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Community E Ects of Cash-For-Work Programmes in Jordan

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Community E Ects of Cash-For-Work Programmes in Jordan Community Eects of Cash-For-Work Programmes in Jordan Supporting Social Cohesion, More Equitable Gender Roles and Local Economic Development in Contexts of Flight and Migration Markus Loewe Tina Zintl Jörn Fritzenkötter Verena Gantner Regina Kaltenbach Lena Pohl Community effects of cash-for-work programmes in Jordan Supporting social cohesion, more equitable gender roles and local economic development in contexts of flight and migration Markus Loewe Tina Zintl Jörn Fritzenkötter Verena Gantner Regina Kaltenbach Lena Pohl The German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) is a multidisciplinary research, policy advice and training institute for Germany’s bilateral and multilateral development cooperation. On the basis of independent research, it acts as consultant to public institutions in Germany and abroad on current issues of cooperation between developed and developing countries. Through its nine-month training course, the DIE prepares German and European university graduates for careers in the field of development policy. Dr Markus Loewe is a Senior Researcher with the research programme “Transformation of Economic and Social Systems” at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). Email: [email protected] Dr Tina Zintl is a Senior Researcher with the research programme “Transformation of Economic and Social Systems” at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). Email: [email protected] Studies Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik 103 Community effects of cash-for-work programmes in Jordan Supporting social cohesion, more equitable gender roles and local economic development in contexts of flight and migration Markus Loewe Tina Zintl Jörn Fritzenkötter Verena Gantner Regina Kaltenbach Lena Pohl Bonn 2020 Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN (Print) 1860-0468 ISSN (Online) 2512-8795 Except as otherwise noted this publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0). You are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and the author. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-96021-135-8 (printed edition) DOI:10.23661/s103.2020 Printed on eco-friendly, certified paper © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 Email: [email protected] http://www.die-gdi.de Foreword This report presents the findings of a DIE research project on the indirect effects of cash-for-work projects in Jordan. It is based on an extensive literature review and empirical research conducted in Jordan by the authors of this study from February to April 2019. Accordingly, the report takes into account all developments that took place up to 2019 but not more recent ones, especially not what happened with the CfW programmes in Jordan during the COVID-19 crisis. Preliminary findings of the research project have been presented and discussed at several workshops and conferences: 17 and 25 April 2019 in Amman; 14 May 2019 in Luxemburg; 27 May 2019 and 4 December 2019 in Bonn; 6 November 2019 in Frankfurt on Main; 31 October 2019 in Cairo; and 25 August 2020 at the ERF Annual Conference Webinar Series. We did our best to take all feedback to the preliminary findings into consideration when writing the final draft of this report between January and May 2020. We should stress that the results, even though preliminary, have received substantial attention in the Jordanian media: for example, on 27 April 2019, the Jordan Times reported in details on the DIE research project (“CfW programmes exhibit”, 2019). In this report, all names of persons are spelled as the individuals wished. The names of towns and other geographical terms have been transliterated into English according to American Library Association and the Library of Congress (ALA-LC) guidelines, the city of Amman being the only exception because its name is regularly cited in press and academic papers in the same non-ALA-LC-conform way. By agreement, quotations by our interviewees cannot be attributed by name, date, or affiliation. We promised them beforehand to treat all information given by them confidentially. Most sincere thanks go to all persons in Jordan, Germany and elsewhere who have supported us in our research. In particular, we express our deep gratitude to all interlocutors for their cooperation and the warm and pleasant atmosphere we were received in. Our very special thanks are addressed to the Jordanian Center for Strategic Studies (CSS) at the University of Jordan, and in particular to Yasmin AlDamen for her excellent and diligent support and feedback to our research. In addition, we are also most grateful to Julie Weltzien and her entire team of the GIZ project Improvement of Green Infrastructure in Jordan, who have supported our empirical research tremendously and allowed us to use the data collected during the first round of their GIZ Post-employment Survey conducted between January and November 2019. In this respect, we are heavily indebted to our student assistant Radwa Hosny, who supported us with the cleaning and statistical analysis of the quantitative data. Finally, we express our most sincere thanks to all our interpreters as well as our bus drivers – without them, our research would not have been possible. We are grateful for all the helpful feedback and comments we received on earlier drafts of this study, from Assia Aldhabbi, Yasmin AlDamen (CSS), Tilman Altenburg (DIE), Ines Dombrowsky (DIE), Charlotte Fiedler (DIE), Lukas Frank (KfW), Anja Gaentzsch (BMZ), Jörn Grävingholt (DIE), Nico Herforth (DEval), Lisa Klinger (GIZ), Alexander Kocks (DEval), Maria Ghauri-van Kruijsdijk (GIZ), Jana Kuhnt (DIE), Kathrin Löber (BMZ), Sarah Christin Meier (KfW), Silvia Morgenroth (BMZ), Karina Mross (DIE), Franke Neumann-Silkow (GIZ), Jakob Rieken (GIZ), Nicole Roy (GIZ), Helge Roxin (DEval), Imme Scholz (DIE), Ralf Senzel (GIZ), Bernhard Trautner (DIE), Helke Wälde (KfW), Ruben Wedel (DEval), Julie Weltzien (GIZ) and Bettina Zoch-Oezel (KfW). All remaining errors are ours. Bonn, November 2020 Markus Loewe Tina Zintl Jörn Fritzenkötter Verena Gantner Regina Kaltenbach Lena Pohl Contents Foreword Abbreviations Executive summary 1 1 Introduction 11 2 The indirect effects of cash-for-work: the analytical framework 12 2.1 Social cohesion 13 2.1.1 Definition and measurement 13 2.1.2 Factors and drivers 14 2.1.3 The context of conflict and forced migration 15 2.2 Gender 16 2.2.1 Definition and measurement 16 2.2.2 Factors and drivers 17 2.2.3 The context of conflict and forced migration 18 2.3 Local economic development (LED) 19 2.3.1 Definition and measurement 19 2.3.2 Factors and drivers 20 2.3.3 Multiplier effects 22 2.4 Cash-for-work programmes 23 2.4.1 Definition 25 2.4.2 Effects 26 3 Country context: Jordan as a haven for refugees 31 3.1 The socio-economic situation of Jordan 31 3.2 Refugees in Jordan 32 3.3 Social cohesion in Jordan 36 3.3.1 Political and national identity in Jordan 36 3.3.2 Government initiatives to promote national identity and social cohesion 37 3.3.3 Effects of refugee presence 38 3.3.4 The effect of external aid 39 3.4 The gender situation in Jordan 40 3.4.1 The situation of Jordanian women 40 3.4.2 The situation of female Syrian refugees 41 3.5 Local economic development in Jordan 42 3.5.1 Infrastructure challenges 42 3.5.2 Labour market challenges 44 3.5.3 Syrians in the Jordanian labour market and the Jordan Compact 48 4 CfW and other social transfer programmes in Jordan 49 4.1 Social transfer programmes provided by Jordanian institutions 50 4.2 Social transfer programmes of foreign donors for Palestinian refugees 53 4.3 Social transfer programmes of foreign donors for Syrian refugees and Jordanians 53 5 Research methodology 60 5.1 Research hypotheses 61 5.1.1 Hypotheses 1-3, related to the sense of belonging to a community 61 5.1.2 Hypotheses 4-5, related to the horizontal trust between people from different social groups 64 5.1.3 Hypotheses 6-7, related to people’s vertical trust 65 5.1.4 Hypotheses 8-10, related to the effect of CfW programme design features on the sense of belonging as well as on horizontal and vertical trust 66 5.1.5 Hypotheses 11-14, related to per-capita income and other aspects of quality of life 68 5.1.6 Hypothesis 15, related to employment 70 5.2 Research design 71 5.2.1 Interview techniques and data analysis 72 5.2.2 Access to and sampling of field sites and interviewees 74 5.2.3 Structure of interviews 80 5.2.4 Focus group interviews and participant observations 82 5.2.5 The GIZ Post-employment Survey 83 6 Findings: community effects of Jordan’s CfW programmes 84 6.1 Social cohesion 85 6.1.1 Sense of belonging (Hypotheses 1-3) 85 6.1.2 Horizontal trust (Hypotheses 4-5) 89 6.1.3 Vertical trust (Hypotheses 6-7) 100 6.1.4 Cooperation for the common good through environmental awareness (no pre-determined hypothesis) 103 6.2 Gender roles (especially Hypotheses 1-2 and 15) 103 6.2.1 The role of women in CfW programmes 104 6.2.2 Suitability of the work environment in CfW
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