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Comunidades De Basidiomycetes Lignícolas En Bosques Nativos De Uruguay Y Factores Que Condicionan Su Composición

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Comunidades De Basidiomycetes Lignícolas En Bosques Nativos De Uruguay Y Factores Que Condicionan Su Composición Comunidades de Basidiomycetes lignícolas en bosques nativos de Uruguay y factores que condicionan su composición Ing. Agr. Sebastián Martínez Kopp Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas. PEDECIBA Laboratorio de Micología Facultad de Ciencias – Ingeniería Universidad de la República 2014 Universidad de la República Comunidades de Basidiomycetes lignícolas en bosques nativos de Uruguay y factores que condicionan su composición Ing. Agr. Sebastián Martínez Kopp Doctorado PEDECIBA en Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Micología Facultad de Ciencias - Ingeniería Director: Dr. Lina Bettucci Montevideo, 2014. INDICE INDICE .............................................................................................................................. i RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... v AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................... vi CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ............................................................... 1 1.1 Características generales de los Basidiomycetes ................................................... 1 1.2 Basidiomycota y la descomposición de la madera ................................................ 4 1.3 Características del sustrato que determinan la ocurrencia de Basidiomycota en madera .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Especie del sustrato ........................................................................................ 8 1.3.2 Tipo de sustrato .............................................................................................. 9 1.3.3 Tamaño del sustrato. .................................................................................... 10 1.3.4 Estado de descomposición de la madera. ..................................................... 11 1.4 Los hongos en el Uruguay. .................................................................................. 12 1.5 Biogeografía y distribución de macromicetes ..................................................... 12 1.6 Los bosques nativos de Uruguay ......................................................................... 15 OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................................. 17 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ......................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO 2. Biodiversidad de Basidiomycota lignícolas de Uruguay ....................... 18 2.1 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Objetivos .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Materiales y métodos ........................................................................................... 19 2.4 Obtención de cultivos puros ................................................................................ 19 2.5 Resultados ............................................................................................................ 20 CANTHARELLALES Gaüm. .................................................................................... 20 CORTICIALES K.H. Larss. ....................................................................................... 22 HYMENOCHAETALES Oberw. .............................................................................. 22 POLYPORALES Gaüm. ............................................................................................ 25 RUSSULALES Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F.Cannon & J.C. David ............................. 32 THELEPHORALES Corner ex Oberw. ..................................................................... 34 2.6 Discusión. ............................................................................................................ 36 i CAPÍTULO 3. Estudios morfológicos y filogenéticos de nuevas especies de los géneros Fomitiporella y Perenniporia ......................................................................................... 38 3.1 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Objetivos .............................................................................................................. 39 3.3 Materiales y métodos ........................................................................................... 39 3.3.1 Estudios morfológicos .................................................................................. 39 3.3.2 Extracción, amplificación y secuenciación .................................................. 39 3.3.3 Análisis filogenéticos ................................................................................... 40 3.4 Resultados ............................................................................................................ 40 3.4.1 Una nueva especie de Fomitiporella de Uruguay......................................... 40 3.4.1.1 Descripción taxonómica ........................................................................ 40 3.4.1.2 Discusión ................................................................................................ 44 3.4.2 Una nueva especie de Perenniporia de Uruguay. ............................................. 45 3.4.2.1 Descripción taxonómica ......................................................................... 45 3.4.2.2 Análisis filogenético ............................................................................... 46 3.4.2.2 Discusión. ............................................................................................... 48 CAPÍTULO 4. Comunidades de hongos ........................................................................ 49 4.1. Sitios de estudio ....................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Materiales y métodos ................................................................................................ 49 4.2.1 Muestreo ............................................................................................................ 49 4.2.2 Composición de la comunidad en sitios diferentes ........................................... 51 4.2.2.1 Análisis de datos ..................................................................................... 51 4.2.2.2 Patrones de riqueza y diversidad ............................................................ 52 4.2.2.3 Curvas de rarefacción ............................................................................. 53 4.2.2.4 Grupos funcionales en hongos lignícolas ............................................... 53 4.2.2.5 Análisis de correspondencia ................................................................... 53 4.2.2.6 Análisis de conglomerados ..................................................................... 54 4.3 Resultados. ................................................................................................................ 54 4.3.1 Muestreos. ......................................................................................................... 54 4.3.2 Características del sustrato ................................................................................ 57 4.3.2.1 Especie vegetal ........................................................................................... 57 4.3.2.2 Tipo de recurso ........................................................................................... 58 4.3.2.3 Diámetro del recurso .................................................................................. 58 ii 4.3.2.4 Estado de descomposición de la madera ................................................... 60 4.3.3 Descripción por sitio de muestreo ..................................................................... 61 Florida, Paso de la Arena – Setiembre 21 de 2009. .................................................... 61 Florida, Paso de la Arena (2) - Abril 18 de 2010. ....................................................... 62 Florida, Parque Robaina, Setiembre 20 de 2010. ....................................................... 62 Lavalleja, Arroyo Tapes - Octubre 8 de 2010. ............................................................ 63 Treinta y Tres, Río Olimar (O del puente R8) - Abril 30 de 2011. ............................. 63 Treinta y Tres, Arroyo Yerbal - Junio 11 de 2011. ...................................................... 64 Treinta y Tres, Río Olimar Chico 1 - Junio 18 de 2011. ............................................. 64 Treinta y Tres, Playa Yerbal - Julio 2 de 2011. ........................................................... 65 Treinta y Tres, Olimar Chico 2 - Noviembre 19 de 2011. .......................................... 65 Treinta y Tres, costas Río Olimar, frente a Villa Passano - Noviembre 20 de 2011. 66 Rocha, costas Cebollatí, frente a Charqueada - Noviembre 20 de 2011. ................... 67 Rocha, Arroyo Valizas 1 - Enero 20 de 2012. ............................................................ 67 Rocha, Arroyo Valizas 2 - Enero 20 de 2012. ........................................................... 68 Rocha, Averías, Río Cebollatí y R14 - Febrero 12 de 2012. ..................................... 68 Cerro Largo, Arachania, Río Tacuarí y R8 - Abril 22 de 2012. .................................. 69 Treinta y Tres, Arroyo Parao y Ruta 8 - Abril 22 de 2012.
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