Brito, A.L.V.; Félix L.P., and G.V. Dornelas. 2008. Zygostates aderaldoana - a new species in the Ornithocephalus group of subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) from Paraíba, northeast Brazil. Selbyana 29(1): 125-127. Zygostates (17 species in 1994. Today c. 25 species) Flora Brasiliensis 1905 Zygostates cornigera Collected in South Bahia 1831-1837 Distribution Map of Zygostates Ornithocephalus (c. 50 species) Ornithocephalus myrticola Distribution Map of Ornithocephalus Chytroglossa C. marileoniae ( 4 species: one still undescribed) Distribution Map of Chytroglossa T. organensis Thysanoglossa (2 species) P. aquinoi P. falcifolium

Phymatidium (10 species)

P. delicatulum P. falcifolium Distribution Map of Phymatidium R. silvana

R. brasiliensis Rauhiella (3 species) TheThe ReturnReturn toto BrazilBrazil

July 1994

Orchidarium at Rio Bot. Garden Orchidarium Rio Bot. Garden Orchidarium at Rio Bot. Garden 1998

1700 km 800 km

1700 km

Rio de Contas Rio de Contas Chapada Diamantina Morrão Peak Chapada Diamantina (c. 1200 m) Serra do Tromba Chapada Diamantina Pico das Almas 1,958m above sea level Morro Branco 500m (c.1,200m above sea level) Fumaça waterfall (320m) Herculano waterfall (120m)

600 km The Orchidarium Restaurant Rio de Contas The Chef! Orchidarium Restaurant 2007 Orchidarium Restaurant 2006 • 400 Pages (Bilingual)

•62 Genera

• 175 Species

• 127 Species described & illustrated

•150 Photographs

• 135 B & W drawings

• 15 Watercolors Orchids of Chapada Diamantina Orchids of Chapada Diamantina Zygopetalum sincoranum Cattleya elongata Chapada Diamantina Cattleya elongata The Chef ! Feira de Santana State University Bahia CHAPTERCHAPTER IIII

- The Present -- Botanisches Institut Universität Basel Zygostates: 25 species - I hope! Ornithocephalus: c.50 species Natural History Museum, Vienna Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (1823-1889) 1817 - 1820

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868) Karlheinz Senghas (1928-2004) Former academic director of the University of Heidelberg’s Botanical Garden Alfred Celestin Cogniaux (1841-1916)

National Botanic Garden of Belgium Swiss Herbaria:

- The herbarium of the Institute for Systematic Botany at Universität Zürich

- The herbarium of the Geneva Botanical Garden CHAPTERCHAPTER IIIIII

- The Future -- PAPERS TO BE PUBLISHED

Research done at Basel:

- Description of three new Bolivian Zygostates species;

- A taxonomic revision of the genus Zygostates (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Kew Bull. (2010)

Research done at Kew:

- Paper on the phylogeny of the Ornithocephalus group. Preliminary Phylogenetic Analysis 4 12 5 Ornithocephalus sp w135 ITS nrDNA 2 1 Ornithocephalus grexanserinus 101 0 Ornithocephalus iridifolius n426 (Toscano de Brito et al. 2009) 14 2 Ornithocephalus gladiatus w870 2 0 Sphyrastylis sp w128 5 0 Sphyrastylis sp n309 16 8 Sphyrastylis dalstroemii n337 7 Sphyrastylis dressleri w2593 0 Ornithocephalus kruegerii n427 6 16 1 0 Ornithocephalus myrticola n428 11 Ornithocephalus myrticola 2519^^^^ 1 5 4 3 Ornithocephalus cf myrticola 2421^ Ornithocephalus cf kruegeri 2422^^ 5 23 24 Caluera sp 2439^^^^ 22 Eloyella thienii 887 18 7 Hintonella mexicana w513 7 1 Chytroglossa marileoniae 0 Chytroglossa marileoniae 21778 17 Chytroglossa sp 2617^^^^ 9 3 11 Ornithocephalus Group 5 Chytroglossa sp 2615^^^^ (Toscano de Brito, 2001) 0 Rauhiella sp 674 0 2 Platyrhiza quadricolor 2504^^^^ 23 Platyrhiza quadricolor 2531^^^^ 11 8 23 Thysanoglossa sp 2462^^^^ I. Ornithocephalus Alliance 0 Thysanoglossa sp 2456^^^^ 0 Zygostates cornuta 2416^^^^ -Caluera 1 0 1 Zygostates cornuta 2627^^^^ - Dusntervillea 2 Zygostates lunata n430 0 Zygostates cf cornuta 2428^^^^ -Eloyella 4 0 Zygostates lunata hyb? 2544^^^^ - Ornithocephalus 11 1 2 Zygostates alleniana 2610^^^^ 5 1 0 Zygostates alleniana n340 (incl. Sphyrastylis) 6 Zygostates alleniana n429 5 2 Dipteranthus obliquuus 3 3 n437Zygostates kulhmanii 2433^^^^ II. Zygostates Alliance Dipteranthus bradei 15 0 4 0 2435^^^^Zygostates dasyrhiza 2534^^^^ - Centroglossa/Zygostates Zygostates dasyhriza 2648^^^^ 11 3 - Dipteranthus = Zygostates 2 9 Centroglossa sp 2596^^^^ 29 Centroglossa sp 2651^^^^ - Chytroglossa/Rauhiella 15 5 2 0 Zygostates pustulata 2535^^^^ 8 Zygostates grandiflora c103 - Platyrhiza/Thysanoglossa 14 0 9 Zygostates grandiflora 2631^^^^ -Hintonella 20 Zygostates multiflora 2609^^^ 13 Dipteranthus pellucidus2597^^^ 51 2 Phymatidium sp 2628^^^^ III. Phymatidium Alliance 10 5 Phymatidium hysteranthum 2483^^^^ 47 42 Phymatidium hysteranthum 2482^^^^ Phymatidium sp 2434^^^^ 9 23 6 18 0 Phymatidium mellobarretoi 2426^^^^ 25 12 4 Phymatidium mellobarretoi 2427^^^^ 6 16 Phymatidium aquinoi 2501^^^^ 0 Phymatidium ? 9962.II ^^^^ 28 0 Phymatidium falcifolium w860 1 Phymatidium falcifolium n530 15 56 Hofmeisterella eumicroscopica 112 Systematics of Brazilian Pleurothallidinae

(c. 500 species)

(c. 80 species) Pleurothallis s.l. (c. 300 species) Dryadella

(c. 15 species)

Subtribe Pleurothallidinae Octomeria (c.100 species) Stelis (c. 60 species) AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

The Swiss Orchid Foundation

The Institute of Botany at University of Basel

Syngenta International

Bühlmann Laboratories

KLARF - Kew Latin American Research Fellowships Programme

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Samuel Sprunger

Rudolf Jenny

Phillip Cribb

Mark Chase My Little Orchids: Enrique, Camila, and Gustavo Bertholletia excelsa Humb & Bonpl.

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