Finland in Figures 2020

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ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−655−8 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−654−1 (print) 9 789522 446541 Product number 3056 (print) Contents

Population...... 2 Population structure...... 3 Births, deaths and migration...... 5 Families...... 12 Education...... 14 Employment and unemployment ...... 15 Employees...... 18 Pension recipients ...... 21 Consumption...... 23 Economy...... 25 National accounts...... 26 Taxation...... 28 Prices...... 30 Households...... 33 Housing and rents ...... 35 Construction...... 38 Enterprises...... 39 Industry ...... 40 Trade...... 42 Tourism ...... 44 Society and environment...... 45 Geographical data ...... 46 Forests, livestock and crops...... 48 Energy, emissions and waste...... 49 Transport...... 51 Offences...... 52 Social protection ...... 53 Culture...... 54 Elections ...... 55

Symbols * preliminary data . category not applicable - magnitude nil . . data not available or too uncertain for presentation, or subject to secrecy To the reader

Finland in Figures 2020 is about us – you and me . As individuals we are not visible, together we form these statistics . Every Finn, school, work place, enterprise, home, cottage and municipality is included . The journey from data to statistics goes either through registers or interviews conducted . For our interviews we select a representative group of Finns by random selection . You could also be selected for a survey . Statistics are made together! Do you know how many children were born or how many moved from Finland in 2019? And how many pensioners were there in Finland last year? The answers to these and many other questions can be found in this pocket booklet . Discover your own favourite statistics at the same time .

June 2020 Statistics Finland

FINLAND IN FIGURES ONLINE SERVICE stat.fi/finlandinfigures POPULATION

POPULATION PERSONS AGED LIFE 2019 100 OR OVER EXPECTANCY 2019 2019, years

MEN 152 79.2 MEN

WOMEN 756 84.5 WOMEN

5 525 292 preliminary data

MOST POPULAR HOUSEHOLDS 2019 FIRST NAMES 2019

45% 33% 23% AINO LEO 1 2 persons

NEW RETIREES TOTAL EARNINGS OF WAGE 2018 AND SALARY EARNERS 2018 median, €/month

MEN 3 398 68 910 WOMEN 2 827

CAPITAL CITY HELSINKI INDUSTRIAL 2019 STRUCTURE 2019 653 835 share of employed persons, % inhaitants 74 Serices and administration 21 Industry and construction 4 Agriculture and forestry

Sources Statistics Finland, Digital and Population Data Serices Agency, Finnish Centre for Pensions Population structure on 31 December

1900 1950 2000 2018 2019 Total population, thousand 2 656 4 030 5 181 5 518 5 525 Males 1 311 1 926 2 529 2 723 2 728 Females 1 345 2 104 2 652 2 795 2 797 Age, % 0–14 35.1 30.0 18.1 16.0 15.8 15–64 59.6 63.4 66.9 62.2 62.0 65–84 5.2 6.4 13.5 19.2 19.6 85– 0.1 0.2 1.5 2.7 2.7 Average age, years Males 26.3 28.6 37.7 41.6 41.8 Females 27.5 31.6 41.0 44.2 44.5 Language 1), % Finnish 86.8 91.1 92.4 87.6 87.3 Swedish 12.9 8.6 5.6 5.2 5.2 Sami 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 0.3 0.2 1.9 7.1 7.5 Marital status, % Single 60.9 53.3 47.1 48.5 48.7 Males 63.0 55.6 51.1 52.4 52.5 Females 58.9 50.8 43.2 44.7 44.9 Married 2) 33.6 39.4 38.3 35.9 35.6 Males 34.0 41.2 39.2 36.3 36.0 Females 33.2 38.0 37.5 35.5 35.2 Divorced and widowed 2) 5.5 7.2 14.6 15.6 15.7 Males 3.0 3.2 9.7 11.3 11.4 Females 7.9 11.2 19.3 19.8 19.9 Religion, % Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 3) 98.1 95.0 85.1 69.8 68.7 Greek Orthodox Church 4) 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 Other 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.7 1.7 Population Register or unknown - 2.8 12.7 27.4 28.5 1) Finnish and Swedish are the official languages 2) In 2018–2019 incl . registered partnerships 3) Incl . other Lutheran churches 4) Incl . other Orthodox churches

Source: Statistics Finland, Population structure

3 Age structure of population on 31 December

Age Males Females 100– 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70 –74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5– 9 0– 4 200 000 100 000 0 100 000 200 000 1917 2019 Population and population projection by age group Thousand persons 4 000

3 500 Age 15 to 64 3 000

2 500

2 000

1 500 Age under 15

1 000

500 Age 65 and over 0 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070

Sources: Statistics Finland: Population structure, Population projection

4 Development of population

Thousand persons 6 000

5 000

Emigration 4 000 to Sweden Second World War 3 000 Civil War

2 000 Great Famine 1 000 Cholera years Finnish War 0 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2019

Live births and deaths

Thousand persons 120

100 Live births 80

40 Deaths 20

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019

Sources: Statistics Finland: Population structure, Births, Deaths

5 Vital statistics

2000 ‰ 1) 2010 ‰ 1) 2019 ‰ 1) Live births 56 742 11.0 60 980 11.4 45 613 8.3 Deaths 49 339 9.5 50 887 9.5 53 949 9.8 Natural population increase 7 403 1.4 10 093 1.9 -8 336 -1.5 Immigration 16 895 3.3 25 636 4.8 32 758 5.9 Emigration 14 311 2.8 11 905 2.2 17 263 3.1 Net immigration 2 584 0.5 13 731 2.6 15 495 2.8 Change in the population 9 813 1.9 23 849 4.4 7 373 1.3 Marriages 2) Couples of opposite sex 27 751 5.4 31 925 6.0 21 920 4.0 Couples of same sex ...... 376 0.1 Registered partnerships . . . . 322 0.1 . . . . Divorces 2) Couples of opposite sex 14 096 2.7 13 807 2.6 13 311 2.4 Couples of same sex ...... 54 0.0 Divorces from registered partnerships 2) . . . . 64 0.0 72 0.0 1) Per thousand mean population – 2) Marriages contracted and divorces where at least one of the spouses is living permanently in Finland

Migration

40 Thousand persons 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 Immigration -40 Emigration -50 Net immigration -60 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019 Sources: Statistics Finland: Population, Migration

6 Population by origin and language, 2019

Population 31.12.2019 5 525 292

Persons with Finnish background Persons with foreign background 5 101 798 423 494

Born in Finland 5 049 340 Born in Finland 71 773

Native language: Native language: Finnish 4 764 489 Finnish 12 266 Swedish 274 910 Swedish 1 134 Sami 1 928 Sami 9 Other language 8 013 Other language 58 364

Born abroad 52 458 Born abroad 351 721

Native language: Native language: Finnish 39 316 Finnish 6 619 Swedish 6 826 Swedish 5 084 Sami 34 Sami 33 Other language 6 282 Other language 339 985

Source: Statistics Finland, Population structure

7 Population by language on 31 December

Native language 2016 2017 2018 2019 % Total 5 503 297 5 513 130 5 517 919 5 525 292 100 Finnish 4 857 795 4 848 761 4 835 778 4 822 690 87.3 Swedish 289 540 289 052 288 400 287 954 5.2 Sami 1 969 1 992 1 995 2 004 0.0 Other languages total 353 993 373 325 391 746 412 644 7.5 Russian 75 444 77 177 79 225 81 606 1.5 Estonian 49 241 49 590 49 691 49 427 0.9 Arabic 21 783 26 467 29 462 31 920 0.6 English 18 758 19 626 20 713 22 052 0.4 Somali 19 059 20 007 20 944 21 920 0.4 Kurdish 12 226 13 327 14 054 14 803 0.3 Persian, Farsi 10 882 12 090 13 017 14 118 0.3 Chinese 11 334 11 825 12 407 13 064 0.2 Albanian 9 791 10 391 10 990 11 806 0.2 Vietnamese 9 248 9 872 10 440 11 094 0.2

Population by citizenship

Country of citizenship 2016 2017 2018 2019 Annual change, % Total 5 503 297 5 513 130 5 517 919 5 525 292 0.1 Finland 5 259 658 5 263 678 5 260 347 5 257 663 -0.1 Foreign countries total 243 639 249 452 257 572 267 629 3.9 Estonia 51 499 51 539 51 456 50 860 -1.2 Russia 30 970 29 183 28 747 28 528 -0.8 Iraq 9 813 11 729 13 078 13 943 6.6 China 8 480 8 742 9 230 9 825 6.4 Sweden 8 040 8 018 7 996 7 983 -0.2 Thailand 7 487 7 533 7 632 7 772 1.8 India 5 016 5 159 5 730 6 751 17.8 Afghanistan 5 294 5 792 6 198 6 666 7.6 Syrian Arab Republic 3 355 5 290 6 016 6 579 9.4 Somalia 7 018 6 677 6 448 6 444 -0.1 Others 106 667 109 790 115 041 122 278 6.3

Source: Statistics Finland, Population structure

8 Finnish citizenships granted Persons permanently resident in Finland

Country of previous citizenship 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 7 921 9 375 12 219 9 211 9 649 Russia 1 728 2 028 2 758 1 766 1 946 Estonia 420 459 705 541 658 Iraq 560 534 742 621 589 Somalia 955 1 066 957 856 583 Afghanistan 242 376 469 339 309 Syrian Arab Republic 28 47 118 118 299 Thailand 150 193 261 249 281 Turkey 229 264 313 210 260 Ukraine 145 163 281 202 255 Sweden 165 206 212 210 248 Others 3 299 4 039 5 403 4 099 4 221

Asylum-seekers and refugee quota

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Asylum-seekers 32 476 5 651 5 046 4 548 4 550 Decisions on asylum 1) Asylum granted 1 112 4 586 2 528 1 852 2 073 Residence permit granted 2) 767 3 159 1 256 888 888 No asylum or residence permit granted 1 307 14 282 3 996 1 976 2 875 Family reunification Positive decisions 986 1 179 2 080 1 752 1 531 Negative decisions 406 283 619 745 613 Refugee quota 1 050 750 750 750 750 1) Decisions of the Finnish Immigration Service 2) Incl . residence permits granted on the basis of humanitarian and subsidiary protection

FINNISH CITIZENS WITH DUAL NATIONALITY 2019 135 272

Sources: Statistics Finland: Citizenships granted; Finnish Immigration Service

9 Population data by region, 2019

Regional division as Population Annual Natural Total net on 1 January 2020 31 .12 . change population migration % increase, ‰ 1) ‰ 1) Whole country 5 525 292 0.1 -1.5 2.8 Uusimaa 1 689 725 1.1 2.0 9.1 Southwest Finland 479 341 0.2 -2.4 4.0 Satakunta 216 752 -0.9 -5.8 -3.0 Kanta-Häme 170 925 -0.3 -3.7 1.0 Pirkanmaa 517 666 0.5 -0.9 5.9 Päijät-Häme 199 604 -0.5 -4.3 -0.8 Kymenlaakso 171 167 -1.3 -7.0 -6.0 South Karelia 127 757 -0.8 -7.2 -0.7 South Savo 142 335 -1.6 -8.8 -7.0 North Savo 244 236 -0.6 -4.4 -1.0 North Karelia 161 211 -0.6 -5.8 -0.6 Central Finland 275 104 -0.2 -2.5 0.9 South Ostrobothnia 188 685 -0.5 -3.0 -2.6 Ostrobothnia 180 445 -0.2 0.0 -2.1 Central Ostrobothnia 68 158 -0.4 0.0 -4.0 North Ostrobothnia 412 830 0.2 1.3 0.3 Kainuu 72 306 -1.0 -6.4 -4.1 Lapland 177 161 -0.8 -4.1 -3.4 Åland 29 884 0.3 0.0 2.8 1) Per thousand mean poplulation Population in the largest municipalities, 2019 Population Annual Population Annual 31 .12 . change, % 31 .12 . change,% Helsinki 653 835 0.9 Lahti 119 823 -0.1 Espoo 289 731 2.2 Kuopio 119 282 0.5 Tampere 238 140 1.2 Pori 83 934 -0.6 Vantaa 233 775 2.5 Kouvola 82 113 -1.3 Oulu 205 489 0.9 Joensuu 76 850 0.4 Turku 192 962 0.9 Lappeenranta 72 634 -0.1 Jyväskylä 142 400 0.8 Vaasa 67 636 0.1 The total number of municipalities in Finland is 310 . Regional division as on 1 January 2020 . Sources: Statistics Finland: Population structure, Births, Deaths, Migration

10 Population and area by country

Population Change in the Life expectancy Area million population, %/year years km2 2018 2010–2018 2019 2018 Finland 5.5 0.4 81 338 452 Sweden 10.2 1.0 82 438 574 Norway 5.3 1.0 82 323 772 Denmark 5.8 0.5 81 42 933 Iceland 0.4 1.1 83 103 000 Australia 25.0 1.6 83 7 692 024 Austria 8.8 0.7 82 83 878 Belgium 11.4 0.6 81 30 528 Canada 37.1 1.1 83 9 984 670 China 1 392.7 0.5 76 9 600 000 Czech Republic 10.6 0.2 79 78 870 Estonia 1.3 -0.1 77 45 227 France 64.8 0.4 82 551 500 Germany 82.9 0.2 81 357 582 Greece 10.7 -0.4 81 131 957 Hungary 9.8 -0.3 77 93 023 India 1 298.0 1.2 70 3 287 263 Ireland 4.9 0.7 81 69 825 Israel 8.9 1.9 83 22 072 Italy 60.4 0.3 83 302 069 Japan 126.5 -0.2 86 377 930 Latvia 1.9 -1.0 75 64 573 Lithuania 2.8 -1.2 76 65 286 Luxembourg 0.6 2.1 83 2 586 Netherlands 17.2 0.4 82 41 543 Poland 38.0 0.0 78 312 679 Portugal 10.3 -0.3 81 92 226 Russia 1) 143.5 . . 72 17 098 246 Spain 46.8 0.0 82 505 987 Switzerland 8.5 1.0 83 41 291 Turkey 81.4 1.2 76 783 562 United Kingdom 66.5 0.7 81 242 495 United States 327.2 0.7 80 9 833 517 1) 2013 Sources: UN: Demographic Yearbook; Eurostat; UN: Population and Vital Statistics Report; CIA: The World Factbook 11 Families, 2019

All Average Families with children families size of aged aged family 0–17 0–6 Total 1 467 368 2.7 558 302 265 618 Married couple without children Couples of opposite sex 533 910 2.0 . . Couples of same sex 1) 2 599 2.0 . . Married couple with children Couples of opposite sex 396 025 4.0 318 557 150 977 Couples of same sex 2) 873 3.6 838 556 Cohabiting couples of opposite sex Without children 224 270 2.0 . . With children 122 918 3.7 111 006 69 200 Mother with children 152 759 2.6 108 902 41 378 Father with children 34 014 2.3 18 999 3 507 1) Incl . registered partnerships 2) Incl . registered partnerships with children

Families with children and the number of children, 2019

Number of children Families with % Number of % aged 0–17 children children Total 558 302 100 1 028 030 100 1 child 238 568 42.7 238 568 23.2 2 children 218 920 39.2 437 840 42.6 3 children 72 506 13.0 217 518 21.2 4+ children 28 308 5.1 134 104 13.0

ADOPTIONS 404 2018

CHILDREN TAKEN INTO CUSTODY 12 740 2018

Sources: Statistics Finland: Families, Adoptions; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare THL

12 Recipients of family allowances

2000 2010 2018 2019 Parental allowances Mothers 97 359 103 577 84 387 80 067 Fathers 42 924 56 393 59 640 58 409 Recipients of maternity grant 1) 55 228 60 188 45 223 44 351 Child benefit, December Recipients 586 834 561 534 545 163 541 065 Children 1 063 680 1 014 910 996 358 985 832 Child care allowances 31 .12 . Recipients 84 657 89 701 75 749 71 074 Children 126 963 126 995 96 066 87 344 Child maintenance allowance 31 12. . Recipients . . 66 384 72 369 71 303 Children 107 962 97 776 105 829 103 764 1) Incl . adoption grant At-risk-of-poverty Share of persons at-risk-of-poverty 1) in households, % 45 One-person households Couples with children 40 Single-parent households Childless couples 35 All households Other households

5 0 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2018 1) Persons at-risk-of-poverty are those whose household’s disposable monetary income per consumption unit is below 60 per cent of the median income of the whole population

Sources: Kela, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare THL; Statistics Finland, Income distribution statistics 13 Students and qualifications attained, 2018

Sector of education Students 1) Qualifications attained Basic comprehensive school education, compulsory education school 560 503 56 701 Basic education of adults 5 013 997 Upper secondary general school education 103 440 30 873 Vocational education 322 296 79 588 University of applied sciences education 142 022 27 965 University education 153 429 30 773 Total 1 286 703 226 897 1) Students in education leading to qualifications . The data for vocational education relate to a calendar year . The data for other educational sectors describe the situation on 20 September .

Employment of graduates one year after graduation, 2018

Employed persons of graduates, incl. employed students Specialist qualiﬁcation Higher polytechnic degree (Master) Licentiate's degree Polytechnic bachelor's degree Higher university degree (Master) Doctoral or equivalent level Further vocational qualiﬁcation Vocational upper secondary education and training University bachelor degree Females General upper secondary education Males 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% s70% of new passers of the matriculation examination in the spring term did not immediately continue studies leading to a qualification or degree 2018

Sources: Statistics Finland: Students and qualifications of educational institutions, Transition from school to further education and work, Entrance to education 14 Population by level of education, 2018

Total % Females % Population aged 15 or over 4 635 685 100 2 363 639 100 Population with educational qualification, total 3 399 532 73.3 1 760 313 74.5 Upper secondary education 1 885 053 40.7 894 718 37.9 Post-secondary non-tertiary education 41 471 0.9 19 290 0.8 Lowest level tertiary education 431 981 9.3 266 122 11.3 Lower tertiary level 542 023 11.7 305 029 12.9 Higher tertiary level 450 497 9.7 253 547 10.7 Doctorate level 48 507 1.0 21 607 0.9 Only basic education 1 236 153 26.7 603 326 25.5

Employed persons aged 15 to 74 by industry 2017 2018 2019 2019 Thousand persons % Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying 99 101 105 4.1 Manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning and water supply; sewerage and waste management 355 361 353 13.8 Construction 187 198 193 7.5 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 282 292 287 11.2 Transportation and storage 139 143 143 5.6 Accommodation and food service activities 85 86 97 3.8 Information and communication 106 114 123 4.8 Financial, insurance and real estate activities 81 77 77 3.0 Professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 283 291 300 11.7 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 115 116 113 4.4 Education 181 184 187 7.3 Human health and social work activities 404 417 422 16.4 Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities 152 153 157 6.1 Industry unknown 5 7 7 0.3 Total 2 473 2 540 2 566 100 Sources: Statistics Finland: Educational structure of population, Labour force survey

15 Population aged 15 to 74 by activity

2000 2010 2018 2019 Population aged 15 to 74, thousand 3 901 4 043 4 124 4 128 Labour force 2 589 2 672 2 742 2 750 Employed 2 335 2 447 2 540 2 566 Unemployed 253 224 202 184 Inactive population 1 312 1 372 1 382 1 378 Labour force rate, % 66.4 66.1 66.5 66.6 Unemployment rate, % 9.8 8.4 7.4 6.7 Males 9.1 9.1 7.4 7.2 Females 10.6 7.6 7.3 6.2 Employed by type of employment relationship, thousand Full-time work 2 047 2 087 2 115 2 125 Part-time work 286 358 424 439 Employed by employer sector, thousand Private 1 692 1 774 1 862 1 892 Local government 486 510 532 531 Central government 151 153 140 138 Employed by status in employment, thousand Employees 2 016 2 120 2 204 2 220 Self-employed persons and unpaid family workers 319 328 335 345 Annual hours actually worked per employee, hours/year Total 1 638 1 584 1 592 1 582 Private sector 1 673 1 614 1 616 1 606 Public sector 1 563 1 520 1 536 1 526

Employees aged 15 to 74 by type of employment relationship Employees Full-time work, Part-time work, Fixed-term work total permanent permanent Males Females Males Females Males Females Thousand persons 2010 2 120 851 730 58 151 129 201 2015 2 090 817 733 71 149 127 194 2016 2 105 830 715 69 159 136 197 2017 2 147 855 716 68 164 141 204 2018 2 204 875 732 72 162 147 216 2019 2 220 887 737 72 175 143 207 Source: Statistics Finland, Labour force survey

16 Employment rate, persons aged 15 to 64

Share of employed persons of persons aged 15 to 64, % 80

65 Males 60 Total Females 55

50 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Unemployed, aged 15 to 74

Thousand persons 500

Total 400 Males Females 300

200

100

0 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour force survey

17 Recipients of unemployment benefits on 31 December 2019

Age Men Women 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 17–19 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 10 000 20 000 30 000 Basic allowance Earnings-related allowance incl. labour market support

Total earnings by employer sector, 2018

Employer sector Total Men Women Full-time Median 1), €/month employees Private 3 162 3 381 2 862 959 310 Local government 2 812 3 206 2 751 362 790 Central government 3 718 4 019 3 307 67 741 Total 3 079 3 398 2 827 1 389 841 1) Middle observation value when the observations are arranged in size order

AVERAGE TAXABLE INCOME, €/income recipient MEN 35 300 WOMEN 25 720 2018

Sources: Kela, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Financial Supervisory Authority; Statistics Finland: Structure of Earnings, Taxable incomes 18 Total earnings by level of education and age, 2018 Full-time employees

Median of total earnings, €/month 7 000 Doctoral or equivalent level Master's or equivalent level 6 000 Bachelor's or equivalent level Short-cycle tertiary education 5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000 Post-secondary non-tertiary education Upper secondary education Lower secondary education 1 000 Age 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74

Income and taxation of private individuals, 2018

Income bracket, € Income Income subject to Taxes, total recipients state taxation Thousand % € million % € million % – 9 999 871 18.4 4 446 3.1 241 0.8 10 000– 19 999 1 046 22.1 15 592 10.9 1 461 4.8 20 000– 29 999 929 19.7 23 207 16.2 3 678 12.0 30 000– 39 999 782 16.6 27 093 18.9 4 977 16.2 40 000– 49 999 455 9.6 20 249 14.1 4 419 14.4 50 000– 59 999 247 5.2 13 483 9.4 3 328 10.9 60 000– 69 999 140 3.0 9 046 6.3 2 435 7.9 70 000– 79 999 81 1.7 6 019 4.2 1 719 5.6 80 000– 89 999 50 1.1 4 210 2.9 1 261 4.1 90 000– 99 999 31 0.7 2 980 2.1 939 3.1 100 000–149 999 61 1.3 7 233 5.0 2 472 8.1 150 000– 31 0.7 10 101 7.0 3 723 12.1 Total 4 724 100 143 656 100 30 654 100

Sources: Statistics Finland: Structure of Earnings, Taxable incomes

19 Total earnings by occupation, 2018

Category of occupation Total Men Women Full-time Median, €/month employees Managers 6 116 6 532 5 335 45 506 Administrative and commercial managers 7 855 8 020 6 771 1 438 Professionals 4 032 4 412 3 738 353 936 Medical doctors 7 093 7 467 6 868 12 369 Primary school and early childhood teachers 3 024 3 634 2 918 39 733 Technicians and associate professionals 3 178 3 647 2 920 330 542 Nursing and midwifery associate professionals 2 993 3 293 2 968 53 197 Sales and purchasing agents and brokers 3 895 4 191 3 500 43 085 Clerical support workers 2 659 2 777 2 631 89 666 Numerical clerks 2 724 2 837 2 716 15 490 Service and sales workers 2 464 2 649 2 412 230 624 Personal care workers 2 434 2 556 2 426 104 913 Craft and related trades workers 2 944 2 971 2 607 130 109 Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 2 982 3 066 2 626 112 392

Commuting Persons working outside their Persons working in their municipality of residence % municipality of residence % 1990 510 138 21.9 1 822 144 78.1 2000 611 275 27.4 1 617 282 72.6 2010 752 242 32.3 1 573 437 67.7 2015 758 717 33.6 1 497 742 66.4 2016 775 724 34.1 1 499 955 65.9 2017 805 713 34.6 1 522 017 65.4

14% OF EMPLOYEES WORKED REMOTELY DAILY OR WEEKLY 2018

Sources: Statistics Finland: Structure of Earnings, Employment; Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland 20 Pension recipients

Pension benefit 2000 2010 2018 2019 Old-age pension 869 672 1 093 267 1 365 039 1 384 385 Unemployment pension 54 291 33 938 - - Disability pension 276 269 267 248 201 216 197 492 Part-time pension 24 533 28 764 3 367 1 041 Special pensions for farmers 40 845 24 330 10 670 9 523 Surviving spouse's pension 252 798 263 176 250 617 248 711 Orphan's pension 28 476 22 503 16 795 16 288 Total 1) 1 284 145 1 463 835 1 600 225 1 612 473 1) The same individual may be the beneficiary of more than one type of pension

Total pension distribution among pension recipients on 31 December 2019

Total pension Pension Males Females €/month recipients 1) % % % 0– 799 158 348 10.6 64 960 9.6 93 388 11.4 800–1 099 226 797 15.2 79 645 11.8 147 152 18.0 1 100–1 399 289 084 19.3 103 146 15.2 185 938 22.7 1 400–1 699 222 787 14.9 91 643 13.5 131 144 16.0 1 700–1 999 187 821 12.6 87 943 13.0 99 878 12.2 2 000–2 299 133 143 8.9 70 616 10.4 62 527 7.6 2 300–2 599 87 586 5.9 50 328 7.4 37 258 4.6 2 600–2 899 57 949 3.9 35 443 5.2 22 506 2.7 2 900–3 199 38 281 2.6 24 875 3.7 13 406 1.6 3 200– 94 068 6.3 68 841 10.2 25 227 3.1 Total 1 495 864 100 677 440 100 818 424 100 Average pension, €/month 1 716 1 937 1 533 1) People living in Finland who receive an old-age (excl . partial old-age), a disability or a special farmer’s pension

53% OF PENSIONERS HAD A SMART- PHONE IN THEIR PERSONAL USE 2019

Sources: Finnish Centre for Pensions; Statistics Finland: Use of information and communications technology by individuals 21 Demographic dependency ratio by municipality, 2019

Persons aged under 15 and 65 or over aniei per one hundred working age ● persons (15–64-year-olds) 46– 70 71– 80 81– 90 ulu 91–110 ● The dependency ratio was 61 in the whole country aaani ● la ●

aasa ● ui eini ● ● ensuu ● sl ● ieli ri aere ● ● ● eenlinna aeenrana ● ● ula ● ai ● uru ● ● ariean ● Helsinki

Regional division as on 1 January 2020 Source: Statistics Finland, Population structure

22 Causes of death, 2018

Deaths % Males % Females % Diseases of the circulatory system 18 827 35 9 547 35 9 280 34 Neoplasms 12 902 24 6 883 25 6 019 22 Dementia, Alzheimer's disease 10 120 19 3 273 12 6 847 25 Accidents excl . alcohol poisonings 2 387 4 1 506 6 881 3 Diseases of the respiratory system 2 234 4 1 303 5 931 3 Alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol 1 683 3 1 269 5 414 2 Diseases of the digestive system 1 205 2 543 2 662 2 Suicides 810 1 618 2 192 1 Other causes of death 4 355 8 2 240 8 2 115 8 Total 54 523 100 27 182 100 27 341 100

Consumption of alcoholic beverages, 100% alcohol

Litres per person aged 15 or older 14 Total consumption 12

8 Documented consumption 6

4 Undocumented consumption 2

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019

Sources: Statistics Finland, Causes of death; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare THL

23 Consumption of selected commodities per person

1990 2000 2010 2017 2018* Milk products kg 225.8 194.1 183.8 159.7 154.8 Butter kg 5.5 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.5 Margarine kg 7.6 7.7 ...... Vegetable oils kg 3.3 4.9 5.2 . . . . Cheese kg 12.7 16.5 19.0 25.8 25.7 Eggs kg 11.1 10.1 9.8 11.9 11.8 Nuts kg 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.7 Wheat kg 43.5 45.9 46.4 44.5 44.6 Rye kg 17.4 15.3 16.1 15.5 15.3 Oats kg 4.5 3.0 5.4 7.3 7.3 Rice kg 4.6 5.6 5.2 6.0 6.0 Potatoes kg 60.3 61.6 ...... Fresh vegetables kg 41.5 52.8 56.1 63.8 63.5 Fresh fruit kg 50.2 45.2 47.1 58.8 58.9 Beef and veal kg 21.8 19.0 18.6 19.4 19.3 Pork kg 33.0 33.0 34.9 33.4 32.5 Poultry meat kg 6.8 13.3 18.2 24.9 25.6 Fish 1) kg 18.9 13.2 15.2 15.4 14.9 Coffee 2) kg 10.2 9.2 10.0 9.6 3) 9.9 Cocoa kg 1.0 1.4 2.9 2.3 2.0 Sugar kg 34.7 32.0 31.8 30.6 29.2 Beer l 83.3 78.4 82.8 75.0 73.3 Wine l . . . . 12.2 11.6 11.4 Cider l . . . . 9.3 6.0 5.5 Long drinks l . . . . 9.0 7.4 10.0 Strong alcoholic beverages l 7.7 5.0 5.6 4.4 4.2 1) Filleted weight 2) Sales of roasted coffee 3) Final data

PERSONS AGED 20 TO 64 WHO SMOKE DAILY MEN 16% WOMEN 10% 2019

Sources: Natural Resources Institute Finland; Finnish Coffee Roasters Association, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare THL 24

AVERAGE AGE OF AVERAGE HOUSING LOAN OF FIRST-TIME HOUSEHOLD-DWELLING UNITS HOMEBUYERS 2018 2018 288 100 030 € years €/household-dwelling unit

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GDB 2019 preliminary data DEBT 2019

19 193 43 484 €/inhaitant €/inhaitant

SOLE ENTREPRENEURS BANKRUPTCY 2018 PETITIONS 2019

180 579 2 624

SHARE OF THE PETITIONS FOR DEBT POPULATION RESTRUCTURING 2019 AT RISK OF POVERTY 2018 preliminary data € €

118% 3 409 € persons

Sources Statistics Finland, State Treasury National balance of supply and demand Total supply and demand of goods and services in national accounts

2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* Annual change At current prices, € billion in volume, % Supply Gross domestic product 217.5 225.8 233.6 240.1 1.0 Imports 78.5 84.8 92.5 94.8 2.2 Total supply 296.0 310.7 326.1 334.9 . . Demand Exports 75.7 85.1 90.2 96.0 7.2 Consumption expenditure 169.7 171.7 177.1 181.7 0.9 Private 112.9 114.9 118.5 120.8 0.9 Government 51.5 51.6 53.4 55.5 0.9 Gross fixed capital formation 49.4 52.5 55.8 56.8 -0.8 Private 40.4 43.3 46.0 46.8 -1.0 Government 9.0 9.2 9.9 10.1 0.3 Changes in inventories, acquisition of valuables 1.2 1.5 2.8 0.9 . . Total demand 295.9 310.8 325.9 335.4 . . Statistical discrepancy 0.1 -0.1 0.2 -0.5 . .

Gross domestic product per capita €/inhabitant, volume series reference year 2019 50 000

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Source: Statistics Finland, Annual national accounts

26 Annual change in the volume of gross domestic product

Annual change in volume, % 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016* 2019*

Current account The current account shows flows of goods, services, primary and secondary income between residents and non-residents

€ billion % 15 15 € billion 12 12 % relative to GDP 9 9

6 6

3 3

0 0

-3 -3

-6 -6 -9 -9 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Source: Statistics Finland, Annual national accounts

27 Tax rate in selected countries, 2018* Tax revenue as % of gross domestic product France Denmark Belgium Sweden Finland Austria Italy Norway Greece Germany Hungary Portugal Czech Republic Spain United Kingdom Estonia Canada Turkey United States Ireland 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

General government deficit/surplus and debt

% relative to GDP 80

Debt (EDP) 40

0 Deﬁcit/Surplus (EDP) -20 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Sources: OECD; Statistics Finland, General government deficit and debt

28 Gross national income, inflation and unemployment by country Gross national income per capita Inflation Unem- USD USD, purchasing power ployment adjusted % % 2018 2018 2019 2019 Finland 48 280 48 580 1.0 6.6 Sweden 55 490 54 030 1.8 6.5 Norway 80 610 68 310 2.2 3.3 Denmark 60 140 56 410 0.8 4.9 Iceland 67 960 55 190 3.0 2.8 Australia 53 230 50 050 1.6 5.3 Austria 49 310 55 300 1.5 4.7 Belgium 45 910 51 740 1.4 5.6 Canada 44 940 47 590 1.9 5.6 China 9 460 18 170 2.9 4.3 Czech Republic 20 240 37 530 2.8 1.9 Estonia 21 140 34 970 2.3 5.1 France 41 080 46 360 1.1 8.4 Germany 47 090 54 560 1.4 3.0 Greece 19 770 29 670 0.3 17.2 Hungary 14 780 29 860 3.3 3.4 India 2 020 7 680 7.7 5.4 Ireland 61 390 67 050 0.9 4.9 Israel 40 920 39 940 0.8 3.9 Italy 33 730 42 290 0.6 9.9 Japan 41 310 44 380 0.5 2.3 Latvia 16 510 29 780 2.8 6.5 Lithuania 17 430 34 320 2.3 6.4 Luxembourg 70 870 72 200 1.7 5.4 Netherlands 51 260 56 890 2.6 3.2 Poland 14 100 30 010 2.3 3.5 Portugal 21 990 32 680 0.3 6.3 Russia 10 230 26 900 4.5 4.6 Spain 29 340 39 800 0.7 14.0 Switzerland 84 410 68 820 0.4 4.6 Turkey 10 420 27 640 15.2 13.5 United Kingdom 41 770 45 350 1.7 3.9 United States 63 080 63 690 1.8 3.7 Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators; ILO, ILOSTAT Database; OECD, Economic Outlook; IMF, World Economic Outlook 29 Consumer price index 2015 = 100 by group of goods and services

2018 2019 Annual change, % Total index 102.2 103.3 1.0 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 99.8 101.0 1.2 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 110.5 114.8 3.8 Clothing and footwear 97.0 96.5 -0.5 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 103.4 105.4 1.9 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 98.6 98.8 0.2 Health 110.0 111.0 0.9 Transport 103.3 103.5 0.3 Communication 96.6 96.5 -0.1 Recreation and culture 98.7 98.2 -0.5 Education 105.5 107.0 1.4 Restaurants and hotels 106.1 108.4 2.2 Miscellaneous goods and services 99.4 100.1 0.7

Inflation

Consumer price index: average annual change, % 20

-5 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019

Source: Statistics Finland, Consumer price index

30 Cost-of-living index

1951:10 100 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019

Real price development of selected food items

1994 = 100 250 Fresh ﬁsh Potato 200 Vegetables Coffee 150 Poultry

100

0 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Source: Statistics Finland, Consumer price index

31 Index of wage and salary earnings, average annual changes

% 25

15 Index of wage and salary earnings 10

0 Index of real wage and salary earnings -5

-10 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Index of wage and salary earnings by employer sector

1964 100 4 000 Private sector 3 500 All wage and salary earners 3 000 Central government Local government 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Source: Statistics Finland, Index of wage and salary earnings

32 Households’ consumption expenditure

1980 1990 2000 2010 2018* % Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 18.6 18.2 24.4 25.7 28.6 Transport 14.4 14.5 13.2 12.3 11.8 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 21.3 16.3 12.6 12.1 11.5 Recreation and culture 10.2 11.2 11.3 11.9 10.2 Restaurants and hotels 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 6.7 Health 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.4 4.9 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 6.3 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.7 Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance 6.1 5.4 4.8 5.3 4.6 Clothing and footwear 6.1 5.6 4.6 4.8 4.1 Communication 1.1 1.4 3.1 2.5 2.4 Education 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 Miscellaneous goods and services 7.2 9.8 9.4 9.1 10.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100

Financial assets of households

€ billion 350 Others Insurance technical reserves 300 Cash and deposits 250 Shares and other equities

200

150

100

0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Sources: Statistics Finland: Annual national accounts, Financial accounts

33 Households’ indebtedness ratio and savings ratio

% of disposable income 150

120 Households' indebtedness ratio incl. households' share of the debts of housing companies 90

30 Households' savings ratio 0

-30 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Households’ withdrawals of new housing loans New housing loans withdrawn from Finnish financial institutions

€ billion % 24 8 New housing loans, € billion 21 7 Average interest rate, % 18 6

15 5

12 4

9 3

6 2

3 1

0 0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Sources: Statistics Finland, Annual national accounts; Bank of Finland

34 Dwellings and living conditions

1990 2000 2010 2018 2019 Total number of dwellings, thousand 2 210 2 512 2 808 3 042 3 076 Detached houses, % 42.3 40.3 40.5 38.3 37.9 Attached houses, % 11.8 13.5 13.6 13.5 13.5 Blocks of flats, % 42.5 43.5 44.0 46.4 46.9 Tenure status Owner-occupied dwelling, % 66.8 58.1 59.2 56.1 . . Rented dwelling, % 24.7 30.8 29.3 32.3 . . Right of occupancy dwelling, % . . 1.0 1.3 1.6 . . Other form of tenure or unknown, % 8.4 10.1 10.3 10.0 . . Floor area per dwelling, m2 74.4 76.5 79.5 79.5 79.3 Permanently occupied dwellings, thousand 2 037 2 295 2 537 2 705 2 734 Floor area per person, m2 31.4 35.3 39.1 40.8 41.0 Persons living in overcrowded dwellings 1), % 30.4 23.7 17.9 16.9 16.5 1) More than one person per room, excl . kitchen Corrected on 17 December 2020. The corrections are indicated in red. Buildings and free-time residences

1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 2019 Thousand Residential buildings 840 1 005 1 111 1 235 1 301 1 308 Detached houses 773 908 993 1 102 1 157 1 163 Attached houses 23 53 66 76 82 83 Blocks of flats 44 45 52 57 61 62 Other buildings 92 158 189 211 230 230 Free-time residences 252 368 451 489 510 512 Saunas 1) 548 932 1 212 1 502 1 671 1 686 1) Only saunas in flats . The total number of saunas was estimated to be over 2 .3 million at the end of 2019 .

30 107 PERSONS AGED 90 OR OVER LIVING ALONE 2019

Sources: Statistics Finland: Dwellings and housing conditions, Buildings and free-time residences

35 Dwellings in old blocks of flats: real price index

1983 = 100 240 220 Helsinki region 200 180 160 Rest of Finland 140 120 100 80 60 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Prices of dwellings in blocks of flats Unencumbered average prices, €/m2

Old dwellings New dwellings Helsinki region Rest of Finland Helsinki region Rest of Finland 2015 3 515 1 588 5 111 3 452 2016 3 584 1 582 5 168 3 733 2017 3 718 1 598 5 206 3 859 2018 3 874 1 598 5 450 3 997 2019 3 966 1 590 5 873 4 073

Source: Statistics Finland, Prices of dwellings in housing companies

36 Real estate prices Old single-family houses Single family house plots Average price Real price index Average price Real price index €/residential m2 2015 = 100 €/residential m2 2015 = 100 2015 1 541 100.0 18.6 100.0 2016 1 549 99.8 21.2 97.8 2017 1 560 97.7 22.7 96.9 2018 1 545 95.0 23.5 101.1 2019 1 588 92.9 22.4 96.9

Average rents of rented dwellings, €/m2/month Government-subsidised dwellings Non-subsidised dwellings Helsinki region Rest of Finland Helsinki region Rest of Finland 2015 12.19 10.39 16.87 11.22 2016 12.42 10.51 17.49 11.51 2017 12.74 10.72 18.39 12.29 2018 12.98 10.80 18.78 12.58 2019 13.10 10.92 19.29 12.85

Housing benefits € million, at 2019 prices 2 250 Conscripts' housing assistance 2 000 Students' housing supplement 1) 1 750 Pensioners' housing allowance General housing allowance 1) 1 500 1 250 1 000 750 500 250 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2019 1) Most students were transferred to the general housing allowance on 1 August 2017

Sources: Statistics Finland: Real estate prices, Rents of dwellings; Kela, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland 37 Completed buildings and dwellings

2000 2010 2018 2019 All buildings, mil . m3 38.55 34.75 40.43 35.05 Residential 13.50 10.95 13.37 13.20 Commercial and office buildings 6.18 5.52 5.87 6.09 Industrial buildings and warehouses 7.88 7.28 11.25 7.26 Other 10.99 11.00 9.94 8.50 All dwellings, number 35 243 25 194 42 536 42 892 Detached and semi-detached houses 18 078 13 399 11 102 10 818 Blocks of flats 16 748 11 140 30 881 31 567 Residential buildings for communities 18 213 - . . Dwellings of special groups - 85 284 208 Other than residential buildings 399 357 269 299

Volume index of newbuilding

2015 = 100 180 Other than residential buildings 160 All buildings Residential buildings

140

120

100

60 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2019

RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS OF FLATS WITH AT LEAST 10 STOREYS 2019 263

Sources: Statistics Finland: Building and dwelling production, Buildings and free-time residences

38 Enterprises, 2018 Industry Enterprises Personnel, Turnover staff-years 1) % Thousand % € mil . % Agriculture, forestry and fishing 75 021 20.8 48 3.2 2 747 0.7 Manufacturing 19 849 5.5 301 20.1 132 091 31.4 Construction 40 808 11.3 172 11.5 37 720 9.0 Wholesale and retail trade 2) 40 299 11.2 239 16.0 118 906 28.3 Transportation and storage 19 526 5.4 123 8.2 23 118 5.5 Accommodation and food service activities 12 012 3.3 62 4.1 7 054 1.7 Information and communication 10 676 3.0 89 6.0 22 010 5.2 Financial and insurance activities 8 281 2.3 44 2.9 - - Real estate activities 30 822 8.5 22 1.5 12 430 3.0 Professional, scientific and technical activities 36 614 10.1 106 7.1 15 990 3.8 Administrative and support service activities 14 212 3.9 140 9.4 12 774 3.0 Human health and social work 18 196 5.0 80 5.3 7 908 1.9 Other service activities 19 350 5.4 20 1.3 1 710 0.4 Other industries 15 152 4.2 51 3.4 25 801 6.1 Total 360 818 100 1 496 100 420 258 100 Size category of personnel 0– 4 321 484 89.1 239 16.0 48 687 11.6 5– 9 18 887 5.2 123 8.2 22 742 5.4 10– 19 10 620 2.9 142 9.5 29 474 7.0 20– 49 6 223 1.7 186 12.4 45 942 10.9 50– 99 1 982 0.5 135 9.1 43 899 10.4 100–249 989 0.3 149 10.0 43 518 10.4 250–499 359 0.1 126 8.4 35 274 8.4 500–999 151 0.0 106 7.1 34 405 8.2 1 000– 123 0.0 290 19.4 116 318 27.7 Total 360 818 100 1 496 100 420 258 100 1) Wage and salary earners and entrepreneurs – 2) Incl . repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

ENTERPRISE OPENINGS 2019 38 400

Sources: Statistics Finland: Structural business and financial statement statistics, Enterprise openings and closures 39 Agricultural and horticultural enterprises

Production sector 2010 2017 2018 2019 Plant production 37 086 32 932 32 919 32 774 Cereals production 20 927 16 240 15 197 14 926 Other plant production 13 092 14 379 15 533 15 788 Greenhouse production 1 371 836 787 714 Outdoor production 1 696 1 477 1 402 1 346 Livestock production 19 829 13 481 12 819 12 038 Milk production 10 205 6 704 6 263 5 727 Beef production 3 080 2 930 2 868 2 809 Other cattle husbandry 1 270 555 516 450 Pig farming 1 355 607 577 526 Poultry farming 375 436 435 419 Sheep, goat and horse farming and other grazing livestock 3 544 2 249 2 160 2 107 Mixed production 2 568 2 149 1 895 2 015 Total 59 483 48 562 47 633 46 827 Utilised agricultural area, ha/farm 39 47 48 49

Volume index of industrial output

2015 = 100 200

175

150

125

100

75 Electric and electronics industry 50 Metal industry Chemical industry 25 Total industry Forest industry 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019*

Sources: Natural Resources Institute Finland; Statistics Finland, Volume index of industrial output

40 Establishments of industrial enterprises, 2018 Industry Establish- Personnel Value added ments 1) in production Thousand € mil . % Whole industry 26 998 325 36 046 100 Mining and quarrying 1 023 6 908 2.5 Manufacturing 22 453 297 29 841 82.8 Food products 1 886 30 2 195 6.1 Beverages 203 3 396 1.1 Textiles 654 3 184 0.5 Wearing apparel 909 2 121 0.3 Leather and related products 178 1 82 0.2 Wood and of products of wood and cork 1 877 19 1 318 3.7 Paper and paper products 290 17 3 683 10.2 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 948 6 387 1.1 Coke and refined petroleum products 28 3 659 1.8 Chemicals and chemical products 397 12 2 531 7.0 Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 42 4 1 316 3.7 Rubber and plastic products 594 12 993 2.8 Other non-metallic mineral products 926 12 1 057 2.9 Basic metals 156 13 1 687 4.7 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 4 659 38 2 904 8.1 Computer, electronic and optical products 624 19 1 828 5.1 Electrical equipment 481 15 1 496 4.1 Machinery and equipment n .e .c . 1 523 43 3 808 10.6 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 250 9 642 1.8 Other transport equipment 358 6 390 1.1 Furniture 848 6 365 1.0 Other manufacturing 1 314 4 245 0.7 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 3 308 19 1 554 4.3 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 1 577 11 3 893 10.8 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activites 1 945 11 1 404 3.9 1) Staff-years, wage and salary earners and entrepreneurs Source: Statistics Finland, Regional statistics on entrepreneurial activity

41 Imports, exports and trade balance International trade in goods

€ billion 80 Imports 60 Exports Trade balance

-20 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019*

Biggest import and export countries, 2019* Imports by country of origin, exports by country of destination

Import country € million % Export country € million % Germany 10 305 15.7 Germany 9 470 14.6 Russia 8 965 13.7 Sweden 6 669 10.3 Sweden 7 320 11.1 United States 4 803 7.4 China 4 897 7.5 Netherlands 3 939 6.1 Netherlands 3 373 5.1 Russia 3 644 5.6 United States 2 284 3.5 China 3 493 5.4 France 2 153 3.3 United Kingdom 2 697 4.2 Poland 2 022 3.1 Italy 2 353 3.6 Estonia 2 021 3.1 Belgium 2 119 3.3 Italy 1 792 2.7 France 1 923 3.0 Other countries 20 525 31.2 Other countries 23 821 36.5 Total 65 658 100 Total 64 932 100

Source: Finnish Customs

42 Imports and exports by product category, 2019*

€ million % Imports Chemical industry products 11 446 17.4 Electric and electronics industry products 9 270 14.1 Products from mining and quarrying 7 982 12.2 Transport equipment 7 490 11.4 Machinery and equipment 6 151 9.4 Other 23 319 35.5 Total 65 658 100 Exports Chemical industry products 12 419 19.1 Forest industry products 12 342 19.0 Metal and metal products 9 925 15.3 Machinery and equipment 8 644 13.3 Electric and electronics industry products 7 465 11.5 Other 14 138 21.8 Total 64 932 100

Research and development expenditure € billion 8 Public sector incl. private non-proﬁt sector 7 University sector Business enterprises 6

0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 1)

1) Estimate Sources: Finnish Customs; Statistics Finland, Research and development

43 Number of overnight stays by foreigners at accommodation establishments Accommodation establishments with at least 20 bed places or caravan pitches with electrical connection points, as well as hostels

Country of domicile 2018 % 2019 % Annual change, % Russia 826 251 12.1 820 888 11.6 -0.6 Germany 628 449 9.2 661 981 9.4 5.3 United Kingdom 593 034 8.7 569 294 8.1 -4.0 Sweden 560 027 8.2 558 453 7.9 -0.3 China 332 546 4.9 384 415 5.4 15.6 France 299 432 4.4 341 747 4.8 14.1 United States 288 827 4.2 309 118 4.4 7.0 Netherlands 246 460 3.6 262 222 3.7 6.4 Estonia 222 387 3.3 243 107 3.4 9.3 Japan 215 746 3.2 225 012 3.2 4.3 Other 2 629 430 38.4 2 679 760 38.0 1.9 Total 6 842 589 100 7 055 997 100 3.1

Tourism balance Tourism receipts and expenditure and tourism balance deficit

€ billion 6

5 Expenditure 4 Receipts Net 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019*

Sources: Statistics Finland, Accommodation statistics, Balance of payments and international investment position 44 SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 200 MEMBERS OF OFFENCES AND PARLIAMENT INFRACTIONS SOLVED 2019 2019

47% 53% 648 316 WOMEN MEN

HIGHEST AND OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION LOWEST 2019 preliminary data TEMPERATURE 2019 WIND POWER SOLAR POWER +33.7 C Poroo Emsalo

–39.1 C Utsoi Keori 7.0% 0.2%

PASSENGER CARS IN TRAFFIC 1) 2019 HYBRID AVERAGE AGE 12.2 years 24 704 MOST COMMON COLOUR ELECTRIC GREY 21.8% 4 661 1) Excl. Åland

ORGANIC FARMS 2019 FINNHORSES 2019 5 039 19 200

Sources Statistics Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom, Finnish Food Authority, Suomen Hippos Geographical data

Finland’s area Highest point, on 1 January 2020, km2 m above sea level Area 338 465 Halti 1 324 Land area 303 933 Longest river, km Fresh water 34 532 Kemijoki 500 Sea water 52 444 Largest lakes, km2 Total 390 909 Saimaa 1 393 Boundaries, km Päijänne 1 082 Sweden 614 Inarijärvi 1 082 Norway 736 Oulujärvi 912 Russia 1 340 Pielinen 895 Limit of territorial waters 1 250 Largest islands, km2 Total 3 940 Sea Greatest length, km Mainland Åland 689 Hanko–Utsjoki 1 157 Kemiönsaari 545 Greatest width, km Inland waters Närpiö–Ilomantsi 542 Soisalo 1 540 Lakes with an area of 500 m2 or more total about 168 000, of which around 57 000 with an area of over one hectare . Islands with an area of 100 m2 or more total about 187 000 . Protected and wilderness areas on 1 January 2020 Number Area, ha Water, % Protected areas 12 652 2 390 527 17.8 National parks 40 1 003 345 18.0 Strict nature reserves 19 154 150 1.9 Mire reserves 166 474 966 2.5 Herb-rich forest reserves 46 1 058 1.0 Old-growth forest reserves 77 8 603 3.1 Other state-owned protected areas 452 364 769 10.1 Private-owned nature reserves 11 789 347 870 51.2 Protected areas on Åland 63 35 766 92.1 Wilderness reserves 12 1 489 121 7.5 In addition, the Act on the Protection of Rapids protects a total of 53 individual rapids, river portions or catchment areas against power station construction . Corresponding acts have been passed on the protection of the Ounasjoki and Kyrönjoki rivers .

Sources: National Land Survey of Finland; Finnish Environment Institute; Ministry of the Environment; Metsähallitus; ÅSUB 46 National parks and strict nature reserves on 1 January 2020

Kevo Malla

Lemmenjoki

Pallas-Yllästunturi Urho Kekkonen National Park National park Sompio < 10 km2 Värriö 10–99 km2 Maltio 100–500 km2 Pyhä-Luosto > 500 km2 Sukerijärvi Oulanka Pisavaara Riisitunturi Runkaus

Syöte Hossa Strict nature reserve Bothnian Bay < 10 km2 Olvassuo 10–99 km2 Rokua Paljakka 100–500 km2 Pelso > 500 km2 Ulvinsalo Tiilikkajärvi Hiidenportti Salamajärvi Patvinsuo Salamanperä Koli Koivusuo

Pyhä-Häkki Southern Konnevesi Petkeljärvi Kauhaneva-Pohjankangas Lauhanvuori Helvetinjärvi Kolovesi Linnansaari Häädetkeidas Leivonmäki Seitseminen Isojärvi Puurijärvi-Isosuo Sinivuori Päijänne Bothnian Vesijako Repovesi Sea Vaskijärvi Torronsuo Kurjenrahka Valkmusa Liesjärvi Karkali Teijo Gulf of Finland Sipoonkorpi Archipelago Nuuksio Ekenäs Archipelago © Metsähallitus 2020 © National Land Survey of Finland 1/MML/20

Source: Metsähallitus

47 Forests

Land class 2014–2018 Volume of the 2014–2018 Mil . ha % growing stock Mil . m3 % Forestry land 26.2 86 Pine 1 244 50 Forest land 20.3 67 Spruce 740 30 Poorly productive forest land 2.5 8 Birch 411 17 Unproductive land 3.2 11 Other deciduous Forest roads, depots, etc . 0.2 1 trees 81 3 Other land 4.1 14 Growing stock, Land area, total 30.4 100 total 2 475 100

Livestock

1950 1990 2000 2010 2018 2019 Thousand Cattle 1 782 1 360 1 057 926 882 858 Dairy cows 1 111 490 364 289 271 262 Pigs 446 1 381 1 296 1 367 1 089 1 072 Poultry . . . . 12 570 9 587 14 140 14 360 Laying hens 3 381 4 845 3 110 3 394 3 985 3 900 Broilers . . 2 993 7 918 4 616 8 781 9 112 Sheep 1 220 103 100 126 155 145

Crops

1950 1990 2000 2010 2018 2019 Mil . kg Wheat 296 627 538 724 495 902 Rye 215 244 108 69 42 183 Barley 176 1 720 1 985 1 340 1 336 1 682 Oats 702 1 662 1 413 810 818 1 170 Potatoes 1 273 881 785 659 600 619 Sugar beets 231 1 125 1 046 542 355 501 Broad bean ...... 16 24 30

Source: Natural Resources Institute Finland

48 Air emissions

1990 2000 2010 2017 2018

Greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 eq ., mil . tonnes 71.2 70.3 75.7 55.4 56.4 Carbon dioxide 1), mil . tonnes 52.6 52.8 59.2 40.1 41.2

Sulphur (as SO2), thousand tonnes 250 81 67 35 33 Nitrogen oxides (as NO2), thousand tonnes 298 235 179 124 120 1) Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and peat

Municipal waste by treatment method

Million tonnes 3.5 Material recovery Energy recovery incl. waste incineration in incineration plants 3.0 Landﬁlling 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

99% OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WAS RECOVERED 2018

Sources: Statistics Finland: Greenhouse gases, Waste statistics

49 Supply and total consumption of electricity, 2019*

Supply GWh % Total consumption GWh % Nuclear power 22 926 26.6 Industry and construction 39 665 46.1 Hydro power 12 286 14.3 Households and Wind power 5 985 7.0 agriculture 24 107 28.0 Solar power 178 0.2 Services and public Net imports 20 042 23.3 consumption 19 743 22.9 Other heating Transmission and power 24 691 28.7 distribution losses 2 583 3.0 Total 86 108 100 Total 86 098 100

Total energy consumption

PJ (petajoule) 1 600 Other energy 1) 1 400 Nuclear energy 1 200 Renewable energy Fossil fuels and peat 1 000

800

600

400

200

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019* 1) Incl . reaction heat from industrial processes, hydrogen and net imports of electricity

THE SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TOTAL ENERGY 37% 2019 preliminary data

Sources: Statistics Finland: Production of electricity and heat, Energy supply and consumption

50 Registered vehicles on 31 December 1990 2000 2010 1) 2019 1) Passenger cars 1 938 856 2 134 728 2 877 484 3 574 570 per thousand inhabitants 388 412 535 647 Vans 209 558 239 095 347 258 486 949 Lorries 54 599 65 223 117 150 162 186 Buses, coaches 9 327 9 852 13 650 19 137 Special automobiles 20 719 16 924 12 646 10 934 All automobiles 2 233 059 2 465 822 3 368 188 4 253 776 Motorcycles 60 170 90 877 226 877 278 534 Tractors 316 870 332 584 376 807 455 507 Snow mobiles 2) . . 90 511 121 976 159 643 All vehicles 3 146 308 3 697 037 5 331 582 6 785 012

Million 8 All vehicles 7 All automobiles 6 Passenger cars

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 1) Incl . vehicles temporarily decommissioned from traffic 2) Excl . Åland

PERSONS KILLED IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 209 2019 preliminary data

Sources: Statistics Finland: Motor vehicle stock, Statistics on road traffic accidents

51 Transport network and passenger transport

1990 2000 2010 2019 Transport network, km Length of railway line 1) 5 846 5 854 5 919 2) 5 926 Length of tram line 88 84 91 3) 49 Length of underground line 16 21 21 36 Highways 76 407 77 993 78 162 77 925 Coastal waterways 7 690 9 261 10 073 10 418 Inland waterways 9 460 8 894 9 747 9 813 Passengers by mode of transport, mil . Railway transport 46.0 54.8 69.0 2) 87.5 Tramway transport 48.6 56.7 54.5 56.8 Underground transport 35.4 51.9 57.1 92.6 Water transport 4) 14.0 20.7 21.7 23.9 Air transport 4) 11.3 13.7 16.4 26.3 1) State railway line – 2) 2018 – 3) Change in statistics compilation . The length of line calculated in one direction – 4) National and international

Development of selected offences Offences recorded by the police, Finnish Customs and the Finnish Border Guard 2010 2018 2019 Offences and infractions total 935 609 873 415 818 528 Offences against the Criminal Code 505 357 443 525 452 771 Offences 431 623 391 877 404 842 Theft, petty theft 148 213 122 741 126 906 Breaking into a residence 6 453 4 922 4 534 Shoplifting 53 439 45 620 47 720 Manslaughter, murder, killing 110 85 72 Assault 33 082 33 639 33 849 Sexual exploitation of a child 1 102 1 373 1 709 Rape 818 1 393 1 477 Drunken driving 21 130 19 006 18 498 Offences involving narcotics 19 724 29 140 32 307 Alcohol-related offences and infractions 4 053 1 670 1 815 Endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction 503 986 481 538 413 686

Sources: Helsinki City Transport; Helsinki Region Transport; Finavia; Statistics Finland: Transport and tourism, Statistics on offences and coercive measures 52 Social protection expenditure by function

2010 2017 2018 € million % € million % € million % Sickness and health 13 468 24.6 15 300 22.1 15 612 22.2 Disability 6 427 11.7 6 484 9.4 6 614 9.4 Old age 19 171 35.0 28 807 41.7 29 743 42.4 Survivors 1 724 3.1 1 833 2.7 1 831 2.6 Family and children 5 845 10.7 6 654 9.6 6 879 9.8 Unemployment 4 370 8.0 4 921 7.1 4 281 6.1 Housing 923 1.7 1 842 2.7 2 089 3.0 Other social protection 1 425 2.6 2 072 3.0 1 968 2.8 Administration 1 480 2.7 1 176 1.7 1 210 1.7 Total 54 832 100 69 089 100 70 229 100 % relative to GDP 29.3 30.9 30.0

Current expenditure on health care Public and private financing

€ billion, at 2017 prices 25

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018*

Source: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare THL

53 Public libraries 1)

1990 2000 2010 2018 2019 Libraries, number 1 151 936 843 737 730 Mobile libraries, number 232 201 154 135 135 Materials, million 37.2 40.9 39.7 34.5 34.0 Loans, million 85.7 102.2 96.2 84.6 86.0 Borrowers, million 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 Library visits, million 49.3 64.0 52.6 49.8 53.7 1) Excl . Åland

Cinemas, museums, theatres and orchestras

2000 2010 2018 2019 Cinemas 228 172 181 176 Cinema halls 343 289 355 358 Seats, thousand 59 50 50 50 Premieres 176 186 210 201 Visits per inhabitant 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 Museums 1) 155 158 154 153 Exhibitions 1 289 1 134 1 008 . . Admissions, million 4.9 4.9 7.1 *7.6 Theatres 2) 3) 60 59 59 59 Performances 13 837 12 833 11 874 11 453 Tickets sold, million 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3 Orchestras 2) 24 27 28 28 1) Museums with full-time personnel, excl . Åland 2) Theatres receiving statutory State subsidy 3) Incl . Finnish National Theatre and Finnish National Opera

PERSONS AGED 15 TO 69 READ BOOKS 2018 21 min/day

PERSONS AGED 15 TO 69 USED THE INTERNET 2018 234 min/day

Sources: Ministry of Education and Culture; Finnish Film Foundation; The Finnish Heritage Agency; Theatre Info Finland, Kantar TNS Oy 54 Parliamentary elections 2019 Party Votes % Change from 2015 Seats % points 2019 2015 SDP 546 471 17.7 1.2 40 34 Finns Party 538 805 17.5 -0.2 39 38 KOK 523 957 17.0 -1.2 38 37 KESK 423 920 13.8 -7.3 31 49 Green League 354 194 11.5 3.0 20 15 Left Alliance 251 808 8.2 1.0 16 12 RKP 139 640 4.5 -0.3 9 9 KD 120 144 3.9 0.4 5 5 Blue Reform 29 943 1.0 1.0 - - Other parties 63 452 2.1 0.2 - - Others 89 582 2.9 2.0 2 1 Total 3 081 916 100 200 200 Women 1 606 115 52.4 5.5 94 83 Voting turnout of Finnish citizens resident in Finland 72 .1%, Finns resident abroad included 68 .7% . SDP Finnish Social Democratic Party, KOK National Coalition Party, KESK Centre Party of Finland, RKP Swedish People’s Party in Finland, KD Christian Democrats in Finland

Voting turnout in parliamentary elections 1908–2019 % of persons entitled to vote, Finnish citizens resident in Finland 100

60 Women Men 40 Election year

0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019

Source: Statistics Finland, Parliamentary elections

55 European Parliament elections 2019

Party Votes % Party Votes % KOK 380 460 20.8 RKP 115 962 6.3 Green League 292 892 16.0 KD 89 204 4.9 SDP 267 603 14.6 Others 57 208 3.1 Finns Party 253 176 13.8 Total 1 830 045 100 KESK 247 477 13.5 Women 1 000 059 54.6 Left Alliance 126 063 6.9 Voting turnout of Finnish citizens resident in Finland 42 .7% . Parties, see page 55 .

Municipal elections 2017

Party Votes % Party Votes % KOK 531 599 20.7 RKP 125 518 4.9 SDP 498 252 19.4 KD 105 551 4.1 KESK 450 529 17.5 Other parties 32 035 1.2 Green League 320 235 12.5 Others 53 126 2.1 Finns Party 227 297 8.8 Total 2 570 768 100 Left Alliance 226 626 8.8 Voting turnout 58 .9% . Parties, see page 55 .

Presidential election 2018

1st round on 28 Jan . 2018 Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Sauli Niinistö 1 875 342 62.6 Tuula Haatainen 97 294 3.2 Pekka Haavisto 371 254 12.4 Merja Kyllönen 89 977 3.0 Laura Huhtasaari 207 337 6.9 Nils Torvalds 44 776 1.5 Paavo Väyrynen 185 305 6.2 Total 2 993 668 100 Matti Vanhanen 122 383 4.1 Voting turnout of Finnish citizens resident in Finland 69 .9%, Finns resident abroad included 66 .8% . Sauli Niinistö was elected President of the Republic in the first round of the elections .

Sources: Statistics Finland: European Parliament elections, Municipal elections, Presidential elections 56 Suomi Finland

1917 Finland’s independence 1948 Member of the World Bank 1948 Member of the IMF 1955 Member of the UN Rovaniemi 1955 Member of the Nordic Council 1961 Associate member of the EFTA Oulu 1969 Member of the OECD Kajaani 1986 Full member of the EFTA Kokkola 1989 Member of the Council Vaasa of Europe Kuopio Seinäjoki Joensuu 1995 Member of the European Jyväskylä Union 0 00 Tampere Mikkeli Pori 2002 Introduction of the euro Lahti Lappeenranta 2017 Finland 100 years Hämeen- Turku linna Kouvola

Mariehamn Helsinki Regions by regional division as on 1 January 2020 Town locations: National Land Survey of Finland

Editing: Cover photograph: Leena Ketola Sirkku Hiltunen Cover and infograph designed by: Nina Koivula Hilkka Lehtonen Seija Laine Tarja Ruuskanen Sales of publications: Customer service, PunaMusta Oy Printed by: tel . +358 10 2308 365 PunaMusta Oy, Tampere 2020 verkkokauppa@punamusta com.

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ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−655−8 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−654−1 (print) Product number 3056 (print)