SIXTH EDITION The Course o Mexican History

Michael C. Meyer William L. Sherman Susan M. Deeds

New York Oxford OXFOBD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 Contents

I. Pre-Columbian Mexico 1. The First Mexicans 3 2. Mexico's Golden Age: The Classic Period 13 3. Times of Trouble: Post-Classic Mexico 35 4. The Rise of the Aztecs 51 5. Aztec Society and Culture 64

II. The Spanish Conquerors 6. The Spanish Invasion 91 7. The Fall of Tenochtitlan 110 8. The Settlement of New Spain 124

III. The Colony of New Spain 9. The Imperial System Entrenched 147 10. The Colonial Economy 160 11. The Colonial Church 176 12. Colonial Society: Race and Social Status 195 13. Culture and Daily Life in New Spain 212

TV. Reform and Reaction: The Move to Independence 14. The Bourbons Restructure New Spain 241 15. Society and Stress in the Late Colonial Period 254 16. The Wars for Independence 274 17. The First Mexican Empire 288

V. The Trials of Nationhood, 1824-55 18. The Early Mexican Republic, 1824-33 301

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19. Santa Anna and the Centralized State 312 20. The Loss of Texas and the War with the United States 323 21. Society and Culture in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 342

VI. Liberals and Conservatives Search for Something Better, 1855-76 22. From Ayutla to the Reform 359 23. The French Intervention 371 24. The Restored Republic 1867-76: Nascent Modernization 388 25. Society and Culture in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century 401

VII. The Modernization of Mexico, 1876-1910 26. The Making of the Porfiriato 417 27. The Process of Modernization 425 28. The Costs of Modernization 439 29. Society and Culture During the Porfiriato 451

VIII. The Revolution: The Military Phase, 1910-20 30. The Liberal Indictment 467 31. The Overthrow of Diaz 481 32. Madero and the Failure of Democracy 493 33. Huerta and the Failure of Dictatorship 504 34. The Illusory Quest for a Better Way 516 35. Society and Culture During the Age of Violence 532

IX. The Revolution: The Constructive Phase, 1920-40 36. Alvaro Obregon Cautiously Implements the Constitution 549 37. Mexico Under Plutarco Calles, 1924-34 562 38. Cardenas Carries the Revolution to the Left 575 39. Society and Culture from Obregon to Cardenas 587

X. The Revolution Shifts Gears: Mexico Since 1940 40. From Revolution to Evolution, 1940-46 605 CONTENTS ix

41. The Institutionalized Revolution, 1946-58 616 42. Adolfo Lopez Mateos: The Lull Before the Storm, 1958-64 627 43. Sparks, Fire, and Smoldering, 1964-76 639 44. Mexico Since 1976: The Tensions of Development and Democratization 653 45. Society and Culture Since World War II 685

Appendix: Mexican Heads of State 705 Sources of Illustrations 711 Index 714