Jennifer C French Supplementary Material Ii Appendix: Supplementary Data

Jennifer C French Supplementary Material ii Appendix: supplementary data

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? When Neanderthals used cave Abrams, G 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A bear (Ursus Spealeus) remains: et al (other) bone retouchers from unit 5 of Scladina cave (Belgium) Were Neanderthals responsible Agustí, J & 2017 QI Demography Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A for their own extinction? X, Rubio- faunal analysis Campillo Insights on Neanderthal fire Albert, RM 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A use at Kebara Cave (Israel) et al and spatial (other) through high resolution study organisation of prehistoric combustion features: evidence from phytoliths and thin sections Evidence for the Neanderthal Aldeias, V et al 2012 JAS Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A use of fire at Roc de Marsal (other) and spatial (France) organisation Fuel exploitation among Allué, E et al 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Mobility/ Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER No No No Neanderthals based on the (other) and spatial land-use beyond both anthracological record from organisation hunter-gatherers) Abric Romaní (Capellades, NE Spain) First Neanderthal settlements Álvarez- 2014 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A in Northern Iberia: the Alonso, D (lithics) land-use acheulean and the emergence of Mousterian technology in the Cantabrian region Formation processes at a high Angelucci, DE 2013 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A resolution Middle Palaeolithic et al and spatial site: Cueva Antón (Murcia, organisation Spain) Lagomorph predation Arriaza, MC 2017 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A represented in a Middle Palaeo- et al and spatial faunal analysis lithic level of the Navailmaíllo organisation rock shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Spain) as inferred via a new use of classical taphonomic criteria Understanding the ancient Arsuaga, JL 2012 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A habitats of the last interglacial et al and spatial (late MIS 5) Neanderthals organisation of central Iberia: Paleoenvi- ronmental and taphonomic evidence from the Cueva del Camino (Spain) site The British Middle Palaeolithic Ashton, N & B 2016 QI Mobility/ Demography Technology No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Scott land-use (lithics) Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Aubry, T et al 2014 JAS Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A site formation processes at and spatial (lithics) the Bordes-Fitte rockshelter organisation (Central France) iii Appendix: supplementary data

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Stratigraphic and technological Aubry, T et al 2012 JHE Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A evidence from the Middle and spatial Palaeolithic Châtelperronian- organisation Aurigancian record at the Bordes-Fitte rock shelter (Roches d'Abilly site, Central France) A chronicle of crisis: the late Baena, J et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian in Northern Iberia (lithics) (Cueva del Esquilleu, Cantabria, Spain) Late Middle Pleistocene genesis Baena, J et al 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of Neanderthal technology in (lithics) Western Europe: the case of Payre site (south-east France) In pursuit of our ancestors' Bargalló et al 2017 JHE Technology – – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No hand laterality (lithics) beyond both hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals of Crimea- Bataille, G 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ Taphonomy and Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER No No No creative generalists of the late (lithics) land-use spatial organisation beyond both Middle Palaeolithic Contextu- hunter-gatherers) alising the leaf point industry Buran-Kaya III, level C Modernity, enhanced working Belfer-Cohen, 2010 CA Symbolism/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No memory, and the Middle to A, Hovers, E behavioural beyond both Upper Palaeolithic record in the modernity hunter-gatherers) Levant Pigeons and choughs, a usual Blasco, R et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER/EE Inuit No No resource for Neanderthals in faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Gibraltar organisation hunter-gatherers) Evidence for a 15N positive Bocherons, 2014 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A excursion in terrestrial H et al faunal analysis foodwebs at the Middle- to-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Southwestern France: implications for early modern human diet and palaeoenvironments Neanderthal demographic Bocquet- 2013 CA Demography – – Yes Availability of GC-B EE !Kung, Ache No It is nevertheless possible estimates Appel, J-P, data to put forward known Degioami, A values for living hunter- gatherer populations and to use these values in the knowledge that they are not 'real values' for Neanderthal populations (S208). An open-air site from the recent Bodu, P et al 2014 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic in the Paris and spatial (lithics) basin (France): Les Bossats at organisation Ormesson (Seine-et-Marne) v

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Stratigraphic and technological Aubry, T et al 2012 JHE Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A evidence from the Middle and spatial Palaeolithic Châtelperronian- organisation Aurigancian record at the Bordes-Fitte rock shelter (Roches d'Abilly site, Central France) A chronicle of crisis: the late Baena, J et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian in Northern Iberia (lithics) (Cueva del Esquilleu, Cantabria, Spain) Late Middle Pleistocene genesis Baena, J et al 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of Neanderthal technology in (lithics) Western Europe: the case of Payre site (south-east France) In pursuit of our ancestors' Bargalló et al 2017 JHE Technology – – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No hand laterality (lithics) beyond both hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals of Crimea- Bataille, G 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ Taphonomy and Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER No No No creative generalists of the late (lithics) land-use spatial organisation beyond both Middle Palaeolithic Contextu- hunter-gatherers) alising the leaf point industry Buran-Kaya III, level C Modernity, enhanced working Belfer-Cohen, 2010 CA Symbolism/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No memory, and the Middle to A, Hovers, E behavioural beyond both Upper Palaeolithic record in the modernity hunter-gatherers) Levant Pigeons and choughs, a usual Blasco, R et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER/EE Inuit No No resource for Neanderthals in faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Gibraltar organisation hunter-gatherers) Evidence for a 15N positive Bocherons, 2014 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A excursion in terrestrial H et al faunal analysis foodwebs at the Middle- to-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Southwestern France: implications for early modern human diet and palaeoenvironments Neanderthal demographic Bocquet- 2013 CA Demography – – Yes Availability of GC-B EE !Kung, Ache No It is nevertheless possible estimates Appel, J-P, data to put forward known Degioami, A values for living hunter- gatherer populations and to use these values in the knowledge that they are not 'real values' for Neanderthal populations (S208). An open-air site from the recent Bodu, P et al 2014 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic in the Paris and spatial (lithics) basin (France): Les Bossats at organisation Ormesson (Seine-et-Marne) vi

The repeated replacement Bradtmöller 2012 QI Demography – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A model: rapid climate change et al and population dynamics in Late Pleistocene Europe The function and role of bifaces Brenet, M et al 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A in the late Middle Palaeolithic (lithics) of Southwestern France: examples from the Charente and Dordogne to the Basque country Strontium isotope evidence for Britton, K et al 2011 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No migration in late Pleistocene faunal analysis beyond both Rangifer: implications for hunter-gatherers) Neanderthal hunting strategies at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Jonzac, France Evaluating inputs to models of Browne, CL, 2013 JAS Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No hominin raw material selection: Wilson, L land-use (lithics) beyond both map resolution and path hunter-gatherers) choices Resource selection of lithic raw Browne, CL, 2011 JHE Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A For modern humans, we materials in the Middle Palaeo- Wilson, L (lithics) land-use can use ethnographic lithic in southern France analogies and our own ‘common sense’ to guide our understanding of those material remains and the behavioural strategies that they reflect. This is arguably an appropriate strategy for understanding prehistoric modern humans, with whom we share so many behavioural and cognitive capabilities. With pre-modern humans, however, such as Neandertals, the whole point is to understand the capabilities of people who were not us, and who did not necessarily do things as we would have, nor for the reasons that make sense to us. Judging them according to our own common sense may therefore obscure, or perhaps over-emphasise, their differences with us. vii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The origin of symbolic Burdukiewicz, 2014 QI Symbolism/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Australia/ No No behaviour of Middle Palaeo- JM behavioural beyond both Tierra del lithic humans: recent modernity hunter-gatherers) Feugo controversies Palaeoecology of Neanderthals Burjachs, F 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A during Dansgaard-Oescheger et al faunal analysis cycles in northeastern Iberia (Abric Romaní): from regional to global scale Spatial abilities, cognition and Burke, A 2012 QI Mobility/ Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No the pattern of Neanderthal and land-use Behavioural beyond both Modern Human dispersals modernity hunter-gatherers) Phytolith evidence for hearths Cabanes, D 2010 JAS Taphonomy – – Yes Other I ER No No No and beds in the late Mousterian et al and spatial (habitation in occupations of Esquilleu cave organisation rock-shelters) (Cantabria, Spain) Bears in the scene: Pleistocene Camarós, E 2017 QI Symbolism/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A complex interactions with et al behavioural and spatial implications concerning the modernity organisation study of Neanderthal behaviour Is it possible to identify Carrancho, A 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A temporal trends among et al and spatial (other) combustion features in Middle organisation Palaelithic palimpsests? The archaeomagnetic evidence: a case study from level O at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter (Capellades, Spain) Neanderthal subsistence Castel, J-C 2017 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE Hadza, No Yes (pg 153). Recognises strategies during the Quina et al faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Nunamiut, that ethnographic data Mousterian at Roc de Marsal organisation hunter-gatherers) Siberian on bone consumption by (France) groups, modern humans might not San/Kalahari, be directly relevant for use Alyawara in Neanderthal zooarchaeological research due to differences in cranio-facial morphology between the two populations. The MIS 55 terraced deposit of Ceruleo, P 2016 QI Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Fosso del Cupo (Montecelio, et al (lithics) faunal analysis Central Italy) and its Mousterian lithic assemblage: re-evaluation of a nineteenth-century discovery Missing elements in the Cieśla, M & P 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A cultural understanding of the Valde- (lithics) land-use hydrothermal landscape of Nowak the Carpathians in the Middle Paleolithic ix

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The origin of symbolic Burdukiewicz, 2014 QI Symbolism/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Australia/ No No behaviour of Middle Palaeo- JM behavioural beyond both Tierra del lithic humans: recent modernity hunter-gatherers) Feugo controversies Palaeoecology of Neanderthals Burjachs, F 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A during Dansgaard-Oescheger et al faunal analysis cycles in northeastern Iberia (Abric Romaní): from regional to global scale Spatial abilities, cognition and Burke, A 2012 QI Mobility/ Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No the pattern of Neanderthal and land-use Behavioural beyond both Modern Human dispersals modernity hunter-gatherers) Phytolith evidence for hearths Cabanes, D 2010 JAS Taphonomy – – Yes Other I ER No No No and beds in the late Mousterian et al and spatial (habitation in occupations of Esquilleu cave organisation rock-shelters) (Cantabria, Spain) Bears in the scene: Pleistocene Camarós, E 2017 QI Symbolism/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A complex interactions with et al behavioural and spatial implications concerning the modernity organisation study of Neanderthal behaviour Is it possible to identify Carrancho, A 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A temporal trends among et al and spatial (other) combustion features in Middle organisation Palaelithic palimpsests? The archaeomagnetic evidence: a case study from level O at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter (Capellades, Spain) Neanderthal subsistence Castel, J-C 2017 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE Hadza, No Yes (pg 153). Recognises strategies during the Quina et al faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Nunamiut, that ethnographic data Mousterian at Roc de Marsal organisation hunter-gatherers) Siberian on bone consumption by (France) groups, modern humans might not San/Kalahari, be directly relevant for use Alyawara in Neanderthal zooarchaeological research due to differences in cranio-facial morphology between the two populations. The MIS 55 terraced deposit of Ceruleo, P 2016 QI Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Fosso del Cupo (Montecelio, et al (lithics) faunal analysis Central Italy) and its Mousterian lithic assemblage: re-evaluation of a nineteenth-century discovery Missing elements in the Cieśla, M & P 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A cultural understanding of the Valde- (lithics) land-use hydrothermal landscape of Nowak the Carpathians in the Middle Paleolithic x

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The use of biface manufac- Claud, E 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A turing flakes: functional (lithics) analysis of three Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from southwestern and northern France Experimental and functional Claud, E et al 2015 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A analysis of late Middle Palaeo- (lithics) lithic flake cleavers from Southwestern Europe (France and Spain) Evidence of small fast game Cochard, D 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER/EE Ache No No exploitation in the Middle et al faunal analysis beyond both Palaeolithic of Les Canalettes hunter-gatherers) Aveyron, France Faunal evidence for a difference Collard, M 2016 JAA Technology Symbolism/ Subsistence/ Yes Environment/ GC-B ER/EE Sub-Arctic Yes-Cold No; analysis not restricted in clothing use between et al (other) Behavioural faunal analysis latitude and Arctic weather to hunter-gatherer Neanderthals and Early Modern modernity groups groups ethnographic cases Humans in Europe (non-industrial groups). Preliminary results from new Colonge, D 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic open air sites (lithics) near Bayonne (South-Western France) Middle Palaeolithic land use, Conard, N 2012 QI Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A spatial organisation and et al land-use settlement intensity in the Swabian Jura, southwestern Germany Microstratigraphic and Courty, M-A 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A multi-analytical evidence for et al and spatial (other) advanced Neanderthal pyro organisation technology at Abric Romani (Capellades, Spain) Recycling economy in the Cuartero, F 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian of the Iberian et al (lithics) Peninsula: the case study of El Esquilleu Middle Palaeolithic cultural Cyrek, K et al 2014 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A levels from Middle and Late and spatial (lithics) Pleistocene sediments of Bísnek organisation Cave, Poland Neanderthal subsistence Daujeard, C 2012 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A strategies in Southeastern et al faunal analysis land-use France between the plains of the Rhone Valley and the mid mountains of the Massif Central (MIS 7 to MIS 3) Middle Palaeolithic bone Daujeard, C 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouchers in Southeastern et al (other) France: variability and functionality xi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The use of biface manufac- Claud, E 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A turing flakes: functional (lithics) analysis of three Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from southwestern and northern France Experimental and functional Claud, E et al 2015 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A analysis of late Middle Palaeo- (lithics) lithic flake cleavers from Southwestern Europe (France and Spain) Evidence of small fast game Cochard, D 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER/EE Ache No No exploitation in the Middle et al faunal analysis beyond both Palaeolithic of Les Canalettes hunter-gatherers) Aveyron, France Faunal evidence for a difference Collard, M 2016 JAA Technology Symbolism/ Subsistence/ Yes Environment/ GC-B ER/EE Sub-Arctic Yes-Cold No; analysis not restricted in clothing use between et al (other) Behavioural faunal analysis latitude and Arctic weather to hunter-gatherer Neanderthals and Early Modern modernity groups groups ethnographic cases Humans in Europe (non-industrial groups). Preliminary results from new Colonge, D 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic open air sites (lithics) near Bayonne (South-Western France) Middle Palaeolithic land use, Conard, N 2012 QI Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A spatial organisation and et al land-use settlement intensity in the Swabian Jura, southwestern Germany Microstratigraphic and Courty, M-A 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A multi-analytical evidence for et al and spatial (other) advanced Neanderthal pyro organisation technology at Abric Romani (Capellades, Spain) Recycling economy in the Cuartero, F 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian of the Iberian et al (lithics) Peninsula: the case study of El Esquilleu Middle Palaeolithic cultural Cyrek, K et al 2014 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A levels from Middle and Late and spatial (lithics) Pleistocene sediments of Bísnek organisation Cave, Poland Neanderthal subsistence Daujeard, C 2012 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A strategies in Southeastern et al faunal analysis land-use France between the plains of the Rhone Valley and the mid mountains of the Massif Central (MIS 7 to MIS 3) Middle Palaeolithic bone Daujeard, C 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouchers in Southeastern et al (other) France: variability and functionality x ii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? On Neanderthal subsistence Daujeard, C, 2010 JAA Mobility/ Subsistence/ Technology Yes Subsistence GC-A ER No No The bias inherent in strategies and landuse: a Moncel, H-M land-use faunal analysis (lithics) transferring present-day regional focus on the Rhone observations to ancient Valley area in Southeastern populations and other France species of hominins (pg 369). Neanderthal and animal karstic Daujeaurd, C 2016 QI Mobility/ Subsistence/ Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A occupations from southern et al land-use faunal analysis spatial organisation Belgium and southeast France: regional or common features? Searching for consistencies in Dayet, L et al 2014 JAS Technology Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No Châtelperronian pigment use (other) Behavioural modernity Change and stasis in the Iberian de la Torre, I 2013 CA Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic: consid- et al (lithics) erations on the significance of Mousterian technological variability Shifts in Neandertal mobility, Delanges, A, 2011 JAS Mobility/ Technology Subsistence/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No technology and subsistence Rendu, W land-use (lithics) faunal analysis beyond both strategies in western France hunter-gatherers) Mammoths used as food Demay, L et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and building resources by faunal analysis (other) Neandertals: zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine) Uluzzian bone technology and d'Errico, F et al 2012 QI Technology Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A its implications for the origin of (other) Behavioural behavioural modernity modernity Identifying mechanisms behind d'Errico, F, 2013 CA Symbolism/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No Examinations of Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Banks, W behavioural (lithics) beyond both ethnographically Stone Age cultural trajectories modernity hunter-gatherers) documented material cultures indicate that stone tools represent just a small portion of the paraphernalia used by a hunter-gatherer population and do not necessarily reflect the complexity of cultural adaptation of its geography' (S375). Late Middle Palaeolithic Deschamps, 2017 QI Technology Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A assemblages with flake cleavers M (lithics) in the western Pyrenees: the Vasconian reconsidered The Middle Palaeolithic from Di Modica, K 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Belgium: chronostratigraphy, et al land-use (lithics) spatial organisation territorial management and culture on a mosaic of contrasting environments xiii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? On Neanderthal subsistence Daujeard, C, 2010 JAA Mobility/ Subsistence/ Technology Yes Subsistence GC-A ER No No The bias inherent in strategies and landuse: a Moncel, H-M land-use faunal analysis (lithics) transferring present-day regional focus on the Rhone observations to ancient Valley area in Southeastern populations and other France species of hominins (pg 369). Neanderthal and animal karstic Daujeaurd, C 2016 QI Mobility/ Subsistence/ Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A occupations from southern et al land-use faunal analysis spatial organisation Belgium and southeast France: regional or common features? Searching for consistencies in Dayet, L et al 2014 JAS Technology Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No Châtelperronian pigment use (other) Behavioural modernity Change and stasis in the Iberian de la Torre, I 2013 CA Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic: consid- et al (lithics) erations on the significance of Mousterian technological variability Shifts in Neandertal mobility, Delanges, A, 2011 JAS Mobility/ Technology Subsistence/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No technology and subsistence Rendu, W land-use (lithics) faunal analysis beyond both strategies in western France hunter-gatherers) Mammoths used as food Demay, L et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and building resources by faunal analysis (other) Neandertals: zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine) Uluzzian bone technology and d'Errico, F et al 2012 QI Technology Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A its implications for the origin of (other) Behavioural behavioural modernity modernity Identifying mechanisms behind d'Errico, F, 2013 CA Symbolism/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No Examinations of Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Banks, W behavioural (lithics) beyond both ethnographically Stone Age cultural trajectories modernity hunter-gatherers) documented material cultures indicate that stone tools represent just a small portion of the paraphernalia used by a hunter-gatherer population and do not necessarily reflect the complexity of cultural adaptation of its geography' (S375). Late Middle Palaeolithic Deschamps, 2017 QI Technology Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A assemblages with flake cleavers M (lithics) in the western Pyrenees: the Vasconian reconsidered The Middle Palaeolithic from Di Modica, K 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Belgium: chronostratigraphy, et al land-use (lithics) spatial organisation territorial management and culture on a mosaic of contrasting environments x iv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? A critical look at evidence Dibble, H et al 2015 JAS Symbolism/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A from La Chapelle-aux-Saints behavioural and spatial supporting an intentional modernity organisation Neanderthal burial How did hominins adapt to Ice Dibble, H et al 2017 CA Technology Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No Age Europe without fire? (other) Behavioural beyond both modernity hunter-gatherers) Late Pleistocene Crocuta Diedrich, CG 2012 JAS Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, faunal analysis 1823) clans as prezewalski horse hunters and wooly rhinoceros scavengers at the open air commuting den and contem- porary Neanderthal camp site Westeregeln (central Germany) Ungulate biomass fluctuations Discamps, E 2014 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No endured by Middle and Early faunal analysis land-use beyond both Upper Palaeolithic societies hunter-gatherers) (SW France, MIS 5-3): the contri- butions of modern analogs and cave hyena paleodemography Reconstructing palaeoenvi- Discamps, E & 2017 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ronmental conditions faced by A Royer faunal analysis Mousterian hunters during MIS 5 to 3 in southwestern France: a multi site approach using data from large and small mammal communities Is the MP-EUP transition Djindjian, F 2012 QI Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A also an economic and social et al land-use (lithics) revolution? Lithic production strategies in Dogandžić, T 2017 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No the Middle Palaeoltihic of the & L Đuričić (lithics) beyond both Southern Balkans hunter-gatherers) Neanderthal highlanders: Domingo, R 2017 QI Mobility/ Taphonomy Technology No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A La Callejuelas (Moteagudo et al land-use and spatial (lithics) del Castillo, Teruel, Spain), a organisation high-altitude site occupied during MIS 5 Studying prehistoric hunting Dusseldorp, G 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-B ER No No No proficiency: applying optimal faunal analysis foraging theory to the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age Middle Pleistocene ecology Ecker, M et al 2013 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and Neanderthal subsistence: faunal analysis insights from stable isotope analyses in Payre (Ardeche, Southeastern France) xv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? A critical look at evidence Dibble, H et al 2015 JAS Symbolism/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A from La Chapelle-aux-Saints behavioural and spatial supporting an intentional modernity organisation Neanderthal burial How did hominins adapt to Ice Dibble, H et al 2017 CA Technology Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No Age Europe without fire? (other) Behavioural beyond both modernity hunter-gatherers) Late Pleistocene Crocuta Diedrich, CG 2012 JAS Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, faunal analysis 1823) clans as prezewalski horse hunters and wooly rhinoceros scavengers at the open air commuting den and contem- porary Neanderthal camp site Westeregeln (central Germany) Ungulate biomass fluctuations Discamps, E 2014 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No endured by Middle and Early faunal analysis land-use beyond both Upper Palaeolithic societies hunter-gatherers) (SW France, MIS 5-3): the contri- butions of modern analogs and cave hyena paleodemography Reconstructing palaeoenvi- Discamps, E & 2017 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ronmental conditions faced by A Royer faunal analysis Mousterian hunters during MIS 5 to 3 in southwestern France: a multi site approach using data from large and small mammal communities Is the MP-EUP transition Djindjian, F 2012 QI Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A also an economic and social et al land-use (lithics) revolution? Lithic production strategies in Dogandžić, T 2017 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No the Middle Palaeoltihic of the & L Đuričić (lithics) beyond both Southern Balkans hunter-gatherers) Neanderthal highlanders: Domingo, R 2017 QI Mobility/ Taphonomy Technology No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A La Callejuelas (Moteagudo et al land-use and spatial (lithics) del Castillo, Teruel, Spain), a organisation high-altitude site occupied during MIS 5 Studying prehistoric hunting Dusseldorp, G 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-B ER No No No proficiency: applying optimal faunal analysis foraging theory to the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age Middle Pleistocene ecology Ecker, M et al 2013 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and Neanderthal subsistence: faunal analysis insights from stable isotope analyses in Payre (Ardeche, Southeastern France) x vi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Dietary reconstruction of the Estalrrich, A 2017 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes Availability of GC-B EE Fuegians, No No El Sidrón Neandertal familial et al faunal analysis data Chumash, group (Spain) in the context of Khoe-San other Neandertal and modern hunter-gatherer groups A molar microwear texture analysis Marine mollusc exploitation Fa, JE et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A as evidence by the Gorham's faunal analysis Behavioural Cave (Gibraltar) excavations modernity 1998-2005: the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition Rabbits and hominin survival Fa, JE et al 2013 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No in Iberia faunal analysis beyond both hunter-gatherers) The contribution of lithic Faivre, J-P 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No production systems to the et al (lithics) beyond both interpretation of Mousterian hunter-gatherers) industrial variability in southwestern France: the example of Combe Grenal (Dordogne, France) Late Middle Palaeolithic lithic Faivre, J-P 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technocomplexes (MIS 5-3) in et al (lithics) the northeastern Aquitaine basin: advantages and challenges The water optimisation Finlayson C 2013 QI Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A hypothesis and the human land-use occupation of the middle- latitude belt in the Pleistocene Using birds as indicators of Finlayson, C 2016 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal environmental et al faunal analysis land-use quality: Gibraltar and Zafarraya compared The birdmen of the Pleistocene: Finlayson, S & 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I EE Kazakh No No on the relationship between C Finlyason faunal analysis Behavioural beyond both nomads Neanderthals and scavenging modernity hunter-gatherers) (Mongolia), birds Cheyenne From feathers to food: Fiore, I et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A reconstructing the complete faunal analysis and spatial behavioural exploitation of avifaunal organisation modernity resources by Neanderthals at Fumane Cave, unit A9 Widespread diffusion of Fontana, F 2013 JAA Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technical innovations around et al (lithics) 300,000 years ago in Europe as a reflection of anthropological and social transformations? xvii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Dietary reconstruction of the Estalrrich, A 2017 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes Availability of GC-B EE Fuegians, No No El Sidrón Neandertal familial et al faunal analysis data Chumash, group (Spain) in the context of Khoe-San other Neandertal and modern hunter-gatherer groups A molar microwear texture analysis Marine mollusc exploitation Fa, JE et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A as evidence by the Gorham's faunal analysis Behavioural Cave (Gibraltar) excavations modernity 1998-2005: the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition Rabbits and hominin survival Fa, JE et al 2013 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No in Iberia faunal analysis beyond both hunter-gatherers) The contribution of lithic Faivre, J-P 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No production systems to the et al (lithics) beyond both interpretation of Mousterian hunter-gatherers) industrial variability in southwestern France: the example of Combe Grenal (Dordogne, France) Late Middle Palaeolithic lithic Faivre, J-P 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technocomplexes (MIS 5-3) in et al (lithics) the northeastern Aquitaine basin: advantages and challenges The water optimisation Finlayson C 2013 QI Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A hypothesis and the human land-use occupation of the middle- latitude belt in the Pleistocene Using birds as indicators of Finlayson, C 2016 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal environmental et al faunal analysis land-use quality: Gibraltar and Zafarraya compared The birdmen of the Pleistocene: Finlayson, S & 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – Yes None given (ie I EE Kazakh No No on the relationship between C Finlyason faunal analysis Behavioural beyond both nomads Neanderthals and scavenging modernity hunter-gatherers) (Mongolia), birds Cheyenne From feathers to food: Fiore, I et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A reconstructing the complete faunal analysis and spatial behavioural exploitation of avifaunal organisation modernity resources by Neanderthals at Fumane Cave, unit A9 Widespread diffusion of Fontana, F 2013 JAA Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technical innovations around et al (lithics) 300,000 years ago in Europe as a reflection of anthropological and social transformations? x viii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? From small bone fragments Gabucio, MJ 2014 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No to Neanderthal activity areas: et al and spatial faunal analysis beyond both the case of Level O of the Abric organisation hunter-gatherers) Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain) A wildcat (Felis silvestris) Gabucio, MJ 2014 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No butchered by Neanderthals in et al faunal analysis and spatial beyond both level O of the Abric Romaní site organisation hunter-gatherers) (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain) Cognitive archaeology without Garofoli, D 2016 QI Symbolism/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A behavioural modernity: an behavioural eliminativist attempt modernity Research perspectives for Gaudzinkski- 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A the study of Neanderthal Windheuser, S faunal analysis subsistence strategies based & Kindler, L on the analysis of archaeozoological assemblages The Eemian interglacial lake Gaudzinkski- 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No landscape at Neumark-Nord Windheuser, faunal analysis (Germany) and its potential S et al for our knowledge of hominin subsistence strategies Possible evidence of mammoth Germonpre, M 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Subsistence I,GC-A EE Fuegians No No hunting at the Neanderthal site et al faunal analysis (South of Spy (Belgium) America), Bisa (Zambia) Middle Palaeolithic land use Glauberman, 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Yes: pg 199 (difference in Dutch and Belgian Limburg: PL land-use (lithics) beyond both between archaeological integrating data from surface hunter-gatherers) and ethnographical time sites scales). New evidence on Neanderthal Goldberg, P 2012 QI Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No use of fire: examples from Roc et al (other) and spatial beyond both de Marsal and Pech de l'Aze IV organisation hunter-gatherers) The dynamics of stone industry Golovanova, 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A transformation at the interface LV & B (lithics) of Lower and Middle Palaeo- Doronichev lithic in the Northwestern Caucasus Significance of ecological Golovanova, 2010 CA Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A factors in the Middle to Upper LV et al faunal analysis (lithics) Palaeolithic transition Bifacial scraper-knives in the Golovanova, 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Micoquian sites in the north LV et al (lithics) western Caucasus: typology, technology, and reduction Levallois points and triangular Goval, E et al 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A flakes during the Middle (lithics) land-use faunal analysis Palaeolithic in northwestern Europe: considerations on the status of these pieces in the Neanderthal hunting toolkit in Northern France x xi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? From small bone fragments Gabucio, MJ 2014 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No to Neanderthal activity areas: et al and spatial faunal analysis beyond both the case of Level O of the Abric organisation hunter-gatherers) Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain) A wildcat (Felis silvestris) Gabucio, MJ 2014 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No butchered by Neanderthals in et al faunal analysis and spatial beyond both level O of the Abric Romaní site organisation hunter-gatherers) (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain) Cognitive archaeology without Garofoli, D 2016 QI Symbolism/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A behavioural modernity: an behavioural eliminativist attempt modernity Research perspectives for Gaudzinkski- 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A the study of Neanderthal Windheuser, S faunal analysis subsistence strategies based & Kindler, L on the analysis of archaeozoological assemblages The Eemian interglacial lake Gaudzinkski- 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No landscape at Neumark-Nord Windheuser, faunal analysis (Germany) and its potential S et al for our knowledge of hominin subsistence strategies Possible evidence of mammoth Germonpre, M 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes Subsistence I,GC-A EE Fuegians No No hunting at the Neanderthal site et al faunal analysis (South of Spy (Belgium) America), Bisa (Zambia) Middle Palaeolithic land use Glauberman, 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Yes: pg 199 (difference in Dutch and Belgian Limburg: PL land-use (lithics) beyond both between archaeological integrating data from surface hunter-gatherers) and ethnographical time sites scales). New evidence on Neanderthal Goldberg, P 2012 QI Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No use of fire: examples from Roc et al (other) and spatial beyond both de Marsal and Pech de l'Aze IV organisation hunter-gatherers) The dynamics of stone industry Golovanova, 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A transformation at the interface LV & B (lithics) of Lower and Middle Palaeo- Doronichev lithic in the Northwestern Caucasus Significance of ecological Golovanova, 2010 CA Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A factors in the Middle to Upper LV et al faunal analysis (lithics) Palaeolithic transition Bifacial scraper-knives in the Golovanova, 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Micoquian sites in the north LV et al (lithics) western Caucasus: typology, technology, and reduction Levallois points and triangular Goval, E et al 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A flakes during the Middle (lithics) land-use faunal analysis Palaeolithic in northwestern Europe: considerations on the status of these pieces in the Neanderthal hunting toolkit in Northern France x x

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Intra-level technological Gravina, B 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A change and its implications (lithics) for Mousterian assemblage variability The example of Le Moustier, layer G MTA-B or not to be? Recycled Gravina, B, 2015 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A bifaces and shifting hunting Discamps, E (lithics) faunal analysis strategies at Le Moustier and their implication for the late Middle Palaeolithic in Southwestern France New insights into Final Grimaldi, S, 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian lithic production in Santaniello, F (lithics) western Italy Paleoclimate during Hallin, KA et al 2012 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal and anatomically faunal analysis modern human occupation at Amud and Qafzeh, Israel: the stable isotope data Isotopic evidence for late Hartman, G 2015 JHE Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A glacial climatic impacts on et al faunal analysis land-use Neanderthal gazelle hunting territories at Amud Cave, Israel Neanderthal cooking and the Henry, AG 2017 CA Technology Subsistence/ – Yes Other I EE !Kung, No No; but also includes cost of fire (other) faunal analysis (Technology) Mbendjele, some non-hunter gatherer Hadza groups (agriculturalists). Plant foods and the dietary Henry, AG 2014 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-B ER No No No ecology of Neanderthals and et al faunal analysis early modern humans The palimpsest problem, hearth Henry, D 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology Demography Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No pattern analysis, and Middle and spatial (other) beyond both Palaeolithic site structure organisation hunter-gatherers) The effect of terrain on Henry, DO 2017 QI Mobility/ Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Yes: page 95; biological Neanderthal ecology in the et al land-use faunal analysis beyond both differences Levant hunter-gatherers) The emergence of the Middle Hérrison et al 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic in north-western (lithics) land-use Europe and its southern fringes The consequences of Middle Hockett, B 2012 QI Subsistence/ Demography – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER/EE Siberian No No Palaeolithic diets on pregnant faunal analysis beyond both foragers Neanderthal women hunter-gatherers) Climate-mediated shifts Hodgkins, J 2016 JHE Subsistence/ Demography – Yes None given (ie I, GC-B ER/EE Hadza No No in Neandertal subsistence et al faunal analysis beyond both behaviours at Pech de l'Azé IV hunter-gatherers) and Roc de Marsal (Dordogne Valley, France) Right for the wrong reasons: Holliday, T 2014 CA Demography – – Yes Environment GC-B EE/BIN Netsilik Yes Problems of hunters living reflections on modern human et al in marginal environments, origins in the post-Neanderthal and technological genome era complexity of recent hunter-gatherers compared to early, middle and late Pleistocene discussed. xxi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Intra-level technological Gravina, B 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A change and its implications (lithics) for Mousterian assemblage variability The example of Le Moustier, layer G MTA-B or not to be? Recycled Gravina, B, 2015 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A bifaces and shifting hunting Discamps, E (lithics) faunal analysis strategies at Le Moustier and their implication for the late Middle Palaeolithic in Southwestern France New insights into Final Grimaldi, S, 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian lithic production in Santaniello, F (lithics) western Italy Paleoclimate during Hallin, KA et al 2012 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal and anatomically faunal analysis modern human occupation at Amud and Qafzeh, Israel: the stable isotope data Isotopic evidence for late Hartman, G 2015 JHE Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A glacial climatic impacts on et al faunal analysis land-use Neanderthal gazelle hunting territories at Amud Cave, Israel Neanderthal cooking and the Henry, AG 2017 CA Technology Subsistence/ – Yes Other I EE !Kung, No No; but also includes cost of fire (other) faunal analysis (Technology) Mbendjele, some non-hunter gatherer Hadza groups (agriculturalists). Plant foods and the dietary Henry, AG 2014 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-B ER No No No ecology of Neanderthals and et al faunal analysis early modern humans The palimpsest problem, hearth Henry, D 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology Demography Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No pattern analysis, and Middle and spatial (other) beyond both Palaeolithic site structure organisation hunter-gatherers) The effect of terrain on Henry, DO 2017 QI Mobility/ Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Yes: page 95; biological Neanderthal ecology in the et al land-use faunal analysis beyond both differences Levant hunter-gatherers) The emergence of the Middle Hérrison et al 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic in north-western (lithics) land-use Europe and its southern fringes The consequences of Middle Hockett, B 2012 QI Subsistence/ Demography – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER/EE Siberian No No Palaeolithic diets on pregnant faunal analysis beyond both foragers Neanderthal women hunter-gatherers) Climate-mediated shifts Hodgkins, J 2016 JHE Subsistence/ Demography – Yes None given (ie I, GC-B ER/EE Hadza No No in Neandertal subsistence et al faunal analysis beyond both behaviours at Pech de l'Azé IV hunter-gatherers) and Roc de Marsal (Dordogne Valley, France) Right for the wrong reasons: Holliday, T 2014 CA Demography – – Yes Environment GC-B EE/BIN Netsilik Yes Problems of hunters living reflections on modern human et al in marginal environments, origins in the post-Neanderthal and technological genome era complexity of recent hunter-gatherers compared to early, middle and late Pleistocene discussed. x xii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Quaternary megafaunal Hortolà, P 2013 QI Demography Subsistence/ Symbolism/ Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No extinction and the fate of & Martínez- faunal analysis behavioural Neanderthals: an integrative Navarro, B modernity working hypothesis On variability and complexity: Hovers, E, 2013 CA Technology Subsistence/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No lessons from the Levantine Belfer-Cohen, (lithics) faunal analysis Middle Palaeolithic record A The role of edge angle Iovita, R 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A maintenance in explaining (lithics) technological variation in the production of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial and unifacial tools Projectile impact fractures Iovita, R et al 2014 JAS Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No and launching mechanisms: (lithics) beyond both results of a controlled ballistic hunter-gatherers) experiment using replica Levallois points The hand axe reloaded: a Iovita, R, 2011 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A morphometric reassessment of McPherron, S (lithics) Acheulian and Middle Palaeo- lithic handaxes Magura Cave, Bulgaria: a Ivanova, S 2016 QI Technology Subsistence/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A multidisciplinary study of Late et al (lithics) faunal analysis Pleistocene human palaeoenvi- ronment in the Balkans Bifacial and unifacial Kot, M 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technology: a real difference (lithics) or a problem of typo-technological approach? The example of the Ehringsdorf assemblage Middle Palaeolithic variability in Kozlowski, JK 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Europe: Mousterian vs (lithics) Micoquian Anterior dental microwear Krueger, KL 2017 JHE Subsistence/ Technology Yes None given (ie GC-B EE Aleut, No No textures show habitat-driven et al faunal analysis (other) beyond both Andaman- variability in Neandertal hunter-gatherers) ese, Arikara, behaviour Chumash, Illinois Bluff, Nunavut Territory Sadlermiut, Ipiutak, Tigara, Prince Rupert Harbour Tsimshian, Puye Pueblo Roots of the Middle Palaeolithic Kuhn, SL 2013 CA Technology Symbolism/ Subsistence/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No in Eurasia (lithics) Behavioural faunal analysis beyond both modernity hunter-gatherers) xxiii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Quaternary megafaunal Hortolà, P 2013 QI Demography Subsistence/ Symbolism/ Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No extinction and the fate of & Martínez- faunal analysis behavioural Neanderthals: an integrative Navarro, B modernity working hypothesis On variability and complexity: Hovers, E, 2013 CA Technology Subsistence/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No lessons from the Levantine Belfer-Cohen, (lithics) faunal analysis Middle Palaeolithic record A The role of edge angle Iovita, R 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A maintenance in explaining (lithics) technological variation in the production of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial and unifacial tools Projectile impact fractures Iovita, R et al 2014 JAS Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No and launching mechanisms: (lithics) beyond both results of a controlled ballistic hunter-gatherers) experiment using replica Levallois points The hand axe reloaded: a Iovita, R, 2011 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A morphometric reassessment of McPherron, S (lithics) Acheulian and Middle Palaeo- lithic handaxes Magura Cave, Bulgaria: a Ivanova, S 2016 QI Technology Subsistence/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A multidisciplinary study of Late et al (lithics) faunal analysis Pleistocene human palaeoenvi- ronment in the Balkans Bifacial and unifacial Kot, M 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technology: a real difference (lithics) or a problem of typo-technological approach? The example of the Ehringsdorf assemblage Middle Palaeolithic variability in Kozlowski, JK 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Central Europe: Mousterian vs (lithics) Micoquian Anterior dental microwear Krueger, KL 2017 JHE Subsistence/ Technology Yes None given (ie GC-B EE Aleut, No No textures show habitat-driven et al faunal analysis (other) beyond both Andaman- variability in Neandertal hunter-gatherers) ese, Arikara, behaviour Chumash, Illinois Bluff, Nunavut Territory Sadlermiut, Ipiutak, Tigara, Prince Rupert Harbour Tsimshian, Puye Pueblo Roots of the Middle Palaeolithic Kuhn, SL 2013 CA Technology Symbolism/ Subsistence/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No in Eurasia (lithics) Behavioural faunal analysis beyond both modernity hunter-gatherers) x xiv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Artifact densities and Kuhn, SL, 2015 JAA Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No One of the greatest assemblage formation: Clark, AE land-use (lithics) beyond both challenges in Palaeolithic evidence from Tabun Cave hunter-gatherers) archaeology is imagining ways of being human that are not like those of recent hunter-gatherers […] it is important to avoid the tendency to 'Model by subtraction' imagining early hominin groups as essentially recent foragers lacking a few key elements' 'we should be consci- entious not to drape them in the clothing of recent hunter-gatherers' (pg 15). Storied landscapes makes us Langley, MC 2013 JAA Mobility/ Symbolism/ – Yes Other (resource I EE Australian No No (Modern) human: landscape land-use Behavioural availability) aborigines: socialisation in the Palaeolithic modernity Pitjandjara and consequences for the (Central archaeological record Australia), other groups of the Western Australian desert Who brought the birds remains Laroulandie, 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to the Middle Palaeolithic site V et al faunal analysis and spatial behavioural of Les Fieux (Southwestern organisation modernity France)? Direct evidence of a complex taphonomic study European Neanderthals stone Lazuén, T 2012 JAS Technology – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No hunting weapons reveal (lithics) complex behaviour long before the appearance of modern humans Recycling in the early Middle Lazuén, T & 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic: the role of González- (lithics) resharpening flakes assessed Urquijo, J through techno-functional analysis Lithic tool management in the Lazuén, T, 2014 JAS Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Early Middle Palaeolithic: an Delagnes, A (lithics) beyond both integrated techno-functional hunter-gatherers) approach applied to Le Pucheil- type production (Le Pucheuil, northwestern France) Establishing statistical Lin, SC et al 2015 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A confidence in cortex ratios (lithics) within and among lithic assemblages: a case study of the Middle Palaeolithic in Southwestern France xxv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Artifact densities and Kuhn, SL, 2015 JAA Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No One of the greatest assemblage formation: Clark, AE land-use (lithics) beyond both challenges in Palaeolithic evidence from Tabun Cave hunter-gatherers) archaeology is imagining ways of being human that are not like those of recent hunter-gatherers […] it is important to avoid the tendency to 'Model by subtraction' imagining early hominin groups as essentially recent foragers lacking a few key elements' 'we should be consci- entious not to drape them in the clothing of recent hunter-gatherers' (pg 15). Storied landscapes makes us Langley, MC 2013 JAA Mobility/ Symbolism/ – Yes Other (resource I EE Australian No No (Modern) human: landscape land-use Behavioural availability) aborigines: socialisation in the Palaeolithic modernity Pitjandjara and consequences for the (Central archaeological record Australia), other groups of the Western Australian desert Who brought the birds remains Laroulandie, 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to the Middle Palaeolithic site V et al faunal analysis and spatial behavioural of Les Fieux (Southwestern organisation modernity France)? Direct evidence of a complex taphonomic study European Neanderthals stone Lazuén, T 2012 JAS Technology – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No hunting weapons reveal (lithics) complex behaviour long before the appearance of modern humans Recycling in the early Middle Lazuén, T & 2015 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic: the role of González- (lithics) resharpening flakes assessed Urquijo, J through techno-functional analysis Lithic tool management in the Lazuén, T, 2014 JAS Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Early Middle Palaeolithic: an Delagnes, A (lithics) beyond both integrated techno-functional hunter-gatherers) approach applied to Le Pucheil- type production (Le Pucheuil, northwestern France) Establishing statistical Lin, SC et al 2015 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A confidence in cortex ratios (lithics) within and among lithic assemblages: a case study of the Middle Palaeolithic in Southwestern France x xvi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Who brought in the rabbits? Lloveras, L 2011 JAS Taphonomy Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Taphonomical analysis of et al and spatial faunal analysis Mousterian and Solutrean organisation leporid accumulations from Gruta do Caldeirão (Tomar, Portugal) Timescales, space and culture Locht, J-L et al 2016 QI Mobility/ Demography Technology No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A during the Middle Palaeolithic land-use (lithics) in northwestern France Did Neanderthals and anatom- Longo, L et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ically modern humans co-exist (lithics) in Northern Italy during the late MIS 3? Temporal frameworks to Machado, J & 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: difference between approach human behaviour L Pérez and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis archaeological and concealed in Middle Palaeo- organisation ethnographical time lithic palimpsests: a high scales – although not resolution example from El Salt ethnographic analogy used. Stratigraphic Unit X (Alicante, Spain) Lithic production, site Machado, J 2013 JAS Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ Yes Other GC-A ER No No No formation and Middle Palaeo- et al and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis (habitation in lithic palimpsest analysis: in organisation rock-shelters) search of human occupation episodes at Abric del Pastor Stratigraphic Unit IV (Alicante, Spain) Environment during the Middle Magniez, P & 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to Late Palaeolithic transition in Boulbes, N faunal analysis southern France: the archaeological sequence of Tournal cave (Bize-Minervois, France) Lost and found: techno- Malinsky- 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A logical trajectories within Buller, A (lithics) land-use Lower/Middle Palaeolithic transition in Western Europe, North of the Pyrenees The black layer of Middle Mallol, C et al 2013 JAS Taphonomy – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Palaeolithic combustion and spatial beyond both structures Interpretation organisation hunter-gatherers) and archaeostratigraphic implications Human actions performed on Mallol, C et al 2013 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A simple combustion structures: (other) and spatial an experimental approach to organisation the study of Middle Palaeolithic fire The significance of stratigraphic Malloll, C et al 2012 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A discontinuities in Iberian and spatial Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic organisation transition sites xxvii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Who brought in the rabbits? Lloveras, L 2011 JAS Taphonomy Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Taphonomical analysis of et al and spatial faunal analysis Mousterian and Solutrean organisation leporid accumulations from Gruta do Caldeirão (Tomar, Portugal) Timescales, space and culture Locht, J-L et al 2016 QI Mobility/ Demography Technology No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A during the Middle Palaeolithic land-use (lithics) in northwestern France Did Neanderthals and anatom- Longo, L et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ically modern humans co-exist (lithics) in Northern Italy during the late MIS 3? Temporal frameworks to Machado, J & 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: difference between approach human behaviour L Pérez and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis archaeological and concealed in Middle Palaeo- organisation ethnographical time lithic palimpsests: a high scales – although not resolution example from El Salt ethnographic analogy used. Stratigraphic Unit X (Alicante, Spain) Lithic production, site Machado, J 2013 JAS Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ Yes Other GC-A ER No No No formation and Middle Palaeo- et al and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis (habitation in lithic palimpsest analysis: in organisation rock-shelters) search of human occupation episodes at Abric del Pastor Stratigraphic Unit IV (Alicante, Spain) Environment during the Middle Magniez, P & 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to Late Palaeolithic transition in Boulbes, N faunal analysis southern France: the archaeological sequence of Tournal cave (Bize-Minervois, France) Lost and found: techno- Malinsky- 2016 QI Technology Mobility/ Demography No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A logical trajectories within Buller, A (lithics) land-use Lower/Middle Palaeolithic transition in Western Europe, North of the Pyrenees The black layer of Middle Mallol, C et al 2013 JAS Taphonomy – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Palaeolithic combustion and spatial beyond both structures Interpretation organisation hunter-gatherers) and archaeostratigraphic implications Human actions performed on Mallol, C et al 2013 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A simple combustion structures: (other) and spatial an experimental approach to organisation the study of Middle Palaeolithic fire The significance of stratigraphic Malloll, C et al 2012 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A discontinuities in Iberian and spatial Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic organisation transition sites x xviii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Mousterian bone Mallye, J-B 2012 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouchers of Nosietier Cave: et al (other) experimentation and identifi- cation of marks Microwear analysis of Márquez, B 2016 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian quartz tools for the et al (lithics) Navalmaíllo rock shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain) The Middle-to-Upper Palaeo- Martinez- 2010 JHE Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A lithic transition in Cova Gran Moreno, J and spatial (Catalunya, Spain) and the et al organisation extinction of the Neanderthals in the Iberian peninsula From site formation processes Martinez- 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: difference between to human behaviour: towards a Moreno, J and spatial archaeological and constructive approach to depict et al organisation ethnographical time palimpsests in Roca dels Bous scales – although not ethnographic analogy used After the lower Palaeolithic: Mathias, C 2016 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No lithic ramification in the early (lithics) beyond both Middle Palaeolithic of Orgnac 3, hunter-gatherers) layer 2 (Ardèche, France) Identifying the reworking and McMillan, R 2017 JAS Taphonomy Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A stratigraphic provenance of et al and spatial faunal analysis bones by exploring multivariate organisation geochemical relationships with the ‘Perio-spot’ technique Crvena Stijena revisited: the late Milhailović, D 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian assemblage & R Whallon (lithics) Reconstructing occupational Modolo, M & J 2017 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER Nunamuit No No models: bone refits in Level I of Rosell and spatial faunal analysis beyond both Abric Romaní organisation hunter-gatherers) Fragmented reduction Moncel, H-M 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No processes: Middle Palaeolithic et al (lithics) beyond both technical behaviour in the Abri hunter-gatherers) du Maras, southeastern France Evaluating the integrity of Moncel, H-M 2015 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A palaeoenvironmental and et al and spatial (lithics) archaeological records in MIS organisation 5 to 3 karst sequences from southeastern France The variability of the Middle Moncel, H-M, 2012 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic on the right bank Daujeard, C (lithics) land-use of the Middle Rhône valley (Southeast France): technical traditions or functional choices? Towards the Middle Palaelithic Moncel, MH 2012 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of Western Europe: the case of et al (lithics) faunal analysis Orgnac 3 (southeastern France) xxix

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Mousterian bone Mallye, J-B 2012 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouchers of Nosietier Cave: et al (other) experimentation and identifi- cation of marks Microwear analysis of Márquez, B 2016 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian quartz tools for the et al (lithics) Navalmaíllo rock shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain) The Middle-to-Upper Palaeo- Martinez- 2010 JHE Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A lithic transition in Cova Gran Moreno, J and spatial (Catalunya, Spain) and the et al organisation extinction of the Neanderthals in the Iberian peninsula From site formation processes Martinez- 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: difference between to human behaviour: towards a Moreno, J and spatial archaeological and constructive approach to depict et al organisation ethnographical time palimpsests in Roca dels Bous scales – although not ethnographic analogy used After the lower Palaeolithic: Mathias, C 2016 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No lithic ramification in the early (lithics) beyond both Middle Palaeolithic of Orgnac 3, hunter-gatherers) layer 2 (Ardèche, France) Identifying the reworking and McMillan, R 2017 JAS Taphonomy Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A stratigraphic provenance of et al and spatial faunal analysis bones by exploring multivariate organisation geochemical relationships with the ‘Perio-spot’ technique Crvena Stijena revisited: the late Milhailović, D 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian assemblage & R Whallon (lithics) Reconstructing occupational Modolo, M & J 2017 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER Nunamuit No No models: bone refits in Level I of Rosell and spatial faunal analysis beyond both Abric Romaní organisation hunter-gatherers) Fragmented reduction Moncel, H-M 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No processes: Middle Palaeolithic et al (lithics) beyond both technical behaviour in the Abri hunter-gatherers) du Maras, southeastern France Evaluating the integrity of Moncel, H-M 2015 QI Taphonomy Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A palaeoenvironmental and et al and spatial (lithics) archaeological records in MIS organisation 5 to 3 karst sequences from southeastern France The variability of the Middle Moncel, H-M, 2012 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Palaeolithic on the right bank Daujeard, C (lithics) land-use of the Middle Rhône valley (Southeast France): technical traditions or functional choices? Towards the Middle Palaelithic Moncel, MH 2012 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of Western Europe: the case of et al (lithics) faunal analysis Orgnac 3 (southeastern France) x xx

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Another Mousterian debate? Monnier, GF & 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Bordian facies, chaine Missal, K (lithics) operatoire technocomplexes, and patterns of lithic variability in the Western European Middle and Upper Pleistocene Millennial-scale change in Morin, E et al 2014 JAA Subsistence/ Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A archaeofaunas and their faunal analysis (lithics) spatial organisation implications for Mousterian lithic variability in southwest France What roots for the Uluzzian? Moroni, A et al 2013 QI Technology Subsistence/ Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Modern behaviour in south- (lithics) faunal analysis behavioural central Italy and hypotheses on modernity AMH dispersal routes Ecological niche of Naito, YI et al 2016 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER N/A N/A No Neanderthals from Spy Cave faunal analysis beyond both revealed by nitrogen isotopes hunter-gatherers) of individual amino acids in collagen Neanderthal settlement Navazo, M & 2014 QI Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No patterns during MIS 4-3 in Carbonell, E land-use (lithics) beyond both Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, hunter-gatherers) Spain) Potential exploitation of avian Negro, JJ et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE Fuegians, No No; ethnographic examples resources by fossil hominins: an faunal analysis Behavioural beyond both Australian also wide ranging overview from ethnographic modernity hunter-gatherers) aborigines, and not restricted to and historical data Native hunter-gatherers. Americans, Maoris, Inuit The Middle-to-Upper Palaeo- Neruda, P, 2013 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A lithic transition in Moravia Nurudová, Z (lithics) in the context of the Middle Danube region GIS analysis of the spatial distri- Nerudu, P 2017 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No bution of Middle Palaeolithic and spatial (lithics) beyond both artefacts in Kůlna Cave (Czech organisation hunter-gatherers) Republic) Eemain palaeoclimatic zones Nicholson, CM 2017 QI Mobility/ Demography – Yes None given (ie GC-B BIN No Yes- Yes: recognises possibility and Neanderthal landscape land-use beyond both excluded of biological differences use: a GIS model of settlement hunter-gatherers) outliers affecting values (though patterning during the last simulataneously suggest interglacial that they are the same species!). Investigating Neanderthal Nielsen, TK 2017 QI Mobility/ Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A dispersal above 55oN in Europe et al land-use during the last interglacial complex Did stones speak about Nieto- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A people? Flint catchment and Márquez, IO & (lithics) and spatial land-use Neanderthal behaviour from JB Preysler organisation Area 3 (Cañaveral, Madrid, Spain) xxxi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Another Mousterian debate? Monnier, GF & 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Bordian facies, chaine Missal, K (lithics) operatoire technocomplexes, and patterns of lithic variability in the Western European Middle and Upper Pleistocene Millennial-scale change in Morin, E et al 2014 JAA Subsistence/ Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A archaeofaunas and their faunal analysis (lithics) spatial organisation implications for Mousterian lithic variability in southwest France What roots for the Uluzzian? Moroni, A et al 2013 QI Technology Subsistence/ Symbolism/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Modern behaviour in south- (lithics) faunal analysis behavioural central Italy and hypotheses on modernity AMH dispersal routes Ecological niche of Naito, YI et al 2016 JHE Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER N/A N/A No Neanderthals from Spy Cave faunal analysis beyond both revealed by nitrogen isotopes hunter-gatherers) of individual amino acids in collagen Neanderthal settlement Navazo, M & 2014 QI Mobility/ Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No patterns during MIS 4-3 in Carbonell, E land-use (lithics) beyond both Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, hunter-gatherers) Spain) Potential exploitation of avian Negro, JJ et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE Fuegians, No No; ethnographic examples resources by fossil hominins: an faunal analysis Behavioural beyond both Australian also wide ranging overview from ethnographic modernity hunter-gatherers) aborigines, and not restricted to and historical data Native hunter-gatherers. Americans, Maoris, Inuit The Middle-to-Upper Palaeo- Neruda, P, 2013 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A lithic transition in Moravia Nurudová, Z (lithics) in the context of the Middle Danube region GIS analysis of the spatial distri- Nerudu, P 2017 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No bution of Middle Palaeolithic and spatial (lithics) beyond both artefacts in Kůlna Cave (Czech organisation hunter-gatherers) Republic) Eemain palaeoclimatic zones Nicholson, CM 2017 QI Mobility/ Demography – Yes None given (ie GC-B BIN No Yes- Yes: recognises possibility and Neanderthal landscape land-use beyond both excluded of biological differences use: a GIS model of settlement hunter-gatherers) outliers affecting values (though patterning during the last simulataneously suggest interglacial that they are the same species!). Investigating Neanderthal Nielsen, TK 2017 QI Mobility/ Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A dispersal above 55oN in Europe et al land-use during the last interglacial complex Did stones speak about Nieto- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A people? Flint catchment and Márquez, IO & (lithics) and spatial land-use Neanderthal behaviour from JB Preysler organisation Area 3 (Cañaveral, Madrid, Spain) x xxii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Neanderthal mobility and large Niven, L et al 2012 JHE Subsistence/ Mobility/ Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A game hunting: the exploitation faunal analysis land-use spatial organisation of reindeer during the Quina Mousterian at Chez Pinaud Jonzac (Charente-Maritime, France) The Mousterian with bifacial Otte, M 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouch in Europe: the (lithics) fundamental historical error The tools of the last Pacheco, F 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthals: morphotechnical et al (lithics) characterisation of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar Manzanares Valley (Madrid, Panera, J et al 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Spain): a good country faunal analysis beyond both for proboscideans and hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals Traceoloigcal analysis of Pawlik, A & J 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 'unusual' wear traces on lithic Thissen (lithics) and spatial artefacts from the Middle organisation Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site Using obsidian transfer Pearce, E, 2014 JAA Mobility/ Technology – Yes Environment GC-B BIN No Yes No distances to explore social Moutisou, T land-use (lithics) network maintenance in late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers Rabbits in the grave! Pelletier, M 2017 JHE Taphonomy Symbolism/ Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Consequences of bioturbation et al and spatial Behavioural faunal analysis on the Neandertal “burial” at organisation modernity Regourdou (Montignac-sur- Vèzére, Dordogne) Fifty thousand years of flint Peresani, M 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A knapping and tool shaping (lithics) across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave Assessing the exploitation Peresani, M 2015 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of double patinated artifacts et al (lithics) land-use from the Late Mousterian: implications for lithic economy and human mobility in Northern Italy Application of a new Picin, A et al 2011 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A typological approach to (lithics) classifying denticulate and notched tools: the study of two Mousterian lithic assemblages xxxiii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Neanderthal mobility and large Niven, L et al 2012 JHE Subsistence/ Mobility/ Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A game hunting: the exploitation faunal analysis land-use spatial organisation of reindeer during the Quina Mousterian at Chez Pinaud Jonzac (Charente-Maritime, France) The Mousterian with bifacial Otte, M 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A retouch in Europe: the (lithics) fundamental historical error The tools of the last Pacheco, F 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthals: morphotechnical et al (lithics) characterisation of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar Manzanares Valley (Madrid, Panera, J et al 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Spain): a good country faunal analysis beyond both for proboscideans and hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals Traceoloigcal analysis of Pawlik, A & J 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 'unusual' wear traces on lithic Thissen (lithics) and spatial artefacts from the Middle organisation Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site Using obsidian transfer Pearce, E, 2014 JAA Mobility/ Technology – Yes Environment GC-B BIN No Yes No distances to explore social Moutisou, T land-use (lithics) network maintenance in late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers Rabbits in the grave! Pelletier, M 2017 JHE Taphonomy Symbolism/ Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Consequences of bioturbation et al and spatial Behavioural faunal analysis on the Neandertal “burial” at organisation modernity Regourdou (Montignac-sur- Vèzére, Dordogne) Fifty thousand years of flint Peresani, M 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A knapping and tool shaping (lithics) across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave Assessing the exploitation Peresani, M 2015 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of double patinated artifacts et al (lithics) land-use from the Late Mousterian: implications for lithic economy and human mobility in Northern Italy Application of a new Picin, A et al 2011 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A typological approach to (lithics) classifying denticulate and notched tools: the study of two Mousterian lithic assemblages x xxiv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Flake morphologies and Picin, A et al 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A patterns of core configu- (lithics) ration at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter: a geometric morphometric approach Chronostratigraphic context Pirson, S et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of the Middle to Upper Palaeo- (lithics) lithic transition: recent data from Belgium Formation processes and strati- Polo-Díaz, A 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A graphic integrity of the Middle et al and spatial to Upper Palaeolithic sequence organisation at Cova Gran de Santa Linya (southeastern Prepyrenees of Lleida, Iberian Peninsula) Recycling in abundance: re-use Preyseler, JB 2015 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and recycling processes in the (lithics) and spatial Lower and Middle Palaeolithic organisation contexts of the central Iberian Peninsula Neanderthal foraging during Ready, E 2013 JAS Subsistence/ Taphonomy Demography Yes None given (ie GC-B ER/EE Nunamuit No No the late Mousterian in the faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Pyrenees: new insights based organisation hunter-gatherers) on faunal remains from Gatzarria Cave Hunting behaviour and Rendu, W 2010 JAS Subsistence/ Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Neanderthal adaptability in faunal analysis land-use beyond both the Late Pleistocene site of hunter-gatherers) Pech-de-l'Aze 1 Monospecific faunal spectra Rendu, W et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No in Mousterian contexts: faunal analysis Behavioural implications for social modernity behaviour A taste of an elephant: the Reshef, H & 2015 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Aborigines No No probable role of elephant meat Barkai, R faunal analysis beyond both (Australia) in Palaeolithic diet preferences hunter-gatherers) Mbuti (Zaire), Nuer (Sudan) Liangula (Kenya) Leave at the height of the party: Richter, J 2016 QI Mobility/ Demography Technology ( No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A a critical review of the Middle land-use lithics) Palaeolithic in Western Central Europe from its beginnings to its rapid decline A new chronological and Rios- 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technological synthesis for Garaizar, J (lithics) late Middle Palaeolithic of the Eastern Cantabrian Region xxxv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Flake morphologies and Picin, A et al 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A patterns of core configu- (lithics) ration at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter: a geometric morphometric approach Chronostratigraphic context Pirson, S et al 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A of the Middle to Upper Palaeo- (lithics) lithic transition: recent data from Belgium Formation processes and strati- Polo-Díaz, A 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A graphic integrity of the Middle et al and spatial to Upper Palaeolithic sequence organisation at Cova Gran de Santa Linya (southeastern Prepyrenees of Lleida, Iberian Peninsula) Recycling in abundance: re-use Preyseler, JB 2015 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and recycling processes in the (lithics) and spatial Lower and Middle Palaeolithic organisation contexts of the central Iberian Peninsula Neanderthal foraging during Ready, E 2013 JAS Subsistence/ Taphonomy Demography Yes None given (ie GC-B ER/EE Nunamuit No No the late Mousterian in the faunal analysis and spatial beyond both Pyrenees: new insights based organisation hunter-gatherers) on faunal remains from Gatzarria Cave Hunting behaviour and Rendu, W 2010 JAS Subsistence/ Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Neanderthal adaptability in faunal analysis land-use beyond both the Late Pleistocene site of hunter-gatherers) Pech-de-l'Aze 1 Monospecific faunal spectra Rendu, W et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No in Mousterian contexts: faunal analysis Behavioural implications for social modernity behaviour A taste of an elephant: the Reshef, H & 2015 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Aborigines No No probable role of elephant meat Barkai, R faunal analysis beyond both (Australia) in Palaeolithic diet preferences hunter-gatherers) Mbuti (Zaire), Nuer (Sudan) Liangula (Kenya) Leave at the height of the party: Richter, J 2016 QI Mobility/ Demography Technology ( No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A a critical review of the Middle land-use lithics) Palaeolithic in Western Central Europe from its beginnings to its rapid decline A new chronological and Rios- 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technological synthesis for Garaizar, J (lithics) late Middle Palaeolithic of the Eastern Cantabrian Region x xxvi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Ramification of lithic Rios- 2015 QI Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A production and the search of Garaizar, J (lithics) faunal analysis small tools in Iberian Peninsula et al Middle Palaeolithic Characterization and supply Rodríguez, SV 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No of raw materials in the et al (lithics) land-use beyond both Neanderthal groups of Prado hunter-gatherers) Vargas Cave (Cornejo, Burgos, Spain) Phytolith and FTIR studies Rodríguez- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A applied to combustion Cintas, A & D (other) and spatial structures: the case of the Cabanes organisation Middle Palaeolithic site of El Salt (Alcoy, Alicante) A second life: recycling Romagnoli, F 2015 QI Technology Technology – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER/EE Nunamuit No No production waste during the (lithics) (other) beyond both Middle Palaeolithic in layer L hunter-gatherers) at Grotta del Cavello (Lecce, Southeast Italy) Neanderthal retouched shell Romagnoli, F 2016 QI Technology Technology Mobility/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No tools and Quina economic et al (other) (lithics) land-use beyond both and technical strategies: an hunter-gatherers) integrated behaviour Evaluating the performance Romagnoli, F 2017 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No of the cutting edge of et al (other) beyond both Neanderthal shell tools: a hunter-gatherers) new experimental approach. Use, mode of operation, and strength of Callista chione from a behavioural, Quina, perspective The ungulate assemblage Romandini, M 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A from level A9 at Grotta di et al faunal analysis Fumane, Italy: a zooarchaeological contribution to the reconstruction of Neanderthal ecology Neanderthal scraping and Romandini, M 2016 QI Subsistence/ Technology Symbolism/ Yes None given (ie I ER No No No manual handling of raptor wing et al faunal analysis (lithics) behavioural beyond both bones: evidence from Fumane hunter-gatherers) Cave Experimental activities modernity and comparison A zooarchaeological Rosell, J et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Mobility/ Yes None given (ie I EE Kung No No contribution to establish faunal analysis and spatial land-use beyond both (Botswana), occupational patterns at Level organisation hunter-gatherers) Alyawara J of Abric Romani (Barcelona, (Australia), Spain) Efe Connecting areas: faunal refits Rosell, J et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No as a diagnostic element to faunal analysis and spatial beyond both identify synchronicity in the organisation hunter-gatherers) Abric Romani archaeological assemblages xxxvii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Ramification of lithic Rios- 2015 QI Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A production and the search of Garaizar, J (lithics) faunal analysis small tools in Iberian Peninsula et al Middle Palaeolithic Characterization and supply Rodríguez, SV 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No of raw materials in the et al (lithics) land-use beyond both Neanderthal groups of Prado hunter-gatherers) Vargas Cave (Cornejo, Burgos, Spain) Phytolith and FTIR studies Rodríguez- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A applied to combustion Cintas, A & D (other) and spatial structures: the case of the Cabanes organisation Middle Palaeolithic site of El Salt (Alcoy, Alicante) A second life: recycling Romagnoli, F 2015 QI Technology Technology – Yes None given (ie I,GC-A ER/EE Nunamuit No No production waste during the (lithics) (other) beyond both Middle Palaeolithic in layer L hunter-gatherers) at Grotta del Cavello (Lecce, Southeast Italy) Neanderthal retouched shell Romagnoli, F 2016 QI Technology Technology Mobility/ Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No tools and Quina economic et al (other) (lithics) land-use beyond both and technical strategies: an hunter-gatherers) integrated behaviour Evaluating the performance Romagnoli, F 2017 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No of the cutting edge of et al (other) beyond both Neanderthal shell tools: a hunter-gatherers) new experimental approach. Use, mode of operation, and strength of Callista chione from a behavioural, Quina, perspective The ungulate assemblage Romandini, M 2014 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A from level A9 at Grotta di et al faunal analysis Fumane, Italy: a zooarchaeological contribution to the reconstruction of Neanderthal ecology Neanderthal scraping and Romandini, M 2016 QI Subsistence/ Technology Symbolism/ Yes None given (ie I ER No No No manual handling of raptor wing et al faunal analysis (lithics) behavioural beyond both bones: evidence from Fumane hunter-gatherers) Cave Experimental activities modernity and comparison A zooarchaeological Rosell, J et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy Mobility/ Yes None given (ie I EE Kung No No contribution to establish faunal analysis and spatial land-use beyond both (Botswana), occupational patterns at Level organisation hunter-gatherers) Alyawara J of Abric Romani (Barcelona, (Australia), Spain) Efe Connecting areas: faunal refits Rosell, J et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No as a diagnostic element to faunal analysis and spatial beyond both identify synchronicity in the organisation hunter-gatherers) Abric Romani archaeological assemblages x xxviii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? A resilient landscape at Rosell, J et al 2017 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ Technology Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3; and spatial faunal analysis (lithics) beyond both Moià, Barcelona, Spain): The organisation hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals as disrupting agent Insights into early Middle Rots, V 2013 JAS Technology – – Yes Other GC-A EE Australian No No Palaeolithic tool use and (lithics) aborigines hafting in Western Europe The functional analysis of level Iia of the early Middle Palaeo- lithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France) The Châtelperronian Rousell, M 2016 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A conundrum: Blade and bladelet et al (lithics) lithic technologies from Quinçay, France Regional behaviour among Ruebens, K 2013 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A late Neanderthal groups in (lithics) Western Europe: a comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial variability Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial Ruebens, K 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technologies across Northwest (lithics) Europe: typo-technological variability and trends Spatio-tempral variation in late Ruebens, K 2016 QI Technology Demography Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal & R M Wragg (lithics) land-use behaviours: British bout coupé Sykes handaxes as a case study On the local Mousterian Ruebens, K 2015 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A origin of the Châtelperronian: et al (lithics) integrating typo-technological, chronostratigraphic and contextual data Who eats whom? Taphonomic Rufà, A et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A analysis of the avian record faunal analysis and spatial from the Middle Palaeolithic organisation site of Teixoneres Cave (Moià, Barcelona, Spain) What is the taphonomic agent Rufà, A et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A responsible for the avian faunal analysis and spatial accumulation? An approach organisation from the Middle and early late Pleistocene assemblages from Payre and Abri des Pêcheurs (Ardèche, France) Neanderthal diets in central Salazar- 2013 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No and southeastern Mediter- Garćia, DC faunal analysis beyond both ranean Iberia et al hunter-gatherers) xxxix

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? A resilient landscape at Rosell, J et al 2017 QI Taphonomy Subsistence/ Technology Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3; and spatial faunal analysis (lithics) beyond both Moià, Barcelona, Spain): The organisation hunter-gatherers) Neanderthals as disrupting agent Insights into early Middle Rots, V 2013 JAS Technology – – Yes Other GC-A EE Australian No No Palaeolithic tool use and (lithics) aborigines hafting in Western Europe The functional analysis of level Iia of the early Middle Palaeo- lithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France) The Châtelperronian Rousell, M 2016 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A conundrum: Blade and bladelet et al (lithics) lithic technologies from Quinçay, France Regional behaviour among Ruebens, K 2013 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A late Neanderthal groups in (lithics) Western Europe: a comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial variability Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial Ruebens, K 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A technologies across Northwest (lithics) Europe: typo-technological variability and trends Spatio-tempral variation in late Ruebens, K 2016 QI Technology Demography Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal & R M Wragg (lithics) land-use behaviours: British bout coupé Sykes handaxes as a case study On the local Mousterian Ruebens, K 2015 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A origin of the Châtelperronian: et al (lithics) integrating typo-technological, chronostratigraphic and contextual data Who eats whom? Taphonomic Rufà, A et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A analysis of the avian record faunal analysis and spatial from the Middle Palaeolithic organisation site of Teixoneres Cave (Moià, Barcelona, Spain) What is the taphonomic agent Rufà, A et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A responsible for the avian faunal analysis and spatial accumulation? An approach organisation from the Middle and early late Pleistocene assemblages from Payre and Abri des Pêcheurs (Ardèche, France) Neanderthal diets in central Salazar- 2013 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No No and southeastern Mediter- Garćia, DC faunal analysis beyond both ranean Iberia et al hunter-gatherers) xl

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Short, but repeated visits Sánchez- 2014 JAS Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3, Hernández land-use Barcelona, Spain): a combined et al analysis of tooth microwear patterns and seasonality The Roc de Marsal Neanderthal Sangathe, D 2011 JHE Taphonomy Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A child: a reassessment of its et al and spatial Behavioural status as a deliberate burial organisation modernity Site formation dynamics and Sañudo, P 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A human occupations at Bolomor et al and spatial Cave (Valenica, Spain): an organisation archaeostratigraphic analysis of levels I to XII (100-200ka) On the track of anthropogenic Sanz, M et al 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A activity in carnivore dens: (other) and spatial faunal analysis altered combustion structures organisation in Cova del Gegant (NE Iberian Pensinsula) Sink the Mousterian? Named Shea, JJ 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Points out differences stone tool industries (NASTIES) (lithics) beyond both between uniformi- as obstacles to investi- hunter-gatherers) tarian assumptions and gating hominin evolutionary archaeological evidence relationships in the Lowe of 'cultures' (compared to Middle Palaeolithic Levant ethnographic record and particularly with respect to span across time and space (pg 174). Le Grand Abri aux Puces: a Slimak, L et al 2010 JAS Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian site from the last faunal analysis (lithics) interglacial: palaeogeography, paleoenvironment, and new excavation results Neanderthal megafaunal Smith, GM 2015 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A exploitation in Western Europe faunal analysis and its dietary implications: a contextual reassessment of La Cotte de St Brelade (Jersey) Middle Palaeolithic subsistence: Smith, GM 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Arctic No Warned that ethnographic the role of hominins at Lynford, faunal analysis beyond both groups patterns are not directly Norfolk, UK hunter-gatherers) comparable but could provide insight. On the relationship between Sorensen, A 2017 QI Technology Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE/BIN Denésuliné No No climate and Neanderthal fire (other) beyond both (Northern use doing the last glacial in hunter-gatherers) Canadian southwest France subartic) Fire production in the deep Sorensen, A 2014 JAS Technology Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-B EE Tasmania, No No past? The expedient strike-a- et al (other) Behavioural Tierra del light model modernity Fuego, high latitude xli

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Short, but repeated visits Sánchez- 2014 JAS Mobility/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3, Hernández land-use Barcelona, Spain): a combined et al analysis of tooth microwear patterns and seasonality The Roc de Marsal Neanderthal Sangathe, D 2011 JHE Taphonomy Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A child: a reassessment of its et al and spatial Behavioural status as a deliberate burial organisation modernity Site formation dynamics and Sañudo, P 2016 QI Taphonomy – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A human occupations at Bolomor et al and spatial Cave (Valenica, Spain): an organisation archaeostratigraphic analysis of levels I to XII (100-200ka) On the track of anthropogenic Sanz, M et al 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A activity in carnivore dens: (other) and spatial faunal analysis altered combustion structures organisation in Cova del Gegant (NE Iberian Pensinsula) Sink the Mousterian? Named Shea, JJ 2014 QI Technology – – Yes None given (ie GC-B ER No No Points out differences stone tool industries (NASTIES) (lithics) beyond both between uniformi- as obstacles to investi- hunter-gatherers) tarian assumptions and gating hominin evolutionary archaeological evidence relationships in the Lowe of 'cultures' (compared to Middle Palaeolithic Levant ethnographic record and particularly with respect to span across time and space (pg 174). Le Grand Abri aux Puces: a Slimak, L et al 2010 JAS Subsistence/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian site from the last faunal analysis (lithics) interglacial: palaeogeography, paleoenvironment, and new excavation results Neanderthal megafaunal Smith, GM 2015 JHE Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A exploitation in Western Europe faunal analysis and its dietary implications: a contextual reassessment of La Cotte de St Brelade (Jersey) Middle Palaeolithic subsistence: Smith, GM 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – Yes None given (ie I EE Arctic No Warned that ethnographic the role of hominins at Lynford, faunal analysis beyond both groups patterns are not directly Norfolk, UK hunter-gatherers) comparable but could provide insight. On the relationship between Sorensen, A 2017 QI Technology Yes None given (ie I,GC-A EE/BIN Denésuliné No No climate and Neanderthal fire (other) beyond both (Northern use doing the last glacial in hunter-gatherers) Canadian southwest France subartic) Fire production in the deep Sorensen, A 2014 JAS Technology Symbolism/ – Yes Environment GC-B EE Tasmania, No No past? The expedient strike-a- et al (other) Behavioural Tierra del light model modernity Fuego, high latitude x lii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Demography and the Sørensen, B 2011 JAA Demography – – Yes None given (ie I ER No No Limitations of ethnographic extinction of European beyond both data discussed rather than Neanderthals hunter-gatherers) problems with comparison. Between hearths and volcanic Spagnolo, V 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ash: the SU13 palimpsest of et al and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis the Oscuruscuito rock-shelter organisation (Ginosa- Southern Italy): analytical and interpretative questions Raw material economy in Spinapolice, 2012 JAS Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Salento (Apulia, Italy): new EE land-use (lithics) perspectives on Neanderthal mobility patterns Paleolithic subsistence Starkovich, B 2017 JHE Subsistence/ Demography Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A strategies and changes in faunal analysis land-use site use at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece) The last Neanderthals of Stepanchuk, 2017 QI Technology Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Eastern Europe: Micoquian VN et al (lithics) (other) spatial organisation layers IIIa and III of the site of Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya), anthropological records and context An unshakeable Middle Stiner, M 2013 CA Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No Palaeolithic? Trends versus faunal analysis conservatism in the predatory niche and their social ramifications The emergence of modern-like Straus, L 2012 QI Symbolism/ Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A forager capacities and behavioural behaviours in Africa and modernity Europe: abrupt or gradual, biological or demographic? Quartzite selection in fluvial Sunyer, MR 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A deposits: the N12 level of Roca et al (lithics) land-use dels Bous (Middle Palaeolithic, southeastern Pyrenees) San Quirce ( Palencia, Spain) A Terradillos- 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal open air campsite Bernal, M et al (lithics) with short term occupation patterns Lithic technology of the final Thiébaut, C 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian on both sides of the et al (lithics) Pyrenees Mousterian osseous artefacts? Turk, M & A 2017 QI Technology Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A The case of Divje babe I, Košir (other) Behavioural Slovenia modernity The fragmented character of Turq, A et al 2013 JHE Technology Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER/EE Australian No No Middle Palaeolithic stone tool (lithics) land-use beyond both aborigines technology hunter-gatherers) xliii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Demography and the Sørensen, B 2011 JAA Demography – – Yes None given (ie I ER No No Limitations of ethnographic extinction of European beyond both data discussed rather than Neanderthals hunter-gatherers) problems with comparison. Between hearths and volcanic Spagnolo, V 2016 QI Taphonomy Technology Subsistence/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ash: the SU13 palimpsest of et al and spatial (lithics) faunal analysis the Oscuruscuito rock-shelter organisation (Ginosa- Southern Italy): analytical and interpretative questions Raw material economy in Spinapolice, 2012 JAS Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Salento (Apulia, Italy): new EE land-use (lithics) perspectives on Neanderthal mobility patterns Paleolithic subsistence Starkovich, B 2017 JHE Subsistence/ Demography Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A strategies and changes in faunal analysis land-use site use at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece) The last Neanderthals of Stepanchuk, 2017 QI Technology Technology Taphonomy and No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Eastern Europe: Micoquian VN et al (lithics) (other) spatial organisation layers IIIa and III of the site of Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya), anthropological records and context An unshakeable Middle Stiner, M 2013 CA Subsistence/ – – Yes Environment GC-A ER No No No Palaeolithic? Trends versus faunal analysis conservatism in the predatory niche and their social ramifications The emergence of modern-like Straus, L 2012 QI Symbolism/ Demography – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A forager capacities and behavioural behaviours in Africa and modernity Europe: abrupt or gradual, biological or demographic? Quartzite selection in fluvial Sunyer, MR 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A deposits: the N12 level of Roca et al (lithics) land-use dels Bous (Middle Palaeolithic, southeastern Pyrenees) San Quirce ( Palencia, Spain) A Terradillos- 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Neanderthal open air campsite Bernal, M et al (lithics) with short term occupation patterns Lithic technology of the final Thiébaut, C 2012 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mousterian on both sides of the et al (lithics) Pyrenees Mousterian osseous artefacts? Turk, M & A 2017 QI Technology Symbolism/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A The case of Divje babe I, Košir (other) Behavioural Slovenia modernity The fragmented character of Turq, A et al 2013 JHE Technology Mobility/ – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER/EE Australian No No Middle Palaeolithic stone tool (lithics) land-use beyond both aborigines technology hunter-gatherers) x liv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Building models of Neanderthal Turq, A et al 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A territories from raw material (lithics) land-use transports in the Aquitaine basin (Southwestern France) Human behaviour and Uzquiano, P 2012 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A adaptations to MIS 3 environ- et al faunal analysis land-use mental trends (>53-30 ka BP) at Esquilleu Cave (Cantabria, Northern Spain) Micoquian assemblage and Valde- 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A environmental conditions for Nowack, P, (lithics) the Neanderthals in Oblazowa & Nadacho- Cave, Western Carpathians, wski, A Poland Archaeozoological data from Valensi, P et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A the Mousterian level from faunal analysis Moula-Guercy (Ardèche, France) bearing cannibalised Neanderthal remains Bird consumption in the final Valle, RM et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A stage of Cova Negra (Xátiva, faunal analysis and spatial Valencia) organisation Combustion structures of Vallverdú, J 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No archaeological level O and et al and spatial (other) beyond both Mousterian activity areas organisation hunter-gatherers) with use of fire at the Abric Romani rockshelter (NE Iberian Peninsula) Establishment of occupation Vandevelde, 2017 JHE Taphonomy Mobility/ NO N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A chronicles in Grotte Mandrin S et al and spatial land-use using sooted concretions: organisation Rethinking the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition Moving things: comparing lithic Vaquero, M 2017 JAA Taphonomy Technology Technology (other) Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No and bone refits from a Middle et al and spatial (lithics) beyond both Palaeolithic site organisation hunter-gatherers) Time and space in the Vaquero, M 2012 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Differences between formation of lithic assemblages: et al (lithics) and spatial archaeological and the example of Abric Romani organisation ethnographic scales of Level J analysis discussed. Lithic recycling in a Middle Vaquero, M 2015 QI Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I EE Ngatatjara No No Palaeolithic expedient context: et al (lithics) and spatial beyond both (Australia), evidence from the Abric organisation hunter-gatherers) Gomo, Romaní (Capellades, Spain) Konso (Ethiopia), N American groups The earliest evidence for the Verna,C, 2011 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A use of human bone as a tool d'Errico, F (other) xlv

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? Building models of Neanderthal Turq, A et al 2017 QI Technology Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A territories from raw material (lithics) land-use transports in the Aquitaine basin (Southwestern France) Human behaviour and Uzquiano, P 2012 QI Subsistence/ Mobility/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A adaptations to MIS 3 environ- et al faunal analysis land-use mental trends (>53-30 ka BP) at Esquilleu Cave (Cantabria, Northern Spain) Micoquian assemblage and Valde- 2014 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A environmental conditions for Nowack, P, (lithics) the Neanderthals in Oblazowa & Nadacho- Cave, Western Carpathians, wski, A Poland Archaeozoological data from Valensi, P et al 2012 QI Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A the Mousterian level from faunal analysis Moula-Guercy (Ardèche, France) bearing cannibalised Neanderthal remains Bird consumption in the final Valle, RM et al 2016 QI Subsistence/ Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A stage of Cova Negra (Xátiva, faunal analysis and spatial Valencia) organisation Combustion structures of Vallverdú, J 2012 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie I ER No No No archaeological level O and et al and spatial (other) beyond both Mousterian activity areas organisation hunter-gatherers) with use of fire at the Abric Romani rockshelter (NE Iberian Peninsula) Establishment of occupation Vandevelde, 2017 JHE Taphonomy Mobility/ NO N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A chronicles in Grotte Mandrin S et al and spatial land-use using sooted concretions: organisation Rethinking the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition Moving things: comparing lithic Vaquero, M 2017 JAA Taphonomy Technology Technology (other) Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No and bone refits from a Middle et al and spatial (lithics) beyond both Palaeolithic site organisation hunter-gatherers) Time and space in the Vaquero, M 2012 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Differences between formation of lithic assemblages: et al (lithics) and spatial archaeological and the example of Abric Romani organisation ethnographic scales of Level J analysis discussed. Lithic recycling in a Middle Vaquero, M 2015 QI Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I EE Ngatatjara No No Palaeolithic expedient context: et al (lithics) and spatial beyond both (Australia), evidence from the Abric organisation hunter-gatherers) Gomo, Romaní (Capellades, Spain) Konso (Ethiopia), N American groups The earliest evidence for the Verna,C, 2011 JHE Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A use of human bone as a tool d'Errico, F (other) x lvi

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Middle Palaeolithic of the Verpoorte, A 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Netherlands- contexts and et al land-use (lithics) perspectives Firewood and hearths: Middle Vidal- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: acknowledges Palaeolithic woody taxa Matutano, P (other) and spatial problems and challenges distribution from El Salt, strati- organisation of archaeological vs graphic unit Xb (Eastern Iberia) ethnographic time resolution (pg 75). Dead wood gathering among Vidal- 2017 JAS Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I, GC-B ER No N/A No Neanderthal groups: Charcoal Matutano, P (other) and spatial beyond both evidence from Abric del Pastor et al organisation hunter-gatherers) and El Salt (Eastern Iberia) Diachronic variation in the Villaverde, V 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic settlement et al (lithics) and spatial land-use of Abrigo de la Quebrada organisation (Chelva, Spain) Micro-Mousterian in Northern Vujević, D 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Dalmatia et al (lithics) Modelling Neanderthal clothing Wales, N 2012 JHE Technology – – Yes Environment I EE/BIN Plains Cree, No 'While recent hunter- using ethnographic analogues (other) Pacific gatherers are not relics Northwest from the past, when used (Tlingit), with appropriate restraint, Jaradle (S their lifeways can provide Australia), helpful insights for many Mattole (S anthropological questions' California), (pg 782). Semang (Thailand) Using multivariate techniques Weiss, M et al 2017 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to assess the effects of raw (lithics) material, flaking behaviour and tool manufacture on assemblage variability: An example from the late Middle Paleolithic of the European Plain Using ZooMS to identify Welker, F et al 2015 JAS Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A fragmentary bone from the faunal analysis Late Middle/Early Upper Palaeolithic sequences of Les Cottés, France Changes in raw material Wilson, L, 2014 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A selection and subsistence Browne, C (lithics) faunal analysis behaviour through time at a Middle Palaeolithic site in southern France Occupation dynamics north of Wiśniewski, A 2013 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No the Carpathians and Sudetes et al and spatial (lithics) beyond both during the Weicheselian organisation hunter-gatherers) (MIS5d-3): the lower Silesia (SW Poland) case study xlvii

Paper title Authors Year Journal Behaviour 1 Behaviour 2 Behaviour 3 Ethnographic Justification/ Purpose of Data used Specific Criteria of Recognises data used/ linking ethnographic groups suitability difficulties? referenced mechanism data referenced applied? The Middle Palaeolithic of the Verpoorte, A 2016 QI Mobility/ Technology – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Netherlands- contexts and et al land-use (lithics) perspectives Firewood and hearths: Middle Vidal- 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes: acknowledges Palaeolithic woody taxa Matutano, P (other) and spatial problems and challenges distribution from El Salt, strati- organisation of archaeological vs graphic unit Xb (Eastern Iberia) ethnographic time resolution (pg 75). Dead wood gathering among Vidal- 2017 JAS Technology Taphonomy – Yes None given (ie I, GC-B ER No N/A No Neanderthal groups: Charcoal Matutano, P (other) and spatial beyond both evidence from Abric del Pastor et al organisation hunter-gatherers) and El Salt (Eastern Iberia) Diachronic variation in the Villaverde, V 2017 QI Technology Taphonomy Mobility/ No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Middle Palaeolithic settlement et al (lithics) and spatial land-use of Abrigo de la Quebrada organisation (Chelva, Spain) Micro-Mousterian in Northern Vujević, D 2017 QI Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Dalmatia et al (lithics) Modelling Neanderthal clothing Wales, N 2012 JHE Technology – – Yes Environment I EE/BIN Plains Cree, No 'While recent hunter- using ethnographic analogues (other) Pacific gatherers are not relics Northwest from the past, when used (Tlingit), with appropriate restraint, Jaradle (S their lifeways can provide Australia), helpful insights for many Mattole (S anthropological questions' California), (pg 782). Semang (Thailand) Using multivariate techniques Weiss, M et al 2017 JAS Technology – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A to assess the effects of raw (lithics) material, flaking behaviour and tool manufacture on assemblage variability: An example from the late Middle Paleolithic of the European Plain Using ZooMS to identify Welker, F et al 2015 JAS Subsistence/ – – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A fragmentary bone from the faunal analysis Late Middle/Early Upper Palaeolithic sequences of Les Cottés, France Changes in raw material Wilson, L, 2014 JHE Technology Subsistence/ – No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A selection and subsistence Browne, C (lithics) faunal analysis behaviour through time at a Middle Palaeolithic site in southern France Occupation dynamics north of Wiśniewski, A 2013 QI Taphonomy Technology – Yes None given (ie GC-A ER No No No the Carpathians and Sudetes et al and spatial (lithics) beyond both during the Weicheselian organisation hunter-gatherers) (MIS5d-3): the lower Silesia (SW Poland) case study x lviii

Guide to abbreviations

CA Current Anthropology GC-A General comparative use of ethnographic analogy – substantiation (ie used to substantiate a claim or justify a method) GC-B General comparative use of ethnographic analogy – hypothesis testing/search for differences (ie used as starting point for explicit testing or examination of archaeological data) I Illustrative use of ethnographic analogy JAA Journal of Anthropological Archaeology JAS Journal of Archaeological Science JHE Journal of Human Evolution QI Quaternary International

Jennifer C French Supplementary Material ﻿ Ii Appendix: Supplementary Data

Jennifer C French Supplementary Material Ii Appendix: Supplementary Data