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45.000 Let Stare Fosilne Dlake Jamskega Medveda Iz Najdišča Divje Babe I V Sloveniji

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45.000 Let Stare Fosilne Dlake Jamskega Medveda Iz Najdišča Divje Babe I V Sloveniji 45.000 let stare fosilne dlake jamskega medveda iz najdišča Divje babe I v Sloveniji Ivan TURK, Franc CIMERMAN, Janez DIRJEC, Slavko POLAK in Jurij MAJDIČ Izvleček Abstract V paleolitskem najdišču in fosilnem brlogu jamskega medveda Imprints and fossilised remains of cave bear hair were found Divje babe I so bili najdeni poleg številnih kosti in zob tudi in a fossil den at the Palaeolithic site of Divje babe-I, in ad- odtisi dlak in njihovi fosilni ostanki, stari 45.000 let. Fosilizirane dition to a plethora of bones and teeth. The hairs from Divje dlake iz Divjih bab I so zaenkrat edinstven primer v jamskem babe-I are currently the only example of their kind found in sedimentacijskem okolju. cave deposits. UVOD let (RIDDL 734,746, 759; Turke/al. 1989). Najbolj zanesljive datacije plasti z mousterienskimi najd- Dolgoletne raziskave v novejšem večplastnem bami so bile pridobljene na podlagi vzajemnih paleolitskem najdišču Divje babe I v dolini Idrijce vzorcev lesnega oglja in kostnega kolagena (RIDDL v severozahodni Sloveniji so pripeljale tudi do 739 + 745 in 746 + 759) iz zaključenih celot (kvadrat zanimivega in po svoje pomembnega odkritja fo- 1 x lm in reženj debeline 0,25 oz. 0,30 m), tako siliziranih ostankov dlak in njihovih odtisov. da različni materiali vzorcev niso dali statistično Najdišče Divje babe I je v slovenskem prostoru različne radiokarbonske starosti (P > 0,80) (cfr. pomembno predvsem zaradi nove skupine paleo- Taylor 1987, 125). litskih najdb in trenutno najbolj bogatih paleon- Sistematska izkopavanja v Divjih babah I so toloških in paleobotaničnih ostankov v arheolo- se začela leta 1980 in še trajajo. Ostanke dlak škem sklopu. Paleolitske najdbe pripadajo posebni smo odkrili leta 1994. To je plod obsežnih sedi- različici mlajšega mousteriena (5 horizontov, plasti mentoloških raziskav in zelo natančne terenske 3 - 14), za katero je značilen velik delež mlajše- metode, ki od leta 1990 temelji na spiranju vseh paleolitskih orodij, in zgodnjemu aurignacienu odkopanih usedlin na sitih s premerom luknjic (I horizont, plast 2) (neobjavljeno). Paleontološke 10, 3 in 0,5 mm. najdbe obsegajo več kot 50 različnih taksonov (neobjavljeno), med katerimi je z izredno velikim številom ostankov zastopan jamski medved (Ursus NAJDBE V SVOJEM NARAVNEM spelaeus Rosenmiiller in Heinroth 1794) (Turk SEDIMENTACIJSKEM OKOLJU et al. 1992). Paleobotanični ostanki so predstavljeni z najdbami peloda in lesnega oglja (Turk et al. Za vse usedline Divjih bab I so značilni sprimki 1988-1989; Šercelj, Culiberg 1985; 1991). Najdišče in kosi matične dolomitne kamnine, v kateri se je na podlagi značilnih paleolitskih najdb in ne- je v pleistocenu izoblikovala jama. Kosi dolomita objavljenih radiokarbonskih AMS datacij dobro so vseh velikosti, od melja do blokov, sprimki kronostratigrafsko opredeljeno. Pripada inter- pa samo manjši od ok. 10 mm. Njihovo število pleniglacialu zadnjega glaciala (wiirm) in je, vsaj narašča eksponencialno obratno sorazmerno z kar zadeva plasti 2-13, staro od 35.300 do 50.800 velikostjo frakcij. Plasti, 26 po številu, se med SI. /.-. Fosfatni sprimki v frakcijah 0,5 • 3,0 mm iz različnih plasti. Fig. 1: Phosphate aggregates, 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm fraction, from various layers. plast-i N enot 2p.d. -- -• 25 2+5b -- 166 3+4(+5a) -- -• 73 4 -- -- 54 -• 209 -H 1SD fosfatna CL 99% -- 25 M vol. teža (agregati) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 g/ml SI. 2: Standardne statistike volumenskih tež po plasteh. Fig. 2: Standard statistics of aggregate density by layers. seboj razlikujejo predvsem po gostoti sprimkov staro domnevo (Turke/al. 1989). Sprimki, izraženi (si. /), ki jo lahko enostavno merimo s prostor- s prostorninskimi težami frakcij 0,5 - 3,0 mm, so ninskimi težami (si. 2). Sprimki so krhki, bolj v negativni korelaciji z vsebnostjo fosforja v ali manj zaobljeni in pogosto razpokani (si. 3). usedlinah (r = - 0.497, P < 0.001, n = 176) in Razpoke so stare, saj so v njih madeži vivianita z maso fosilnih ostankov (r = - 0.300, P < 0.001, in dendriti. Oboje dobimo tudi na površinah n = 492). Slednji 99,9 % pripadajo jamskemu sprimkov, dolomitnih kosov in fosilnih kosti. Raz- medvedu. Vsebnost fosforja v usedlinah je v po- poke dokazujejo, da je bila snov, iz katere so zitivni korelaciji z maso fosilnih ostankov (r = sprimki, nekoč plastična, in da je razpokala pri 0.378, P < 0.001, n = 176). Vendar te zakonitosti strjevanu. Kemijska analiza (P in K) sprimkov ne veljajo za t. im. fosfatne plasti, ki vsebujejo je pokazala močno povečano vsebnost fosforja skoraj same sprimke in fosilne ostanke. Iz tega (10 - 23 % namesto 0,02 - 0,87 %, kot je običajno sledi, daje bil nastanek sprimkov z močno povečano za neposeljene jame in tla v bližnji okolici) in vsebnostjo fosforja (si. 10) pogojen predvsem s normalno vsebnost kalija. Zato smo jih imenovali prisotnostjo jamskega medveda v najdišču (Schmid fosfatni sprimki. Plasti, ki vsebujejo v drobnih 1958; 1961; Turk et al. 1989; Kunst 1992). Najdišča frakcijah skoraj same fosfatne sprimke in imajo brez jamskega medveda takih sprimkov nimajo, najvišjo vsebnost fosforja, pa smo imenovali drugi agregati pa ne nastopajo v tako velikem fosfatne plasti. Kemijska analiza frakcije usedlin, številu in v tako različnih velikostih. V najdiščih manjše od 1 mm, je potrdila iz pedološke prakse z množičnimi ostanki jamskega medveda lahko znano pozitivno korelacijo med obema elementoma torej, namesto običajnega razvoja usedlin, priča- (r = 0.443, P < 0.01, n = 48), čeprav v najdišču kujemo posebno fosfatogenezo. S tem pa dobimo ni nobenih ilovnatih usedlin, za katere je značilna tudi nov model za razlago nekaterih jamskih usedlin povečana vsebnost kalija (Limbrey 1975, 74). pri nas in drugod. Model lahko izpopolni danes Vrednosti kalija se spreminjajo v razponu, ki je že zastarel, a še vedno upoštevan Laisov model običajen za karbonatna tla. Ker so nekatere fos- (1941; Schmid 1958; Laville 1975). fatne spojine v tleh relativno najbolj obstojne, Od gostote sprimkov, njihove barve in inkrustacij kar še posebej velja za naša karbonatna (bazična) na dolomitnih frakcijah so odvisne barve sedi- jamska tla, smo vrednosti fosforja podrobneje mentov. Te so nam bile pomemben stratigrafski analizirali. Izsledki so zanimivi in potrjujejo našo kazalec. Za barvo so odločilni naravni pigmenti, majhne količine teh barvil so lahko različno obar- vale cele plasti (beri paleolitske horizonte), odvi- sno od tega, koliko so paleolitski prebivalci jamo onesnažili s svojimi barvili in od tega, kakšno je bilo vsakokratno sedimentacijsko okolje: reduk- cijsko (z vodo prepojene, drobnozrnate usedline) ali oksidacijsko (zračne, grobozrnate usedline). Tako lahko s še nepreizkušenim modelom antro- pogenih vplivov bolje razumemo celo paleto ci- klično se ponavljajočih barv v stratigrafskem ni- zu. Taka pestrost barv je značilna predvsem za mnoga paleolitska najdišča (cfr. Turk et al. 1989, tabla 2) in si jo težko razlagamo izključno z narav- nimi sedimentacijskimi in diagenetskimi procesi. Fosfatni sprimki vsebujejo različno količino dolomitnega peska in melja, zlepljenega s kalcije- vim fosfatom. Zelo homogeni sprimki so zgrajeni iz strjene želatinaste snovi z redkimi vključki, predvsem dolomitnih zrnc. Če take sprimke pre- lomimo, ugotovimo, da so v notranjosti prepreženi s številnimi mikroskopskimi kanalčki (si. 4 a). Prečni preseki teh kanalčkov so okrogli in ovalni, redkeje ledvičasti, premeri pa različnih dimenzij. Tanjši kanalčki imajo premere velikosti 0,05 - 0,09 mm (poprečje 0,067 mm), debelejši pa 0,11 - 0,22 mm (poprečje 0,135 mm). Meritve smo naredili z mikroskopskim merilcem. Podolžni preseki so ravni žlebiči z bolj ali manj gladkimi površinami brez posebne zgradbe. Samo izjemoma so na površini žlebičev vidni odtisi vlaken. Preplet SI. 3: Večji fosfatni sprimki. žlebičev in mineralizirana vlakna v kanalčkih smo Fig. 3: Larger phosphate aggregates. v enem primeru odkrili tudi na razpokani površini fosfatnega sprimka (si. 4 b). Da gre za staro predvsem železovi oksidi. Iz drugih najdišč vemo, površino, na katero seje nekaj odtisnilo, dokazuje da so jih v paleolitiku pogosto uporabljali v koz- značilna patina, kije sveži prelomi sprinikov nimajo, metične in higienske namene (Pilzs. a.). Relativno in zaobljenost vseh površinskih robov. SI. 4: Fosfatni sprimek z luknjicami (odtisi dlak) v prelomu (a). Žlebiči (odtisi dlak) na površini fosfatnega sprimka (/>). Fig. 4: Phosphate aggregate with holes (imprints of hairs) along the fracture line (a). Grooves (imprints of hairs) on surface of phosphate grain (b). »i » • |i i ' • , # 'l* I * > / * * * - • ^ fL V + i % 'i. s * % • . V v \ W % • k tŠ Db fosfatna Plast 8 9: 26 8 4 | šele pod elektronskim mikroskopom - je bila, da gre za odtise medvedjih dlak. Na to ne bi pomislili, če ne bi imeli v stanovanju psa, ki pušča za sabo polno dlak. Koliko dlak so morali v Divjih babah I natrositi šele vsi tisoči in tisoči velikanskih jam- skih medvedov, ki so se poleti hladili in pozimi prezimovali v njej! Od teh so poprečno najmanj trije, stari nad eno leto, poginili in strohneli v 1 m3 usedlin plasti 2 - 5 v 10.000 letih ! V plasteh 10 - 14 se je število poginulih na 1 m3 usedlin skoraj podeseterilo. Od vseh teh milijard dlak se jih je lahko v takšni ali drugačni obliki vsaj nekaj tisoč ohranilo do danes. ODTISNJENE IN FOSILIZIRANE MEDVEDJE DLAKE, DA ALI NE ? Divje babe I so značilen brlog jamskega med- veda. Podobni brlogi so bili že bolj ali manj na- tančno raziskani v Sloveniji in bližnji okolici (Brodar M. 1959; Rakovec 1967; Brodar in Brodar 1983; Broglio 1964; Malez 1986). Zanje je značilno veliko število fosilnih ostankov. Ti so neenako- merno razporejeni po plasteh, tako vertikalno kot lateralno (si. 8). Druge najdbe so veliko bolj omejene in redke. Ostanki zob in kosti pripadajo predvsem zelo mladim medvedkom, ki so poginili SI. 5: Vlakno (fosilna dlaka) v kanalčku v fosfatnem sprimku. v času menjave zobovja. Teh je v Divjih babah I Fig. 5: Fibre (fossil hair) in channel of phosphate grain. kar 40 - 86 %. Njihov delež se od plasti do plasti spreminja.
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