DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 1 VANCOUVER MODEL UNITED NATIONS the Fifteenth Annual Conference | January 22-24, 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 1 VANCOUVER MODEL UNITED NATIONS the Fifteenth Annual Conference | January 22-24, 2016 Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 1 VANCOUVER MODEL UNITED NATIONS the fifteenth annual conference | January 22-24, 2016 Dear Delegates, My name is Arjun Mehta and I am thrilled to be serving as Director of the Historical Crisis Committee. I am currently in Grade 11 at St. Jake Hauser George’s School in Vancouver, and VMUN 2016 will be my twelfth Secretary-General Model UN conference. I, along with your Chair, Reza, and your Crisis Staffers, Steve and Callum, have put a great deal of effort into planning this multi-faceted committee (this backgrounder is a product of that!). Jason Liu The HCC is perhaps the most unique committee offered at VMUN. Director-General Like the Joint-Crisis-Committees (JCC), the HCC is fast-paced and uses directives rather than resolution papers (refer to HCC Rules of Andrew Tsai Procedure). What is exclusive to HCC, however, is that this single-bloc Chief of Staff committee travels back in time to the beginning of a significant conflict, giving you, the delegates, a chance to re-write and re-live history. The topic I have chosen for this year’s HCC is the Mexican-American Claudia Wang War, beginning in 1846. This rich geopolitical war was fought valiantly, USG General Assemblies but today, it is often forgotten. Representing ministers, secretaries and members of the patriotic Mexican cabinet, you will respond to crises, Chris Pang uphold national security, and sustain national pride, all only with access USG Committees to the resources available during the said period. Alvin Tsuei To best prepare yourself for the conference, I encourage you to read this USG Delegate Affairs 1 backgrounder thoroughly, do some of your own historical research, and, importantly, acquaint yourselves with the real-world implications of this Eva Zhang great war. For a fun (albeit a somewhat historically inaccurate) account USG Delegate Affairs 2 of a portion of the Mexican-American War, I would suggest watching the legendary film, The Mask of Zorro (1974). If anything, the film will Ashley Ng give you an idea of what technologies were available during the time USG Conference period. Evan Johnson Please note that within this backgrounder, the outcomes of the Mexican- USG Finance American War are not discussed. This was intentionally left out so that you as a committee do not feel obligated to follow history point by Isabelle Cheng point— after all, this is your opportunity to re-write history. Please USG Sponsorship briefly familiarize yourselves on the said outcomes. Sunny Cui Should you have any questions regarding the structure of the committee USG Marketing or the historical conflict itself, please feel free to contact me. I wish you all the best during these tumultuous times and look forward to meeting you in Mexico City in January of 1846. Sincerely, Arjun Mehta Director, Historical Crisis Committee | VMUN 2016 Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 2 Historical Crisis Committee Position Paper Policy What is a Position Paper? A position paper is a brief overview of a country’s stance on the topics being discussed by a particular committee. Though there is no specific format the position paper must follow, it should include a description of your positions your country holds on the issues on the agenda, relevant actions that your country has taken, and potential solutions that your country would support. At Vancouver Model United Nations, delegates should write a position paper for each of the committee’s topics. Each position paper should not exceed one page, and should all be combined into a single document per delegate. For the Historical Crisis Committee, position papers are mandatory, especially for a delegate to be considered for an award. Formatting Position papers should: — Include the name of the delegate, his/her country, and the committee — Be in a standard font (e.g. Times New Roman) with a 12-point font size and 1-inch document margins — Not include illustrations, diagrams, decorations, national symbols, watermarks, or page borders — Include citations and a bibliography, in any format, giving due credit to the sources used in research (not included in the 1-page limit) Due Dates and Submission Procedure Position papers for this committee must be submitted by midnight on January 8th, 2016. Once your position paper is complete, please save the file as your last name, your first name and send it as an attachment in an email, to your committee’s email address, with the subject heading as your last name, your first name — Position Paper. Please do not add any other attachments to the email or write anything else in the body. Both your position papers should be combined into a single PDF or Word document file; position papers submitted in another format will not be accepted. Each position paper will be manually reviewed and considered for the Best Position Paper award. The email address for this committee is [email protected]. Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 3 Table of Contents The Mexican-American War (1846-48) ......................................................................................... 5 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Timeline ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Historical Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-1521) ....................................................................................... 6 Colonial Period (1521-1821) ............................................................................................................................... 6 Independence from Spain: a young, chaotic Mexico ................................................................................... 8 Unstable government and economy ................................................................................................................... 8 The fight for Texas ................................................................................................................................................ 8 The United States .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Current Situation ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Cabinet Position Portfolios ............................................................................................................................ 13 Additional Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 14 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 Historical Crisis Committee VMUN 2016 Background Guide 4 Historical Crisis Committee The Mexican-American War (1846-48) Overview The Mexican-American War is perhaps the single most overlooked geopolitical conflict that has taken place in North America. Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848, this laborious campaign ultimately shaped the borders of Southern North America, and left a distinct cultural legacy in both countries. While the main two perpetrators were the governments and militaries of Mexico and the United States, the Republic of Texas and the California Republic, achieving independence, albeit short-lived, in 1836 and 1846 respectively, also played a role in the buildup towards the beginnings of the War. Additionally, a fifth party composed of dozens of Native-American tribes fought for land claims across the vast region. A significant pre-Civil War engagement, both major players faced their own societal challenges. The United States was divided on its stance on slavery, though Mexico had banned it entirely. Unstable governments and incompetent political leaders quickly made matters worse for both sides. Combined with the preexisting geographic, cultural, and social factors, the Mexican-American War proved to be as multi-faceted as it was taxing. Timeline 1820 — The Viceroyalty of New Spain grants Moses Austin permission to bring 300 American families to Texas, a territory of New Spain. September 27, 1821 — Mexico wins its independence from Spain after 11 years of war with the oppressive Spanish colonists. Augustín de Iturbide declares himself emperor of the First Mexican Empire. October 4, 1824 — An 1823 revolt ousts Augustín from power, and a republican constitution is drafted. A new federal republic, the United Mexican States (present official name), is born, with Guadalupe Victoria as the first president. 1821-1846 — The Presidency changes 32 times, with exiles, executions, coup d’état’s and military interventions overthrowing the executive branch of government. The Mexican government is disorganized and chaotic. May 7, 1833 — Antonio López de Santa Anna, later coined “Napoleon of the West”, a previous war hero, enters office as president.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “I Go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence
    “I go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by James Robert Griffin August 2021 ©Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by James Robert Griffin B.S., Kent State University, 2019 M.A., Kent State University, 2021 Approved by Kim M. Gruenwald , Advisor Kevin Adams , Chair, Department of History Mandy Munro-Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………...……iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTERS I. Building a Colony: Austin leads the Texans Through the Difficulty of Settling Texas….9 Early Colony……………………………………………………………………………..11 The Fredonian Rebellion…………………………………………………………………19 The Law of April 6, 1830………………………………………………………………..25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….32 II. Time of Struggle: Austin Negotiates with the Conventions of 1832 and 1833………….35 Civil War of 1832………………………………………………………………………..37 The Convention of 1833…………………………………………………………………47 Austin’s Arrest…………………………………………………………………………...52 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….59 III. Two Wars: Austin Guides the Texans from Rebellion to Independence………………..61 Imprisonment During a Rebellion……………………………………………………….63 War is our Only Resource……………………………………………………………….70 The Second War…………………………………………………………………………78 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….85
    [Show full text]
  • CENTRAL AMERICA and TEXAS, 1821-1836 By
    MEXICO’S BREAK UP: MEXICO CITY'S MISCONCEPTIONS AND MISMANAGEMENT OF ITS PERIPEHERIES: CENTRAL AMERICA AND TEXAS, 1821-1836 by KYLE CARPENTER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2013 Copyright © by Kyle Carpenter 2013 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot thank my committee enough. Dr. Sam Haynes, the committee chair, remained unflinchingly supportive from the very beginning. He took on this project in its infant stages and allowed it to change and evolve as necessary. His support and trust in me were unbelievable. Dr. David Narrett read every draft so carefully and responded with such detailed commentary. Dr. John Garrigus kept this project alive through his advice and guidance at a critical time in its development. The entire committee was indispensable to this thesis and I cannot thank them enough. While working on this project, I relied on the support of so many people. The person who deserves the most gratitude is my wife, Mickey. She patiently supported me through all the research, all the writing, and all the editing that went into this thesis. I could not have done it without her. I also extend my thanks to everyone who helped me in the massive research campaign this thesis required. The staff at the University of Texas at Arlington Library Special Collections deserves special thanks. Additionally, I received great assistance from the staffs at the Nettie Lee Benson Library and the Bancroft Library.
    [Show full text]
  • The Work of Jorge González Camarena, the History Of
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Art & Art History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2015 Narratives of Violence and Tales of Power: The Work of Jorge González Camarena, the History of the Castillo de Chapultepec, and the Establishment of the National Museums in the Project of Mexican Nationalism Rebekah Bellum Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arth_etds Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bellum, Rebekah. "Narratives of Violence and Tales of Power: The orkW of Jorge González Camarena, the History of the Castillo de Chapultepec, and the Establishment of the National Museums in the Project of Mexican Nationalism." (2015). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arth_etds/28 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Art & Art History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Narratives of Violence and Tales of Power: The Work of Jorge González Camarena, the History of the Castillo de Chapultepec, and the Establishment of the National Museums in the Project of Mexican Nationalism Rebekah C. Bellum December 2015 Jorge González Camarena, La Fusión de Dos Culturas, 1963, National Museum of History, Mexico City Rebekah Carmen Bellum Candidate Art and Art History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication:
    [Show full text]
  • Download Weaving Generations Together
    Weaving Generations Together Evolving Creativity in the Maya of Chiapas Educators Resource Guide University of New Mexico - Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Textiles from the Patricia Greenfield Collection* The exhibition and educational activities were produced by the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology - University of New Mexico MSC01 1050 -- 1 University of New Mexico -- Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 http://maxwellmuseum.unm.edu -- (505) 277-2924 * Private Collection ** Ixchel image modified from Dr. Peter Mathews’ drawing of Bonampak Stela 2. http://museumvictoria.com.au/melbournemuseum/whatson/event/?event=562625 Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Weaving Generations Together: Educators Guide From the Curator of Education The Weaving Generations Together exhibition has been a wonderful resource in our museum for developing educational programs and I am pleased that you will have it in your institution to share with your community. The activities presented here are a guide for using the materials in this kit that supplement the content of the exhibition. These are just suggested uses for the resources that have worked for us, but you may find creative new ways to utilize the objects and adapt the activities for your audience. Whether used as enhancements for school programs or engaging activities for family days, I hope the resources and activities in this kit will provide your museum with hours of fun learning opportunities. Enjoy! i Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Weaving Generations Together: Educators Guide Table of Contents Part 1: Activities using Resource Materials Activity 1: Learning About Maya Clothing . 1 Activity 2: Learning How to Weave .
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download
    BENJAMIN CONSTANT AND THE DOCTRINAIRE LIBERAL INFLUENCE IN HISPANIC AMERICA By O. CARLOS STOETZER In colonial times Hispanic American thought had always been influenced by the Peninsula, but gradually other parts of Europe began to play an increasing role in the development of the Hispanic American mind, especially France. In the first half of the nineteenth century Europe found itself in the Romantic age, and Hispanic America came under the strong speIl of Romanticism, although the old Scholastic theories and the currents of the Enlightenment were by no means exhausted. Three major currents of thought played a significant role in France after the fall of Napoleon. On one side there was the movement of "Ideologie" which continued the main currents of the eighteenth century and the postulates of the French Revolution1• On the other side there was the movement of the Traditionalists who wished to res tore both papal and royal power and who believed that freedom of conscience could only be attained through a strong Catholic renewal and true political liberty only through traditional monarchy2. A third group which tried to establish a middie way, a kind of via media, were the fascinat­ ing Doctrinaire Liberals. Realizing that it was impossible to ignore the revolu­ tionary events of 1789 this group attempted to apply the Hegelian synthesis to the new age. They were a conservative lot but held rather moderate political views. Between the extremes of popular sovereignty and monarchical absolutism they came up with the sovereignty of reason3• The early members of this group came from the ideologues, such as Laromiguiere and Degerando4, but their main representatives were Victor Cousin and Maine de Biram in philosophy, and Pierre Paul Royer-Collard in the field of politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico: Politics and Warfare (1810-1876) by John P
    Mexico: Politics and Warfare (1810-1876) by John P. Schmal (SHHAR Presentation, May 12, 2018) Copyright © 2018 John P. Schmal The Beginning of the Independence Movements (1808) At the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, Mexico was a colony of Spain, a European nation located approximately 5,500 miles (8,850 kilometers) from its Gulf Coast shoreline. In 1810, the Spanish Empire consisted of 13.7 million square kilometers (5.3 million square miles) and occupied 9.2% of the world’s land area, most of which was in the Americas. Spain had the fifth largest empire in world history. But In 1808, French forces under Emperor Napoleon invaded the Iberian peninsula, leading to a series of events that would eventually result in the death of the Spanish Empire and the independence of Mexico. The Spanish Empire at its Height Copyright © 2018 John P. Schmal 2 Setting the Stage for Rebellion: France Invades Spain In 1807, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte lured King Carlos IV of Spain and forced him to abdicate his throne. Napoleon then declared that his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, would become the new King of Spain and, in March 1808, 100,000 French troops invaded Spain under the pretense of protecting the country's coast line from the British, with whom France was in a state of war. Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor Napoleon quickly defeated the Spanish and entered Madrid in triumph. But the 300,000 French troops stationed on Spanish soil were soon faced with a very effective guerilla resistance by the Spanish people. By 1813, the Spanish people, with the help of British forces, were able to drive the French from the Iberian Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conduct Lists of Military Physicians Ion Arsenie and Bucur (Hilarius) Mitrea During the Mexican Campaign (1864-1866)
    The article was received on July 16, 2020, and accepted for publishing on September 13, 2020. VARIA The conduct lists of military physicians Ion Arsenie and Bucur (Hilarius) Mitrea during the Mexican campaign (1864-1866) Sandra Hirsch1, Vlad Popovici1 Abstract: The study aims at complementing the historical knowledge regarding the participation of Dr. Bucur (Hilarius) Mitrea and Dr. Ioan Arsenie within the Austrian volunteer corps in Mexico, using as sources the copies of their conduct lists preserved in the military archives of Vienna. The new data concern the battles they took part in, together with characterizations of their behavior and personality. The latter consolidate the image built by former biographers in the case of Dr. Mitrea and help to sketch a less known portrait in the case of Dr. Arsenie. Keywords: military physicians, 19th century, Transylvania, Mexico, Österreichisches Freiwilligenkorps in Mexiko INTRODUCTION Râului (Sibiu County). Son of a priest, he studied medicine in Ion Arsenie (Arseniu) and Bucur (Hilarius, Ilarie) Mitrea are Vienna between 1857 and 1862 [1]. He joined ÖFM in the among the most frequently mentioned Romanian military autumn of 1864, with the rank of first lieutenant senior physicians in the Austrian Monarchy, even though their physician (Oberlieutenant Oberarzt) in the first Austrian service for the House of Habsburg was of short duration and volunteer group that left for Mexico to support emperor took place entirely within the Austrian volunteer corps in Maximilian. Shortly after his return in Europe (1866), he Mexico (Das Österreichische Freiwilligenkorps in Mexiko, henceforth ÖFM). Their later careers evolved differently, up to his death in 1883.
    [Show full text]
  • {Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} Age of Aztec
    AGE OF AZTEC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK James Lovegrove | 512 pages | 27 Mar 2012 | Rebellion | 9781907992810 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Black Gate » Articles » Gods, Monsters and Mayhem: The Pantheon Novels of James Lovegrove Sep 06, Matt Kelland rated it really liked it Shelves: fantasy , sci-fi , alt-history. This is a cracking good adventure - alt history, mixed with science fantasy and mythology, in the form of a thriller. The only one of the series I've read before is Age of Voodoo , and I was expecting this to be set in the same world. It isn't. The two are completely standalone, linked only by the theme of gods interfering in human affairs. I've seen a lot of people claiming that Lovegrove's Pantheon series is inventing a new form of sci-fi aka "godpunk" - which is as lazy a way a describing a li This is a cracking good adventure - alt history, mixed with science fantasy and mythology, in the form of a thriller. I've seen a lot of people claiming that Lovegrove's Pantheon series is inventing a new form of sci-fi aka "godpunk" - which is as lazy a way a describing a literary form as tacking "-gate" onto every political scandal. It's not new - it's very much following in the footsteps of Roger Zelazny and the sort of thing he was doing with Lord of Light , but updated to reflect modern pacing and style. That's not to take anything away from it - the SF world sorely needs someone who can handle this genre with such mastery, who has an appreciation for the expanse of world mythology, and who can tell a damn fine story.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Maya Reservoirs and Their Role in the Abandonment of Tikal, Guatemala
    Ancient Maya Reservoirs and their Role in the Abandonment of Tikal, Guatemala: A Multi-Proxy Investigation of Solid Sediment Cores. A thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies and Advanced Research of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Anthropology of the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences 2013 By Anthony T. Tamberino B.A., University of Cincinnati 2011 A.A.S., Community College of the Air Force 2010 Committee: Dr. Vernon L. Scarborough (Chair) Dr. Kenneth Barnett Tankersley Abstract The Temple-Palace-Hidden Reservoir complex at Tikal, Guatemala provides insights into human adaptation to fluctuations in water resource availability for almost three thousand years. This thesis examines the question of why the ancient Maya city-state of Tikal was abandoned. Two hypotheses associated with Tikal’s reservoir system address possible reasons for abandonment of Tikal. Both hypotheses address a Late Holocene drought, which would have led to insufficient recharge in anthropogenic and natural water features of Tikal. A multi-proxy investigation of solid sediment cores extracted from these features will be used to evaluate the hypotheses. Evidence of a Late Holocene drought at Tikal comes from environmental, paleoclimatic, and paleoenvironmental proxies. A review of the history and geography of the Maya Area is provided to determine, in part, if the reservoirs at Tikal remained undisturbed since the Classic Maya abandonment and a geographic visualization of past monumental architecture within the relevant Temple-Palace-Hidden Reservoir system drainage basin is presented to establish the possible sources of anthropogenic, volcanogenic, and non-volcanic reservoir sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Revolutions Against Spanish Colonial Rule Took Place in Latin America from 1791 • Todemocratic 1825
    Latin American Revolutions Democratic revolutions against Spanish colonial rule took place in Latin America from 1791 • toDemocratic 1825. revolutions against Spanish colonial The revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideas of self-rule and representative government.rule took place in Latin America from 1791 to 1825. • The revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideas of self-rule and representative government. Haiti (1791-1804) Bolivia (1809-1825) Argentina (1810-1817) Chile (1810-1818) Colombia (1810-1819) Mexico (1810-1821) Paraguay (1811) Venezuela (1811-1822) Peru (1821) Ecuador (1822) Brazil (1822) Haitian Rebellion Toussaint Louverture led the successful Haitian slave rebellion against France in 1791. The French took back Haiti and captured Louverture in 1803. Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the Haitians defeated the French and declared Haiti a free constitutional republic in 1804. Louverture Dessalines Bolivia and Venezuela •Bolivia proclaimed independence from Spain in 1809. •After 16 years of internal struggle, Bolivia became a republic on August 6, 1825 •Bolivia was named after Simón Bolívar, one of the main leaders in the fight for independence in Latin America. •Venezuela was the first Spanish-American colony to achieve its independence. Venezuela was fully liberated from Spain by Simón Bolívar in 1823. He was helped by three generals: Alexandre Pétion José Antonio Páez Antonio José de Sucre Alexandre Pétion José Antonio Páez Antonio José de Sucre José de San Martín and Independence for Argentina and Chile On July 9, 1816, Argentina declared independence from Spain. The revolution was led by José de San Martín, who was also responsible for liberating Chile in 1818. Together with Simón Bolívar, San Martín is regarded as one of the liberators of Spanish South America.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TEXAS WAR of INDEPENDENCE TEXICAN Vs MEXICAN MASON Vs MASON
    THE TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE TEXICAN vs MEXICAN MASON vs MASON 1 | Page Contents PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 6 PART I BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 8 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 8 Spanish Culture ..................................................................................................................................... 8 American Culture .................................................................................................................................. 8 The Spanish Failure to Settle Texas ...................................................................................................... 9 EARLY SETTLEMENT OF TEXAS .................................................................................................................. 9 LaSalle’s Colony at Matagorda .............................................................................................................. 9 Squatters and Filibusters ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Course O Mexican History
    SIXTH EDITION The Course o Mexican History Michael C. Meyer William L. Sherman Susan M. Deeds New York Oxford OXFOBD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 Contents I. Pre-Columbian Mexico 1. The First Mexicans 3 2. Mexico's Golden Age: The Classic Period 13 3. Times of Trouble: Post-Classic Mexico 35 4. The Rise of the Aztecs 51 5. Aztec Society and Culture 64 II. The Spanish Conquerors 6. The Spanish Invasion 91 7. The Fall of Tenochtitlan 110 8. The Settlement of New Spain 124 III. The Colony of New Spain 9. The Imperial System Entrenched 147 10. The Colonial Economy 160 11. The Colonial Church 176 12. Colonial Society: Race and Social Status 195 13. Culture and Daily Life in New Spain 212 TV. Reform and Reaction: The Move to Independence 14. The Bourbons Restructure New Spain 241 15. Society and Stress in the Late Colonial Period 254 16. The Wars for Independence 274 17. The First Mexican Empire 288 V. The Trials of Nationhood, 1824-55 18. The Early Mexican Republic, 1824-33 301 vii viii CONTENTS 19. Santa Anna and the Centralized State 312 20. The Loss of Texas and the War with the United States 323 21. Society and Culture in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 342 VI. Liberals and Conservatives Search for Something Better, 1855-76 22. From Ayutla to the Reform 359 23. The French Intervention 371 24. The Restored Republic 1867-76: Nascent Modernization 388 25. Society and Culture in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century 401 VII. The Modernization of Mexico, 1876-1910 26.
    [Show full text]