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Working with Cultural Objects and Manuscripts. Provenance, Legality

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Working with Cultural Objects and Manuscripts. Provenance, Legality 01INTRODUCTION TO WORKING WITH CULTURAL OBJECTS AND MANUSCRIPTS Visa Immonen1, Suzie Thomas2, and Rick Bonnie3 1 n the tumultuous world of international (https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8045922; see also https:// conflicts, systematic destruction of cultural conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2015/06/07/ heritage, and worldwide routes of illicit trade syria-finland-russia-iran-france-trafficking- in cultural objects and manuscripts, Finland might policing-capacity/). Iseem a safe haven, a sparsely settled country remote from the global channels of organized crime and This led to the arguments that works of art stolen by conspicuously stable. There are no large antiquities the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and markets, and the country continuously holds top the Levant (ISIL) were being smuggled to Russia positions in the corruption perceptions index through Finland. However, after an investigation, published annually by Transparency International the item was cleared, and it was allowed to be (https://www.transparency.org/). Finland complies transported. Although there turned out to be no to the international conventions and legislation connection to ISIL, the possibility that Finland regarding cultural heritage, and what information is could somehow be connected, even simply as a place available on illicit cultural object trade activities has of transit, was raised for the first time. remained mostly anecdotal. Although mostly considered as a nationally Although much of this still remains a reality, the limited concern rather than one with transnational idealized picture of detachment from illicit trade implications (save the odd ‘metal detecting tourist’), on heritage has recently become increasingly the boom in metal detecting in the 2010s has also questioned and may on further reflection appear introduced debates around heritage crime and even too simplistic. Finland has a long eastern border illicit trade of archaeological finds to wider audiences. with the Russian Federation, which also constitutes Conversely, archaeologists have at the same time a hard border of the European Union (EU) and become more aware of the importance of hobbyists, Schengen Area, and the country has a significant private collections, as public interactions and even role as a trade transit area. Media interest in the sources of data for their work (Wessman, Koivisto possibility of Finland as a destination for dubious and Thomas 2016; Immonen and Kinnunen 2017). cultural material from elsewhere has only emerged in recent years. For instance, in June 2015, Finnish To assess the complexity of the issues of heritage Customs suspended the transportation of a 15th- crime, and Finland’s position in the networks of century Syrian work of art from Finland to Russia illicit trade of cultural objects, six researchers from the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Theology at the 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Turku. Email: [email protected] University of Helsinki came together and launched 2 Cultural Heritage Studies, University of Helsinki. Email: a new research project in 2017. The team, consisting [email protected] of Suzie Thomas, Rick Bonnie, Helen Dixon, 3 Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires (ANEE), University of Helsinki. Email: [email protected] Ulla Tervahauta, and Sanna Aro-Valjus with Visa 2 Immonen as the project’s PI, received funding from RATIONALE FOR THE BOOK the University of Helsinki Future Fund. In addition to a year of research activities, it allowed the team In Finland, Anri Peterzens-Nysten (2018) has to organize an international symposium ‘Working analysed the legal protection and return of cultural with Cultural Objects and Manuscripts’ (WCOM) property. She is particularly interested in the (https://blogs.helsinki.fi/culturalobjects/), with functionality of the legal recovery system. She argues additional support from the National Museum of that both the regulation and its implementation Finland and ICOM Finland. are developing in a twofold way. Peterzens-Nysten divides regulation and implementation into hard The symposium was held at the National Museum and soft forms. The soft law and implementation, of Finland in Helsinki on 5–6 June 2017. It gathered exemplified by voluntary return of cultural property, some 60–70 speakers and participants to discuss have quickly established their position alongside hard and debate issues regarding antiquities trafficking versions. The work of the WCOM group promotes a in Finland and the different responses from the similar approach in which the awareness of scholars museum, academic, and governmental communities. and professionals is of paramount importance. The keynote speakers were archaeologist and leading The symposium went some way to developing this researcher on illicit trade in cultural objects, Neil debate, but more is needed, and the presence of a Brodie, who works as Senior Research Fellow at publication inspired by the symposium ensures a the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, longer term impact on a broader audience. specialist in international cultural heritage law, Patty Gerstenblith, a professor at DePaul University, The authors of the chapters in this book were selected Magnus Olofsson of the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, from among the speakers of the symposium, with a and the Northwest Semitic epigrapher and expert particular emphasis on the keynote addresses. The on forged inscriptions, Christopher Rollston from keynote speakers’ contributions have been previously George Washington University. In addition to published in English, but are now translated and international scholars, the symposium attracted made available to a Finnish-reading audience. They public interest, and news items on the symposium have proven to be seminal scholarly works on illicit and its issues were published in the national media trade and forgeries of cultural objects. By selecting channels.4 these articles for Finnish language publication, we 4 News items were published by MTV.fi, the internet want to connect national discussions on illicit trade news channel of the Finnish commercial television station of cultural heritage, and representatives of different (https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/uutissuomalainen-la- professional and specialist groups, with international hi-idan-ryostettyja-muinaisesineita-todennakoisesti-myos- debates and contemporary scholarship. suomessa/6454898#gs.M=si7CE), YLE Svenska; the Swedish language news service of Finland’s national public broadcasting company (https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2017/06/06/finland- ar-oklart), and the regional newspaper Etelä-Suomen Sanomat genomfartsland-olagliga-konstskatter-i-vilken-utstrackning- (www.ess.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/art2374401). 3 Visa Immonen & Suzie Thomas. Photo: Eero Ehanti. 4 The rest of the contributions are by Nordic-based antiquities are being plundered and smuggled, are scholars. Their texts are in English in order to highly critical of the Convention as it does not provide wider international audiences with access to provide help in recovering cultural objects that were the specific challenges and points of similarity in the removed prior to the Convention. Other deficiencies Nordic countries. Hopefully this provides an impetus of the Convention could be, however, resolved in the to create and strengthen international scholarly and ways in which it is implemented. professional networks of communication and co- operation in the fight against illicit trade in cultural Neil Brodie (article in Finnish) addresses the objects and manuscripts. troubled relationship between the illicit trade in cultural objects and academia. The improper removal To enhance the accessibility of these texts, they are of cultural objects from their original context causes published in open access form. We are extremely irreversible damage to scholarly knowledge and thankful to the Finnish Museums Association, cultural identities, as well as harming the local which took the book into its online publication economy and self-governance of communities. series. This platform enhances the distribution and Brodie emphasises the contribution which impact of these important texts among Finnish academic scholarship can make in understanding professionals, experts, and students. and preventing heritage crimes. However, scholars also need to make their own ethical commitments clear and sustainable. They should not handle INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTERS unprovenanced objects in misguided efforts to merely extract or salvage information from them, The 1970 Unesco Convention has a long history and academic work cannot be isolated from the rest of implementation in the United States and other of society and its financial transactions. There is no market nations, as Patty Gerstenblith (article ‘morally neutral’ or ‘outside’ position in working with in Finnish) points out. It was motivated by the cultural objects and the antiquities market. limitations of cultural property protection established by international conventions in the aftermath of The Museum of the Bible was opened to the the Second World War. Especially the looting of public in Washington D.C. in November 2017. archaeological heritage led to the 1970 Convention The acquisition policy of the museum became an tackling the illegal trade in artworks, antiquities, and object of public scrutiny (Moss and Baden 2017), ethnographic objects. Although many nations have and in 2018 it was reported that some of the alleged joined the 1970 Convention, especially during
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