Leposlovje Janeza Evangelista Kreka Ob Stoletnici Smrti

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Leposlovje Janeza Evangelista Kreka Ob Stoletnici Smrti 2018 1.04 Strokovni članek UDK 821.163.6.09 821.163.6Krek Prejeto: 15. 10. 2017 Milan Dolgan izr. prof. dr. v p., Melikova 84, SI–1000 Ljubljana E-pošta: [email protected] Leposlovje Janeza Evangelista Kreka Ob stoletnici smrti IZVLEČEK V osebnosti Janeza E. Kreka se združujeta in si prizadevata za prevlado družboslovno-politična in literarno- -estetska komponenta, ki je v dosedanjih razpravah zanemarjena. Značilno je, da se je udejstvoval v vseh treh glav- nih literarnih zvrsteh: pripovedništvu, dramatiki in pesništvu. Svojih leposlovnih del ni utegnil izoblikovati, vendar je v vseh treh zvrsteh dosegal tako idejno poglobljenost kakor tudi izvrstne estetske učinke. Posebej je treba opozoriti na roman »Iz nove dobe«, na zadnjo dramo »Ob vojski« in na domovinsko pesem »Naša je ljubezen stalna …«. KLJUČNE BESEDE Janez Evangelist Krek, leposlovje, dramatika, pesništvo, pripovedništvo ABSTRACT LITERATURE OF JANEZ EVANGELIST KREK ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF HIS DEATH The personality of Janez E. Krek combines two competitive components, the social-political and literary-aesthetic, which have so far escaped scholarly attention. Krek tended to be productive in all main three literary genres: storytell- ing, drama, and poetry. Albeit not able to bring his literary writings to perfection, he accomplished in all three genres both an ideational depth and excellent aesthetic effects. Special mention ought to be made of the novel Iz nove dobe, his last play Ob vojski, and the patriotic poem Naša je ljubezen stalna…. KEY WORDS Janez Evangelist Krek, literature, drama, poetry, prose 127 MILAN DOLGAN: LEPOSLOVJE JANEZA EVANGELISTA KREKA, 127–138 2018 Leposlovje Janeza Evangelista Kreka (1865– tiči v Kreku dobršen kos resničnega pesnika. V tej 1917) je vsestransko – zajema v veliki meri vse tri lite- široki, slovanski duši je dovolj prostora, da tudi na- rarne zvrsti: dramatiko, pripovedništvo in pesništvo. sprotja spravljivo med seboj žive.« Mirko Mahnič se Ni mogoče opredeliti, kaj je pomembnejše, čeprav se ne more odločiti, ali je Krekovo leposlovje dobro ali je na primer Matjažu Kmeclu zdelo, da je bil Krek ne. Hvali Krekov »naraven, preprost, nespakljiv je- najuspešnejši v dramatiki. Ker je bil Krek pomemben zik«, v isti sapi pa vidi »šemaste, na silo izmišljene sociolog in politik ter je o teh zadevah veliko pisal, osebe v igrah«. se je vedno zdelo, da je ta njegova literarna ustvarjal- Še jasneje kot Izidor Cankar Krekovo leposlovje nost pomembnejša od leposlovne. Vsekakor se oboje osamosvaja Josip Abram: »Janez je imel poleg ogro- precej prepleta, tako da v Krekovem leposlovju vedno mnega znanja tudi silno živahno in prožno domišlji- iščemo sociološke in politične prvine. A ni mogoče jo. Zato je imel vedno polno pest vsakovrstnih lepo- zanikati njegovih posebnih leposlovnih prijemov, kar slovnih idej in snovi. Ker pa se sam ni utegnil baviti pa še ni dovolj razkrito. Krekova osebnost je izjemna dosti z leposlovjem, je kaj rad druge seznanjal s svo- ravno zaradi širine njegovega delovanja. Tudi danda- jimi načrti, da bi jih izvajali. Tudi mene je vzpodbujal nes redko naletimo na močnega politika, ki je hkrati k raznim zanimivim leposlovnim delom.« V nadalje- močan umetnik, tako kot je bilo pri Kreku. vanju Abram pripoveduje, kako je Krek vzpodbudil Kot je znano, je Ivan Dolenec Krekovo besedno Finžgarja, da je napisal roman Pod svobodnim soncem, ustvarjalnost, tako sociološko kot leposlovno, izdajal kar je dobro znano tudi iz drugih virov. skupaj. Naslov te znamenite izdaje v več knjigah je Izbrani spisi. Do danes še nimamo posebne izda- Dramatika je Krekovega leposlovja samega po sebi. Dolenčevo delo je v istem smislu nadaljeval Vinko Brumen, ven- Dramska igra je že po svoji naravi usmerjena v dar je dospel le do leta 1907, tako da njuna izdaja še estetsko učinkovanje, v zadovoljitev gledalčevega ne zajema zadnjih desetih let Krekovega ustvarjanja. pričakovanja. Sestavljajo jo samogovori, razgovori, V tem, zadnjem obdobju je leposlovja precej, in sicer dvogovori in dogajanje. V dramatiki je Krek manj dramskega. Napoved Janeza Juhanta v Krekovem be- vpadljivo družboslovno prisoten kot v pesništvu in rilu iz leta 1989, da bo izšel »celoten kritičen opus«, pripovedništvu. se ni uresničila. Tudi še nimamo kakovostne Krekove Njegov zadnji spis, preden je 8. oktobra 1917 bibliografije. Dolenec upravičeno opozarja na pro- umrl, je najbrž leposloven, in sicer dramski. To je igra blem, da Krek nekaterih svojih besedil ni podpisal, Ob vojski. Verjetno jo je vsaj dokončal, če ne kar v tako da je treba marsikaj šele odkriti.1 celoti napisal v tistih štirinajstih dnevih, ki jih je pred V zborniku Krekov simpozij v Rimu je literarni smrtjo preživljal v Šentjanžu na Dolenjskem. Dejstvo zgodovinar Jože Zadravec objavil razpravo »Krek je, da je rokopisno besedilo te igre izročil tamkajšnje- – pesnik in pripovednik«. Poleg Dolenčevega je to mu kaplanu Antonu Skubicu, gotovo zato, da bi jo doslej najvrednejši prispevek pri raziskovanju Kreko- režiral oz. uprizoril. Uprizorili pa so jo v Šentjanžu vega leposlovja. Najbrž je nastal na osnovi dela, ki in z njo gostovali v Boštanju pri Sevnici šele septem- so ga opravili Zadravčevi študentje in študentke na bra naslednje leto (1918). Prej je besedilo igre izšlo slavistiki; precej je bibliografskega gradiva. Anton v časopisu Ilustrirani glasnik in kot samostojna knji- Slodnjak, Zgodovina slovenskega slovstva (Sloven- žica pri založbi Katoliška bukvarna. Kaplan Skubic ska matica), Kreka obravnava dokaj sociološko. O je prvotni Krekov rokopis igre neznanokdaj izročil njegovem leposlovju ima bolj ali manj slabo mnenje. Dolencu. Ta rokopis danes hranijo v arhivu kapucin- Na primer: »Krekova povestica Mati ni bila nič več skega samostana v Škofji Loki. kakor psevdoromantična ganljiva zgodba, čeprav jo je Na rokopisu ima igra Ob vojski naslov drugačen, avtor zasnoval iz življenja ljubljanskih predilničarjev in sicer V ruskem ujetništvu. Treba je priznati, da ta … V estetskem in idejnem smislu ni bilo v Krekovem naslov glede na celotno vsebino igre ni ustrezal. Bil delu nobenega bistvenega napredka.« je skorajda politično udaren. Naslov Ob vojski je na Celotno Krekovo leposlovje je ustrezno obdelal škofjeloškem rokopisu dodatno izpisan z zelo majh- Matjaž Kmecl, in sicer v razpravi, ki je leta 1988 iz- nimi črkami; morda niti niso Krekove.2 šla v reviji 2000. Izidor Cankar (Dom in svet, 1917) Težava se pojavi tudi pri podnaslovu. Krek je svo- Krekovo leposlovje ceni: »Morda se je Kreku same- ja dramska dela podnaslavljal bodisi z izrazom burka mu zdela najvažnejša bolj umska, tendenčna vsebina. ali igra. Ta igra pa je bila knjižno natisnjena s pod- Morda je edini razumel pravo važnost umetnostnega naslovom Igrokaz v štirih slikah. To verjetno ni bila in drugega kulturnega dela. Ne smemo pozabiti, da Krekova odločitev. Zanimivo je tudi, da ta igra nima »dejanja«, kot je bila navada pri Kreku, temveč »sli- 1 Zdaj, ob stoletnici smrti, mi ni uspelo pridobiti založnika niti za izdajo Krekove dramatike, kaj šele, da bi kdo pripravil 2 To Krekovo igro sem izdal leta 2016 pri založniku Amalietti- kolikor toliko celovito izdajo njegovega pesništva in pripove- ju v Ljubljani. Naslov Ob vojski se mi je zdel nejasen, zato sem dništva. ga preoblikoval v naslov Ko je vojna. 128 2018 MILAN DOLGAN: LEPOSLOVJE JANEZA EVANGELISTA KREKA, 127–138 ke«. To je v precejšnji meri ustrezalo dejanski zgradbi V igro Ko je vojna so organsko vključene številne te Krekove igre. Prva dva dela sta namreč splošni sliki pesmi, kar prispeva k čustvenosti. Fanta nista mo- vojnega dogajanja, le šibko ali celo nič povezani z na- žato ostra, ampak žalostna, domotožno razpoložena, daljnjo glavno vsebino. mehka. Krek ju prikazuje samo v sanjskih prizorih. Igra Ko je vojna je melodrama ali sentimentalna To sta edini moški osebi v igri. Igra je popolnoma drama o trpljenju med svetovno vojno. Prva slika ženska, tako imata nežnost in čustvenost dodatno prikazuje, kako dekleta pripravljajo majsko procesijo osnovo. Vendar so Krekove ženske v precejšnji meri h kapelici Žalostne Matere Božje. Druga slika pri- možato odločne. V ozadju je seveda garaško življenje kazuje najprej slovenskega ujetnika v Italiji in nato kmečkega prebivalstva, ko še ni bilo strojev in nafte, njegovega brata kot ujetnika v Rusiji, nastopa tudi in trdo življenje izkoriščanega delavstva. Delati mo- Ruska mati. Ta slika, ki je skoraj v celoti pesniška, rajo ženske in otroci, ker so moški na fronti. Podobno se zdi Mirku Mahniču »zanimiva«. V zadnjih dveh kot so včasih odhajali v Ameriko, zdaj odhajajo na »slikah«, ki pa sta dejanji, se razvije dogajanje, kako fronte. To, da v igri nastopajo le ženske, je usklajeno obupana mlada vojna vdova Klančevka, ki ji je umrl s tem, da je bilo veliko moških odsotnih, poleg tega tudi sinček, na zahtevo beračice Maruše, voditeljice so v tedanji ljudski katoliški dramatiki prevladovale kulturnega snovanja, posvoji tri deklice sirotice ter se bodisi popolnoma ženske ali popolnoma moške igre. s tem potolaži in odloči za življenje. Iz podatkov v sami igri izhaja, da je bila name- Hrepenenje po domu in trpljenje ujetnikov: »Zdaj njena za uprizoritev v Šentjanžu. Prisoten je tudi Kr- šele čutim, kaj sem izgubil, / vate sem zdaj šele ves se za- melj, bližnji industrijski kraj. To ne pomeni, da te igre ljubil … / Vojsko nosim v svojem srcu.« Maruša: »Vojska ne bi bilo mogoče uprizoriti kjerkoli na Slovenskem. je huda reč: razbija, mori, seje sovraštvo. Zato jo je treba Krajevna imena je bilo treba prirediti. Marsikje se je, popravljati z ljubeznijo.« Klančevkin življenjski načrt: tako kot prikazuje Krek, poleg kmečke proizvodnje »Včasih poletimo v nebesa in obiščemo Bogka in Mamko že uveljavljalo delavsko življenje, proizvodnja v ru- Božjo in angelčke in vse, ki jih imamo tam, potlej pa zo- dnikih in tovarnah. Gospodarstvo je hitro napredo- pet na zemljo delat in trpet.« Dekleta očitajo neurav- valo. Prva svetovna vojna je povsod pobirala strašen novešeni sovaščanki beraški Rezi, ki neprestano koga krvni davek ter sirotila slovenske družine. Verjetno je napada in kritizira: »Klepetaš in cel svet mažeš s svojim igra Ko je vojna zadnje Krekovo ne le literarno, am- umazanim govorjenjem.« pak tudi družbeno delo – njegov labodji spev.
Recommended publications
  • The Social History of the Soča/Isonzo Region in the First World War
    89 Petra Svoljšak The social history of the Soča/Isonzo region in the First World War The Slovene soldiers1 Slovenian participation in the Great War (1914–1918) is a classical case study of how an ethni- cally defined community experienced and survived this war. The inhabitants of the provinces of Carniola, Styria, Carinthia, and the Littoral served (mostly) in the Austro-Hungarian army and assumed various roles characteristic of life in uniform – on all four fronts they became prisoners of war, deserters, and rebels. The Slovenes from the Slavia Veneta, citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, were mobilised into the Italian army, which also brought them to the Soča/Isonzo battlefield. Slovenian soldiers for many reasons also joined so-called volun- teer forces: Austro-Hungarian citizens of Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian nationality joined the Serbian army during the Balkan Wars to support the Serbian cause, and later, during World War I, to prevail in the struggle for the creation of a new Yugoslav state. In order to undermine Austria-Hungary’s strength both militarily and as a state, volunteer military units were gathered on the Italian-Austrian front under the command of the Slovenian Reserve Lieutenant Ljudevit Pivko, and for the same reason Slovenian (Yugoslav) volunteer troops were organised in North America. With 7.800.000 to 8.000.000 drafted men during World War I, Austria-Hungary ranked fifth among the belligerent countries, which had conscripted a total of 70 million soldiers. In peacetime, the Austro-Hungarian army kept 36.000 officers and 414.000 soldiers on the active list.
    [Show full text]
  • Janez Juhanet
    Janez Juhant Theology in Slovenia 1. Basic facts: 1 Population (number, ethnic differentiation) Slovenia is the most western nation among the Slavic nations and located at the important geographical crossing between Romanic, Slavic and German nations. Slovenes have thus had to provide for their survival under the pressure of Germans and Romans. Christianity came to Slovenia from Aquilea and Salzburg through Irish-Scottish monks. The Germans in particular hindered the autonomy of the Slovene people and thus prevented the missionary work of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoning Methodius in Ellwangen (Germany), because they sought to exploit the missionary work for imperial purposes. As a result, the Slovene people had to establish their political framework within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The time of national growth deepened the pressure of the dominant nations of Germany and Austria on other nations. Slovenes, Croats, Serbs in the South and the Czechs and Slovaks in the East decided during the First World War to separate themselves form the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Slovene politicians Anton Korošec (1872-1940) and Janez Evangelist Krek (1865-1917) worked toward the separation of these nations and their subsequent reunion with the Serbian Monarchy in the Monarchy of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, also known as the First Yugoslavia (1918). The new state could not solve the problem of nationalism and the leading nation, Serbia, oppressed the other nations so that the state could fall. Around this time, the king was assassinated and the Second World War started. The communist revolution occurred during the war. There are about 46,000 victims of the revolution in Slovenia.
    [Show full text]
  • WHY WE ARE PROUD to BE SLOVENIAN AMERICANS Published on the Occasion of “Proud to Be Slovenian Day” at Slovenska Pristava in Harpersfield, Ohio, on June 30, 2019
    Professor Edward - Edi - Gobetz, Ph. D. WHY WE ARE PROUD TO BE SLOVENIAN AMERICANS Published on the occasion of “Proud to be Slovenian Day” at Slovenska Pristava in Harpersfield, Ohio, on June 30, 2019. Maksim Gaspari, Mati Slovenija - Mother Slovenia By Slovenian Research Center of America, Inc. ([email protected]) and Slovenian American Times 33977 Chardon Road Ste 120 Willoughby Hills, OH 44094 1 Cover photo Mother Slovenia, by Maxim Gaspari (1883-1980), is one of his favorite paintings. It was commissioned by Slovenian Americans. In 1942, the American painter Shirley Braithwaite used Gaspari’s original to paint the stage curtain for the Slovenian National Home on St. Clair Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. Dressed in Slovenian national costume and sitting under a majestic tree at the idyllic Slovenian Alpine Lake Bled, Mother Slovenia is surrounded by Slovenian children and farmers, and by a few leading representatives of Slovenian culture: the poets Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek, Anton Aškerc, Simon Gregorčič at left and Dr. France Prešeren at far right; and, in the middle, by writers Ivan Cankar and Ivan Tavčar and the painter Ivan Grohar. The painting symbolically unites Slovenian Americans with the country of their roots, Slovenia and her culture. Copyright © 2019 Slovenian Research Center of America, Inc. ([email protected]) Printed with compliments of Peter and Sue Osenar First printing June 2019 Second printing July 2019 Booklet Production Tom Percic, PCVCS Inc. www.perciccreative.com 2 Foreword Soon after my arrival in America. I noticed — in addition to many wonderful things — that, like most of the world, Americans had al- most no knowledge about Slovenia and confused her with Slovakia or even with some Soviet republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Thought and Its Influence in Slovenia 1
    289 Ivan Janez Štuhec Social Thought and its Infuence in Slovenia 1 Social Thought and Its Infuence in Slovenia Ivan Janez Štuhec Zusammenfassung In Slowenien ist der christlich- soziale Gedanke seit dem Ende des neunzehnten Jahr- hunderts bis heute mit sehr unterschiedlicher Intensität präsent. Hinsichtlich der 45-jäh- rigen Herrschaft des kommunistischen totalitären Systems, das den christlich- sozialen Gedanken aus der Öfentlichkeit verdrängte, kam es nach den Gesellschaftsverände- rungen im Jahr 1990 zu einer Wiederbelebung in Theorie und Praxis. In den letzten fünf- undzwanzig Jahren schwankt seine Präsenz im öfentlichen und akademischen Leben. Sowohl materielle Voraussetzungen als auch personelle Bedingungen für sozialethische Forschung und die Verbreitung der Sozialethik in der gesellschaftlichen Praxis sind nicht günstig. Die slowenische Gesellschaft braucht jedoch sozialethische Refexion sowohl in Hinsicht auf ihre Vergangenheit als auch hinsichtlich der gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen im eigenen Land, in Europa und in der globalen Welt. Introduction Christian Social Thought has been present in Slovenia from the end of the 19th century until today with difering intensity. While Christian Social Thought was excluded from the public sphere during the 45 year dominion of the totalitarian communist system, it was revitalised after the system change in 1990 in theory and practice. Its public and academic presence swayed during the last 25 years. Material as well as personal resources are not convenient to intensify social ethical research and spread Christian social ethics in social practice. Nonetheless, there is a need for social ethical refection in Slovenian society concerning past and present social challenges in Slovenia, Europe and around the globe. In Slovenia, social thought has been present since the end of the 19th century or since Rerum Novarum (RN, 1891).
    [Show full text]
  • War and the Power of Image Visual Propagandas and Censorship in Slovenia During World War I
    War and the Power of Image Visual Propagandas and Censorship in Slovenia during World War I Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts France Stele Institute of Art History • Milko Kos Historical Institute University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History War and the Power of Image sVisual Propaganda and Censorship in Slovenia during World War I contents Austrian Censorship Austrian Propaganda Images of the Imperial Family during World War I – during World War I – Mobilisation and Farewell Mobilisation of the Hinterland as a Means of Propaganda Principles and Effects Principles and Effects The Power of Faith, Charity, Declaration Movement War and the Power of Image The Idyllic Slovenian Landscape A Reflection of Images and Education COLOPHON Austrian Censorship during World War I – Principles and Effects The everyday public and private life of Austro-Hungarian citizens during World War I was subject to a special wartime regime, referred to as war absolutism. It was based on the legislation that had been prepared already in 1912 and allowed the political regimes in the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the state to introduce extraordinary measures in case of potential wars. The Vienna Parliament stopped meeting as of March 1914. Therefore, Prime Minister Karl von Stürgkh implemented emergency measures with decrees without answering to any institutions. With 23 July 1914, all the personal and civil freedoms of the citizens were abolished, the press partially prohibited and censored, and political associations banned. In the provinces that became the immediate hinterlands of the fronts – in the case of the Southwestern Front, the provinces south of Brenner, Carinthia, Carniola, southern Styria, the Littoral Region, Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia – the military assumed control of civilian matters.
    [Show full text]
  • MASS EMIGRATION and SLOVENES Marjan Drnovšek
    Dve domovini / Two Homelands - 5 • 1994 19 MASS EMIGRATION AND SLOVENES Marjan Drnovšek Since the great discoveries of the 15th century, European civilisation and Christianity have penetrated most parts of the world. From Columbus on, Europe discovered and conquered the world on a huge scale, but its populations practically flooded the American continent in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Developing industry in Europe unleashed a constant flow of rural populations from the country to the towns and the emerging industrial centres. The Americas, in particular the United States, and its rapid economic development in the 19th century attracted a great wave of immigrants from the "old” world. The development of rail and sea transportation, brought about by the invention of steam power, was making the world much more accessible and attractive to all those who felt hemmed in in an increasingly more densely populated Europe. The period of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is considered to be a period of mass emigration, started by the Anglo-Saxon population and completed by the wave of Slavonic, Jewish and Mediterranean emigration at the turn of the 20th century. After the First World War, the "golden door" to the United States was left only partly open, but immigration to the continent of North America never really ceased. It has been estimated that between 1790 and I960 some 41 million people moved to the United States, of whom 90% moved from Europe and three-quarters moved before 1914. However, Europe was not deserted; despite the emigration, its population tripled from 140 million (in 1750) to 450 million (in 1914).1 During the period under examination, Slovenes lived in the south of the Austrian part of the Habsburg monarchy, squeezed between the Pannonian plain and the sea (Trieste) on the one side, and the Alps, the Kolpa and Sotla rivers, where they bordered with Croatia, on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenian and Polish Religio-National Mythologies: a Comparative Analysis
    .. Carfax Publishing Religion, State & Society, Vo/. 31, No. 3, 2003 .. Taylor&.FrancisGroup Slovenian and Polish Religio-National Mythologies: A Comparative Analysis MITJA VELIKONJA Religio-National Mythology: Some Theoretical Considerations Nation-building processes in Central and Eastern Europe differed considerably from those in the West: cultural, linguistic and religious elements were of vital importance. This text is intended to analyse, in a comparative manner, Slovenian and Polish religio-national mythologies, and the role of institutions such as the Roman Catholic Church - 'Rimsko-katoliska cerkev' or 'Kosci6! Rzymsko-Katolicki' - in their creation, development and transformation. I shall begin with a comparison of the similarities and notable differences between the historical backgrounds of the two nations, important for this topic, and continue with a comparison of Slovenian and Polish religio-national mythologies. The methodology I have applied was developed by American sociologist of religion Michael Sells in his analyses of the 'Christoslavic' religio-national mythology of the South Slavs involved in the recent Balkan wars (particularly the Serbs). Sells considers this a dominant form of their religio-national mythological self-construction and self-perception. It is my opinion that this approach can also be successfully applied to analyses of the religio-national mythologies of other Slav nations which, historically, were heavily influenced, indeed dominated, by Christianity and different Christian churches. I Each of
    [Show full text]
  • Kocbekovo Premišljevanje O Španiji
    56 Peter Kovačič Peršin: Kocbekovo Premišljevanje o Španiji 1.01 UDK: 355.426(460)"1936/1939":929Kocbek E Peter Kovačič Peršin* Kocbekovo Premišljevanje o Španiji IZVLEČEK Španska državljanska vojna je ideološka nasprotja v katoliškem taboru vsekakor zaostrila. Klerikalna stran, posebno dnevnik Slovenec, ki je leta 1936 in 1937 tendenciozno pisal o španski državljanski vojni s posebnim poudarkom na obsodbi ljudskofrontnega povezovanja, je objavo Ko- cbekovega eseja razumela kot napad na svoja stališča. Kocbekov namen s Premišljevanjem pa je bil podati bolj uravnoteženo sliko španske tragedije, pri čemer se je seveda posluževal poročil španski republiki naklonjenih piscev iz zahodne Evrope. Kocbekovo Premišljevanje je bilo osrednja kristalizacijska točka, ki je povzročila dokončen razkol katoliškega tabora pa tudi omogočila prebuditev levih političnih sil za skupen boj. Kri- stalizacijska točka pa je postalo predvsem zaradi militantnega odziva desnega katoliškega bloka, saj bi samo po sebi imelo le težo uravnotežujočega prikaza razmer v Španiji, ki jih je klerikalni tisk enostransko prikazoval. To pa kaže, kako so politične strasti na Slovenskem že nekaj let pred vojno dosegle vrelišče in možnosti za dialog in demokratični kompromis, ki bi Slovence poenotil v narodnoobrambni drži, ni bilo več. Ključne besede: španska državljanska vojna, politični katolicizem, korporativizem, fašizem, komunizem, revolucija, krščanski socializem, križarsko gibanje, Jugoslovanska strokovna zveza, Edvard Kocbek, Andrej Gosar, France Koblar ABSTRACT EDVARD KOCBEK’S ‘REFLECTION’ ON SPAIN Due to the Spanish Civil War, the ideological conflicts in the Catholic circles became more distinct. The clerical part, particularly the Slovenec daily, which published biased articles on the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and 1937 with a special emphasis on condemning the rise of the popular front, understood the publication of Edvard Kocbek‘s essay as an attack on its views.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociology - Slovenia Adam, Frane; Makarovič, Matej
    www.ssoar.info Sociology - Slovenia Adam, Frane; Makarovič, Matej Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Adam, F., & Makarovič, M. (2002). Sociology - Slovenia. In M. Kaase, V. Sparschuh, & A. Wenninger (Eds.), Three social science disciplines in Central and Eastern Europe: handbook on economics, political science and sociology (1989-2001) (pp. 536-547). Berlin: Informationszentrum Sozialwissenschaften. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-281376 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de 536 Frane Adam and Matej Makarovič Sociology – Slovenia Discussant: Franc Mali Introduction The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of sociology in Slovenia, including both the history of its development and its present condition. A number of authors have made contributions, both general and more narrowly focused, that can be helpful in this regard. Jogan (1994; 1995a), Vičič (1989), and Kerševan (1995), as well as, more recently, Adam and Makarovič (2001) have provided general overviews. Others have focused on specific aspects of sociological practice in Slovenia, such as the collection of bibliometric and other data on the social sciences (Mali, 1999), the history of qualitative research (Adam et al., 1999), and the reception of particular theoretical paradigms, such as modern systems theory (Bernik and Rončevič, 2001) or classics like Schutz (Jogan, 1995b).
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenian Leaders and Diplomats
    UČNI NAČRT PREDMETA / COURSE SYLLABUS Predmet: Slovenski voditelji in diplomati Course title: Slovenian leaders and diplomats Študijski program in stopnja Študijska smer Letnik Semester Study programme and level Study field Academic year Semester Slovenski študiji III, 3. stopnja 1,2 1,2,3,4 Slovenian studies III, 3rd degree 1,2 1,2,3,4 Vrsta predmeta / Course type Izbirni / Optional Univerzitetna koda predmeta / University course code: IZB-SVD Predavanja Seminar Vaje Klinične vaje Druge oblike Samost. delo ECTS Lectures Seminar Tutorial work študija Individ. work 30 30 - - - 190 10 Nosilec predmeta / Lecturer: zasl. prof. dr. Dimitrij Rupel, prof. dr. Milan Jazbec Jeziki / Predavanja / slovenščina/Slovene Languages: Lectures: angleščina/English Slovenščina/ Vaje / Tutorial: slovenščina/Slovene Slovene angleščina/English Pogoji za vključitev v delo oz. za opravljanje Prerequisits: študijskih obveznosti: Izpolnjeni vpisni pogoji za aktualen semester A student has to be enrolled into the study program. Vsebina: Content (Syllabus outline): Pri predmetu se bodo študentje seznanili z Within the subject, the students will get izbranimi Slovenci, ki so pisali zgodovino acquainted with selected Slovenians, who have slovenskega prostora in naroda. Predstavljene written the history of the Slovenian territory and bodo njihove funkcije in vloga v posameznih nation. Their functions and role will be presented zgodovinskih obdobjih ter dolgoročni pomen in individual historical periods, as well as the 1 njihovih aktivnosti in delovanja. Njihovo življenje long-term significance of their activities. At the in delo bosta sočasno postavljena v mednarodni same time, their lives and work will be placed in kontekst ter okoliščine, ki so brez dvoma vplivale an international context and circumstances that na njihovo delovanje.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Catholic Church and Clergy in the Nazi-Fascist Era on Slovenian Soil
    Athens Journal of History - Volume 4, Issue 3 – Pages 227-252 The Roman Catholic Church and Clergy in the Nazi-Fascist Era on Slovenian Soil By Zorica Petrović The revisionism of the role the Catholic Church and collaborators had during World War II has been quite a typical approach in Slovenia, as one of the post-transition countries of the former Yugoslavia. With their own interpretation of the causes and consequences of pre-war, wartime and post-war events, the role of the Slovenian Home Guard and the Catholic clergy has been deliberately portrayed for years, as one of naivety and good intentions in the name of home, God, and religion. In relation to that, the aim of this paper is to point out some crucial facts, which are well documented and supported by recorded evidence. An insight into socio-political developments in the Slovenian territory, and the ideological background that conditioned the attitude of the official Church authorities towards representatives of the occupier is, therefore, essential. Also, the paper provides a closer look at the clergy’s attitude towards occupying forces and the National Liberation Forces in Slovenian regions,occupied by both the German and Italian agressor, given the time, space and social conditions. The conclusion addresses not only the process of reconciliation, but also the possibility of an alternative for a far more credible moral stance of the Church, in its attempt to be a key element of nation and state sovereignty in the eyes of the people and history in the long run. Introduction This paper discusses the role of the Slovenian Catholic church during World War II within all of its variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Janša's Politics of Statehood Celebration In
    Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne ISSN 2450-5544 tom 58, 2019, s. 271–292 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/LSE.2019.58.16 Peter Simonič [email protected] Departament Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Contested Rites – Janša’s Politics of Statehood Celebration in Contemporary Slovenia Kwestionowane rytuały – polityka J. Janšy a obchody ku czci państwowości we współczesnej Słowenii Summary: Political division, which re-emerged after Slovenian independence and parliamentary democracy in 1991, has strongly influenced Slovenian social life. The article focuses on officialand parallel celebrations of statehood day as a political tool in political arena. The author analyses those manipulative and discursive techniques used by opposition leader Janez Janša that were the most evident in the critique of the official celebrations of statehood and the construction of parallel ones. Presented taxonomy of his interventions is based on extensive ethnographic work and offers a sum- marised review of some basic ideological disputes during the Slovenian post-socialist transition. Key words: political ritual, ideology, social memory, social process, symbols, Slovenia Translated by Author Streszczenie: Podziały polityczne, jakie odżyły po uzyskaniu przez Słowenię niepodległości i wprowadzeniu demokracji parlamentarnej w 1991 roku, w poważnym stopniu wpłynęły na życie społeczne Słoweńców. W artykule opisane są oficjalne oraz alternatywne obchody święta pań- stwowości, jako narzędzie walki politycznej. Autor analizuje te z technik manipulacyjnych i dys- kursywnych stosowanych przez lidera opozycji Janeza Janšę, które były najbardziej widoczne w krytyce oficjalnych obchodów święta państwowości oraz organizacji obchodów alternatyw- nych. Zaproponowana kategoryzacja działań Janšy oparta jest na szeroko zakrojonych badaniach etnograficznych i przedstawia zarys tematyki debat ideologicznych, jakie toczyły się w Słowenii w okresie transformacji systemowej.
    [Show full text]