DOCSLIB.ORG

The Republic of Austria: a State Without a Nation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Republic of Austria: a State Without a Nation The Republic of Austria: A State Without a Nation Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Global Studies Program Chandler Rosenberger, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree By Jill Morrissey May 2012 Copyright by Jill Morrissey © 2012 Acknowledgements The accomplishment of this work is not mine alone, nor would it be possible without the support and guidance of many. I want to thank the many helpful librarians and staff at Brandeis University who answered my countless questions, especially Judy Pinnolis for always lending a helpful hand when it was needed. To Professor Chandler Rosenberger, who offered his insights and expertise throughout my many drafts and tough questions. I want to thank my fellow Global Studies Master students for a year of stimulating discussions and conversations. Your thoughts and views inspired new perceptions and ideas for me while writing this work. My wonderful parents and siblings have always believed in me and been my biggest supporters, I am lucky to have their continual encouragement. And finally, for Marc, without whose support and patience this year would not have been possible. Any errors or inaccuracies that remain in this work are solely my own responsibility. iii ABSTRACT The Republic of Austria: A State Without a Nation A thesis presented to the Global Studies Program Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Jill Morrissey The Republic of Austria was created after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire in 1918. Although the state of Austria has a long and intricate history, an Austrian nation did not develop for many reasons. The very history of the Empire prevented a sense of nation to develop through increasing provincial identity, strong, long-lasting pan- German identity, and strong national identities in other ethnic groups in the Habsburg Empire. The First Austrian Republic was founded based on the ‘leftovers’ of the Empire and without a common national identity of its inhabitants--indeed, pan-German identity was dominant leading to the 1938 Anschluss. After World War II, pan-Germanism was no longer acceptable, and the State ‘muddled through’ the next few decades without having a national identity. Joining the European Union allowed the Austrian State to become a part of something larger, and gain a unifying identity as ‘European.’ The rise of far right political parties, especially the FPÖ, in response to increased immigration and the European issues shows the beginnings of an Austrian national sentiment. National identity did not have a role in the formation of the state nor did it become a possibility until long after the state formation. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1- Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2- Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 3- History of Austrian Nationalism Development ........................................................................... 9 Early Austrian History - 1848 .................................................................................................................... 9 1848- Post-World War II ......................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion of Austrian National Development....................................................................................... 17 Chapter 4- Austrian Minorities Introduction .............................................................................................. 19 Slovene Introduction............................................................................................................................... 20 History of the Development of Slovene Identity ................................................................................ 22 Slovene Political Parties ...................................................................................................................... 26 Carinthia Slovenes................................................................................................................................... 27 Geography of Carinthia ....................................................................................................................... 27 Early History ........................................................................................................................................ 28 18th Century- 1914 .............................................................................................................................. 30 The Aftermath of World War One ...................................................................................................... 33 Deciding and Undertaking the October 10, 1920 Plebiscite ............................................................... 36 Interwar Period ................................................................................................................................... 37 Post-World War II ............................................................................................................................... 40 Slovene Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 43 Burgenland .............................................................................................................................................. 44 South Tyrol .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 5- Period of ‘Muddling Through’ ................................................................................................... 51 Structure of the Austrian Federal Government ...................................................................................... 51 Austrian’s People’s Party, ÖVP, and the Social Democratic Party of Austria, SPÖ ............................. 53 Reder and Waldheim Affairs ................................................................................................................... 53 Joining the EU ......................................................................................................................................... 55 2000 Measures against Austria ........................................................................................................... 60 Provincial Identity ................................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 6- Rise of the Far Right .................................................................................................................. 65 Development of the FPÖ, Freedom Party of Austria .............................................................................. 66 Jörg Haider .......................................................................................................................................... 70 Austria as an immigrant nation, early precedent and later change ....................................................... 71 The resurgence of the FPÖ under the leadership of Jörg Haider ........................................................... 73 Rise of the Far Right—What does this mean for Austria and Europe? ................................................... 80 Chapter 7- Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 82 Appendix 1- Slovene Political Parties .......................................................................................................... 86 Appendix 2- Deciding on and Undertaking the October 10, 1920 Plebiscite ............................................. 92 Appendix 3- Propaganda from the October 10, 1920 Plebiscite ................................................................ 95 Appendix 4- I am From Austria by Rainhard Fendrich ................................................................................ 99 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................... 100 Works Referenced..................................................................................................................................... 105 iv List of Tables Populations in Burgenland, Carinthia, and South Tyrol .............................................................................. 48 Populations in Burgenland, Carinthia, and South Tyrol as Percentages ..................................................... 48 Results of the June 12, 1994 Austrian Referendum on EU Membership ................................................... 58 List of Illustrations Zig-Zag Semantic Pattern of Change ............................................................................................................. 5 Types of Nationalism .................................................................................................................................... 6 Geographic Map of Carinthia .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • German Vienna
    Learn German Experience & Vienna YEAR- ROUND GERMAN COURSES for adults 16+ in Vienna and online SUMMER COURSES for young people 12-17 and 16-19 years in Vienna and online 2021/2022 www.actilingua.com » Languages are » I was surprised at how extremely important in safe a modern city can my job. German was my be! Even women can use weak point, and I man- the underground or walk aged to set this right in around alone late at night Vienna. It was a lot of fun without worries. « and therefore effortless. « Astrid Nielsen, Denmark Pablo Rodriguez, Spain ActiLingua at a glance One of the leading Courses for adults 16+ Content schools for German German courses in Vienna, Austria as well Learn German & Experience Vienna ...... 4 as live online courses. Courses for adults 16+ .................................... 5 as a foreign language. Maximum class-size: Course levels and certificates ..................... 8 12 (Standard Course), 8 (mini groups) International repu- Starting dates: every Monday, Accommodation .......................................... 10 tation, recommen- beginners once a month Activities ............................................................ 11 ded by major edu- German is taught year-round in small Summer School 12-17 years ...................... 12 international study groups. Holiday Course 16-19 years ..................... 13 cational consultants 20-30 lessons/week. Terms ................................................................. 14 worldwide. Certificate: Austrian German Language Diploma (ÖSD). Attractive pricing: Accommodation compare us with ActiLingua Residence, Host Family, language schools in Apartment, Student House; use of kitchen, breakfast or half-board. Germany! Transfer service on arrival/departure. Perfect nationality Activity and mix: students from leisure programme Included in course price: Vienna city more than 40 walks; talks on Austrian art, culture; countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Report for Austria– Questionnaire Related the Administration Control
    ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN EUROPE – Report for Austria– Questionnaire related the administration control list and typology in the 25 Member States of the European Union Preliminary. 1. Administration jurisdictional control was one typical concern of the liberal streams in the 19th century. In Austria, “the Reichsgericht”, a precursor of the Constitutional Court, was created by the December 1867 constitution which also planned creation of a Supreme Administrative Court (hereafter “the Verwaltungsgerichtshof”). However, this project was only fulfilled in 1876. Following this, the Verwaltungsgerichtshof played a decisive role in developing the legal protection system in Austria, establishing fundamental principles for administrative procedural law. Between 1934 and 1938, the Constitutional Court and the Verwaltungsgerichtshof merged to become “the Bundesgerichtshof”. Several judges were retired for political reasons. The introductions of Chambers with extended composition and of actions for administrative failure to act were significant reforms. After 1938, “the Bundesgerichtshof” lost its authority as Constitutional Court as well as several of its administrative jurisdiction authorities. Several judges were retired for political reasons. In 1940 “the Bundesgerichtshof” became “the Verwaltungsgerichtshof in Vienna” which was an administrative authority of the Reich. In 1941, the Verwaltungsgerichtshof became the “Vienna Außensenat” of the “Reichsverwaltungsgericht” by forming an organisational association with other German administrative courts. A few weeks after the Austrian declaration of independence in 1945, Chancellor Renner commissioned Mr. Coreth to revive the Verwaltungsgerichtshof which took up its duties again on 7th December 1945. The legal text on the Verwaltungsgerichtshof was amended and reissued several times but, in substance, it is still in force today. In 1945, the Constitutional Court was re-established with the same capacities as 1933 and it began carrying out its duties again in 1946.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long-Lasting Shadow of the Allied Occupation of Austria on Its Spatial Equilibrium
    IZA DP No. 10095 The Long-lasting Shadow of the Allied Occupation of Austria on its Spatial Equilibrium Christoph Eder Martin Halla July 2016 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor The Long-lasting Shadow of the Allied Occupation of Austria on its Spatial Equilibrium Christoph Eder University of Innsbruck Martin Halla University of Innsbruck and IZA Discussion Paper No. 10095 July 2016 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Family Policies and Outcomes: Is There Convergence?
    OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 157 Changes in Family Policies Willem Adema, and Outcomes: Is there Nabil Ali, Convergence? Olivier Thévenon https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en For Official Use DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2014)3 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE For Official Use Official For DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2014)3 OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 157 Changes in family policies and outcomes: is there convergence? Willem Adema, Nabil Ali and Olivier Thévenon JEL Classification: D1 (Household Behavior and Family Economics), J12 (Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure), J13 (Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth), J18 (Demographic economics – public policy) Key words: Family and Child outcomes, Female Employment, Taxes and Benefits, Child Care and Parental Leave. Authorised for publication by Stefano Scarpetta, Director, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. All Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers are now available through the OECD website at www.oecd.org/els/workingpapers English Complete document available on OLIS in its original format - This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of Or. English international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2014)3 DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS www.oecd.org/els OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS www.oecd.org/els/workingpapers OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries.
    [Show full text]
  • On Burgenland Croatian Isoglosses Peter
    Dutch Contributions to the Fourteenth International Congress of Slavists, Ohrid: Linguistics (SSGL 34), Amsterdam – New York, Rodopi, 293-331. ON BURGENLAND CROATIAN ISOGLOSSES PETER HOUTZAGERS 1. Introduction Among the Croatian dialects spoken in the Austrian province of Burgenland and the adjoining areas1 all three main dialect groups of central South Slavic2 are represented. However, the dialects have a considerable number of characteris- tics in common.3 The usual explanation for this is (1) the fact that they have been neighbours from the 16th century, when the Ot- toman invasions caused mass migrations from Croatia, Slavonia and Bos- nia; (2) the assumption that at least most of them were already neighbours before that. Ad (1) Map 14 shows the present-day and past situation in the Burgenland. The different varieties of Burgenland Croatian (henceforth “BC groups”) that are spoken nowadays and from which linguistic material is available each have their own icon. 5 1 For the sake of brevity the term “Burgenland” in this paper will include the adjoining areas inside and outside Austria where speakers of Croatian dialects can or could be found: the prov- ince of Niederösterreich, the region around Bratislava in Slovakia, a small area in the south of Moravia (Czech Republic), the Hungarian side of the Austrian-Hungarian border and an area somewhat deeper into Hungary east of Sopron and between Bratislava and Gyǡr. As can be seen from Map 1, many locations are very far from the Burgenland in the administrative sense. 2 With this term I refer to the dialect continuum formerly known as “Serbo-Croatian”.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads Area (On the Reforestation
    FSC National Risk Assessment For Austria DEVELOPED ACCORDING TO PROCEDURE FSC-PRO-60-002 V3-0 Version V1-0 Code FSC-NRA-AT V1-0 National approval National decision body: Technical project group for CWRA (hosted by FSC Germany) Date: 08.11.2017 International approval FSC International Center: Performance and Standards Unit Date: 03 April 2018 International contact Name: Ulrich Malessa Email address: [email protected] Period of validity Date of approval: 03 April 2018 Valid until: (date of approval + 5 years) Body responsible for NRA FSC Germany – Verein für verantwortungsvolle maintenance Waldwirtschaft e.V. FSC-NRA-AT V1-0 NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AUSTRIA 2018 – 1 of 112 – Contents Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Austria ......................................................... 3 Background information .............................................................................................................. 4 What do we mean by FSC Controlled Wood? ..................................................................... 4 Why is the risk assessment necessary?.............................................................................. 4 Proceeding in a participatory process ................................................................................. 5 Timeline for the approval of the Austrian FSC risk assessment .......................................... 5 Structure of the document ................................................................................................... 8 Evaluation and control
    [Show full text]
  • German Jews in the United States: a Guide to Archival Collections
    GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE,WASHINGTON,DC REFERENCE GUIDE 24 GERMAN JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES: AGUIDE TO ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Contents INTRODUCTION &ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 ABOUT THE EDITOR 6 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS (arranged alphabetically by state and then city) ALABAMA Montgomery 1. Alabama Department of Archives and History ................................ 7 ARIZONA Phoenix 2. Arizona Jewish Historical Society ........................................................ 8 ARKANSAS Little Rock 3. Arkansas History Commission and State Archives .......................... 9 CALIFORNIA Berkeley 4. University of California, Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Archives .................................................................................................. 10 5. Judah L. Mages Museum: Western Jewish History Center ........... 14 Beverly Hills 6. Acad. of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Margaret Herrick Library, Special Coll. ............................................................................ 16 Davis 7. University of California at Davis: Shields Library, Special Collections and Archives ..................................................................... 16 Long Beach 8. California State Library, Long Beach: Special Collections ............. 17 Los Angeles 9. John F. Kennedy Memorial Library: Special Collections ...............18 10. UCLA Film and Television Archive .................................................. 18 11. USC: Doheny Memorial Library, Lion Feuchtwanger Archive ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Austrians Are Most Concerned About Health and Long-Term Care
    O E C D Risks That Matter Survey 2020 AUSTRIA July 2021 www.oecd.org/social/risks-that-matter.htm Austrians are most concerned about health and long-term care The OECD’s cross-national Risks that Matter Yet almost 60% of Austrians also say they Fig. 2. Share of respondents identifying survey examines people’s perceptions of worry about LTC for themselves. personal networks as their primary source of support in case of financial difficulty social and economic risks and how well they Like respondents in most other countries, feel their government reacts to their concerns. Austrians are more likely to count on friends % The survey polled a representative sample of and family than on government to support 70 25000 people aged 18 to 64 years old in 25 them through financial difficult (Fig. 2). And 60 OECD countries to understand better what over 60% of Austrians say that government 50 citizens want and need from social policy – should be doing more or much more to 40 particularly in the face of the COVID-19 support their economic and social security, 30 pandemic. relative to a 68% average across the OECD. 20 Over 80% of respondents in Austria report that When evaluating specific social programmes, 10 their country’s economic situation worsened a slim majority of Austrians agree or strongly 0 during the pandemic, compared to a cross- AUT OECD DNK SVN agree with having good access to healthcare national average of 71% (Fig. 1). This – a noteworthy outcome considering the economic sentiment is also reflected in the health exigencies of the pandemic and the Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing Central Europe
    CROSSING CENTRAL EUROPE Continuities and Transformations, 1900 and 2000 Crossing Central Europe Continuities and Transformations, 1900 and 2000 Edited by HELGA MITTERBAUER and CARRIE SMITH-PREI UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2017 Toronto Buffalo London www.utorontopress.com Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4426-4914-9 Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Crossing Central Europe : continuities and transformations, 1900 and 2000 / edited by Helga Mitterbauer and Carrie Smith-Prei. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4426-4914-9 (hardcover) 1. Europe, Central – Civilization − 20th century. I. Mitterbauer, Helga, editor II. Smith-Prei, Carrie, 1975−, editor DAW1024.C76 2017 943.0009’049 C2017-902387-X CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Tor onto Press. The editors acknowledge the financial assistance of the Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta; the Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies, University of Alberta; and Philixte, Centre de recherche de la Faculté de Lettres, Traduction et Communication, Université Libre de Bruxelles. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the
    [Show full text]
  • Factsheet: the Austrian Federal Council
    Directorate-General for the Presidency Directorate for Relations with National Parliaments Factsheet: The Austrian Federal Council 1. At a glance Austria is a federal republic and a parliamentary democracy. The Austrian Parliament is a bicameral body composed of the National Council (Nationalrat) and the Federal Council (Bundesrat). The 61 Members of the Federal Council are delegated by the nine regional parliaments (Landtage) and represent the interests of the regions (Länder) in the federal legislative process. They need not necessarily be Members of the regional parliament that delegates them, but they must in principle be eligible to run for elections in that region. The overall number of Members of the Federal Council is linked to the population size of the regions. The biggest region delegates twelve, the smallest at least three members. The Presidency of the Federal Council rotates every six months between the nine regions in alphabetic order. It is awarded to the Federal Council Member who heads the list of Members established by her or his region. In most cases, the National Council issues federal legislation in conjunction with the Federal Council. However, with some rare exceptions the Federal Council only has a so-called “suspensive” veto right. The National Council can override a challenge by the Federal Council to one of its resolutions by voting on the resolution again. 2. Composition Composition of the Austrian Federal Council Party EP affiliation Seats Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) Austrian People's Party 25 Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) Social Democratic Party of Austria 19 Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) Freedom Party of Austria 11 Die Grünen 5 The Greens NEOS 1 61 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional and Ethical Standards for Parliamentarians Background Study: Professional and Ethical Standards for Parliamentarians
    Background Study: Professional and Ethical Standards for Parliamentarians Background Study: Professional and Ethical Standards for Parliamentarians Warsaw, 2012 Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Ul. Miodowa 10, 00–251 Warsaw, Poland http://www.osce.org/odihr © OSCE/ODIHR 2012, ISBN 978–92–9234–844–1 All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source. Designed by Homework Cover photo of the Hungarian Parliament Building by www.heatheronhertravels.com. Printed by AGENCJA KARO Table of contents Foreword 5 Executive Summary 8 Part One: Preparing to Reform Parliamentary Ethical Standards 13 1.1 Reasons to Regulate Conduct 13 1.2 The Limits of Regulation: Private Life 19 1.3 Immunity for Parliamentarians 20 1.4 The Context for Reform 25 Part Two: Tools for Reforming Ethical Standards 31 2.1 A Code of Conduct 34 2.2 Drafting a Code 38 2.3 Assets and Interests 43 2.4 Allowances, Expenses and Parliamentary Resources 49 2.5 Relations with Lobbyists 51 2.6 Other Areas that may Require Regulation 53 Part Three: Monitoring and Enforcement 60 3.1 Making a Complaint 62 3.2 Investigating Complaints 62 3.3 Penalties for Misconduct 69 3.4 Administrative Costs 71 3.5 Encouraging Compliance 72 3.6 Updating and Reviewing Standards 75 Conclusions 76 Glossary 79 Select Bibliography 81 Foreword The public accountability and political credibility of Parliaments are cornerstone principles, to which all OSCE participating States have subscribed.
    [Show full text]
  • Austria: Vienna
    Guide to Catholic-Related Records outside the U.S. about Native Americans See User Guide for help on interpreting entries Archdiocese of Vienna new 2004 AUSTRIA, VIENNA Archdiocese of Vienna Archives AT- 2 A-1010 Wollzeile 2 Wien, Oesterreich Phone 43 1 51552 http://stephanscom.at/ Hours: Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday, 8:30-1:00, 2:00-4:00; and Friday, 8:30-12:00 Access: Some restrictions apply Copying facilities: Yes History of the Leopoldine Society 1827 Bishop Edward D. Fenwick, O.P. of Cincinnati, Ohio sent Reverend John Fréderic Résé to Europe to recruit German- speaking priests and financial assistance for the Cincinnati Diocese; Reverend Samuel Mazzuchelli, O.P. (1806-1864) was among those recruited 1829 In response, the Leopoldine Society (Leopoldinen Stetiftung) was established in Vienna with headquarters at the Augustinian monastery; it solicited German- speaking priests and financial assistance from the dioceses of the Austrian Empire for needy dioceses in the United States, some of which had American Indian missions 1830-1910 The Leopoldine Society donated about $680,500 (3,402,000 kronen) to U.S. dioceses; those with Indian missions that received notable funding included Boise, Cincinnati, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, Lead (later renamed Rapid City), Marquette, Nesqually (later renamed Seattle), Oregon (later renamed Portland in Oregon), and Tucson Before 1850 Due to efforts by the Leopoldine Society, several priests from the Austrian Empire emigrated to the United States; those who became missionaries to American Indians include Reverend Frederic I. Baraga (first bishop of the Diocese of Marquette, Michigan), Reverend Joseph F. Buh, Reverend Ignatius Mrak (second bishop of the Diocese of Marquette, Michigan), Reverend Francis Pierz, and Reverend Otto Skolla, O.F.M.
    [Show full text]