Shoshone national forest map pdf

Continue National Forest in , USA Shoshone National ForestFrance Peak is the highest peak in the Absaroka RangeLocation Shoshone National ForestShow map of Wyomingsshawn National Forest (United States)Show map of the U.S.LocationPark, Fremont, Hot Springs, Sublette, and Teton Counties, Wyoming, USNearest CityCody, WYCoordinates4427'52N 109'36'49W / 44.46444'N 109.61361'W/ 44.46444; -109.61361Coordinates: 44'27'52N 109'36'49W / 44.46444'N 109.61361'W / 44.46444; -109.61361 -Area2,466,909 acres (9,983.23 km2) Forest ServiceWebsiteShoshone National Forest (/ʃoʊˈʃoʊniː/shoh-SHOH-nee) is the first federally protected National Forest in the United States and covers nearly 2.5 million acres (1,000,000 hectares) in Wyoming. The forest was originally part of the Yellowstone Timerland Nature Reserve, and is administered by the U.S. Forest Service and was created by an act of Congress and signed by U.S. President Benjamin Harrison in 1891. Shoshone National Forest is one of the first nationally protected land parcels anywhere. Native Americans have lived in the region for at least 10,000 years, and when the region was first explored by European adventurers, the forestlands were occupied by several different tribes. Never largely settled or exploited, the forest retained much of its savagery. The Shoshone National Forest is part of the Great Yellowstone Ecosystem, an almost continuous space of federally protected land covering an estimated 20,000,000 acres (8,100,000 hectares). The Absaroka and Beartut mountains are partly located in the northern part of the forest. The Wind River Ridge is located in the southern part and contains the Gannett Peak, the highest mountain in Wyoming. Yellowstone National Park is part of the border to the west; The continental watershed separates the forest from the nearby Bridger Teton National Forest to the west. The eastern border includes private property, land managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the Wind Indian Reservation, which is owned by the Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians. The Caster National Forest along the Montana border is on the northern border. The Oregon Trail, covered by a 19th-century wagon route, runs south of the forest, where a wide and gentle southern pass allowed migrants to circumlance the to the north. Shoshone National Forest has virtually all of the original animal and plant species that were there when white explorers such as John Coulter and Jim Bridger first visited the region. The forest is home to grizzly bear, cougar, elk, tens of thousands of elk, and the largest herd of bighorn sheep in the U.S. It is believed that the streams in the forest of the best types of game fishing opportunities in the US, including Yellowstone trout. More than 1,300 miles of hiking trails, 32 campsites and adjacent forests and parks provide numerous recreational opportunities. The forest has four desert areas that protect more than half of the managed area from development. From the plains of wormwood through dense spruce and spruce forests to rocky mountain peaks, the Shoshone National Forest has a rich biodiversity rarely found in any protected area. The human history of the Shoshone camp in the mountains of the Wind River of Wyoming, photographed by W. H. Jackson, 1870 Shoshone National Forest is named after the Shoshone Indians, who, along with other Native American groups such as Lakota, Raven and Northern Cheyenne, were the main tribes encountered by the first white explorers in the region. Archaeological evidence suggests that the presence of Indian tribes in the area stretches back at least 10,000 years. The forest provided an abundance of meat, wood products and shelter in the winter months from the more open high plains in the east. Parts of the more mountainous areas were often visited by Shoshone and Sia for spiritual healing and vision quests. By the early 1840s, Vasaki had become the leader of the easternmost branch of the Shoshone Indians. At the Fort Bridger Council of 1868, Wasaki negotiated with the U.S. government about 44,000,000 acres (18,000,000 hectares) to be preserved as tribal lands. Subsequent treaty amendments reduced the actual area to approximately 2,000,000 acres (810,000 hectares) and are now known as the Indian Wind River Reservation. In 1957, the was rediscovered by a local resident on the north side of the North Fork Shoshone River, near the American route 14/16/20, 15 miles (24 km) east of Yellowstone National Park. Subsequent archaeological excavations in the 1960s indicate that the cave has been occupied for more than 9,000 years. The oldest deposits in the cave gave prismatic stone blades and other artifacts created by the Paleoinds, and the surrounding soils were radiocarbon, dated 7300 BC. Evidence indicates that the cave was occupied from at least 7280 BC to 1580 AD. In addition, mummified remains of a man buried in a stone cairn, which date back to 800 AD Station Wapiti Ranger in the early 19th century, the forest was visited by mountain people and explorers such as John Coulter and Jim Bridger. Coulter is the first white man known to both in the Yellowstone area and in the woods, which he did between 1807 and 1808. As one of the first members of Lewis and Clark's expedition, Coulter sought permission from Meriweather Lewis to leave the expedition after she had finished crossing the Rocky Mountains during their return trip from the Pacific Ocean. Coulter teamed up with two unaffiliated explorers the expedition encountered, but soon after decided to explore regions south of where his new partners wanted to venture. Traveling first to the northeastern region of the modern Yellowstone National Park, Coulter explored the Absaroka Mountains, crossing the Togwochi Pass and entering the valley known today as Jackson Hole. Coulter survived a grizzly bear attack and a chase by a group of Blackfeet Indians who took his horse. The researcher later provided William Clark, who was his commander on the Lewis and Clark expedition, with previously unknown information about the regions he explored, which Clark published in 1814. The journeys of fur hunters and adventurers such as Manuel Lisa and Jim Bridger from 1807 to 1840 completed the study of the region. With the fall of the fur trade in the late 1840s and much of the valuable beaver has long made meager over-traps, several white explorers entered the forest over the next few decades. The first federally funded expedition through part of the Shoshone National Forest was the Reynolds Expedition of 1860, led by topographical engineer Captain William F. Reynolds. The expedition included geologist and naturalist Ferdinand Vandeweghe Hayden and was led by mountain man Jim Bridger. Although the Raynolds expedition was focused on exploring the Yellowstone region, several efforts to enter what later became Yellowstone National Park were hampered by heavy snow through mountain passes such as the Two Ocean Pass. The expedition finally crossed the northern ridge of the Wind River on the pass, which they called Union Pass, and entered the Jackson Hole Valley south of Yellowstone. Hayden led another expedition to the region in 1871. Hayden was primarily interested in documenting yellowstone to the west of the forest, but his expedition also established that the forest was a major resource that deserved protection. Traveling in the woods in the 1880s later by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who was also a strong supporter of land conservation, and General Philip Sheridan, gave impetus to the yellowstone reserve of Timberland in 1891, creating the first national forest in the United States. , President Roosevelt first significantly expanded the reserve, and then divided the reserve into four separate units, with Shoshone being the largest. Once created, U.S. service in 1905, the year The reserve was designated the National Forest, but the current wording and name were formulated forty years later in 1945. The remainder of the earliest years of forest management is the Wapiti Ranger station, which is located west of Cody, Wyoming. The station was built in 1903 and is the oldest surviving ranger station in any national forest, and is now recognized as the National Historic Landmark. Prior to the creation of the Wind River Indian Reservation, the U.S. Cavalry built Fort Brown on the reservation land, which was later renamed Fort Vasaki. In the late 19th century, the fort was manned by African-American members of the U.S. Cavalry, better known as the Buffalo Soldiers, including the second African-American to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy, John Hanks Alexander. Chief Vasaki is buried in the fort, which is located directly to the east of the forest border. It is rumored that Sacajawea, the Shoshone Indian who rendered invaluable assistance to Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during the Lewis and Clark expedition, is also buried here, but it is now believed that this is unlikely, and that her actual burial place was Fort Lisa in North Dakota. During the last decade of the 19th century, minerals such as gold were mined with limited success. The last mine was abandoned in 1907, but panning for gold is still allowed in many areas of the forest, and in most cases no permit is required. After the end of the mining era, many camps were set up by the Civil Conservation Corps to help combat unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The camps housed groups of unemployed men who were paid by the federal government to build roads, hiking trails and campsites for future travellers in the Yellowstone region. Visits to national forests such as shoshone have increased dramatically since World War II with the emergence of better roads and accessibility for the region. The Shoshone Forest Forest Administration highlighted the light green Shoshone National Forest is administered by the U.S. Forest Service, an agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The forest is divided into five districts and in 2008 and 2012 had an average of 165 employees and an annual operating budget of $17,500,000. The headquarters and visitor center are located in Cody, Wyoming, and the smaller information center is located in Lander, Wyoming. There are local ranger district offices in Cody, Dubois and Lander. Shoshone National Forest practices resource conservation, which ensures a steady flow of some raw materials from the forest, such as lumber for construction purposes and wood pulp for paper products. The forest collects an average of 4.5 million square feet of wood annually for the commercial construction of a log house and another 2.5 Collecting wood from the dead and down trees that are used for firewood and poles. In addition, low-scale mining and oil and gas exploration and production are under way, although this has become less common in the Shoshone National Forest because of the consensus on the protection of the natural environment. By 2013, only 8,570 acres (3,470 hectares) of oil and gas leases had been filed. More common than logging and mining are the rental options offered to farmers to allow them to graze cattle and sheep. The U.S. Forest Service provides guidelines and enforcement of environmental regulations to ensure that resources are not overexppied and that the necessary products are available for future generations, though environmental groups have expressed concerns about the management practices of the leasing program and especially the grazing problem. Sheep grazing leases have declined significantly since the 1940s, while grazing has remained relatively unchanged. Natural Resources See also: The ecology of the Rocky Mountains Flora Grove of shivering aspen and pine Lodgepole spring Shoshone National Forest is an integral part of the ecosystem of the Great Yellowstone, which has 1,700 documented plant species. Since the height of the land in the forest ranges from 4,600 to 13,804 feet (1,402 to 4,207 m), which is more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m), the forest has a wide range of ecosystems. The lower elevations often have wormwood and grass-dominated vegetation, while forest areas are dominated by different combinations of tree and shrub species. These include lodgepole pine trees, which along with Rocky Mountain juniper, and shivering aspen are found at altitudes of up to 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Subalpian spruce, Engelmann spruce, white pine and limba pine are common on the hills, each of which is found at the top. The area above the forest line makes up 25 per cent of the total forest area, and of these 13 per cent are listed as barren, stone or icy. Plant species are highly dependent on the amount of water available, and trees are more common on higher slopes due to longer snowfall, which keeps the soil moist for longer during the summer months. Along the lower climbing corridors, cotton wood and willow tend to dominate. Numerous plant species are endemic to the region, including some that are rare. Among them, white grass, fremont bladderpod, shoshonea, and northern Easter daisy fork provide bright white and yellow flowers during spring and summer. Exotic species of flora that are not native to the region include Canada Thistle, Thistle Mask, Spotted Knapweed, Leafy Jerk and Yellow Toad. These non-native plant species are considered harmful, which affects local plant communities and who thrive on them. [39] [39] species such as the mountain pine beetle have a huge negative impact on some tree species. A 2010 forest survey found that more than 1,000,000 acres (400,000 hectares) of forest land were exposed to insects such as mountain pine beetle, spruce bark beetle and Douglas fir beetle, and that insects killed between 25 and 100 percent of trees in the affected areas. The Forest Service solves this problem by performing controlled burns, selling dead trees as firewood, harvesting wood and spraying the most valuable areas. Grizzly bear mother and cub after migrating the endangered gray wolf to Shoshone National Forest after a successful wolf reintroduction program in the Yellowstone region began in the mid-1990s, all known 70 species of mammals that existed before the white settlement still exist in the forest. In total, at least 335 species of wildlife have called the Shoshone National Forest their home, including the largest bighorn sheep population and one of the few places where Grizzly bears can still be found in the contiguous U.S. At least 700 grizzly bears are believed to exist in the Great Yellowstone ecosystem, which includes the Shoshone National Forest, with approximately 125 grizzlies in the forest. The Grizzly is threatened with extinction by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the forest is one of their last strongholds. For what is considered bear trouble, non-lethal traps are set to capture them so that they can be moved to remote areas far from civilization. In the case of the grizzly, each captured bear calmed down and then the ear marked with an identification number. Each number is registered, and if the bear continues to return to areas where they pose a threat to human safety, they are destroyed. Efforts to restore grizzlies by federal agencies have often led to serious disagreements with local landowners and surrounding municipalities. This situation occurs less frequently with a smaller and less aggressive black bear. The Active Management Programme, together with other national forests and national parks within the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, is working together to ensure maximum human safety and to protect the habitat of both species of endemic bears. Visitors are instructed to store their food in their cars or in steel containers found in campsites, and bear trash cans are located in the franchise zones throughout the forest. In the backcountry, food should be stored some distance from campgrounds, and other related precautions are applied to help prevent bad encounters. Bighorn Puma sheep and forest wolves are large predators of the top that inhabit the forest. Starting 1990s Wolf Reintroduction Program at Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone, migrated into the forest and created permanent packages. In 2012, about a dozen wolf packs with a total number of 70 separate wolves were registered in the forest. The wolf was removed from the endangered list after their population reached management targets, and limited wolf hunting has been allowed in the forest since 2012. Pumas are usually night-time and rare, but hunting for this species is also allowed in strictly regulated crops. Wolverines are rare and elusive, so documentation is often only from their tracks. The Canadian lynx was originally from the forest, but no known populations can exist because of the rarity of its main food source, the snowshoe hare. The Shoshone National Forest is considered to be the most important habitat for lynx restoration, as the species are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act and the forest is in their historic range. Other carnivorous mammals include coyote, lynx, weasel, marten, ferret and badger. Omnivorous mammals such as raccoon and skunk and herbivorous mammals such as porcupine and peak are common to the forest. Beaver is considered a species of particular interest to the Shoshone National Forest, as its dam-building activities improve habitat for many other species, such as elk, waterfowl, various amphibians and other species dependent on the Riparian environment. Indigenous herbivores, such as moose, are found in small quantities near waterways, especially at lower altitudes. Moose populations in northwestern Wyoming and other parts of North America have been on the decline since the late 20th century, possibly due to a parasite. In 2006, there were an estimated 739 elk in the forest, almost 300 fewer than 20 years ago. Other hoof species are much more common, with more than 20,000 elk (also known as vapiti) and 40,000 mule deer. Sheep and mountain goats Bighorn live in rocky terrain and at the highest altitudes. In winter, one of the largest herds of sheep in the lower 48 states gathers in the region around Dubois, Wyoming; however, their numbers have declined since 1990 due to diseases transmitted by contact with domesticated sheep and goats. An estimated 5,000 large sheep live throughout the forest, and a small but stable population of 200 mountain goats lives in the northernmost areas of the forest. Bison and bison are two other hoofs that live in the forest and have a stable population. At least part of the year in the forest is inhabited by about 300 species of birds. Bald eagle, falcon, Swainson hawk and prairie falcon are birds of prey that are relatively common. Waterfowl such as Western Ridge, Northern Pintail, Great Blue Iron and Barrow's Golden Eye stable populations and rare observations of trumpet-ing swans are reported. Pheasant, grouse and wild turkey are widespread in the open lands of the sage. Harlequin duck and northern goshawk are generally rare, but management plans have been implemented to protect the different habitats of these two species often to try to increase their population. The Yellowstone trout, found in the Shoshone National Forest, is home to at least six species and a subspecies of trout, including rainbow, creek and brown trout. Yellowstone trout is widespread throughout the Great Yellowstone ecosystem, but the forest is mostly confined to the Shoshone River. The whitefish also lives in the Shoshone River, while the burbot is located in two streams in the southern parts of the forest. The forest is home to more than a dozen species of reptiles, including the venomous rattlesnake prairie, which can be found at lower altitudes. Western-colored and ornate turtles are species of turtles that are known to exist, and have been documented by about eight species of lizards such as the large short-horned lizard. Amphibians such as the Colombian spotted frog and the boreal toad are considered species of concern because of their high susceptibility to disease, habitat loss and human-inducing toxins. Boreal toads are at altitudes from 7,380 to 11,800 feet (2,250 and 3,600 m), and the Colombian spotted frog can live at altitudes of up to 9,480 feet (2,890 m) in the Great Yellowstone ecosystem. Exotic species of fauna, such as zebra mussels and quagga and the New zealand mud snail, are invasive species that can significantly affect fish species. Although mussel species are not known to be in Wyoming, several neighboring regions have reported them. A NEW YORK mud snail has been found in the Shoshone River east of the forest. Forest managers have set up a preventive programme to prevent these species from entering forest waterways. Wilderness Popo Agie Wilderness Forest contains four areas of pristine wildlife that have remained largely untouched by human activities such as mining, logging, and the construction of roads and buildings. Four regions include North Absaroka, Washakie, Fitzpatrick and Popo Agie Wildernesses. In addition, a small part of the wildlife of Absaroka Bear extends to the extreme northwest part of the forest, along the border with Montana. The Shoshone National Forest, 1,400,000 acres (570,000 hectares), which is 56 percent of the forest designated by the desert. The designation of wildlife provides a much higher level of protection for the land and prohibits any human change of resource. The Wildlife Act of 1964 increased the protection of remote and/or undeveloped land already in federally protected areas The adoption of this law has ensured that there are no human improvements other than those that are already in place. Protected status in areas designated for wildlife prohibits the construction of roads and facilities, exploration or extraction of oil and minerals, and logging, and prohibits the use of motorized equipment, including even bicycles. The only way people can enter desert areas is either on foot or on horseback. Hunting and fishing are permitted in the desert, just as they are throughout the forest, provided that those involved in such activities have appropriate licenses and permits. Fire Ecology See also: Fire Ecology and Wildfire - Dinwoody Fire Ecology in 2001 Fire Management Officials in Shoshone National Forest recognize that forest fires are a natural part of the ecosystem; however, this is not always the case. The 20th century firefighting efforts, especially in the first half of this century, highlighted the rapid extinguishing of all fires, as the fire was seen as completely harmful to the forest. In 1935, fire officials established a 10 a.m. rule for all fires on federal lands that recommended aggressive attack on fires and control them by 10 a.m., the day after they were first detected. This was designed to prevent fires from remaining active in the afternoon when rising temperatures and more turbulent air caused fires to expand and become more unstable. However, this policy has led to higher fuel prices, as fires were often extinguished before they had a chance to burn dead and dying old growth. It was in the stand of old growth spruces in the Shoshone National Forest that the Blackwater fire of 1937 killed 15 fighters during a storm 35 miles (56 km) west of Cody, Wyoming. The fire was one of the deadliest in terms of the deaths of forest firefighters in U.S. history. Between 1970 and 2012, the Shoshone National Forest averaged 25 fires per year, half of which was caused by natural lightning, representing 90 percent of the total amount of burned areas. The rest of the area that burned because of the fires that got out of control or for other reasons. The Shoshone National Forest has the highest incidence of fires, usually in August and September. An average of 2,334 acres (945 hectares) burns annually, with the worst year of last century being 1988, when 194,430 acres (78,680 hectares) were burned by fires that spread from the fire that engulfed Yellowstone National Park and its surroundings. Following the Yellowstone fires in 1988, work was carried out to identify areas of similar fire capacity. Fire managers in Shoshone National Forest are working with a number of external agencies to include restrictions on fires, fuel management and burning plans to reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic fire. Dead and dying dying which have been killed by different types of bark beetles can have a major impact on future forest fires. Fire managers said the worst time for increased fire activity was one to two years after the trees were killed and then again after the trees fell years later. The geography and geology of Gannett Peak is the highest mountain in Wyoming and the forest. The Shoshone National Forest is bordered by Yellowstone National Park and Bridger Teton National Forest to the west. The continental watershed blurs the boundary between the Shoshone and Bridger Teton national forests. Along the Montana border, the Shoshone National Forest is bordered by the Caster National Forest to the north. Private property, property owned by the state of Wyoming, and land administered by the Bureau of Land Management form the eastern borders. Finally, the Wind River Indian Reservation is also bordered east and divided into a smaller southern part, which includes the Popo-Enji Desert and the Washaki Ranger area. The height of the forest ranges from 4,600 feet (1,400 m) near Cody, Wyoming, to 13,804 feet (4,207 m) at the top of Gannett Peak, with a height of more than 9,200 feet (2,800 m). Of the three main mountain ranges found in the forest, they are geologically different from each other. All the mountains are part of the Rocky Mountains. In the northern and central part of the forest lie the Mountains of Absaroka, which were named after the tribe of Indian crows. Most of the Absaroka Mountains are in the forest, and the highest peak is the peak of the Franks at an altitude of 13,158 feet (4011 m). The Absaroki peaks are basalt in origin, being the result of volcanic activity that is estimated to have occurred 50 million years ago during the Eocene era. The rocks consist mainly of asesite and brecci, which were deposited for millions of years during volcanic phenomena, and are on top of older sedimentary rocks, which are considered economically viable mineral riches. Gold was mined from the slopes of the Frank Peak between 1890 and 1915, and kirwin's small ghost town remains a legacy of that period. The main tributaries of the Bighorn River, such as the Shoshone and Greybull rivers, occur in the Absaroka Mountains. Important passes through Absarokas include the Silvan Pass, which leads to the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park; and the Togwoti Pass, which can reach Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park. The Bear Rod Lake in the far north of the Shoshone National Forest, a small part of the bear mountains is located north of the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River. Beartooths are made up of Precambri granite rocks, which are among the oldest found on Earth. Although often considered part of the Absaroka Mountains, Beartooths differ in appearance and History. Raised about 70 million years ago during the Laramid Orode, the Beartooths consist of huge windy plateaus and rocky peaks with sheer cliffs. Bear Highway (U.S. Highway 212) crosses the 10,974 feet (3,340 m) Beartooth Pass and from there descends to the northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park. The Circus Towers of the Wind River Ridge is located in the southern part of the forest and consists mainly of pre-Cambrian granite rock. Gannett Peak, the highest mountain in Wyoming, is located in the northern part of the ridge. A total of eight peaks exceed 13,500 feet (4,100 m) and 119 climb at least 12,000 feet (3,700 m) above sea level. , the second highest peak in the range, was originally considered the highest mountain in the Rocky Mountains because of its notoriety when viewed from the Oregon Trail by early pioneers. The Wind River Ridge is popular with climbers because of its hard rock and variety of routes. The Circus Towers in the Popo-Engi Desert is one of the most popular mountaineering and hiking destinations, and an estimated 200 different climbing routes are located within the peaks that surround the circus. The forest has more than 500 lakes and 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of streams and rivers. The Fork of the Clarks River Yellowstone is federally designated as a wild and scenic river for 22 miles (35 km) through the forest, with rocks towering up to 2,000 feet (610 m) as the river veers through the gorge. The forest is located on the eastern slopes of the Continental Divide, and the rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean basin. Glaciology According to the U.S. Forest Service, Shoshone National Forest has the largest number of of any national forest in the Rocky Mountains. The Forest Recreation Guide lists 16 named and 140 unnamed glaciers in the forest, all in the . Forty-four of these glaciers are located in the Fitzpatrick Desert, centered around the highest mountain peaks. However, the Wyoming State Water Board lists only 63 glaciers for the entire wind river range, which includes glaciers in the nearby Bridger Teton National Forest. Researchers claim that much of the period that glaciers have been known to exist in the forest, that they were in a state of general retreat, with glacial mass losses of 25 percent between 1985 and 2009. Reversing the growth of mid-latitude glaciers during the Small Ice Age (1350-1850), the world has seen a decline in mountain ice since some regions lost up to 50 per cent of their peak ice cover. This can be correlated by studying photographic evidence of glaciers taken over time, even in the absence of other means of documentation. The behavior of the glaciers of the Shoshone National Forest with this model. In one study of the Dinwood and Gannett glaciers, between 1958 and 1983, the thickness of these glaciers was reduced by 77 and 61 feet (23 and 19 m), respectively. The Gannett on the slopes of gannett Peak Gannett, on the northeastern slope of Gannett Peak, is the largest glacier in the U.S. Rockies. It is reported to have lost more than 50 per cent of its volume since 1920, 25 per cent of which occurred between 1980 and 1999. The Upper Fremont Glacier has been studied more than any other glacier in the Wind River Ridge. Scientists obtained ice cores from the Upper Fremont Glacier and found that over the past few hundred years, measurable changes have occurred in the atmosphere. The Upper Fremont Glacier and the Kelkkaya Ice Cap in Anes South America show almost identical atmospheric records that indicate a global connection of atmospheric conditions over time. Small glaciers in the forest are less able to withstand melting than the large ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. Once the glacier starts to recede, it may become anxious and be unable to find a massive balance (accumulation compared to melting rate) of any size. Without favorable climate change, it will continue to recede until it disappears. The loss of glacial ice already reduces the summer glacial runoff, which supplies water to streams and lakes and provides a source of cold water vital to some fish and plant species. This, in turn, can have a significant impact on the forest ecosystem over time. The climate of Wyoming is an arid state, averaging 12.68 inches (32.2 cm) of rain per year. However, the Shoshone National Forest is located in and around some of the largest mountain ranges in the state, and therefore gets somewhere between 15 and 70 in (380 and 1780 mm) per year. Higher elevations in the forest not only fall more precipitation than lower altitudes, but also have lower overall temperatures, with summer highs of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit (16 degrees Celsius) and lows of about 35 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius), while lower elevations can be 20 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius) or warmer on average. The humidity level throughout the forest is low, especially at high altitudes. In the middle of the forest at Wapiti Ranger Station, which is 30 miles (48 km) west of the forest headquarters in Kodi, Wyoming, January high and low temperatures are 35.8 and 13.2 degrees Fahrenheit (2.1 and 10.4 degrees Celsius), while July highs and lows are 81.4 and 49.1 degrees Fahrenheit (27.4 and 9.5 degrees Celsius). The annual precipitation in Vapiti is 10.37 in (263 mm). Most of the precipitation falls in winter and early spring, while summer is interspersed with widespread thunderstorms. Autumn is usually cool and dry. Because of the height and dryness vigorous radiation cooling occurs throughout the year, and exceptional daytime temperature are not uncommon. Consequently, nights range from very cool summers to very cold winters; so visitors should always remember to bring at least a jacket, even during the summer. Records show that the highest temperature ever recorded in the forest was 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) in 1978, while the coldest temperature was 49 degrees Fahrenheit (45 degrees Celsius) in 1972. Shoshone National Recreation Forest receives an average of more than half a million visitors a year. Two visitor centers provide orientation, books, maps and interpretable displays. One visitor center is located in Wapiti Wayside on the Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway, west of Cody, Wyoming and next to the historic Wapiti Ranger station while another visitor center to the south in Lander, Wyoming. There are 30 tent cities in the forest for access to vehicles, for each camp of 54 separate sites. Approximately half of these campsites provide running water and toilets, as well as accessibility for the disabled. In most cases, they also allow access to recreational vehicles, referred to as front country campsites. All campsites are on a first come, first served basis, although four campsites have places that can be reserved in advance, contact the National Reservation Service. Due to the presence of grizzly bears, some of the campsites require so-called hard camping only, and campground is not allowed. Riding in the Greybull Ranger area For some visitors more privacy backcountry requires the use of hiking trails for mountaineering or riding in more remote places such as the Blackwater Natural Bridge, which may be available from blackwater Natural Bridge trailhead. There are dozens of trails that total more than 1,600 miles (2,600 km) located throughout the forest. Many of the trailers can be accessed at campsites, with shorter day hikes. The Continental Watershed Trail has a 20-mile (32 km) section that runs through the forest and crosses the Continental Watershed at Sheridan Pass. Some remote areas can also be gained on horseback. Trailheads usually provide enough space for a horse and pack animal trailers plus personal vehicles. All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are allowed along the access roads to the forest, but since desert areas do not allow access by road, those who wish to visit such areas usually do so either on foot or on horseback. Pingor's Peak towers over a lonely lake in the Popo-Engi Desert. Pingora is one of the many peaks located in the Circus Towers. Hunting and fishing are popular recreational activities permitted Forest. Many streams and rivers are considered Blue Ribbon Streams. Although many streams and lakes have excellent opportunities to catch different types of trout, the northern and southern forks of the Shoshone River, the Greybull River and clark's fork in Yellowstone, the only federal river in Wyoming, are some of the best places to reign at the Rainbow Or Yellowstone cuthroat trout level. The 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of creeks and a hundred lakes that can be legally caught from elbows provide plenty of elbow space even during the most crowded fishing seasons. Hunting and fishing licenses are sponsored in Wyoming and are available through the Wyoming Games and Fish Department. The southern part of the forest in the Wind River Ridge is the main destination for climbers. Nine of the 10 highest peaks in Wyoming are here, and the mountains are mostly made of granite cliffs with countless cliffs and sheer cliff walls. Circus towers are especially popular as it has numerous peaks at a relatively short distance from each other. Two specific climbing on tops in the circus are considered some of the best climbing adventures available in the U.S., and also attracts climbers, but not of a technical nature, as the cliffs are not considered strong enough for good anchor points. For the highest peaks in the Wind River Ridge, all the efforts on the summit will take even experienced climbers many days due to the inaccessibility of the region and the difficulty of climbing efforts. Winter activities include skiing and snowmobiling, with 48 miles (77 km) of groomed pistes for ski racing and more than 300 miles (480 km) for use by snowmobiles. The area around to Thegvoti Pass allows snowmobiles easy to reach from paved roads and has snow depths of 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) per year at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,000 feet (2,400 to 3,000 m), which equates to a long season for winter events. The Sunshine Bridge Scenic Road at The Chief Joseph Scenic Byway Shoshone National Forest forms the eastern boundary of Yellowstone National Park and the northeast and eastern entrances to the park as access through designated scenic roads. The federally designated National Scenic Byways All-American Road, Beartooth Highway (U.S. Highway 212), weaves through the forest and serves as a northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park. Chief Joseph ScenicWay (Wyoming Highway 296) connects Cody, Wyoming, with the Beardtut Highway and follows the old path on which Chief Joseph and the Nez Mance tribe tried to escape from the U.S. Cavalry in 1877. South of this location, Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway (USA 14/16/20) heads west of Cody, Wyoming, passes through the forest crosses the Silvan Pass as he enters Yellowstone. Finally, the centennial Scenic Area of Wyoming (US 26/287) heads northwest from Dubois, Wyoming, via the Togwoti Pass and enters Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park. Although the Beartooth Highway is the only one of these four roads that is the National Scenic Byway, all four of them have been designated Wyoming State Scenic Byways in Wyoming. Major Articles Hazards: Dangers of Outdoor Recreation and Mountaineering - The dangers of encountering bears are a cause for concern in the Wind River range as well as in this nearby neighborhood. There are other problems, including bugs, forest fires, unfavorable snow conditions and overnight cold temperatures. It is important to note that there have been notable incidents, including accidental deaths, due to falling from steep cliffs (the gaffe can be fatal in this class of 4/5 terrain) and due to falling stones over the years, including 1993, 119 2007 (featuring the experienced leader of NOLS), 2015 and 2018. Other incidents include a seriously injured tourist who was airlifted near SquareTop Mountain in 2005, and a fatal incident (due to an apparent accidental fall) in 2006 involving the search and rescue of the state. The U.S. Forest Service does not offer updated aggregated data on the official death toll in the Wind River range. The popular culture of Shoshone National Forest has been the installation of the 2016 first face of the adventure video game, Firewatch. References to the Commons are related to the media associated with the Shoshone National Forest. Wapiti Ranger Station. Geographic Name Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Received on August 31, 2013. National Forest System (PDF) land. Usda. September 30, 2011. Received on August 31, 2013. b National monitoring of visitor use. Usda. Archive from the original on January 6, 2014. Received on August 31, 2013. Shoshone. Answers. Received on March 23, 2013. b c Welcome to Shoshone National Forest. Usda. Received on August 31, 2013. History and culture. U.S. Forest Service. Received on August 31, 2013. Hebard, Grace R. (1995). Vasaki, Shoshone's chief. Bison Books. page 56. ISBN 978-0803272781. Kapace, Nancy (2007). Encyclopedia of Wyoming. Somerset Publishers, Inc. page 88. ISBN 978-0403096138. - Johansen, Bruce E.; Barry M. Pritzker (July 23, 2007). Encyclopedia of American Indian history. ABC-CLIO. page 1127. ISBN 978-1851098187. B Mummy Cave. The Wyoming Historical Monument Conservation Authority. Received on September 29, 2013. a b Hasted, Wilfred M.; Robert Edgar (2002). Mummy Cave Archaeology, Wyoming: Introduction to backstory (PDF). . Received on September 29, 2013. National Registry Information System. National historic sites. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. b c Utley, Robert M. (2004). After Lewis and Clark: Mountain People and The Way to the Pacific. Bison Books. 15-16. ISBN 978-0803295643. B Dougherty, John. Fur trappers. A place called Jackson Hole. Association of Natural History Grand Teton. Received on August 31, 2013. Burns, Ken. Private John Coulter. Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Discovery Corps. Pbs. Received August 31, 2013. b Baldwin, Kenneth H. (November 15, 2004). Terra Incognita: Reynolds Expedition 1860. Enchanted hull. The U.S. Army. Archive from the original on October 23, 2012. Received on August 31, 2013. Steen, Harold K. (1991). The beginning of the National Forest System. U.S. Forest Service. page 24. Yellowstone Wood Reserve. Wapiti Ranger Station. National Program of Historic Monuments. National Park Service. Archive from the original on May 20, 2009. Received on August 31, 2013. a b McCoy, Michael (2007). Off Beaten Wyoming Way: A Guide to Unique Places. GPP Travel. 152-153. ISBN 978-0762744312. Reef, Catherine (2010). African-Americans in the military. Facts on file, Incorporated. page 6. ISBN 9780816078394. John Hanks Alexander Fort was a hakie. Burial sites. Lewis and Clark's journey. National Park Service. Received on August 31, 2013. a b Kirwin's story. U.S. Forest Service. Received on August 31, 2013. Shoshone National Forest - frequently asked questions. U.S. Forest Service. Received on August 31, 2013. Otis, Alison T. (1986). Forest Service and Civil Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. U.S. Forest Service. 24-26. ISBN 9781236205001. Miller, Char (2013). Atlas of the environmental history of the United States and Canada. Routledge. page 138. ISBN 9781136755248. David T. Taylor; Thomas Foulke; Roger H. Kupal (March 21, 2012). Shoshone National Forest Economic Profile (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics at the University of Wyoming and the U.S. Forest Service. page 87. Received on September 2, 2013. USFS Ranger Districts by State (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Received on August 31, 2013. Sustained operations. U.S. Forest Service. Received on September 2, 2013. David T. Taylor; Thomas Foulke; Roger H. Kupal (March 21, 2012). Shoshone National Forest Economic Profile (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics at the University of Wyoming and the U.S. Forest Service. page 73. Received on September 15, 2013. Dustin Bleiseffer (August 23, 2013). Don't count on the rush of drilling rigs in shoshone National Forest. WyoFile. Received on September 2, 2013. David T. Taylor; Thomas Foulke; Roger H. Kupal (March 21, 2012). Shoshone National Forest Economic Profile (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics at the University of Wyoming and the U.S. Forest Service. page 53. Received on September 15, 2013. Bear front, (PDF). Too wild to drill. Wildlife Society. Archive from the original (PDF) dated December 31, 2013. Received on September 2, 2013. Management Situation Analysis (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. February 2012. 79-81. Received on September 15, 2013. Wurtner, George (1992). Flora. Yellowstone: Visitor's Companion (1 ed.). Stackpole Books. page 65. ISBN 978-0811730785. It's about the forest. Usda. Received on November 2, 2013. b c d e Enright, Kelly (1992). Natural places of America: Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. Greenwood. page 137. ISBN 978-0313353154. - b c d e f g h i j k Shoshone National Forest Visitor Guide (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 4, 2014. Rare plants of Shoshone National Forest (USFS R-2). Wyoming Rare Plant Field Guides, U.S. Forest Service Rare Plant List. U.S. Geological Survey. Archive from the original on December 8, 2005. Received on September 30, 2013. a b Houston, Kent E; Walter Hartung; Carol Hartung (October 2001). Field guide to forest indicators of plants, sensitive plants and harmful animals of the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming (PDF). Usda. 155-171. Received on November 2, 2013. b Bark beetle epidemic. U.S. Forest Service. Received on November 2, 2013. b Shoshone National Forest - Vegetation management projects in 2011 (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Archive from the original (PDF) dated October 31, 2014. Received on November 2, 2013. b Grizzly Bear Conservation and Recovery (PDF). Usda. September 2013. Archive from the original (PDF) dated December 15, 2013. Received on November 15, 2013. a b, David; Danny Hammer; Mark Bruscino; Dan Bjornley; Ron Grogan; Brian Debolt (July 2005). Wyoming Grizzly Bear Management Plan (PDF). Wyoming's game and fish department. 25-31. Received on December 15, 2013. C.J. Mills; R.F. Trebelcock, Ph.D. 2012 Wyoming Grey Wolf Population Monitoring and Management Annual Report (PDF). Wyoming's game and fish department. page 1. Received on December 21, 2013. C.J. Mills; R.F. Trebelcock, Ph.D. 2012 Wyoming Grey Wolf Population Monitoring and Management Annual Report (PDF). Wyoming's game and fish department. 8-9. Received on December 21, 2013. Wolves in Wyoming. Wyoming's game and fish department. Received on 21 December 2013. Grey Wolf Hunting Seasons (PDF). Wyoming game and fish commission. 2012. Received on 21 December 2013. Seasons of mountain lion hunting (PDF). Wyoming game and fish commission. 2012. Received on 21 December 2013. Kerry Murphy (March 2011). Wolverine Conservation at Yellowstone National Park (PDF). National Park Service. Received on December 21, 2013. Proposed revision of the critical habitat destination for the Canadian lynx and the revised definition of the contiguous United States Population segment of Canada Lynx (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Received on 21 December 2013. b c d e Shoshone National Forest Species of Interest Report (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. April 2009. 65-68. Received on December 22, 2013. a b c Orabona, Andrea; Courtney Rudd; Martin Grenier; zack Walker; Susan Patla; Bob Ocliff (June 2012). Atlas of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles in Wyoming (PDF). Wyoming's game and fish department. Received on December 21, 2013. b c d e Shoshone National Forest Species of Interest Report (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. April 2009. 6-11. Received on December 22, 2013. French, Brett (September 17, 2012). Montana, Wyoming is trying to understand why moose populations are falling. Billings Herald. Received on December 21, 2013. b c Shoshone National Forest Comprehensive Assessment Report (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. December 2007. Received on December 21, 2013. Mlodik, Corey (April 2012). Analysis of the risk of disease transmission between domestic sheep and goats and the Bighorn Sheep Rockies (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Received on December 21, 2013. a b Wyoming Fishing Guide (PDF). Wyoming's game and fish department. 2011. Received on December 29, 2013. Gresswell, Robert (June 30, 2009). Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri): Technical Conservation Assessment (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Received on December 29, 2013. Aquatic invasive species. U.S. Forest Service. Received on December 29, 2013. Wildlife. U.S. Forest Service. Received on September 7, 2013. Peter Landres; Shannon Mayer (July 2000). National Wildlife Conservation Database: Key Attributes and Trends, 1964-1999 (PDF). Usda. page 1. Received on September 7, 2013. National Wildlife Conservation System. The Wildlife Act of 1964. Wilderness.net. received on September 7, 2013. b Apleth, Gregory H. (April 2006). The Evolution of Fire Policy of The Wild (PDF). International Journal of Wildlife. 12 (1): 9–13. Received on December 30, 2013. The evolution of the federal Wild Earth Fire Management Policy (PDF). Review and update of the Federal Wildlife Fire Management Policy 1995 in January 2001. National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service. January 2001. Archive from the original (PDF) dated October 18, 2012. Received on December 30, 2013. Umi, Philip N. (May 23, 2005). Institutionalization of fire-fighting alienation. Wildfires: Handbook. ABC-CLIO. page 67. ISBN 978-1851094387. Umi, Philip N. (May 23, 2005). Institutionalization of fire-fighting alienation. Wildfires: Handbook. ABC-CLIO. page 131. ISBN 978-1851094387. The deadliest incidents resulted in the deaths of eight or more firefighters. National Fire Association. February 2012. Received on December 30, 2013. a b c d e f h Shoshone National Forest Fire Fire Plan - 2012 (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. 2012. p. 46-49. Archive from the original (PDF) dated January 4, 2014. Received on January 4, 2014. Fire and fuel management. U.S. Forest Service. Received on December 30, 2013. The epidemic. U.S. Forest Service. Received on December 30, 2013. Washaki Ranger District. U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 17, 2014. b Absaroka Bear Desert. U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 18, 2014. Peak Franks, Wyoming. Peakbagger.com. received on January 4, 2014. b c Antweiler, John K.; Karl L. Belevski (984). The northern part of Thehakie Wildlife and nearby off-road areas, Wyoming. Professional article by the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey. 2 (1300): 1272–1275. Larson, T.A. (March 1, 1981). Wyoming: A guide to its history, highways and people. University of Nebraska Press. page 429. ISBN 978-0803268548. Addison, Ron (June 1, 1996). Hiking Wyoming Wind River Range. Falcon guides. page 1. ISBN 978-1560444022. Martin Van Kranendonk; R. Hugh Smithy; Vicky Bennett, until October 26, 2007). The oldest rocks on Earth. Elevier's science. 780-781. ISBN 978- 0080552477. Wind River Ridge. Wyoming Geological Survey. 2013 Received January 21, 2014 kelsey, Joe (July 16, 2013). Climbing and hiking in the mountains of the Wind River. Falcon guides. page 432. ISBN 978-0762780785. a b Cooper, Ed (November 25, 2008). The Soul of the Rockies: Portraits of America's largest mountain range. Falcon guides. 76-82. ISBN 978-0762749416. b B Wind River Ranger District. U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 21, 2014. Doe, Fred; Suzanne Dow (2001). U.S. National Forest Camp Guide Rocky Mountain Region. The author's house. page 507. ISBN 978-0759630239. . U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 11, 2014. b Hutson, Harold J. Wyoming State Water Plan. Received on January 11, 2014. Janine Rice; Andrew Tredennik; Linda A. Joyce (January 2012). Climate change in Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming: Synthesis of past climate, climate projections and effects on ecosystems (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. 24-25. Received on January 11, 2014. Hall, Mirna; Daniel Fagre (February 2003). Simulated changes in climate-induced glaciers in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100(PDF). BioScience. 53 (2). Archive from the original (PDF) dated February 21, 2013. Received on January 12, 2014. The shop, Larry; Richard Marston; Greg Kerr; David Weser; Marjorie Varuska; Robert Jacobel (July 1990). Glacier Glacier in wind river range, Wyoming. Water Data System Library. Received on January 12, 2014. Urbigkit, Cat (September 1, 2005). Glaciers are shrinking. Sublette Examiner. Received on January 14, 2014. Ice cores show the record of the natural and man-made atmosphere deposition of Mercury over the past 270 years. United States. Shooting. June 2002. Received on January 14, 2014. Fremont Glacier, Wyoming USA. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Received on January 15, 2014. Pelto, Maury. North Cascade Disturbance, Washington Glaciers 1984-2004. Received on January 15, 2014. Precipitation (PDF). National Atlas of the United States of America. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archive from the original (PDF) dated December 24, 2013. Received on January 4, 2014. Monthly station Standards temperature, precipitation, as well as heating and cooling degree days 1971 - 2000 (PDF). Wyoming. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). February 2002. Archive from the original (PDF) dated July 13, 2014. Received on January 4, 2014. Temperature. Wyoming Climate Administration. Received on January 4, 2014. Weather climate. Wyoming Tourism Authority. Archive from the original on March 21, 2012. Received on January 4, 2014. Monthly averages for Wind River Ranger District - Shoshone NF. The weather channel. Received on January 4, 2014. b Camping and cabins. U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 5, 2014. Day Hiking. U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 5, 2014. Wyoming hotspots. Continental Coalition The Trail of Split. Archive from the original on January 6, 2014. Received on January 5, 2014. Nez Perce National Historic Trail (NPNHT) FACTS (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Received on January 5, 2014. Bear loop. National Recreation Program. Received on January 5, 2014. Vehicle use map (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Received on 8 January 2014. Washakie Wilderness Newsletter. Wilderness.net. received on January 8, 2014. a b Retallick, Ken (February 1, 2012). Wyoming travel guide: Grand Teton National Parks and Yellowstone. Desert Adventure Press. 141-172. ISBN 978-1932098105. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Rules. Wyoming's game and fish department. Received on January 8, 2014. Wyoming has 13,000 feet of peaks. Peakbagger.com. received on January 11, 2014. Steve Roper; Stack, Allen (1979). Fifty classic ascents of North America. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 171- 183. ISBN 0-87156-292-8. The peak of the franks. Summitpost. Received on January 11, 2014. Hunger, Bill (2008). Wyoming: The state's 110 best hiking adventures. Falcon guides. page 151. ISBN 978-0762734207. Shoshone National Forest. Wyoming Tourism Authority. Archive from the original on January 12, 2014. Received on January 11, 2014. Continental Gap (PDF). Wyoming's state highways program. 2013. Received on 11 January 2014. Wild Road - Bear Highway. Friends of Bear. Received on January 4, 2014. Bear Highway. Federal Highway Patrol. Received on January 4, 2014. Chief Joseph is a picturesque byway. Wyoming Tourism Authority. Archive of January 4, 2014. Year. January 4, 2014. Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway. Wyoming Tourism Authority. Archive from the original on January 4, 2014. Received on January 4, 2014. Scenic Byways and Backways. Wyoming Tourism Authority. Archive from the original on October 22, 2013. Received on January 4, 2014. Staff (April 24, 2017). Bear safety in Wyoming Wind River Country. WindRiver.org. Received february 17, 2019. Ballou, Dawn (July 27, 2005). Renewal of the river range - Fires, trails, bears, continental watershed. PineDaleOnline News. Received on February 17, 2019. Staff (1993). Fall Rock, Loose Rock, Failure Trials Holds, Wyoming, Wind River Range, Seneca Lake. American Alpine Club. Received on February 15, 2019. MacDonald, Dugald (August 14, 2007). Trundled Rock kills NOLS leader. Climbing. Received on February 15, 2019. Staff (December 9, 2015). Officials rule wind river range climbing deaths by accident. Casper Star-Tribune. Received on February 15, 2019. Dayton, Kelsey (August 24, 2018). Deadly underestimation. WyoFile News. Received on February 15, 2019. Funk, Jason (2009). Square rock climbing. Mining project. Received on March 29, 2019. Staff (July 22, 2005). An injured man rescued from Top Mtn Square - Tip-Top Search and Rescue helps 2 injured on the mountain. PineDaleOnline News. Received on February 17, 2019. Staff (September 1, 2006). Incident Reports - September 2006 - Search for the Wind River. WildernessDoc.com. Received on February 17, 2019. Campo Santo's debut, Firewatch, is a study of isolation and choice. Polygon. Received on April 11, 2016. Fire patrol. Campo Santo. Received on April 11, 2016. External links of Shoshone National Forest extracted from shoshone national forest map pdf. shoshone national forest campground map. topographic map of shoshone national forest. shoshone national forest weather map. shoshone national forest hiking map. shoshone national forest christmas tree map

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