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By Chiichi Simon. I. Pg/Ma/09/51975 Title page THE CHALLENGES OF TIV TRADITIONAL HEALING IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION. BY CHIICHI SIMON. I. PG/MA/09/51975 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION AND CULTURAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF ARTS (M.A.) DEGREE IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION (A.T.R.). MAY 2012. 1 Certification. This is to certify that this dissertation has been examined and approved for the Award of Master of Arts in African Traditional Religion of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, NIGERIA. By SUPERVISOR……………………. Date…………. PROF. C.O.T. UGWU. HEAD OF DEPT…………….......... Date…………. REV.E.A.ITUMA. EXTERNAL EXAMINER…………………. Date…………. DEAN OF FACULTY………………………. Date……………. DEAN POST GRADUATE SCHOOL…………………. Date……………. 2 Declaration I, CHIICHI SIMON ITYOAPINE (PG/MA/09/51975) do hereby declare that: a) This dissertation has been researched and written by me, b) no part of this dissertation to the best of my knowledge has been presented or published anywhere and at anytime for the award of any degree; and c) all quotations and references therein have been duly acknowledged. …………………… CHIICHI, SIMON. I. 3 Dedication This work is dedicated to my Late mother, Mama Anna Shivenda Chiichi for her perseverance to ensure that I become educated, and all the living members of my family for their candid support to this pursuit. 4 Acknowledgements The attainment of this research work to its present magnitude had been achieved through human and Divine efforts. I am therefore earnestly grateful to God Almighty for His guidance and protection throughout the hurdles of this programme. I sincerely appreciate my supervisor, the only Professor of ATR in the Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, a zealous and dedicated mentor, Prof. C.O. T. Ugwu, whose erudite and meaningful corrections to the drafts has occasioned the successful completion of this work. I am very grateful to my esteemed Head of Department Rev. E.A. Ituma, all professors and the knowledgeable lecturers that grace the Department to achieve the desired aspirations in the philosophy of this institution. My deep appreciation also goes to Dr. J.S. Gbenda of Benue State University, for his moral and material support, his personal interest in the research has opened up striking avenues for the research. I wish to seize this opportunity to express my unalloyed appreciation to Mr & Mrs. Tivde who were instrumentally motivators and facilitators of the pursuit of this career. I must not forget the moral and financial support of Rev. F.T. Akese and Hon J.A.Ikyanyon whose assistance enabled me to complete this course. 5 Similarly, Gwaza Ndur and other well wishers are not left out in laying a solid foundation on which this success is achieved. Justice will derail its track if my course mates Rev Okwor C.O., Rev. C. Ekene Eze, Rev. Christian Nnadi, Rev. Fr.Ralph, Ven. Anioke and my friend Acha Abu are excluded from the list of acknowledgements. Others yet to mention are all my informants who readily granted me interview and the authors whose work I cited to validate my research. Finally, I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to my dear wife and children, Mrs Ruth Zaiyol Chiichi, Terhemen Chiichi –final year student of UNN, Bem, Tesen, miss Mamlu, Mfa and Suem Chiichi who were purposefully starved of my fatherly love in pursuit of this programme. I lack suitable adjectives to describe your patience and perseverance to support my successful completion of this academic exercise. May the Almighty God grant everyone who contributed in any way to make this work a success what he/she wish himself/herself in Jesus Name AMEN. CHIICHI, S.I. 2012 6 Abstract Traditional medicine and healing is a cultural heritage that forms part and parcel of a people’s intrinsic reality. It is the basis for all medicines, developed by different cultures of the world. Among traditional societies, this form of healing still remains the main source of treatment for various kinds of ailments. The advent of Western civilizations and the concomitant age of globalizations brought numerous challenges on this form of health care delivery. Some of these challenges were initiated by the Christian Missionaries and Colonial masters whose mission and ambition was to dislodge the people’s cultural belief and their traditional way of life for the Western culture. The resultant effect of this ambition was criticisms and prejudice on the part of the foreigners, and conservatism and total refusal to conform to the wind of change by the traditional medicine men. This research work hinges on the challenges of Tiv traditional healing in the era of globalizations. Attempts were made to re- examine the efficacy of traditional medicine, effects of modernization, industrialization, urbanization and globalization on traditional medicine and healing. It had been established that despite the challenges, growing influence of modern science and technological advancement, Tiv traditional medicine and healing still maintains its patronage from members of the society. The achievement in handling some life saving situations in the past to the present times indicates its efficacy. In recognition of its contributions to health care delivery, the World Health Organization and other well meaning organizations and concerned individuals are advocating for its integration into the global health system. 7 Table of contents CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background to the study 1 1.2 Statement of problem. 2 1.3 Aim of the study. 4 1.4 Significance of the study. 5 1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the study. 6 1.6 Methodology. 6 1.7 Definition of terms. 8 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The concept of health and healing. 10 2.2 The concept of sickness and healing. 17 2.3 Models of healing sickness and diseases. 21 2.4 Traditional versus scientific methods of healing. 33 2.5 Effects of globalization on Traditional healing. 42 CHAPTER THREE TIV TRADITIONAL HEALING 3.1 Tiv origin and migration. 48 3.2 Tiv traditional medicine and healing. 51 3.3 Models in Tiv traditional healing. 56 3.4 The role of Tiv traditional healers in the society. 64 3.5 The efficacy of traditional medicine and healing in the society. 68 CHAPTER FOUR MODELS AND PROCEDURES FOR TRADITIONAL HEALING 8 4.1 African concept of sickness and healing 71 4.2 Diagnostic procedure of traditional healers 73 4.3 Therapeutic Application of traditional healers 78 CHAPTER FIVE THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION TO TRADITIONAL HEALING IN TIVLAND. 5.0 Introduction 85 5.1 The effects of globalization on global health system. 86 5.2 The challenges of Western civilization and globalization on Traditional healing. 89 5.3 Tiv traditional healing and global health care delivery. 97 5.4 The prospect of Tiv traditional healing. 100 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 6.0 Introduction. 104 6.1 Summary 105 6.3 Contribution to knowledge 108 6.4 Recommendations 110 6.5 Conclusion 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 9 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION Traditional medicine and healing has an age long history and practice among cultures of the world. In most societies, the practice of traditional healing forms the basis for health care delivery which serve members of the society in all cases of sickness and illness. About 80% of the World’s population uses one form of traditional healing or another to survive or combat illnesses of all kinds. It formed the basis for all other types of healing in human existence. In traditional African culture, sickness is considered as the number one enemy or unfriendly agent that threatens life and human stability here on this Earth. This assertion is confirmed by Shorter (1990:81) who posits that sickness to an African is a diminution of life, a threat to life that destabilizes its equilibrium, which healing is the only activity second to giving life. Life in African sense is so precious; as a result good health is the concern of everyone. This explains why the adage “Health is wealth” still remains patent in the people’s belief and practice no matter the level of social and cultural development attained. Life embraces both the material and spiritual spheres of existence. And whatever affects a person’s material life is likely to affect the spirit or immaterial (body and spirit). Similarly, a person’s sickness is not looked upon only from the physiological point of view but also the psychic or 10 spiritual perspective. To enjoy life at its best, man fears anything that can cause disequilibrium in life, but seek for quick restoration of its balance. Tiv people as a cultural group in African traditional society are no exception in these belief systems. The maintenance of life and good health to them is better than riches. And sustaining a healthy life and family is comparable to gaining the whole world. This belief is as old as their history and had survived till date despite the challenges and attacks by modern civilizations. Tiv traditional society attached much value to healing to ensure a healthy life. And the efficacy of traditional healing is accommodated at any time anywhere for posterity. A serious challenge to this age long practice gained ground by the advent of Western civilization, its new belief systems and the civilized methods of health care delivery. These factors deprived the people of their confidence in the efficacy of traditional healing on the basis of social, cultural and religious factors. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The matter of sound health is very essential to all human beings, regardless of race or level of technological development. Human beings generally attach much value to sound and healthy living, and every society has a developed system of health-care-delivery.
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