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Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael R. Hogan West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons Recommended Citation Hogan, Michael R., "“Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962" (2021). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 8264. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/8264 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael Robert Hogan Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Robert M. -
RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani THE .^-y^Vr^w DIE SOUTH AFRICAN i^W*nVv\\ SUID AFRIKAANSE INSTITUTE OF f I \V\tf)) }) INSTITUUT VAN INTERNATIONAL ^^J£g^ INTERNASIONALE AFFAIRS ^*^~~ AANGELEENTHEDE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES NO 3 RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani ISBN NO.: 0-908371-88-8 February 1991 Toe South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein 2017 Johannesburg South Africa CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 POUTICS IN AFRICA'S NEWEST STATE 2 National Reconciliation 2 Nation Building 4 Labour in Namibia 6 Education 8 The Local State 8 The Judiciary 9 Broadcasting 10 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALM - AN UNBALANCED INHERITANCE 12 Mining 18 Energy 19 Construction 19 Fisheries 20 Agriculture and Land 22 Foreign Exchange 23 FOREIGN RELATIONS - NAMIBIA AND THE WORLD 24 CONCLUSIONS 35 REFERENCES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ANNEXURES I - 5 and MAP 44 INTRODUCTION Namibia's accession to independence on 21 March 1990 was an uplifting event, not only for the people of that country, but for the Southern African region as a whole. Independence brought to an end one of the most intractable and wasteful conflicts in the region. With independence, the people of Namibia not only gained political freedom, but set out on the challenging task of building a nation and defining their relations with the world. From the perspective of mediation, the role of the international community in bringing about Namibia's independence in general, and that of the United Nations in particular, was of a deep structural nature. -
Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: an Evolutionary Perspective
~f Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: An Evolutionary Perspective By Guy Lamb Department of Political Studies University of Cape Town December 1998 Town Cape of . ·-~\,1.~ l ~ -._/ I /- -....,,._,.,---, University r/ / ~ This dissertation is for the partial fulfillment for a Master of Social Sciences (International and Comparative Politics). The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Town Cape of University Table of Contents Page Abstract i Maps ii Acknowledgements VI List of Acronyms viI Introduction 1 Civil Supremacy in Namibia: An Evolution? 1 Civil Supremacy and its Importance 2 Focus on Namibia 4 · Why Namibia? 5 Chapter 1: The Historical Evolution of Civil Supremacy: A 6 Conceptual Approach Town 1.1 Introducing the Problem 6 1.2 Civil-Military Relations: Survey of the Discipline and 7 Review of the Literature Cape 1.2.1 Civil-Military Relations as a Field of Study 7 1.2.2 Review of Civil Military Relationsof Literature 8 1.2.3 Focus on Civil Supremacy 11 1.3 What is Civil Supremacy? 12 1.3.1 An Overview of Civil Supremacy 12 1.3.2 A Question of Bias 13 1.4 Civil Military Traditions 14 1.4.1 Colonial 14 1.4.2 Revolutionary/Insurgent 15 1.4.2.1 The InfluenceUniversity of Mao Tse-tung -
The African Union
TICTRADE INDUSTRY Ta AND CUSTOMSlk Issue N°7 July 2019 The Newsletter of the Department of Trade and Industry Head of Industry Division Mr. Hussein serves as the Head of Industry Division in the Trade and Industry Department since August 2007, where his key duties are: Formulate appropriate policies and plans of action- develop programs and project proposals relating to Industrial policies and coordinate and harmonize it among the AU Member States and REC’s; small of industrial development; Industrial cooperation with International Organizations, Academia, private sector and Civil Societies; and Monitoring and Evaluation of Implementation of AU programs of developing industrial in Africa. Mr. Hussein holds a master of Public Policy and Management (MPP) majoring in “Trade and Industry” from the Korean Development Institute of Public Policy and Management Ministers of Trade and Industry (From 1990- until end of July 2007) in Cairo, Egypt. DTI Portfolio 2017 AfCFTA One Year Later: The Road Travelled and the Road towards Launch of the Operational Phase The 8 th African Union Ministers of Trade (AMOT) Meeting ends with optimistic tone and clear way forward for the Official Launch of the Operational Phase of the AfCFTA Editorial The Newsletter of the Department of Trade and Industry Africa is poised to launch the operational phase of the AfCFTA By H.E. Amb. Albert M. Muchanga - Commissioner for Trade and Industry he current issue of the DTI integration in Africa. With Africa is poised to launch Newsletter celebrates these additional protocols, the operational phase of Tthe delivery of one of the we are further transforming the African Continental Flagship Projects of African Africa by removing physical Free Trade Area at an Union Agenda 2063: The and commercial barriers that Extraordinary Summit of Africa We Want. -
Security Laws to Go
Since when, has wearing a Namibian T-shirt become an offence? - Inside today Bringing Africa South 50c (GST inc.) Monday June 5 SCORES INJURED IN S OP ON SWAPO MEETING .JII' . '{ ,I '<"'.. J SCORES of people were seriOUSly injured yesterday when police violently dispersed supporters gathered for a planned Swapo branch meeting at Onankali, northern Namibia. Eyewitness reports received by The Namibian late last night indicated BY CHRIS SHIPANGA that police fired live bullets and t~ ar gas while using "excessive violence" police, immediately went to report during which an unknown number of the matter to UNTAG personnel at people were injured, some seriously, Ondangwa. Most of the people injured during A three-man delegation, consist the incident were taken to the ing of Mr Vilho Kalambi, Mr Cleo Onandjokwe Hospital for treatment, ' phas Augustus and Mr Joshua while others had to be taken to Os Amukugo, was sent by the organ hakati d ue to a shortage of both nurs isers to seek the necessary permis ing staff and lack of facilities, sion for the branch meeting to go Y SourceS reported that at least wee a.head . people had been arrested, including a The UNTAG personnel who had Swapo branch chairman, Mr Josiah been approached earlier were requested Amukugo. It is believed that some to accompany the three men to the are being held at the Okatope Koevoet police station. base, while Mr Amukugo was thought While people were still awaiting to be in custody at the Ondangwa word from the delegation, sources police station. said, amled policemen began "fir Police allegedly confiscated ve ing wildly" in the area, while others hicles and personal items. -
The Referendum in FW De Klerk's War of Manoeuvre
The referendum in F.W. de Klerk’s war of manoeuvre: An historical institutionalist account of the 1992 referendum. Gary Sussman. London School of Economics and Political Science. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government and International History, 2003 UMI Number: U615725 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615725 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T h e s e s . F 35 SS . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract: This study presents an original effort to explain referendum use through political science institutionalism and contributes to both the comparative referendum and institutionalist literatures, and to the political history of South Africa. Its source materials are numerous archival collections, newspapers and over 40 personal interviews. This study addresses two questions relating to F.W. de Klerk's use of the referendum mechanism in 1992. The first is why he used the mechanism, highlighting its role in the context of the early stages of his quest for a managed transition. -
A Church School
SADF MUST WITHDRAW .says Kalangula in hard-hitting spe~ch r BY CHRIS SHIPANGA CURFEW REGULATIONS must be reviewed, and South African Security Forces must h e i mmediately withdrawn from northern Namibia to make way for the unconditional implementation of UN Security Council Resolu .tion 435, said the Chair man of the Ovambo Administration, Mr Peter Kalangula, in an 'extremely hard-hitting speech last Friday. Speaking at an extra-ordinary congress of the Christian Democratic Action for Social Justice (CDA), at Ondangwa, Mr Kalangula, leader of that party, strongly condemned the "deliberate violation of fundamental human rights" by members of the South African Security Forces. Bitterly accusing "South Africa and its agents" in Namibia, the CDA leader pointed out that "those who are claiming to be the protectors of the peo, pie ofthisregion, and who say that they are here on the invitation of the people, must get the message and must know that they are no more welcome in this continued on page 2 Policeman assaults Kalangula's Secretary TROOPS pictured in northern Namibia by John Liebenberg - Mr Peter Kalangula has called for their immediate withdrawal. _ .MATJILA INVADES A CHURCH SCHOOL BY GWEN LISTER A FURORE has erupted following an unapproved visit by interim government Education Minister, Mr Andrew Matjila, to St George's Diocesan School last Friday. Sections oftqe Anglican community are up-in-arms at what they view as an attempt by the interim government to propagandise their involvement in multi-racial education. When he arrived at the' School last week with photographers from the Mr Oswald Shivute Department of Information, Mr Matjila also proceeded to promise pupils a holiday on Thursday. -
17 Finnish Solidarity with the Liberation Struggle of Namibia: a Documentation Project1
266 Pekka Peltola 17 Finnish Solidarity with the Liberation Struggle of Namibia: A Documentation Project1 Pekka Peltola Freedom is Seldom a Gift Namibia’s independence was won primarily by the efforts of Namibians themselves. Acknowledging this, it is also important to remember that the liberation struggle of Namibians took place outside its borders as well: it started in Cape Town, spread to the United Nations in New York, established itself in Tanzania, then in Zambia and Angola. The diplomatic, political and armed struggle led by SWAPO could be fought only with the material, political, and other support given by many governments and non- governmental organisations. Thousands of people dedicated themselves to supporting the fight against apartheid and for a free and independent Namibia. In order to write a comprehensive history of the struggle, a rich database documenting the mainly selfless efforts rendered by solidarity activists in other countries is necessary. For this reason Finland has contributed by collecting documentary evidence of the work done in Finland or by Finns for the struggle and, therefore, the initiative of the Archives of Anti-Colonial Resistance and the Liberation Struggle (AACRLS) project was welcomed in Finland, where a committee was formally established for that purpose in 2004 as a part of the Namibian effort to save this history. Finnish Motives Finland is far away from Southern Africa both in kilometres and in cultural terms and, therefore, a brief description and analysis of Finnish motives for helping the liberation struggle is necessary. It is a well-known fact that Finnish evangelical Lutheran missionaries arrived in Owamboland in northern Namibia in 1870. -
South West Africa/Namibia Issues Related to Political Independence
SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA ISSUES RELATED TO POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE PETER CHARLES BENNETT University of Cape Town A Dissertation Submitted To The Faculty of Social Science University of Cape Town. Rondebosch, For The Degree of Master of Arts October 1983 The University of Ctlpe Town has been given the right to rcprodooe this thesis In wholo or In port. Copyright Is held by the wthor. The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town i SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA ISSUES RELATED TO POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE This dissertation constitutes a study of all issues rele- vant to South West Africa/Namibian independence, from 1915 to June 1983. The method employed is primarily of a descrip- tive, histcirical and analytical nature, which brings together in a concise study a variety of primary research materials, particularly with extensive use of newspaper resources. Due to the limited available material on South West Africa/ Namibia, it was necessary to rely upon these journalistic sources to a large extent. It was, therefore, necessary to assume that: • 1. newspaper references are correct and valid, and that articles by relevant authorities and political figures are a true expression of the writers' political beliefs; 2. that in terms of books, journals and other published materials in relation to South West Africa/Namibia, the facts have been accurately researched and verified, and 3. -
Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. an Exiled Namibian
Journal of Namibian Studies, 23 (2018): 101 – 123 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) Thinking and writing liberation politics – a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation . An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective André du Pisani* Abstract Thinking and Writing Liberation Politics is a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective; with an introduction by Professor Mburumba Kerina, Johannesburg, Porcupine Press, 2014. 376 pages, appendices, photographs, index of names. ISBN: 978-1-920609-71-9. The article argues that Long Road to Liberation , being a rich, diverse, uneven memoir of an exiled Namibian activist, offers a sobering and critical account of the limits of liberation politics, of the legacies of a protracted struggle to bring Namibia to independence and of the imprint the struggle left on the political terrain of the independent state. But, it remains the perspective of an individual activist, who on account of his personal experiences and long absence from the country of his birth, at times, paints a fairly superficial picture of many internal events in the country. The protracted diplomatic-, political- and liberation struggle that culminated in the independence of Namibia in March 1990, has attracted a crop of publications written from different perspectives. This has produced many competing narratives. It would be fair to say that many of the books published over the last decade or so, differ in their range, quality and usefulness to researchers and the reading public at large. This observation also holds for memoirs, a genre of writing that is most demanding, for it requires brutal honesty, the ability to truthfully recall and engage with events that can traverse several decades. -
14 September 1989
Bringging Africa South TODAY the pall of deep grief that layover the Swapo Election Directorate and the Namibian people generally was given verbal expression in a -forcefully worded.. ()Qndemnation by the mass .- organisation ofthe "deliberate and well calculated" assassination of Amon Lubowski. Terming the perpetrators the of the cold -blooded murder of Cde, "enemies of the Namibian people" Lubowski " . in accord with popular sentiment, The Administrator General has been Swapo identified the motive behind .dragging his feet on the issue of the slaying was to cause panic and dismantling the para-military force "create an atmosphere of insecu of Koevoet as is required under rity" before the November elections UNSCR435. as well as scaring patriots from giv Referring to Anton's great per ing Sam Nujomathe hero's welcome sonal courage in remaining active in he deserved. Swapo, the Directorate of Elections In an oblique attack on South Af mentioned his murder had been pre rica's man in Windhoek, Swapo took ceeded by anonymous telephone calls on Louis Pienaar by attributing the threatening violent demise to Anton. original source of the weapon used to Gwen Lister and Dave Smuts who gun down Anton to the authorities knew him well, and were associated meant to uphold law and order dur together in opposing the illegal South ing transition to political independ African occupation of Namibia, re ence. ceived similar threats. "Only people who have access to The Swapo leadership currently in fry(' AK-47s are the SADF, Police and the country futher paid tribute to a THE HEAD ofSwapo's Directorate, Mr Hage Geingob, comforts the wife ofslain Koevoet The latter has in particular . -
20 December 1993.Pdf
'f. 'jlll,':'".-,; ;:I"!/ ' ,,'-I'\ , , "; "'_ ' "" Of _,"t '! ~ •••• <I . , • • , ••• • ,. • ~ ~( \" ' . t .. ,.,; • f 'J "'J N$1.50 (GST Inc.) Monday December 201993 ·SA won liberation wars· SOUTH AFRICA wontherevo rica" or South Africa. lutionary war against SWAPO, Speaking in the parliamentary de the ANC and PAC, says former bate on South Africa's Constitution colonial govenor of Namibia, Bill, Pienaar went on to say that, Louis Pienaar. through courage and perserverence, Pienaar, who is now a National the South African government had Party member of the South African averted the dangers of a revolutionary parliament, said none of the libera conflict through evolutionary democ- tion movements had ever established military bases in "South West Af- At least 1,6 die in bloody wee~end THIS HOLIDAY is on its way survivor from a vehicle that burst into to being the bloodiest Christ flames killing the other eight occu mas season yet as mayhem pants - including five more children spreads on the roads. aged from four upwards - and three people in a bakkie. At least 16 people have died in road This, the worst road smash of the accidents since Thursday, with the holiday so far, happened some two police reporting one arrest for culpa kilometres north of Otjiwarongo on ble homicide after a man wiped out a Friday evening when the two vehicles pedestrian while overtaking. HANGING UP THEIR BOOTS - Members of the ANC's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK - A three-year-old boy was the only Continued on page 2 Spear of the Nation) have held their last parade before April's elections in South Africa.