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Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Modelling and Simulation

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Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Modelling and Simulation Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Modelling and Simulation ALEXANDER VARGHESE Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2013 Master's thesis 2013:75 MASTER'S THESIS IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Simulation and Modelling ALEXANDER VARGHESE Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2013 Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Simulation and Modelling ALEXANDER VARGHESE © ALEXANDER VARGHESE, 2013 Master’s Thesis 2013:75 ISSN 1652-8557 Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Influence of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption, Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Simulation and Modelling ALEXANDER VARGHESE Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2013 ABSTRACT It is well understood that fuel economy directly influences the CO2 emissions in vehicles. Thus, a straightforward approach to reduce the tailpipe CO2 emissions is to reduce the overall fuel consumption of the vehicle. In this thesis work the role of tyre inflation pressure on the fuel economy is investigated. Apart from the benefits of reduced fuel consumption, tyre pressure also plays an important role in deciding vehicle handling and passenger comfort. Three mathematical vehicle models have been developed in the Matlab/Simulink® interface, to capture and represent the influence of tyre pressure on fuel consumption, vehicle handling and ride characteristics. The first model is a full-vehicle model developed to enable quick and reliable estimation of fuel consumption with the change in tyre pressure. The second model is a two-track vehicle model developed to study the changes in vehicle lateral behaviour when the tyre inflation pressure is changed. The third model is a half-car model that is designed to evaluate the changes in vertical acceleration response of the vehicle with change in tyre pressure. When the full-vehicle model was simulated for the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC city cycle), fuel consumption reduction up to 5 % was observed simply by increasing the tyre inflation pressures from 2 bar to 3 bar. The vehicle handling also improved considerably especially when tyre pressure was maintained higher on the outer wheels and lower on the inner wheels of the vehicle in a turn. For smooth roads found within city limits, it was observed that the tyre pressure affected the ride comfort only marginally. However as road roughness increased, the impact of tyre pressure on ride comfort also increased. Through these findings, a foundation is established for the development of a dynamic Tyre Pressure Regulating System (TPRS) that is capable of regulating the tyre pressure in all four wheels, independently and continuously. Keywords: Tyre inflation pressure, Rolling Resistance, Tyre model, Fuel estimation, QSS TB®, TNO Delft-Tyre®, Two-Track vehicle model, Four-DOF vehicle model. I II CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 Aim 10 1.3 Scope and limitations 10 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Contribution of the tyre rolling resistance to fuel consumption 12 2.1.1 Influence of temperature 13 2.1.2 Influence of load 15 2.1.3 Influence of speed 16 2.1.4 Influence of size and construction of tyres 17 2.1.5 Influence of tyre wear 18 2.1.6 Influence of tyre pressure 19 2.2 Importance of having appropriate tyre pressure 20 2.3 Influence of tyre pressure on braking performance 22 2.4 Influence of tyre pressure on vehicle handling 24 2.4.1 Lateral force 24 2.4.2 Self-aligning moment 25 2.4.3 Longitudinal force 26 2.5 Influence of tyre pressure on vehicle ride characteristics 28 3 MODELLING AND SIMULATION 30 3.1 Fuel estimation 30 3.1.1 Mathematical modelling approach 31 3.1.2 Rolling resistance models 32 3.1.3 QSS vehicle model 36 3.2 Vehicle lateral handling characteristics 40 3.2.1 Modelling approach 40 3.2.2 Tyre models 41 3.2.3 Two-track vehicle model 48 3.3 Vehicle ride characteristics 55 3.3.1 Modelling approach 55 3.3.2 Four DOF half-car model 56 III CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64 4.1 QSS vehicle model: Fuel estimation 64 4.1.1 Contribution of rolling resistance to overall fuel consumption 64 4.1.2 Influence of tyre pressure on rolling resistance 66 4.2 Two track model 68 4.2.1 Vehicle response to a step input 68 4.2.2 Vehicle response to ramp input 75 4.2.3 Sine-With-Dwell input 81 4.3 Four DOF half-car model 87 4.3.1 Response to step input 87 4.3.2 Response to sinusoidal input 90 4.3.3 Frequency response 91 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 97 5.1 Conclusion 97 5.1.1 QSS vehicle model / Fuel consumption 97 5.1.2 Two-track model / Handling 97 5.1.3 Four DOF half-car model / Comfort 98 5.2 Future work 99 6 REFERENCES 101 7 APPENDIX I 104 IV CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: Preface In this research work, the influence of tyre inflation pressure on fuel consumption has been examined with emphasis on the corresponding change in vehicle ride characteristics and handling. This thesis work was carried out from April, 2013 to November, 2013 under the supervision of Associate Professor Jenny Jerrelind of KTH The Royal Institute of Technology, Prof. Professor Bengt Jacobson of Chalmers University of Technology and Fredrik Lotto at Yovinn AB, Sweden. The work is part of a research project initiated by Ivar Frischer, Chief Designer at Yovinn AB, in collaboration with Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design to develop a dynamic Tyre Pressure Regulating System (TPRS) for a passenger car. This system should be capable of regulating tyre pressure continuously and independently in each tyre, based on different driving conditions without adversely affecting safety, driving performance and passenger comfort. The project is carried out at the Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, KTH, Sweden. The project is financed by Vinnova AB through the Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design and Yovinn AB. I would like to thank the supervisors, staff and PhD students at the research group of vehicle dynamics at KTH for their time and guidance despite their hectic schedules and responsibilities. I would also like to thank Julien Brondex, who worked on the design of this adaptive tyre pressure regulating system, for his valuable inputs via questions that has helped me in my work. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to TNO®, Netherlands and Delft University, Netherlands for their indirect participation in this thesis work through the supply of an advanced, validated tyre model, MF-Tyre and the guidance from Docent Mathias Lidberg of Chalmers University of Technology. An acknowledgment is also due to ETH Zürich for making available a Matlab QSS toolbox® for building full vehicle models for educational research. This toolbox was obtained via the course, "TME095 Hybrid vehicles and control", offered at Chalmers University of Technology in 2012. Stockholm, November 2013 Alexander Varghese 1 CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: 2 Notations Abbreviations DOF Degree Of Freedom DSC Dynamic Stability Control EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESC Electronic Stability Control EU European Union FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of Technology) MERF Mean Equivalent Rolling Force mph Miles Per Hour NEDC New European Driving Cycle NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NVH Noise, Vibration and Harshness psi Pounds per square Inch QSS TB Quasi-Static Simulation ToolBox RMS Root Mean Square RR Rolling Resistance SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SWD Sine-With-Dwell TNO Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TPRS Tyre Pressure Regulating System 3 CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: Roman upper case letters Stiffness factor Magic Tyre Formula [-] 2*Front suspension spring damping [Ns/m] 2*Rear suspension spring damping [Ns/m] 2*Front tyre vertical damping [Ns/m] 2*Rear tyre vertical damping [Ns/m] Shape factor Magic Tyre Formula [-] Coefficient of rolling resistance [-] Cornering stiffness coefficient [N/rad] Peak value in Magic Tyre Formula [-] Curvature factor Magic Tyre Formula [-] Longitudinal tyre force [N] Lateral tyre force [N] Non-dimensional Lateral force [-] Tyre rolling resistance at load and pressure [N] Tyre rolling resistance force [N] Rolling resistance force measured on test drum [N] Rolling resistance force, left tyre [N] Rolling resistance force, right tyre [N] Tyre load of interest [N] Reference/Nominal tyre vertical load [N] Load transfer longitudinal [N] Load transfer lateral [N] CHALMERS, Applied Mechanics, Master’s Thesis 2013: 4 Moment of inertia about x axis at COG [Nm] Moment of inertia about y axis at COG [Nm] Moment of inertia about z axis at COG [Nm] Tyre vertical stiffness [N/m] Tyre vertical stiffness at nominal pressure [N/m] 2*Front suspension spring stiffness [N/m] Slope of load dependency of [-] Slope of
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