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RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani THE .^-y^Vr^w DIE SOUTH AFRICAN i^W*nVv\\ SUID AFRIKAANSE INSTITUTE OF f I \V\tf)) }) INSTITUUT VAN INTERNATIONAL ^^J£g^ INTERNASIONALE AFFAIRS ^*^~~ AANGELEENTHEDE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES NO 3 RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani ISBN NO.: 0-908371-88-8 February 1991 Toe South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein 2017 Johannesburg South Africa CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 POUTICS IN AFRICA'S NEWEST STATE 2 National Reconciliation 2 Nation Building 4 Labour in Namibia 6 Education 8 The Local State 8 The Judiciary 9 Broadcasting 10 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALM - AN UNBALANCED INHERITANCE 12 Mining 18 Energy 19 Construction 19 Fisheries 20 Agriculture and Land 22 Foreign Exchange 23 FOREIGN RELATIONS - NAMIBIA AND THE WORLD 24 CONCLUSIONS 35 REFERENCES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ANNEXURES I - 5 and MAP 44 INTRODUCTION Namibia's accession to independence on 21 March 1990 was an uplifting event, not only for the people of that country, but for the Southern African region as a whole. Independence brought to an end one of the most intractable and wasteful conflicts in the region. With independence, the people of Namibia not only gained political freedom, but set out on the challenging task of building a nation and defining their relations with the world. From the perspective of mediation, the role of the international community in bringing about Namibia's independence in general, and that of the United Nations in particular, was of a deep structural nature. -
United States of America–Namibia Relations William a Lindeke*
From confrontation to pragmatic cooperation: United States of America–Namibia relations William A Lindeke* Introduction The United States of America (USA) and the territory and people of present-day Namibia have been in contact for centuries, but not always in a balanced or cooperative fashion. Early contact involved American1 businesses exploiting the natural resources off the Namibian coast, while the 20th Century was dominated by the global interplay of colonial and mandatory business activities and Cold War politics on the one hand, and resistance diplomacy on the other. America was seen by Namibian leaders as the reviled imperialist superpower somehow pulling strings from behind the scenes. Only after Namibia’s independence from South Africa in 1990 did the relationship change to a more balanced one emphasising development, democracy, and sovereign equality. This chapter focuses primarily on the US’s contributions to the relationship. Early history of relations The US has interacted with the territory and population of Namibia for centuries – indeed, since the time of the American Revolution.2 Even before the beginning of the German colonial occupation of German South West Africa, American whaling ships were sailing the waters off Walvis Bay and trading with people at the coast. Later, major US companies were active investors in the fishing (Del Monte and Starkist in pilchards at Walvis Bay) and mining industries (e.g. AMAX and Newmont Mining at Tsumeb Copper, the largest copper mine in Africa at the time). The US was a minor trading and investment partner during German colonial times,3 accounting for perhaps 7% of exports. -
Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand
Item Box Subject Author Title Exps Pages Size Inches Pub. Date Grand Total: 3, 139, 369, 104, 343, 159, [and the 210 Namibian 51, 612, 191, 21, 44, 1, 39, 95, 428, docs so far is 2809] (2599) Central Africa:3 1 Central Africa—General Economics UNECA Subregional Strategies 19 32 8x11.5 Hints to Businessmen Visiting The London Board of 2 Central Africa—General Economics Congo (Brazzaville), Chad, Gabon 19 32 4.75x7.125 Trade and Central African Republic Purpose and Perfection Pottery as 3 Central Africa—General Art The Smithsonian Institution 3 4 8x9.25 a Woman's Art in Central Africa Botswana:139 National Institute of Access to Manual Skills Training in 1 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development and Cultural Botswana: An Annotated 9 13 8x11.5 Research Bibliography Social Thandiwe Kgosidintsi and 2 Botswana—Bibliographies Sciences—Information Publishing in Botswana 2 2 8.5x11 Neil Parsons Science National Institute of 3 Botswana—Bibliographies Bibliography Development Rearch and Working Papers 5 8 5.75x8.25 Documentation University of Botswana and Department of Library Studies 1 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences 28 25 8.25x11.75 Swaziland Prospectus Social Refugees In Botswana: a Policy of 2 Botswana—Social Sciences United Nations 3 7 4.125x10.5 Sciences—Refugees Resettlement Projet De College Exterieur Du 3 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences unknown 3 3 8.25x11.75 Botswana Community Relations in Botswana, with special reference to Francistown. Statement 4 Botswana—Social Sciences Social Sciences Republic of Botswana Delivered to the National Assembly 4 5 5.5x8 1971 by His Honor the Vice President Dt. -
4 October 1985
other prices on page 2 MPC plans UK foreign office BY GWEN LISTER PLANS HAVE REACHED an advanced stage to open an office with an undisclosed status in London to promote the interim government abroad. The Head of the Department of Interstate Relations, Mr Carl von Bach, and the new co· ordinator of the London venture, Mr Sean Cleary, have ar· rived in london to prepare for the new operation. The interim government's Minister of Justice and Information, Mr Fanuel Kozonguizi, has confirmed that the London office will be elevat ed to a new status, but the interim Cabinet must still take a final de cision on the modalities of the new campaign. It was not yet cl ear whether Mr Cleary will be permanently stationed in London. 'It is up to him' Mr Kozo nguizi said. He added that the 'extern~ l poli cy' o f the interim admini stration till had to be established. At this stage they would no~be.~eeking 'inter.na tional recognition', Mr Kozonguizi said. A fo rmer So uth African diplo mat, Mr Sean Cleary took over from Mr Billy Marais as Public Relations Consultant fo r the interim govern POLICE WATCH burning barricades in Athlone, Cape Town, the scene of continuing vio ment on October 1. In that position this week. he will be controlling public relations See inside today for the story of dramatic protests at the University of the Western Cape. MR SEAN CLEA RY - interim (Photograph by Dave Hartman of Afrapix). government's 'rovi ng ambassador'. Continued on page 3 Ministers may boycott Council BIG SPRING BY GWEN LISTER net, the participation of two vote in a Cabinet meeting ofSep COMPETITION groups in the Constitutional tember 11. -
Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: Genocide and the Quest of Recompense Gewald, J.B.; Jones A
Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: genocide and the quest of recompense Gewald, J.B.; Jones A. Citation Gewald, J. B. (2004). Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: genocide and the quest of recompense. In Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity (pp. 59-77). London: Zed Books. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4853 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4853 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: Genocide and the Quest for Recompense Jan-Bart Gewald On 9 September 2001, the Herero People's Reparations Corporation lodged a claim in a civil court in the US District of Columbia. The claim was directed against the Federal Republic of Germany, in the person of the German foreign minister, Joschka Fischer, for crimes against humanity, slavery, forced labor, violations of international law, and genocide. Ninety-seven years earlier, on n January 1904, in a small and dusty town in central Namibia, the first genocide of the twentieth Century began with the eruption of the Herero—German war.' By the time hostilities ended, the majority of the Herero had been killed, driven off their land, robbed of their cattle, and banished to near-certain death in the sandy wastes of the Omaheke desert. The survivors, mostly women and children, were incarcerated in concentration camps and put to work as forced laborers (Gewald, 1995; 1999: 141—91). Throughout the twenti- eth Century, Herero survivors and their descendants have struggled to gain recognition and compensation for the crime committed against them. -
Security Laws to Go
Since when, has wearing a Namibian T-shirt become an offence? - Inside today Bringing Africa South 50c (GST inc.) Monday June 5 SCORES INJURED IN S OP ON SWAPO MEETING .JII' . '{ ,I '<"'.. J SCORES of people were seriOUSly injured yesterday when police violently dispersed supporters gathered for a planned Swapo branch meeting at Onankali, northern Namibia. Eyewitness reports received by The Namibian late last night indicated BY CHRIS SHIPANGA that police fired live bullets and t~ ar gas while using "excessive violence" police, immediately went to report during which an unknown number of the matter to UNTAG personnel at people were injured, some seriously, Ondangwa. Most of the people injured during A three-man delegation, consist the incident were taken to the ing of Mr Vilho Kalambi, Mr Cleo Onandjokwe Hospital for treatment, ' phas Augustus and Mr Joshua while others had to be taken to Os Amukugo, was sent by the organ hakati d ue to a shortage of both nurs isers to seek the necessary permis ing staff and lack of facilities, sion for the branch meeting to go Y SourceS reported that at least wee a.head . people had been arrested, including a The UNTAG personnel who had Swapo branch chairman, Mr Josiah been approached earlier were requested Amukugo. It is believed that some to accompany the three men to the are being held at the Okatope Koevoet police station. base, while Mr Amukugo was thought While people were still awaiting to be in custody at the Ondangwa word from the delegation, sources police station. said, amled policemen began "fir Police allegedly confiscated ve ing wildly" in the area, while others hicles and personal items. -
The Referendum in FW De Klerk's War of Manoeuvre
The referendum in F.W. de Klerk’s war of manoeuvre: An historical institutionalist account of the 1992 referendum. Gary Sussman. London School of Economics and Political Science. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government and International History, 2003 UMI Number: U615725 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615725 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T h e s e s . F 35 SS . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract: This study presents an original effort to explain referendum use through political science institutionalism and contributes to both the comparative referendum and institutionalist literatures, and to the political history of South Africa. Its source materials are numerous archival collections, newspapers and over 40 personal interviews. This study addresses two questions relating to F.W. de Klerk's use of the referendum mechanism in 1992. The first is why he used the mechanism, highlighting its role in the context of the early stages of his quest for a managed transition. -
A Church School
SADF MUST WITHDRAW .says Kalangula in hard-hitting spe~ch r BY CHRIS SHIPANGA CURFEW REGULATIONS must be reviewed, and South African Security Forces must h e i mmediately withdrawn from northern Namibia to make way for the unconditional implementation of UN Security Council Resolu .tion 435, said the Chair man of the Ovambo Administration, Mr Peter Kalangula, in an 'extremely hard-hitting speech last Friday. Speaking at an extra-ordinary congress of the Christian Democratic Action for Social Justice (CDA), at Ondangwa, Mr Kalangula, leader of that party, strongly condemned the "deliberate violation of fundamental human rights" by members of the South African Security Forces. Bitterly accusing "South Africa and its agents" in Namibia, the CDA leader pointed out that "those who are claiming to be the protectors of the peo, pie ofthisregion, and who say that they are here on the invitation of the people, must get the message and must know that they are no more welcome in this continued on page 2 Policeman assaults Kalangula's Secretary TROOPS pictured in northern Namibia by John Liebenberg - Mr Peter Kalangula has called for their immediate withdrawal. _ .MATJILA INVADES A CHURCH SCHOOL BY GWEN LISTER A FURORE has erupted following an unapproved visit by interim government Education Minister, Mr Andrew Matjila, to St George's Diocesan School last Friday. Sections oftqe Anglican community are up-in-arms at what they view as an attempt by the interim government to propagandise their involvement in multi-racial education. When he arrived at the' School last week with photographers from the Mr Oswald Shivute Department of Information, Mr Matjila also proceeded to promise pupils a holiday on Thursday. -
Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. an Exiled Namibian
Journal of Namibian Studies, 23 (2018): 101 – 123 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) Thinking and writing liberation politics – a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation . An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective André du Pisani* Abstract Thinking and Writing Liberation Politics is a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective; with an introduction by Professor Mburumba Kerina, Johannesburg, Porcupine Press, 2014. 376 pages, appendices, photographs, index of names. ISBN: 978-1-920609-71-9. The article argues that Long Road to Liberation , being a rich, diverse, uneven memoir of an exiled Namibian activist, offers a sobering and critical account of the limits of liberation politics, of the legacies of a protracted struggle to bring Namibia to independence and of the imprint the struggle left on the political terrain of the independent state. But, it remains the perspective of an individual activist, who on account of his personal experiences and long absence from the country of his birth, at times, paints a fairly superficial picture of many internal events in the country. The protracted diplomatic-, political- and liberation struggle that culminated in the independence of Namibia in March 1990, has attracted a crop of publications written from different perspectives. This has produced many competing narratives. It would be fair to say that many of the books published over the last decade or so, differ in their range, quality and usefulness to researchers and the reading public at large. This observation also holds for memoirs, a genre of writing that is most demanding, for it requires brutal honesty, the ability to truthfully recall and engage with events that can traverse several decades. -
14 September 1989
Bringging Africa South TODAY the pall of deep grief that layover the Swapo Election Directorate and the Namibian people generally was given verbal expression in a -forcefully worded.. ()Qndemnation by the mass .- organisation ofthe "deliberate and well calculated" assassination of Amon Lubowski. Terming the perpetrators the of the cold -blooded murder of Cde, "enemies of the Namibian people" Lubowski " . in accord with popular sentiment, The Administrator General has been Swapo identified the motive behind .dragging his feet on the issue of the slaying was to cause panic and dismantling the para-military force "create an atmosphere of insecu of Koevoet as is required under rity" before the November elections UNSCR435. as well as scaring patriots from giv Referring to Anton's great per ing Sam Nujomathe hero's welcome sonal courage in remaining active in he deserved. Swapo, the Directorate of Elections In an oblique attack on South Af mentioned his murder had been pre rica's man in Windhoek, Swapo took ceeded by anonymous telephone calls on Louis Pienaar by attributing the threatening violent demise to Anton. original source of the weapon used to Gwen Lister and Dave Smuts who gun down Anton to the authorities knew him well, and were associated meant to uphold law and order dur together in opposing the illegal South ing transition to political independ African occupation of Namibia, re ence. ceived similar threats. "Only people who have access to The Swapo leadership currently in fry(' AK-47s are the SADF, Police and the country futher paid tribute to a THE HEAD ofSwapo's Directorate, Mr Hage Geingob, comforts the wife ofslain Koevoet The latter has in particular . -
20 December 1993.Pdf
'f. 'jlll,':'".-,; ;:I"!/ ' ,,'-I'\ , , "; "'_ ' "" Of _,"t '! ~ •••• <I . , • • , ••• • ,. • ~ ~( \" ' . t .. ,.,; • f 'J "'J N$1.50 (GST Inc.) Monday December 201993 ·SA won liberation wars· SOUTH AFRICA wontherevo rica" or South Africa. lutionary war against SWAPO, Speaking in the parliamentary de the ANC and PAC, says former bate on South Africa's Constitution colonial govenor of Namibia, Bill, Pienaar went on to say that, Louis Pienaar. through courage and perserverence, Pienaar, who is now a National the South African government had Party member of the South African averted the dangers of a revolutionary parliament, said none of the libera conflict through evolutionary democ- tion movements had ever established military bases in "South West Af- At least 1,6 die in bloody wee~end THIS HOLIDAY is on its way survivor from a vehicle that burst into to being the bloodiest Christ flames killing the other eight occu mas season yet as mayhem pants - including five more children spreads on the roads. aged from four upwards - and three people in a bakkie. At least 16 people have died in road This, the worst road smash of the accidents since Thursday, with the holiday so far, happened some two police reporting one arrest for culpa kilometres north of Otjiwarongo on ble homicide after a man wiped out a Friday evening when the two vehicles pedestrian while overtaking. HANGING UP THEIR BOOTS - Members of the ANC's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK - A three-year-old boy was the only Continued on page 2 Spear of the Nation) have held their last parade before April's elections in South Africa. -
18 October 1985
other prices on page 2 Emil Appolus Bishop Ida Jimmy slams PR drive booted released· from Court Inside Sean Cleary • Page 3 speaks • Inside ropagan .a pans amme STAFF REPORTER A FORMER SOUTH AFRICAN Foreign Affairs official, Mr Sean Cleary, has been severely criticised for spearheading a master propaganda campaign to promote the interim government abroad. Mr Cleary took over as controller-in-chief of the public relations drive on October 1 and left Windhoek yesterday for the United States, apparently to terminate the contract of the Washington based consultants, Shipley and Smoak, after an embarrassing propaganda faux pas. At the beginning of the month the contract of the London-based consultants, Trevor Lloyd-Hughes and As sociates, was also terminated. The American consultancy The booklet was widely earlier this year published a car distributed, particularly among toon booklet parodying Swapo members of the US Congress. President Sam Nujoma, which 'Congressmen don't like to was not well-received in Washington. Continued on page 3 Judge ·issue: MS JOSEPHINE GAWACHAS, 93 years, the daughter von Moses Francois, considered by some to be the 'founder' of Windhoek. Today is the 95th anniversary of the 'founding' of Windhoek by von Francois, and Ms Gawachas was not invited to attend the planned wreath-laying ceremony outside the Municipality at lOhoo. There is controversy about this issue, many believing that the true makes offer founder was Jonker Afrikaner. STAFF REPORTER IN THE CONTINUING controversy surrounding the appointment as Judge of Mr Piet van der Byl, it emerged this week that a settlement out of Court has been pro posed by the applicants in pending litigation.