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The Mystery of the Iron Pillar of Delhi, 375-413 AD

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The Mystery of the Iron Pillar of Delhi, 375-413 AD Previous Next odditiesoflife: The Mystery of the Iron Pillar Of Delhi, 375-413 AD This Iron Pillar, also known as Ashokan pillar, is near the Outub Minar Complex in Delhi, India. It was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta Dynasty (320-540) and was transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century. The pillar weighs more than six tons. This pillar is of great interest to people because of the fact that it is extremely resistant to corrosion. Weathering and harsh, alternating dry and wet conditions do not affect this pillar. It does not even rust. This is because of its curious chemical metallic nature made of 98% pure wrought iron. Its ability to withstand corrosion has confused many scientist for over 1,600 years. Turquía es la cuna de las lenguas indoeuropeas Posted by Jordi Guzmán on agosto 28th, 2012 Las lenguas indoeuropeas, que comprenden la mayoría de los idiomas que se hablan actualmente en Europa y Asia meridional, emergieron en Turquía y se propagaron alrededor del mundo a la vez que la agricultura, según un nuevo estudio que publica la revista Science. Evolución del a palabra “madre”. Imagen: Quentin D. Atkinson. La familia de lenguas indoeuropeas es una de las más grandes del mundo y engloba la celta, germánica, itálica, baltoeslava e indoiraní, que evolucionaron a partir de un antepasado común. Hasta ahora existían dos hipótesis sobre su origen. Por un lado, se ubicaba la procedencia de estas lenguas en el norte del Mar Caspio, en las estepas rusas, donde habrían sido diseminadas por una población de jinetes, seminómada, conocidos como Kurgan, hace unos 6.000 años. Sin embargo, otra teoría propuesta por primera vez por el arqueólogo Colin Renfrew, señalaba a la región de Anatolia (Turquía) como la cuna de esta familia de lenguas, que habrían surgido hace entre 8.000 a 9.500 años. Esta época coincide aproximadamente en el tiempo con el comienzo de la extensión de la agricultura en el mundo, por lo que se podrían haber adoptado estos dos conocimientos a la vez. Ahora una investigación publicada en la revista Science, y que lidera la Universidad de Auckland en Nueva Zelanda, confirma esta última hipótesis. Rastreando lenguas con bilogía evolutiva Para poner a prueba estos dos escenarios, Remco Bouckarert, autor principal del estudio, y su equipo adaptaron un método estadístico que emplean los biólogos evolucionistas para entender cómo están relacionadas las especies –por ejemplo, para rastrear el origen de los brotes de virus– dentro de en un árbol genealógico, tomando como base sus similitudes y diferencias de ADN. En vez de comparar especies, los autores compararon los lenguajes indoeuropeos, y en vez de ADN, observaron cognados compartidos, es decir, aquellas palabras que tienen un origen común, tales como ‘mother’, ‘mutter’ y ‘madre’. “Para un oído inexperto, idiomas como el griego, holandés, español o ruso suenan muy diferentes unos de otros, pero muestran notables similitudes. Donde el inglés utiliza ‘mother’, encontramos que el holandés emplea ‘moeder’, en ruso es ‘mitéra”, explica Bouckarert. Tras analizar muchas similitudes sistemáticas como estas, los académicos concluyeron que estos idiomas y cientos de otros están relacionados y surgieron de una fuente común, apodado indoeuropeo, explica la investigación. Esta familia lingüística se extiende desde Islandia hasta Sri Lanka, donde se habla cingalés. Palabras con el mismo origen etimológico Para establecer una relación de cognación entre palabras, es decir, determinar que están emparentadas morfológicamente, deben tener significados similares y, lo más importante, mostrar correspondencias sistemáticas en los sonidos que indiquen un origen común. Por ejemplo, la palabra ‘cinco’ tiene cognados en alemán (funf), en sueco (fem), y en holandés (vijf), que reflejan el descendiente del protogermánico (fimf). “La identificación de este fenómeno puede ser complicada”, aseguran los expertos. En el caso de palabras como la inglesa ‘mountain’, en francés ‘montagne’, se conocen como préstamos porque reflejan contactos recientes del idioma, más que una ascendencia común. Los autores utilizaron el árbol genealógico, conocido como filogenia, junto con información sobre las ubicaciones de las lenguas hoy en día, para inferir la ubicación y la edad de la raíz de la familia. “Los idiomas evolucionan a través del tiempo de forma similar a las especies biológicas”, aseguran. Para ello crearon una base de datos con 103 lenguas indoeuropeas (incluidas 20 idiomas antiguos) y 207 significados que fueron analizados por expertos lingüísticas. Sus resultados apuntan a que la primera lengua indoeuropea tiene origen anatoliano, en la actual Turquía. Referencia bibliográfica: Remco Bouckaert, Philippe Lemey, Michael Dunn, Simon J. Greenhill, Alexander V. Alekseyenko, Alexei J. Drummond, Russell D. Gray, Marc A. Suchard, Quentin D. Atkinson. “Mapeo de los orígenes y la expansión de la familia lingüística indoeuropea”, Science 337: 957 – 960, 24 agosto 2012. Artículo publicado en Servicio de Información y Noticias Científicas (SINC). La diosa al Uzza Estela con betilo Piedra Templo de los Leones alados, Petra, Jordania s.I a.C. Esta estela evidencia las influencias culturales y comerciales de Egipto así como en la religión nabatea. Esta estela figura una piedra sagrada elevada o betilo. Asociada con la diosa-madre egipcia Isis , el betilo está coronado por un friso en forma de guirnalda, con una joya en el medio que puede representar el disco solar. El típico betilo nabateo se ha transformado aquí en una estilizada y geométrica cara humana con grandes ojos , nariz y abultados labios . Los ojos tenían insertadas originalmente piedras preciosas. En la base lleva una inscripción que dice "Hayyan, hijo de Naybat." Departmento de Antigüedades , Amman, Jordan American Expedition to Petra, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Previous Next direccionequivocada: macchabee: naturepunk: Bog bodies, which are also known as bog people, are the naturally preserved human corpses found in the sphagnum bogs in Northern Europe. Unlike most ancient human remains, bog bodies have retained their skin and internalorgans due to the unusual conditions of the surrounding area. These conditions include highly acidic water, low temperature, and a lack of oxygen, combining to preserve but severelytan their skin. Despite the fact that their skin is preserved, their bones are generally not, as the acid in the peat dissolves the calcium phosphate of bone. The German scientist Dr. Alfred Dieckcatalogued the existence of over 1,850 northern European bog bodies in 1965, but many cannot be verified by documents or archaeological finds. Most, although not all, of these bodies have been dated to the Iron Age. Many show signs of having been killed and deposited in a similar manner, indicating some sort of ritualelement, which many archaeologists believe show that these were the victims of human sacrifice in Iron Age Germanic paganism; though Cornelius Tacitus specifically describes bogging as a form of (sacralized) capital punishment in his 1st century work Germania. Some of the most notable examples of bog bodies include Tollund Man and Grauballe Man from Denmark and Lindow Man from England. bog mummies used the be the single most terrifying thing for me when I was little collective-history: An Ethiopian fresco of the Queen of Sheba travelling to Solomon. An ancient compilation of Ethiopian legends, Kebra Negast (‘the Glory of Kings’), is dated to seven hundred years ago and relates a history of Makeda and her descendants. In this account King Solomon is said to have seduced the Queen of Sheba and sired her son, Menelik I, who would become the first Emperor of Ethiopia. The narrative given in the Kebra Negast - which has no parallel in the Hebrew Biblical story - is that King Solomon invited the Queen of Sheba to a banquet, serving spicy food to induce her thirst, and inviting her to stay in his palace overnight. The Queen asked him to swear that he would not take her by force. He accepted upon the condition that she, in turn, would not take anything from his house by force. The Queen assured that she would not, slightly offended by the implication that she, a rich and powerful monarch, would engage in stealing. However, as she woke up in the middle of the night, she was very thirsty. Just as she reached for a jar of water placed close to her bed, King Solomon appeared, warning her that she was breaking her oath, water being the most valuable of all material possessions. Thus, while quenching her thirst, she set the king free from his promise and they spent the night together. Other Ethiopian accounts make her the daughter of a king named Agabo or Agabos, in some legends said to have become king after slaying the mythological serpent Arwe; in others, to have been the 28th ruler of the Agazyan tribe. In either event, he is said to have extended his Empire to both sides of the Red Sea. The tradition that the Biblical Queen of Sheba was a ruler of Ethiopia who visited King Solomon in Jerusalem, in ancient Israel, is supported by the first century CE. Roman (of Jewish origin) historian Flavius Josephus, who identified Solomon’s visitor as a “Queen of Egypt and Ethiopia”. Previous Next norvicensiandoran: I posted the last of these images back in one of my Rubies for Flame Hair (July Lokean) posts, but I realized I’d managed to totally avoid giving the image context. So the first of these is the famous Snaptun Stone, portraying Loki. It was used as a hearthstone, which basically are stones placed to avoid being directly overheated by flames (I’ve sat in front of woodstoves, I see the practicality in this), but in some cases (such as this one) also serving as a guide point for bellows to be used. The gold pendant is a design based on it, though I forget who made it - but that one wasn’t me.
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