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Lost Ancient Technology of Peru and Bolivia
Lost Ancient Technology Of Peru And Bolivia Copyright Brien Foerster 2012 All photos in this book as well as text other than that of the author are assumed to be copyright free; obtained from internet free file sharing sites. Dedication To those that came before us and left a legacy in stone that we are trying to comprehend. Although many archaeologists don’t like people outside of their field “digging into the past” so to speak when conventional explanations don’t satisfy, I feel it is essential. If the engineering feats of the Ancient Ones cannot or indeed are not answered satisfactorily, if the age of these stone works don’t include consultation from geologists, and if the oral traditions of those that are supposedly descendants of the master builders are not taken into account, then the full story is not present. One of the best examples of this regards the great Sphinx of Egypt, dated by most Egyptologists at about 4500 years. It took the insight and questioning mind of John Anthony West, veteran student of the history of that great land to invite a geologist to study the weathering patterns of the Sphinx and make an estimate of when and how such degradation took place. In stepped Dr. Robert Schoch, PhD at Boston University, who claimed, and still holds to the theory that such an effect was the result of rain, which could have only occurred prior to the time when the Pharaoh, the presumed builders, had existed. And it has taken the keen observations of an engineer, Christopher Dunn, to look at the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau and develop a very potent theory that it was indeed not the tomb of an egotistical Egyptian ruler, as in Khufu, but an electrical power plant that functioned on a grand scale thousands of years before Khufu (also known as Cheops) was born. -
© Hachette Tourisme 2011 TABLE DES MATIÈRES
© Hachette Tourisme2011 © Hachette Tourisme 2011 TABLE DES MATIÈRES LES QUESTIONS QU’ON SE POSE LE PLUS SOUVENT ....... 12 LES COUPS DE CŒUR DU ROUTARD ................................................. 13 COMMENT ALLER AU PÉROU ET EN BOLIVIE ? G LES LIGNES RÉGULIÈRES ............ 14 G DEPUIS LES PAYS G LES ORGANISMES DE VOYAGES ..... 14 LIMITROPHES ....................................... 38 GÉNÉRALITÉS COMMUNES AUX DEUX PAYS G AVANT LE DÉPART ............................ 40 G HISTOIRE CONTEMPORAINE ....... 59 G ARGENT, BANQUES, CHANGE .... 42 G ITINÉRAIRES ......................................... 59 G ART TEXTILE ......................................... 43 G LAMAS ET Cie ....................................... 60 G COCA ......................................................... 44 G LANGUE ................................................... 61 G CONSEILS DE VOYAGE G PHOTO ...................................................... 63 (EN VRAC) ............................................... 46 G RELIGIONS ET CROYANCES ........ 64 G COURANT ÉLECTRIQUE ................. 47 G SANTÉ ....................................................... 66 G GÉOGRAPHIE ....................................... 47 G TREKKING – RANDONNÉES ......... 68 G HISTOIRE ................................................. 49 G UNITAID .................................................... 70 PÉROU UTILE G ABC DU PÉROU ................................... 71 G DÉCALAGE HORAIRE ...................... 80 G AVANT LE DÉPART ............................ 71 G FÊTES ET JOURS FÉRIÉS ............. -
Machu Picchu Was Rediscovered by MACHU PICCHU Hiram Bingham in 1911
Inca-6 Back Cover-Q8__- 22/9/17 10:13 AM Page 1 TRAILBLAZER Inca Trail High Inca Trail, Salkantay, Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks + Lima Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks Salkantay, High Inca Trail, THETHE 6 EDN ‘...the Trailblazer series stands head, shoulders, waist and ankles above the rest. Inca Trail They are particularly strong on mapping...’ Inca Trail THE SUNDAY TIMES CUSCOCUSCO && Lost to the jungle for centuries, the Inca city of Machu Picchu was rediscovered by MACHU PICCHU Hiram Bingham in 1911. It’s now probably MACHU PICCHU the most famous sight in South America – includesincludes and justifiably so. Perched high above the river on a knife-edge ridge, the ruins are High Inca Trail, Salkantay Trek Cusco & Machu Picchu truly spectacular. The best way to reach Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks them is on foot, following parts of the original paved Inca Trail over passes of Lima City Guide 4200m (13,500ft). © Henry Stedman ❏ Choosing and booking a trek – When Includes hiking options from ALEXANDER STEWART & to go; recommended agencies in Peru and two days to three weeks with abroad; porters, arrieros and guides 35 detailed hiking maps HENRY STEDMAN showing walking times, camp- ❏ Peru background – history, people, ing places & points of interest: food, festivals, flora & fauna ● Classic Inca Trail ● High Inca Trail ❏ – a reading of The Imperial Landscape ● Salkantay Trek Inca history in the Sacred Valley, by ● Choquequirao Trek explorer and historian, Hugh Thomson Plus – new for this edition: ❏ Lima & Cusco – hotels, -
Ancient Aliens Tour Paititi 2016 Englisch
HIGHLIGHTS Lima „City of the Kings“ Paracs, Candelabro, the Ballestas Islands, elongated Skulls & the Alien-Skulls The engraved stones of Ica Nazca Lines, Cahuachi and the aqueducts of Cantalloc Machu Picchu Nazca Lines Pampas Galeras, The Pyramids of Sondor, the Monolith of Sayhuite & the Moon-Portal in Quillarumiyoc Cusco, navel of the world and the Sacred Valley of the Incas Saqsayhuaman, Ollantaytambo, Pisac und Machu Picchu Tipon, Andahuaylillas & the Alien-Mummy Pucara, Sillustani, Cutimbo and Chullpas of Sillustani "The Ica Stones" - Museo Cabrera it’s connections to Gobekli Tepe, Egypt, Greece, Italy and Southern Germany Copacabana, Sun Island, La Paz Tiahunaco, Puma Punku & the “Stargate” of Amaru Muro Breathtaking landscapes, nature, culture, colourful and living cultures Tiwanacu, Bolivien Tiwanaku-Idol "Cusco Alien" Culinary delicacies … E-Mail : [email protected] © by www.paititi.jimdo.com Peru is one of the most fascinating and mysterious countries on this planet. On this tour you will experience a mixture of nature, culture, breathtaking landscapes, living traditions and the unsolved enigmas of the Inca and pre-Inca cultures. On our search for tracks we’ll both take you to the well-known landmarks, for example Nasca or Machu Picchu, and to sites less known which are scarcely included by the conventional tourism. Explore with us in the land of the Inca the former empire of the “elongated skulls”, megalithic people, ancient astronauts and mountain gods. Marvel at amazing tool marks which indicate to ancient high-technologies as well as to extraterrestrial legacies, connections to Egypt, Greece, Germany or Gobekli Tepe in Turkey. A historic-archaeological side trip to Bolivia also is included. -
Scale and the Incas PROD 01.Indd 1 1/10/18 2:48 PM © Copyright, Princeton University Press
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER ONE On Scale The storerooms of the Harvard Peabody Museum are filled with towering totem poles and tent posts, elongated dugout and birch bark canoes, and massive casts of stelae. The collection is at once a sprawling repository of art and industry and a microcosmic encapsulation of it because of the teaching museum’s vast size relative to other institutions and the staggering quantity of objects humans have produced. Amid this panoply of evidence of the ways civilizations have thought and wrought, strived and thrived, a clutch of diminutive Andean artifacts raises outsized questions about the ways societies conceptualize, perceive, and interpret scale (PLATES 1 & 2). Because the objects are so small — only a few centimeters long — curators have augmented their size. They have been grouped together, nestled into foam supports, and placed inside larger boxes. Removing a gray-blue lid, many of the contents may look like silver-colored wires, perhaps sewing needles. But, lifting one for inspection, a lump of metal placed toward one end makes clear that this particular object could never pass through cloth (PLATE 3). Its design is not for carrying thread but to spin it in the first place. The object takes the form of a drop spindle; except, at merely 48-37-30/7167.2 9.8 cm long, it is only one-half to one-third the typical length. Because it is made from a precious silver alloy and not wood, it is twice as heavy as a fine, functional spindle. -
Dimensions of Place: the Significance of Centers to the Development of Andean Civilization: an Exploration of the Ushnu Concept
Chapter 9 Dimensions of Place: The Significance of Centers to the Development of Andean Civilization: An Exploration of the Ushnu Concept John E. Staller Introduction Andean scholars have long known about indigenous cultural and religious beliefs about the natural geography or what is referred to as sacred landscape. Some Spanish chroniclers in fact speculated that Native Andeans were descendants of the ancient Chaldeans who once lived on the Plain of Sennaar in the Persian Gulf because they worshiped natural features such as mountains, lakes and springs, as well as celestial bodies in the night sky (Valera, 1968 [1594]:153–154; Vega, 1966 [1609]:67–68, 76–78; cf. Hyland, 2003:96). Despite a large body of ethnohistoric and ethnographic literature on the topic of Native religious beliefs, archaeologists have rarely dealt with the Andean significance of “place” to the origin and creation of Sacred Places or huacas or their role in social inequality and cultural complexity. Native Andeans in fact have a distinct sense of place. When being introduced, it is commonplace for natives to mention where they are from even before giving their name (Condori Mamani and Quispe Huamán, 1996:21). This strongly infers that place, where a person is from, is very important to who a person is and how others perceive them. Many Native Andeans still traverse a sacred landscape under the watchful eye of the Sun Father (Inti Tyata) and Mother Moon (Mama Killa). They walk through the high mountain passes (apachitas), beside lakes (quchas) and cross the plains or pampas, down warm valleys (qhiswa), and on the eastern side of the cordillera, into the jungle valleys (yunka) in a mythic geography imbued with cul- tural meanings (Gelles, 1996:10). -
From Giza to the Pantheon: Astronomy As a Key to the Architectural Projects of the Ancient Past
The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 260, 2009 c International Astronomical Union 2011 D. Valls-Gabaud & A. Boksenberg, eds. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002389 From Giza to the Pantheon: astronomy as a key to the architectural projects of the ancient past Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy email: [email protected] Abstract. In many of the “wonders” of our past, information about their meaning and scope has been encoded in the form of astronomical alignments to celestial bodies. Therefore, in many cases, understanding the ideas of the ancient architects turns out to be connected with the study of the relationship of their cultures with the sky. This is the aim of archaeoastronomy, a discipline which is a quite efficacious tool in unraveling the original projects of many monuments. This issue is briefly discussed here by means of three examples taken from three completely different cultures and historical periods: the so-called “air shafts” of the Great Pyramid, the urban layout of the capital of the Incas, and the design of the Pantheon. Keywords. Archaeoastronomy, Egypt, pyramids, Inca architecture, Cusco, Pantheon 1. Introduction Most of the “wonders” of our ancient past have passed on to us without being accompa- nied by written information about their scope, meaning and project. This is obviously the case for monuments whose builders did not –as far as we know– have written language, such as the megalithic temples of Malta or the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu. However, this is also the case of many magnificent monuments which were built –for instance– by the Egyptians and the Romans. -
Style Architecture of Cusco, Peru
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: Slithering Serpents and the Afterlives of Stones: The Role of Ornament in Inka- Style Architecture of Cusco, Peru Lisa Senchyshyn Trever, Master of Arts, 2005 Directed By: Professor Joanne Pillsbury Department of Art History and Archaeology Serpent reliefs and other pre-Hispanic motifs occasionally appear on the façades of early colonial Inka-style masonry buildings in Cusco, the former capital of the Inka empire, although similar carvings are only rarely seen on earlier Inka architecture. This research demonstrates that while some ashlars were reused from pre-Hispanic Inka walls, the reliefs were likely carved during the colonial era. Central to this analysis is the premise that the breakdown of Inka state iconoclasm allowed native masons greater decorative license. The appearance of Andean motifs on houses built for the city’s Spanish inhabitants reveals the complexity of early colonial attitudes toward indigenous culture. The carvings provide an opportunity to investigate the shifting meanings of Andean symbols during the early years of the Spanish presence in Peru. Indeed, these motifs, carved after the Inka imperial collapse, have since become iconic of “Inka-ness” and are replicated in Cusco’s twentieth-century municipal architecture. SLITHERING SERPENTS AND THE AFTERLIVES OF STONES: THE ROLE OF ORNAMENT IN INKA-STYLE ARCHITECTURE OF CUSCO, PERU By Lisa Senchyshyn Trever Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor Joanne Pillsbury, Chair Professor Sally M. Promey Professor Marjorie S. -
LAS BAMBAS Un Modelo De Desarrollo Sostenible
LAS BAMBAS Un modelo de desarrollo sostenible Proyecto ganador del premio Creatividad Empresarial 2004 Exención de responsabilidad La información contenida en el presente documento proviene de diversas fuentes y no debe constituir la única referencia para la toma de cualquier decisión empresarial. En todo caso, ni ProInversión, ni el Estado peruano o cualquie- ra de sus funcionarios asumen responsabilidad alguna por el de- sarrollo de negocios o cualquier otra decisión que se adoptase tomando como base todo o parte de la información contenida en el presente documento. Las Bambas: un modelo de desarrollo sostenible © ProInversión Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Privada Av. Paseo de la República 3361, piso 9, Urb. Córpac, Lima 27, Perú Telf.: (51-1) 612-1200 / Fax: (51-1) 442-2948 www.proinversion.gob.pe [email protected] No se requiere permiso para la reproducción total o parcial de este documento, a condición de que se cite la fuente. Primera edición, setiembre de 2005 Las fotografías del Capítulo I fueron tomadas en: Museo «Oro del Perú» «Armas del Mundo». Fundación: Miguel Mujica Gallo Diseño y diagramación: Gisella Scheuch Pool Hecho el depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N.° 2005-6135 Índice Introducción 5 Capítulo I: LA MINERÍA EN EL PERÚ 7 HISTORIA MINERA... NORTE, SUR, CENTRO 10 Pre inca 10 Los incas 16 Colonia 17 LA REPÚBLICA 23 Los primeros años 23 La recuperación 24 Después de la crisis de los 30 26 El gobierno militar 28 EL DESPERTAR MINERO 30 Capítulo II: MINERÍA EN APURÍMAC: GRAU Y COTABAMBAS -
INKA CUBISM Reflections on Andean Art
INKA CUBISM Reflections on Andean Art ESTHER PASZTORY © Esther Pasztory 2010 To the memory of Alan Sawyer and Ed Lanning 1 © Esther Pasztory 2010 “And this may, indeed explain the exceptional character of CADUVEO? Art: that it makes it possible for Man to refuse to be made in God’s image.” -C. Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques (1967), p. 172 2 © Esther Pasztory 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 4 Personal Preface 5 Introduction 9 Chapter 1. Andean Art: From Obscurity to Binary Coding 16 Chapter 2. The Inka State: Utopia or Dystopia? 37 Chapter 3. Chavín de Huantar: The Andean Rosetta Stone 49 Chapter 4. Architecture: Shelter as Metaphor 65 Chapter 5. Textiles and Other Media: Intimate Scale 86 Chapter 6. Moche Pottery: Explicit Hierarchy 103 Chapter 7. Stone Sculptures: Highland Austerity 119 Chapter 8. Later Trends: Image on the Decline 130 Chapter 9. The Imperial Inka: The Power of the Minimal 140 Chapter 10. Colonial Epilogue: Nostalgic Echo 152 Conclusion 157 Bibliography 161 Endnotes 171 3 © Esther Pasztory 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Amanda Gannaway and William Gassaway for editorial and formatting help with the manuscript. 4 © Esther Pasztory 2010 PERSONAL PREFACE I have been interested in Andean art since entering graduate school in 1965. I came to Columbia to study what was then called “Primitive Art” and wrote my Master’s Essay on African Art. However, quite early, I became more fascinated by the mysteries of ancient America and changed my major to Pre-Columbian art, which consisted of Mesoamerican and Andean art. I can thank my training in the Andes to Alan Sawyer in art history and Ed Lanning in archaeology. -
Horacio Ochoa Photographs of Peruvian Sites and Monuments, 1920-1959
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8qf8x15 No online items Finding Aid for the Horacio Ochoa photographs of Peruvian sites and monuments, 1920-1959 Beth Ann Guynn Finding Aid for the Horacio Ochoa 2006.R.4 1 photographs of Peruvian sites and monuments, 1920-1959 Descriptive Summary Title: Horacio Ochoa photographs of Peruvian sites and monuments, Date (inclusive): 1920-1959 Number: 2006.R.4 Creator/Collector: Ochoa, Horacio Physical Description: 29 photographic prints(2 boxes) Repository: The Getty Research Institute Special Collections 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 1100 Los Angeles 90049-1688 [email protected] URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10020/askref (310) 440-7390 Abstract: The collection contains photographs by Horacio Ochoa of monumental natural and built environments in Peru. The photographs were used by Daniel Ruzo in his research on Peruvian protohistory. Many of the images depict the sacred places or large sacred objects known as huacas. Included are the sites of Antabamba, Sayhuite (Saywite), Machu Picchu, Anghas Marka, Huiñay Huayna(Wiñay Wayna), and Moray. Request Materials: Request access to the physical materials described in this inventory through the catalog record for this collection. Click here for the access policy . Language: Collection material is in Spanish; Castilian. Biographical/Historical Note The Peruvian photographer Horacio Ochoa (1905-1978) was born in San Sebastián, Cusco. He studied with José Gabriel González and became one of the most prominent practitioners of the Cusco School. Active from 1928 to 1964, Ochoa was known for his architectural and landscape views of ancient cities and colonial monuments. In addition to running his own photography studio he also worked for the Peruvian Policía Nacional documenting political and union leaders. -
Exploring the Ancient Andes 2016 Peru & Bolivia Tour
Ancient Origins & Paititi Tours and Adventures 2016 Exploring the Ancient Andes 2016 Peru & Bolivia Tour Pre‐tour Nazca 5 Days – 16 Aug – 20 Aug Peru Main tour 14 Days – 20 Aug ‐ 02 Sep Post‐tour Bolivia 6 Days – 02 Sep – 07 Sep 1 Ancient Origins & Paititi Tours and Adventures 2016 Contents Contents Exploring the Ancient Andes 2016 Peru & Bolivia Tour ........................................................... 1 Contents ........................................................................................................................ 2 Tour Summary ............................................................................................................... 4 Pre‐tour Nazca 5 days / 4 nights ..................................................................................... 4 Main tour 14 days / 13 nights ......................................................................................... 4 Post‐tour Bolivia 6 days / 5 nights .................................................................................. 4 Detailed Itinerary ...................................................................................................................... 5 Pre‐tour Nazca 5 days / 4 nights (August 15 – August 19) ...................................................... 5 Day 01 Lima (arrival) ‐ Transfer to Hotel – Briefing ......................................................... 5 Day 02 Lima ‐ Pachacamac – Paracas – Paracas National Reserve – History Museum ...... 5 Day 03 Ballestas Islands ‐ Ica ‐ Regional Museum ‐ Cabrera Museum –