FINLAND in FIGURES 2017 ISSN 2242−8496 (Pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−577−3 (Pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (Print) ISBN 978−952−244−576−6 (Print) Product Number 3056 (Print)

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FINLAND IN FIGURES 2017 ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−577−3 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−576−6 (print) Product number 3056 (print)

Taskut_2017_pdf.indd 3 2.6.2017 13:05:43 Contents and Sources Finland Before and Now ...... 2 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Population Register Centre; vrk.fi, Natural Resources Institute Finland; luke.fi, Finnish Coffee Roasters Association; kahvi.fi Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery ...... 4 Sources: Natural Resources Institute Finland; luke.fi, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira; evira.fi Construction ...... 6 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Culture and the Media ...... 7 Sources: Ministry of Education and Culture; minedu.fi, The National Library of Finland; nationallibrary.fi, MediaAuditFinland Oy; mediaauditfinland.fi, Finnish Film Foundation; ses.fi, National Board of Antiquities; nba.fi, Theatre Info Finland; tinfo.fi Education ...... 8 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Elections ...... 9 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Energy ...... 11 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Finnish Energy; energia.fi Enterprises ...... 12 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Environment and Natural Resources ...... 13 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, National Land Survey of Finland; maanmittauslaitos.fi, Finnish Environment Institute; ymparisto.fi, Finnish Meteorological Institute; fmi.fi, Ministry of the Environment; ym.fi, Metsähallitus; metsa.fi Financing and Insurance ...... 15 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Bank of Finland; bof.fi, NASDAQ OMX Helsinki Ltd.; nasdaqomxnordic.com Government Finance ...... 17 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Ministry of Finance; vm.fi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; formin.fi Health ...... 19 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, The National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi Housing ...... 20 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Income and Consumption ...... 22 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Natural Resources Institute Finland; luke.fi, The National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi Justice ...... 24 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Contents and Sources Labour Market ...... 25 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Manufacturing ...... 27 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi National Accounts ...... 28 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Population ...... 31 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, National Land Survey of Finland; maanmittauslaitos.fi, Finnish Immigration Service; migri.fi, Ministry of Employment and the Economy; tem.fi Prices and Costs ...... 39 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Science, Technology and Information Society ...... 41 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Social Protection ...... 42 Sources: The National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi, Finnish Centre for Pensions; etk.fi Trade ...... 43 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Finnish Customs; tulli.fi Transport and Tourism ...... 45 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Helsinki Region Transport; hsl.fi, VR Group Ltd; vrgroup.fi, Finnish Transport Agency; liikennevirasto.fi, Finavia Corporation; finavia.fi, Finnish Transport Safety Agency Trafi; trafi.fi Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs ...... 48 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi International Comparison Data ...... 50 Sources: UN: Demographic Yearbook, UN: Population and Vital Statistics Report; unstats.un.org, Eurostat; ec.europa.eu/eurostat, CIA: The World Factbook; cia.gov, World Bank: World Development Indicators; worldbank.org, ILO: ILOSTATDatabase; ilo.org, OECD: Economic Outlook; oecd.org, IMF: World Economic Outlook; imf.org

Symbols

* preliminary data . . data not available or too . category not applicable uncertain for presentation, - magnitude nil or subject to secrecy A break in the time series is indicated with a horizontal or vertical line. The data are not fully comparable.

Finland in Figures as online service: stat.fi/finlandinfigures FINLAND IN FIGURES BEFORE | NOW MOST POPULAR FIRST NAME 1910–1919 | 2016

3 134 300 | 5 503 297 *preliminary data 20 004 | 24 464 368 | 13 541

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD- EXTREMELY OVER- NUMBER OF CONSUMPTION DWELLING UNITS CROWDED DWELLINGS ROOMS per person, kg 1917 | 2015 persons/household- share of dwellings, % per dwelling, incl. kitchen dwelling unit 3.7 COFFEE 1.7 9.9 2.4 |

5.3 2.0 31.0 0.5 SUGAR 1917 2015 1920 2015 1917 2015 7.1 | 29.3

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE MATRICULATION AUTOMOBILE STOCK share of persons working, % EXAMINATIONS number 1922 | 2016 1920 | 2016 1917 | 2015 70.1 | 4.1 Agriculture and forestry WE ALL 11.5 | 21.8 Industry ARE 10.9 73.7 | Services and 1 128 | 30 617 1 754 | 3 957 153 administration STATISTICS Sources: Statistics Finland, Population Register Centre, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Finnish Coffee Roasters Association 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Farms

Farms 1) Average Organic farms Average arable arable land area of an land area 1) % of organic farm ha all farms ha 2010 59 483 39 3 939 6.1 43.4 2011 58 283 40 4 036 6.6 45.8 2012 55 816 41 4 260 7.2 46.4 2013 54 398 42 4 215 7.4 48.9 2014 52 775 43 4 180 7.9 50.9 2015 50 999 45 4 251 8.3 52.8 2016 50 388 45 4 415 8.8 54.5

1) Agricultural and horticultural enterprises Production sectors of farms

Crop production

Milk production

Beef production 1)

Pig and poultry farming

2016 Other production 2011

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 1) Incl. other cattle farming Livestock

1920 1950 2000 2010 2015 2016 1 000 Cattle 1 824 1 782 1 057 926 915 909 Dairy cows 1 174 1 111 364 289 l 285 282 Pigs 374 446 1 296 1 367 1 235 1 235 Poultry . . . . 12 570 9 587 12 021 13 411 Laying hens 888 3 381 l 3 110 3 394 3 521 3 662 Broilers . . . . 7 918 4 616 6 993 8 175 Sheep 1 704 1 220 100 126 l 155 157 Horses 391 409 58 74 74 74 Reindeer . . 87 203 194 191 191 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 5 Forest statistics

Forestry land (incl. protected areas) in 2009–2013 totalled 26.2 mil. ha, of which 53% was owned privately, 35% by the state, 7% by companies and 5% by others. The volume of growing stock was 2 356 mil. m3, of which 50% was pine, 30% spruce and 20% non-coniferous. Increment and drain of the growing stock

Mil. m3 120

100 Increment (smoothed) 80

40 Drain 20

0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -15

Industrial roundwood removals

Mil. m3 75

Total 60

45 Pulpwood 30

15 Logs

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016* m3 = cubic metre, solid volume over bark Catches of fish and production of fish farming

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Mil. kg Commercial fishery 126.6 124.2 137.7 143.2 154.3 154.2 Recreational fishery 29.2 1) 29.2 24.5 2) 24.5 28.6 3) 28.6 Food fish production 4) 11.8 11.3 12.7 13.6 13.5 14.9 Total 167.6 164.7 174.9 181.3 196.3 197.6 1) 2010 – 2) 2012 – 3) 2013 – 4) Ungutted fish 6 Construction Construction Unit 2014 2015 2016 Completed buildings All buildings mil. m3 33.62 30.89 31.24 Residential mil. m3 11.63 10.70 10.61 Commercial and office buildings mil. m3 4.79 5.10 5.66 Industrial buildings and warehouses mil. m3 6.89 6.67 7.45 Other mil. m3 10.30 8.41 7.51 Completed dwellings All dwellings number 29 262 28 410 30 234 Detached houses number 8 347 7 666 7 109 Attached houses number 3 515 3 432 3 629 Blocks of flats number 17 125 17 101 18 892 Other than residential buildings number 275 211 604 Volume index of newbuilding 1)

2010 = 100 140

120

100

60 Other than residential buildings All buildings Residential buildings 40 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 1) Incl. building measures new buildings, building expansions and alterations comparable to rebuilding Turnover of construction 2010 = 100, year-on-year change

45 %

Construction of buildings -15 Construction Civil engineering -30 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016* Culture and the Media 7 Public libraries Unit 1970 1980 1) 1990 1) 2000 1) 2010 1) 2016 1) Libraries number 2 903 1 608 1 151 936 843 743 Collections 1 000 . . . . 37 179 40 897 39 655 35 589 Loans 1 000 32 429 72 513 85 714 102 197 96 228 87 369 Borrowers 1 000 1 225 1 842 2 199 2 431 2 089 1 981 Library visits 1 000 . . . . 49 264 63 978 52 647 49 024 1) Excl. Åland Books published in Finland 1970 1) 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Total of books published 3 351 6 511 10 153 11 764 12 017 9 865 Finnish and Swedish books Non-fiction 1 972 4 276 6 352 6 619 5 904 4 283 Fiction 309 453 758 863 1 705 1 716 Translations Into Finnish 822 959 1 562 2 106 2 432 1 789 Into Swedish 27 56 111 88 112 71 1) Books printed in Finland, excl. pamphlets Circulation of the biggest daily newspapers 1) 2000 2010 2015 2016 Helsingin Sanomat, Helsinki 446 972 383 361 267 094 252 058 Aamulehti, Tampere 133 779 131 539 100 231 98 408 Turun Sanomat, Turku 114 086 107 199 84 462 77 598 Kaleva, Oulu 82 842 78 216 60 008 55 600 Keskisuomalainen, Jyväskylä 76 745 68 880 52 672 49 042 Savon Sanomat, Kuopio 67 185 61 546 50 099 47 097 Etelä-Suomen Sanomat, Lahti 62 218 58 400 46 594 43 655 In Swedish: Hufvudstadsbladet, Helsinki 53 605 48 046 30 735 26 837 1) Printed newspapers with valid checked circulation Cinemas, museums and theatres 2000 2010 2014 2015 Cinema halls 343 289 294 311 Seats, 1 000 60 50 51 48 Premieres 176 186 197 202 Visits per inhabitant 1.37 1.41 1.33 1.59 Museums 1) 155 158 152 150 Exhibitions 1 289 1 134 1 146 1 089 Admissions, 1 000 4 881 4 869 5 445 5 605 Theatres 2) 60 59 59 59 Performances 13 837 12 833 12 639 12 511 Tickets sold, 1 000 2 647 2 590 2 252 2 364 1) Museums with full-time personnel, excl. Åland 2) Theatres receiving statutory State subsidy, incl. the Finnish National Theatre and the Finnish National Opera 8 Education Population with educational qualification 1), 2015

Age 70– Males 65–69 60–64 Females 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 Total 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1) Population by age group with a qualification from upper secondary schools, vocational schools and colleges, universities of applied sciences or universities Students and qualifications attained

2013 2014 2015 Students 1) Basic comprehensive school education, compulsory education school 540 477 542 932 546 065 Basic education of adults 2 440 2 112 2 220 Upper secondary general school education 105 898 103 914 104 060 Vocational education 313 972 321 736 325 085 University of applied sciences education 138 880 138 719 139 727 University education 167 179 163 759 157 436 Total 1 268 846 1 273 172 1 274 593 Qualifications attained Leaving certificates from comprehensive school: compulsory education 59 886 58 009 58 284 adult education 478 537 604 Upper secondary general school qualifications 32 125 32 064 31 081 Vocational qualifications 69 206 71 987 74 645 University of applied sciences degrees 2) 24 833 25 002 26 175 University degrees 30 322 31 164 32 718 Total 216 850 218 763 223 507 1) Students in education leading to qualifications 2) Incl. second-cycle university of applied sciences degrees Elections 9 Parliamentary elections 2015

Party Votes % Change Seats from 2011 2015 2011 % points KESK 626 218 21.1 5.3 49 35 KOK 540 212 18.2 -2.2 37 44 PS 524 054 17.7 -1.4 38 39 SDP 490 102 16.5 -2.6 34 42 Green League 253 102 8.5 1.3 15 10 LEFT 211 702 7.1 -1.0 12 14 RKP 144 802 4.9 0.6 9 9 KD 105 134 3.5 -0.5 5 6 Other parties 56 402 1.9 0.3 - - Others 16 731 0.6 0.2 1 1 Total 2 968 459 100 200 200 Females 1 264 405 42.6 0.8 83 85 Voting turnout 1) 70.1% (66.9% incl. Finns resident abroad) Explanations: KESK = Centre Party of Finland, KOK = National Coalition Party, PS = The Finns Party, SDP = The Finnish Social Democratic Party, LEFT = The Left Alliance, RKP = Swedish People’s Party in Finland, KD = Christian Democrats in Finland 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland Voting turnout 1) in parliamentary elections, 1908–2015

% of persons entitled to vote 100

Males 80

60 Females 40

Election year 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland 10 Elections Municipal elections 2017 Party Votes % Party Votes % KOK 531 599 20.7 RKP 125 518 4.9 SDP 498 252 19.4 KD 105 551 4.1 KESK 450 529 17.5 Other parties 32 035 1.2 Green League 320 235 12.5 Others 53 126 2.1 PS 227 297 8.8 Total 2 570 768 100 LEFT 226 626 8.8 Voting turnout 58.9% See page 9 for explanations. Presidential election 2012 1st round on 22 Jan. 2012 2nd round on 5 Feb. 2012 Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Sauli Niinistö 1 131 254 37.0 Sauli Niinistö 1 802 328 62.6 Pekka Haavisto 574 275 18.8 Pekka Haavisto 1 077 425 37.4 Paavo Väyrynen 536 555 17.5 Total 2 879 753 100 Timo Soini 287 571 9.4 Paavo Lipponen 205 111 6.7 Paavo Arhinmäki 167 663 5.5 Eva Biaudet 82 598 2.7 Sari Essayah 75 744 2.5 Total 3 060 771 100 Voting turnout 1) 72.8% Voting turnout 1) 68.9% (69.7% incl. Finns resident abroad) (66.0% incl. Finns resident abroad) Sauli Niinistö was elected President of the Republic in the second round of the elections. 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland European Parliament elections 2014 Party Votes Change in votes Number of cast 2014–2009 Euro-MPs % % points elected KOK 390 376 22.6 -0.6 3 KESK 339 895 19.7 0.6 3 PS 222 457 12.9 3.1 2 SDP 212 781 12.3 -5.2 2 Green League 161 263 9.3 -3.1 1 LEFT 161 074 9.3 3.4 1 RKP 116 747 6.8 0.7 1 KD 90 586 5.2 1.1 - Others 33 115 1.9 0.1 - Total 1 728 294 100 - 13 Females 840 903 48.7 2.2 7 Voting turnout 1) 41.0 0.7 See page 9 for explanations. 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland Energy 11 Total energy consumption 2014 2015 2016* Annual change Petajoule (PJ) % Wood fuels 339 331 346 4.7 Oil 310 309 310 0.3 Nuclear energy 247 244 243 -0.2 Coal 126 101 117 15.6 Natural gas 96 82 75 -9.0 Net imports of electricity 65 59 68 16.0 Hydro power 48 60 56 -5.8 Peat 61 58 55 -4.7 Wind power 4 8 11 31.9 Other energy sources 54 53 53 0.1 Total 1 349 1 305 1 335 2.3 Renewable energy sources, % 1) 33.1 34.8 34.2 0.5 1) Includes, inter alia, wood fuels, hydro and wind power, the biodegradable proportion of recycled fuels Supply and total consumption of electricity 2015 2016* Annual change GWh GWh % % Hydro power 16 584 15 616 23.6 -5.8 Wind power 2 327 3 068 4.6 31.8 Nuclear power 22 326 22 282 33.7 -0.2 Conventional condensing power 4 062 4 393 6.6 8.2 Combined heat and power, industry 8 275 8 958 13.5 8.2 Combined heat and power, district heat 12 554 11 792 17.8 -6.1 Total production 1) 66 129 66 108 100 0.0 Net imports 16 337 18 951 . . Total consumption 82 492 85 059 . 3.1 1) Excl. solar power and small CHP Electricity consumption by sector

GWh 100 000 Transmission and distribution losses 90 000 Services and public consumption 80 000 Households and agriculture 70 000 Industry and construction 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -16* 12 Enterprises Enterprises, 2015 Industry (TOL 2008) Enterprises Personnel Turnover % 1 000 % € million % Agriculture, forestry and fishing 76 246 21.2 54 3.8 2 007 0.5 Manufacturing 20 768 5.8 299 21.0 124 333 32.7 Construction 41 616 11.6 152 10.7 30 270 8.0 Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle 43 695 12.1 240 16.9 114 117 30.0 Transportation and storage 21 102 5.9 123 8.6 22 531 5.9 Accommdation and food service activities 11 781 3.3 57 4.0 6 139 1.6 Information and communication 10 084 2.8 79 5.6 19 193 5.0 Financial and insurance activities 7 660 2.1 41 2.9 - - Real estate activities 25 444 7.1 19 1.3 8 141 2.1 Professional, scientific and technical activities 35 682 9.9 99 6.9 13 810 3.6 Administrative and support service activities 14 063 3.9 123 8.6 10 483 2.8 Human health and social work activities 18 661 5.2 67 4.7 6 059 1.6 Other industries 33 249 9.2 71 5.0 23 434 6.2 All industries 360 051 100 1 423 100 380 516 100 Size of personnel 0– 4 321 887 89.4 263 18.5 45 322 11.9 5– 9 18 983 5.3 123 8.6 20 863 5.5 10– 19 10 136 2.8 135 9.5 28 834 7.6 20– 49 5 816 1.6 174 12.2 47 414 12.5 50– 99 1 741 0.5 119 8.3 30 830 8.1 100–249 916 0.3 140 9.8 48 407 12.7 250–499 307 0.1 108 7.6 30 921 8.1 500–999 156 0.0 105 7.3 38 050 10.0 1 000– 109 0.0 257 18.1 89 875 23.6 Total 360 051 100 1 423 100 380 516 100 Enterprise openings and closures, 2015

Industry (TOL 2008) Enterprise Enterprise Stock of openings closures enterprises % 1) % 1) Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 4 562 7.5 4 712 7.8 60 717 Professional, scientific and technical activities 4 597 8.5 3 837 7.1 53 826 Construction 3 701 7.1 3 745 7.2 52 279 Real estate activities 1 468 5.4 1 040 3.8 27 143 Manufacturing 1 456 5.4 1 506 5.6 27 125 Transportation and storage 869 3.7 1 188 5.0 23 536 Other industries 11 639 8.9 9 366 7.2 130 723 All industries 28 292 7.5 25 394 6.8 375 349 1) Of stock of enterprises Environment and Natural Resources 13 Geographical data Area, km2, 1.1.2017 Highest point, m Area, total 390 908 Halti 1 324 Land area 303 912 Longest river, km Fresh water 34 536 Kemijoki 500 Sea water 52 460 Largest lakes, km2 Boundaries, km Saimaa 1 393 Sweden 614 Päijänne 1 082 Norway 736 Inarijärvi 1 082 Russia 1 340 Oulujärvi 912 Limit of territorial waters 1 250 Pielinen 895 Total 3 940 Largest islands, km2 Greatest length, km a) Sea Hanko – Utsjoki 1 157 Mainland Åland 689 Greatest width, km Kemiönsaari 545 Närpiö – Ilomantsi 542 b) Inland waters Soisalo 1 540 Lakes with an area of 500 m2 or more total about 168 000, of which around 57 000 with an area of over one hectare. Islands with an area of 100 m2 or more total about 187 000. Protected and wilderness areas on 1 January 2017

Number Area, ha Water, % Protected areas 11 037 2 103 615 20.5 National parks 39 990 162 18.1 Strict nature reserves 19 153 522 1.9 Mire reserves 170 463 427 2.6 Herb-rich forest reserves 47 1 133 1.0 Old-growth forest reserves 90 9 834 2.9 Other state-owned protected areas 201 127 404 30.0 Protected areas on private land 10 413 322 489 53.3 Protected areas on Åland 58 35 644 92.4 Wilderness reserves 12 1 489 119 7.5 In addition, the Act on the Protection of Rapids protects a total of 53 individual rapids, river portions or catchment areas against power station construction. Corresponding acts have been passed on the protection of the Ounasjoki and Kyrönjoki rivers. 14 Environment and Natural Resources Weather conditions

Mean daily temperature Number of days with (centigrade) precipitation 1) Helsinki Sodankylä Helsinki Sodankylä (Lapland) (Lapland) 1981– 2016 1981– 2016 1981– 2016 1981– 2016 2010 2010 2010 2010 January -3.9 -8.8 -13.5 -18.1 12 13 9 9 February -4.7 0.3 -12.7 -6.3 8 17 8 15 March -1.3 0.9 -7.5 -4.0 8 4 8 4 April 3.9 4.8 -1.3 1.1 7 12 6 10 May 10.2 13.8 5.3 9.0 7 3 9 7 June 14.6 15.3 11.6 12.0 8 8 10 14 July 17.8 17.8 14.5 16.8 8 10 11 15 August 16.3 16.4 11.7 12.2 10 16 10 16 September 11.5 13.3 6.2 8.5 10 3 9 11 October 6.6 5.6 0.1 1.7 10 4 9 2 November 1.6 0.0 -7.1 -6.1 12 13 10 10 December -2.0 0.2 -11.7 -9.1 11 5 8 9 °F = 9/5°C + 32 1) Precipitation ≥ 1,0 mm Air emissions

Unit 1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 Greenhouse gas 71.3 70.0 75.7 59.1 55.6 emissions, CO2 eq. mil. tons Carbon dioxide 1) mil. tons 52.6 52.8 59.2 43.6 40.0 250 81 67 43 41 Sulphur (as SO2) 1 000 t Nitrogen oxides 1 000 t 299 229 178 141 130 1) Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and peat Greenhouse gas emissions and removals

Mil. t CO2 equivalent 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 Emissions Removals 1) -60 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 1) LULUCF (land use, land use change and forestry) Financing and Insurance 15 Stock of deposits and loans 1) by monetary financial institutions End of year 2015 2016* 2015 2016* € mil. € mil. Interest rate, % Public’s deposits from the euro area 148 085 149 475 0.24 0.13 Non-financial corporations 2) 34 873 33 518 0.08 0.05 Households 3) 81 624 85 092 0.30 0.18 Loans to the public in the euro area 216 571 219 388 1.61 1.46 Non-financial corporations 2) 72 503 76 026 1.63 1.47 Households 3) 121 981 124 931 1.73 1.56 Housing loans 91 955 94 056 1.24 1.07 Consumer credit and other loans 30 026 30 874 3.22 3.04 1) Euro-denominated – 2) Incl. housing corporations – 3) Incl. non-profit institutions serving households Households’ withdrawals of new housing loans 1)

€ million % 30 000 12 New housing loans, € 25 000 10 Average interest rate, % 20 000 8

15 000 6

10 000 4

5 000 2

0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1) Euro-denominated new loans by monetary financial institutions to households in the euro area Financial assets of households

350 € billion Deposits Quoted shares 300 Unquoted shares and Mutual fund shares other equity Other 250 Insurance technical reserves 200

150

100

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 16 Financing and Insurance Market rates of interest, %

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Euribor rates 1 month 1.178 0.325 0.130 0.131 -0.072 -0.338 3 months 1.393 0.571 0.221 0.209 -0.020 -0.264 12 months 2.009 1.108 0.536 0.475 0.167 -0.034 Yields on government bonds 5 years 2.08 0.87 0.81 0.51 0.10 -0.35 10 years 3.00 1.89 1.86 1.44 0.73 0.36

Domestic credit institutions’ profit for the financial year

€ million 3 500 Commercial banks Savings banks 3 000 Co-operative banks Other domestic credit institutions 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 OMX share indices 28.12.1990 = 1 000

1 000 18

15 OMX Helsinki 12

3 OMX Helsinki Cap 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Government Finance 17 Central government budget

Balance Budget 1) Budget Change sheet proposal 2015 2016 2017 2016–2017 € million € million € million € million %

Revenue Taxes and other levies 39 941 40 777 41 564 787 2 On income and property 12 597 12 888 13 049 161 1 On turnover 17 570 17 815 18 111 296 2 Excise duties 6 811 7 059 7 190 131 2 Other taxes 2 851 2 902 3 077 175 6 Other levies 112 113 137 24 21 Miscellaneous revenues 6 147 5 367 5 241 -127 -2 Interest income, income from sale of shares and profits entered as income 2 362 2 448 2 485 37 2 Loans, net 4 927 5 798 5 947 148 3 Total 53 377 54 391 55 236 845 2 Expenditure Parliament 175 163 180 17 11 President of the Republic 16 13 14 0 2 Prime Minister’s Office 183 208 210 3 1 Ministries: Foreign Affairs 1 210 1 048 1 067 19 2 Justice 920 926 916 -11 -1 Interior 1 397 1 710 1 508 -202 -12 Defence 2 692 2 886 2 824 -62 -2 Finance 16 702 17 317 16 967 -350 -2 Education and Culture 6 685 6 801 6 773 -28 -0 Agriculture and Forestry 2 501 2 560 2 545 -14 -1 Transport and Communications 2 957 2 932 3 236 303 10 Economic Affairs and Employment 3 747 2 936 2 928 -8 -0 Social Affairs and Health 12 781 13 115 14 580 1 466 11 Environment 203 202 180 -22 -11 Rents on State debt 1 530 1 573 1 308 -266 -17 Total 53 700 54 391 55 236 845 2 1) Incl. supplementary budget 18 Government Finance General government deficit/surplus and debt

80 % of GDP

60 Debt (EDP) 40

0 Deﬁcit/Surplus (EDP) -20 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -16* Taxes and tax-like payments 1)

2014 2015* 2016* 2014 2015* 2016* At current prices, € million Relative to GDP, % Income taxes 31 479 32 371 32 933 15.3 15.5 15.4 Compulsory social security contributions 26 011 26 639 27 688 12.7 12.7 12.9 Taxes on property 2 719 3 017 3 050 1.3 1.4 1.4 Taxes on goods and services 29 572 29 727 31 002 14.4 14.2 14.5 Other taxes 246 246 262 0.1 0.1 0.1 Total 90 027 92 000 94 935 43.8 43.9 44.3 1) Incl. general government and the institutions of the EU Public development cooperation

Net disbursements Bilateral Multilateral Total % of GNI cooperation cooperation € million € million € million 2005 480.1 245.6 725.7 0.44 2006 390.2 274.5 664.8 0.38 2007 426.6 290.3 716.9 0.38 2008 480.6 327.6 808.2 0.42 2009 568.1 358.4 926.5 0.51 2010 633.5 372.9 1 006.4 0.53 2011 614.1 399.2 1 013.3 0.51 2012 620.8 406.0 1 026.7 0.51 2013 618.0 463.0 1 081.1 0.53 2014 715.7 516.3 1 232.0 0.59 2015 629.1 532.0 1 161.1 *0.55 2016* 573.7 382.0 955.7 0.44 Health 19 Health and medical care 1917 1950 1970 2000 2010 2015 Physicians 645 1 999 4 798 15 905 l 20 306 21 980 Persons per physician 4 844 2 005 964 325 l 264 249 Dentists 209 1 303 2 695 4 794 4 699 5 000 Hospitals 1) 303 456 357 389 271 253 Average stay, days 2) 21.7 12.5 12.8 4.2 3.7 3.5 Pharmacies 252 473 532 595 618 615 1) Excl. institutional hospitals 1917–1970 2) General hospitals Health care expenditure 1)

€ billion (at 2015 prices) 25

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 -15* Specialised health care Pharmaceuticals and other medical non-durables Primary health care 2) Private health care reimbursed Long-term care for the elderly under National Health Insurance 3) and disabled Other health care 1) Excl. investment expenditure 2) Excl. occupational, student and oral health care 3) Excl. long-term care in primary health care and specialised health care Causes of death, 2015 Cause of death Deaths % Males % Females % Diseases of the circulatory system 19 365 37 9 471 37 9 894 37 Neoplasms 12 481 24 6 623 26 5 858 22 Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease 8 580 16 2 717 10 5 863 22 Accidents (excl. accidental poisoning by alcohol) 2 161 4 1 354 5 807 3 Alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol 1 666 3 1 288 5 378 1 Diseases of the respiratory system 1 940 4 1 158 4 782 3 Diseases of the digestive system 1 178 2 538 2 640 2 Suicides 731 1 558 2 173 1 Other causes of death 4 200 8 2 177 8 2 023 8 Deaths total 52 302 100 25 884 100 26 418 100 20 Housing Buildings and free-time residences

1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 1 000 Residential buildings 840 1 005 1 111 1 235 1 278 1 283 Detached houses 773 908 993 1 102 1 139 1 144 Attached houses 23 53 66 76 79 80 Blocks of flats 44 45 52 57 59 59 Other buildings 92 158 189 211 220 222 Free-time residences 252 368 451 489 500 502 Saunas 1) 548 932 1 212 1 502 1 591 1 607 1) Only saunas in flats. The total number of saunas was estimated to be over 2 000 000 at the end of 2015. Household-dwelling units by type and size, 2015 1)

Size of household- All Detached Attached Blocks Other or dwelling unit buildings houses houses of flats unknown 1 person 1 112 342 234 838 158 161 692 350 26 993 2 persons 874 880 410 480 117 481 334 839 12 080 3 persons 285 433 156 032 42 269 83 543 3 589 4 persons 234 939 156 323 32 323 44 212 2 081 5 persons 87 506 64 922 8 730 12 967 887 6+ persons 39 239 30 256 2 543 5 775 665 Total 2 634 339 1 052 851 361 507 1 173 686 46 295 1) A household-dwelling unit consists of all persons occupying the same dwelling on a permanent basis Dwellings by tenure status of dwelling

1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 % Owner-occupied dwelling 66.8 58.1 59.2 58.2 57.9 Rented dwelling 21.6 1) 30.8 1) 29.3 1) 2) 31.0 1) 2) 30.8 Right of occupancy dwelling . . 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 Other form of tenure or unknown 8.4 10.1 10.3 9.4 9.9 1) Incl. official residences and employer-provided dwellings 2) Incl. empty dwellings in buildings inferred as rental buildings Dwellings

Unit 1990 2000 2010 2015 Dwellings 1 000 2 210 2 512 2 808 2 934 Floor area per dwelling m2 74.4 76.5 79.5 80.0 Floor area per person m2 31.4 35.3 39.1 40.1 Overcrowding 1), % of dwelling population % 30.4 23.7 17.9 17.5 1) More than one person per room, excl. kitchen Housing 21 Prices of dwellings 1)

Old blocks of flats New blocks of flats Helsinki region Rest of Finland Helsinki region Rest of Finland Unencumbered average prices, €/m2 2011 3 402 1 616 4 554 2 960 2012 3 511 1 644 5 003 3 140 2013 3 650 1 673 4 974 3 215 2014 3 684 1 689 5 102 3 373 2015 3 721 1 692 5 122 3 403 2016 3 825 1 699 4 980 3 520 1) Data on old dwellings based on the Tax Administration’s data, data on new dwellings based on the largest real estate agents and building contractors Dwellings in old blocks of flats: real price indices

1983 = 100 250

Helsinki region 200

150 Rest of Finland

100

50 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 Prices of real estate

Detached houses Plots for detached houses Average price Real price index Average price Real price index €/m2 2005 = 100 €/m2 2005 = 100 2011 1 508 110.3 18.0 120.4 2012 1 526 107.1 19.6 120.8 2013 1 519 103.9 21.5 122.6 2014 1 505 101.1 23.3 126.3 2015 1 554 101.6 23.2 117.1 2016 1 568 102.4 28.7 121.2 Average rents of rented dwellings

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 €/m2/month Government-subsidised dwellings 10.25 10.64 10.96 11.21 11.38 Non-subsidised dwellings 11.98 12.43 12.84 13.30 13.65 All rented dwellings 11.19 11.61 11.98 12.34 12.61 22 Income and Consumption Income recipients 1) by income bracket, 2015

Income bracket, € Income Income Income Taxes, Taxes recipients subject to total state taxation 1 000 % € million % € million % – 4 999 442 9.5 806 0.6 24 0.1 5 000 – 9 999 457 9.8 3 737 2.8 270 0.9 10 000–14 999 579 12.4 7 261 5.4 587 1.9 15 000–19 999 520 11.2 9 055 6.8 1 211 4.0 20 000 –24 999 468 10.1 10 517 7.9 1 762 5.8 25 000 –29 999 463 10.0 12 737 9.5 2 306 7.6 30 000–34 999 425 9.1 13 773 10.3 2 733 9.0 35 000–39 999 331 7.1 12 357 9.2 2 693 8.9 40 000 –49 999 414 8.9 18 423 13.8 4 467 14.7 50 000 –59 999 218 4.7 11 898 8.9 3 224 10.6 60 000–79 999 190 4.1 12 936 9.7 3 851 12.7 80 000–99 999 69 1.5 6 128 4.6 2 005 6.6 100 000– 78 1.7 14 197 10.6 5 243 17.3 Total 4 655 100 133 826 100 30 378 100 The average taxable income in 2015 was €28 750 per income recipient, €33 193 for males and €24 545 for females. 1) Natural persons At-risk-of-poverty

At-risk-of- At-risk-of- Children in Disposable monetary poverty, poverty rate at-risk-of- income in 2015 money persons poverty At-risk-of-poverty households threshold 1 000 % of population 1 000 €/consumption unit 1) 2000 534 10.5 97 11 140 2001 596 11.6 111 11 510 2002 582 11.3 105 11 830 2003 573 11.1 110 12 100 2004 612 11.9 111 12 650 2005 656 12.7 105 13 130 2006 679 13.1 120 13 230 2007 721 13.8 132 13 680 2008 728 13.9 129 13 880 2009 697 13.2 124 14 140 2010 728 13.7 128 14 290 2011 704 13.2 120 14 350 2012 635 11.9 102 14 320 2013 690 12.8 117 14 380 2014 674 12.5 106 14 270 2015 634 11.7 100 14 220 1) Consumption units were calculated by giving the members of a household the following weights: the first adult 1, other persons aged 14 or over 0.5 and 0 to 13-year-old children 0.3 Income and Consumption 23 Household expenditure

1980 1990 2000 2010 2015* % Housing and energy 18.6 18.2 24.6 26.2 28.2 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 21.3 16.3 12.6 12.1 12.4 Transport 14.4 14.5 13.3 12.3 11.8 Recreation and culture 10.2 11.2 11.3 11.8 10.5 Hotels, cafés and restaurants 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 6.3 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 6.1 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.0 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.4 4.6 Health 6.3 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.5 Clothing and footwear 6.1 5.6 4.6 4.7 4.3 Communications 1.1 1.4 3.1 2.5 2.3 Education 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 Miscellaneous goods and services 7.2 9.8 9.2 8.9 9.7 Total consumption expenditure 100 100 100 100 100

Consumption of selected commodities per person

Unit 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015* Milk products kg 263.0 222.9 193.9 183.3 173.7 Butter kg 11.7 5.5 3.8 3.3 3.4 Margarine kg 7.9 7.6 7.7 . . . . Vegetable oils kg . . 3.3 4.9 5.2 . . Cheese kg 6.6 12.7 16.5 19.0 26.6 Eggs kg 11.7 11.1 10.1 9.8 11.5 Wheat kg 44.7 43.5 45.9 46.4 44.2 Rye kg 20.8 17.4 15.3 16.1 15.6 Rice kg 3.6 4.6 5.6 5.2 5.2 Potatoes kg 59.8 60.3 61.6 . . . . Fresh vegetables kg 21.1 41.5 52.8 56.1 62.4 Fresh fruit kg 49.8 51.0 45.2 47.0 58.2 Meat kg 58.9 64.1 68.3 75.3 78.9 Fish kg . . 18.9 13.2 15.2 . . Coffee 1) kg 10.3 10.2 8.7 8.3 8.6 Sugar kg 36.8 34.7 32.0 31.8 29.3 Tobacco kg 1.2 1.0 0.6 2) 0.6 2) 3) 0.6 Soft drinks and mineral water l . . . . 67.6 61.3 55.7 Beer l 57.3 83.3 78.4 82.8 76.8 Wine l ...... 12.2 11.5 Alcoholic beverages, 100 % l 6.3 7.7 7.0 8.1 3) 7.1 1) Sales of roasted coffee 2) Incl. untaxable consumption 3) Final data 24 Justice Offences 1)

2013 2014 2015 2016 All offences 2) 424 786 417 898 413 233 411 725 Manslaughter, murder, killing 95 101 96 78 Attempted manslaughter, murder or killing 264 327 299 311 Assault 35 515 32 928 33 874 33 769 Sexual exploitation of a child 1 657 1 416 1 230 1 242 Rape 975 1 009 1 052 1 160 Theft 141 395 143 141 138 295 131 432 Robbery 1 524 1 689 1 550 1 673 Damage to property 43 375 42 516 37 619 35 170 Fraud, embezzlement 26 409 26 590 29 003 27 989 Drunken driving 17 994 17 608 17 638 17 308 Offences involving narcotics 22 656 21 781 23 400 25 082 Alcohol-related offences and infractions 4 474 3 686 3 195 2 876 Endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction 444 616 410 398 405 779 411 724 1) Offences recorded by the police, the Finnish Customs and the Finnish Border Guard 2) Excl. endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction Bankruptcy petitions

Number 50 000

Personnel 40 000 Bankruptcies

30 000

20 000

10 000

0 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 -16* Labour Market 25 Population by activity

Unit 2000 2010 2015 2016 Mean population 1 000 5 176 5 363 5 480 5 495 Population aged 15–74 1 000 3 901 4 043 4 102 4 109 Labour force 1 000 2 589 2 672 2 689 2 685 Employed 1 000 2 335 2 447 2 437 2 448 Unemployed 1 000 253 224 252 237 Inactive population 1 000 1 312 1 372 1 413 1 424 Labour force rate % 66.4 66.1 65.6 65.3 Unemployment rate % 9.8 8.4 9.4 8.8 Employment rate (15–64 years of age) % 66.9 67.8 68.1 68.7 Employed 1 000 2 335 2 447 2 437 2 448 Type of employment relationship Part-time work 1 000 286 358 378 399 Full-time work 1 000 2 047 2 087 2 057 2 048 Unknown 1 000 2221 Employer sector Private 1 000 1 692 1 774 1 759 1 783 Local government 1 000 486 510 532 528 Central government 1 000 151 153 136 129 Unknown 1 000 6109 7 Status in employment Self-employed persons and unpaid family workers 1 000 319 328 346 344 Employees 1 000 2 016 2 120 2 090 2 105 Hours worked, million hours 4 019 3 998 3 947 4 012 Employed persons by industry Industry (TOL 2008) 2000 2010 2015 2016 1 000 persons Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying 146 115 109 109 Manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning and water supply; sewerage and waste management 473 388 359 352 Construction 147 172 169 168 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 277 298 290 284 Transportation and storage 152 156 140 137 Accommodation and food service activities 77 83 86 87 Information and communication 89 95 100 106 Financial, insurance and real estate activities 70 71 74 73 Professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 184 250 269 278 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 115 117 106 106 Education 165 174 180 179 Human health and social work activities 326 379 402 404 Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities 109 139 151 145 Industry unknown 612119 25 26 Labour Market Employees by type of employment relationship

All employment relationships Employees, total Permanent Permanent Fixed-term full-time work part-time work work 1 000 persons 2010 2 120 1 581 209 330 2011 2 143 1 585 222 336 2012 2 146 1 588 222 336 2013 2 127 1 580 217 330 2014 2 105 1 558 218 329 2015 2 090 1 549 219 322 2016 2 105 1 545 227 333 Unemployed

1 000 persons 500

400 Total 300 Males 200

Females 100

0 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 -16

Unemployment rate

Total Males Females 15–24 years Long-term 15–74 years of age of age unemployed 1) % % % % % of unemployed 2010 8.4 9.1 7.6 21.4 23.4 2011 7.8 8.4 7.1 20.1 22.4 2012 7.7 8.3 7.1 19.0 21.5 2013 8.2 8.8 7.5 19.9 21.0 2014 8.7 9.3 8.0 20.5 22.8 2015 9.4 9.9 8.8 22.4 24.9 2016 8.8 9.0 8.6 20.1 26.3 1) Unemployed continuously for 12 months or longer

26 Manufacturing 27 Industrial statistics, 2015

Branch of industry (TOL 2008) Establish- Person- Value added ments nel in production 1 000 € million % Whole industry 27 560 321 31 317 100 Mining and quarrying 1 007 6 521 1.7 Manufacturing 23 322 295 26 346 84.1 Food products 1 998 31 2 147 6.9 Beverages 155 3 330 1.1 Textiles 739 3 180 0.6 Wearing apparel 937 2 111 0.4 Leather and related products 195 1 71 0.2 Wood and of products of wood and cork 2 037 18 1 137 3.6 Paper and paper products 270 18 3 068 9.8 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1 093 7 460 1.5 Coke and refined petroleum products 33 3 427 1.4 Chemicals and chemical products 401 12 1 829 5.8 Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 42 4 1 070 3.4 Rubber and plastic products 627 12 947 3.0 Other non-metallic mineral products 984 12 914 2.9 Basic metals 189 13 1 317 4.2 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 4 789 37 2 413 7.7 Computer, electronic and optical products 632 21 2 476 7.9 Electrical equipment 502 15 1 450 4.6 Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 1 589 41 3 414 10.9 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 261 7 446 1.4 Other transport equipment 394 7 383 1.2 Furniture 955 6 303 1.0 Other manufacturing 1 350 4 238 0.8 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 3 150 19 1 215 3.9 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 1 398 11 3 331 10.6 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activites 1 833 9 1 119 3.6

Volume index of industrial output 2010 = 100

Branch of industry (TOL 2008) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* Total industry (BCDE) 99.6 96.5 94.7 93.8 95.8 Forest industry (16–17) 94.6 94.5 93.1 92.6 93.0 Chemical industry (19–22) 106.2 105.8 107.2 108.9 112.3 Metal industry (24–30) 102.3 96.3 95.0 93.5 95.8 Electronics and electrical industry (26–27) 90.4 80.3 76.3 70.8 70.4 28 National Accounts Gross domestic product at market prices

At current prices At reference Annual change year 2010 prices in volume € billion €/inhabitant € billion % 2010 187.1 34 885 187.1 3.0 2011 196.9 36 536 191.9 2.6 2012 199.8 36 903 189.2 -1.4 2013 203.3 37 385 187.7 -0.8 2014 205.5 37 615 186.6 -0.6 2015* 209.5 38 228 187.1 0.3 2016* 214.1 38 959 189.6 1.4

National balance of supply and demand

2014 2015* 2016* € billion % € billion % € billlion % Supply GDP 205.5 72.4 209.5 72.9 214.1 73.2 Imports 78.4 27.6 77.8 27.1 78.3 26.8 Total supply 283.9 100 287.3 100 292.3 100 Demand Exports 76.5 26.9 77.2 26.9 75.7 25.9 Consumption expenditure 164.3 57.9 166.8 58.1 170.7 58.4 – private 113.6 40.0 115.8 40.3 118.8 40.6 – government 50.7 17.9 51.1 17.8 51.9 17.7 Gross fixed capital formation 42.2 14.9 42.9 14.9 45.8 15.7 – private 33.6 11.9 34.7 12.1 37.5 12.8 – government 8.6 3.0 8.2 2.8 8.3 2.8 Changes in inventories, acquisition of valuables 0.8 0.3 1.4 0.5 1.2 0.4 Total demand 283.9 100 288.3 100 293.3 100

Net national income 2014 2015* 2016* € billion % € billion % € billion % Wages and salaries 1) 82.4 49.1 83.3 48.5 84.6 47.9 Employers’ social contributions 19.1 11.4 19.4 11.3 19.9 11.3 Net property and entre- preneurial income 39.5 23.5 42.0 24.5 43.8 24.8 Taxes on production and imports received by general government less subsidies paid by general government 26.9 16.0 26.9 15.7 28.2 16.0 Net national income 167.9 100 171.5 100 176.5 100 1) Incl. wages and salaries receivable from the rest of the world, net National Accounts 29 Industries’ value added as a proportion of gross value added, %

Industry (TOL 2008) 2012 2013 2014 2015* Agriculture, forestry and fishing 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.5 Mining and quarrying 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 Manufacturing 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.0 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 Construction 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.4 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 Transportation and storage 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 Accommodation and food service activities 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 Information and communication 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.8 Financial and insurance activities 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.9 Real estate activities 11.6 12.0 12.2 12.7 Professional, scientific and technical activities 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 Administrative and support service activities 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.2 Education 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 Human health and social work activities 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 Arts, entertainment and recreation 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Other service activities 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Gross domestic product at basic prices 100 100 100 100 Primary production 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.5 Secondary production 27.0 27.0 26.8 26.9 Services 70.2 70.0 70.4 70.6 Structural change of the economy

% of gross value added 100

80 Services

20 Primary production Secondary production

0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2015* 30 National Accounts Households’ indebtedness ratio and savings ratio

As % of disposable income 150 Households' indebtedness ratio 120 incl. households' share of the debts of housing companies 90

30 Households' savings ratio 0

-30 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -15*-16* Current account 1)

15 € billion % 15 Current account, € 12 12 Current account, % of GDP 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 0 -3 -3 -6 -6 -9 -9 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -15* -16* 1) According to National Accounts Finland’s foreign assets and liabilities, € billion

Stock at year-end 2013 2014 2015* 2016* Assets 648.9 713.4 700.5 693.7 Finnish direct investments abroad 136.2 127.1 131.1 145.8 Finnish investments in foreign securities 251.6 285.7 292.1 307.8 Other investments abroad 167.6 167.0 167.9 141.7 Financial derivatives 85.3 124.8 100.3 88.4 Exchange reserves 8.2 8.8 9.2 9.9 Liabilities 641.1 719.9 699.4 678.4 Foreign direct investments in Finland 95.2 107.7 120.1 108.7 Foreign investments in Finnish securities 263.9 291.8 298.2 305.8 Other investments from abroad 201.7 202.7 184.0 178.2 Financial derivatives 80.3 117.8 97.1 85.6 Population 31

Population structure on 31 December Population Unit 1900 1920 1950 1990 2000 2016 Total 1 000 2 656 3 365 4 030 4 998 5 181 5 503 Males 1 000 1 311 1 660 1 926 2 426 2 529 2 712 Females 1 000 1 345 1 705 2 104 2 572 2 652 2 791 Age 0–14 years % 35.0 31.7 30.0 19.3 18.1 16.2 15–64 years % 59.6 62.2 63.3 67.2 66.9 62.9 65– years % 5.4 6.1 6.7 13.5 15.0 20.9 Language 1) 2) Finnish % 86.8 81.9 91.1 93.5 92.4 88.3 Swedish % 12.9 10.1 8.6 5.9 5.6 5.3 Lappish % 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Russian % 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.4 Other % 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.4 5.1 Marital status Single % 60.9 63.3 53.3 45.5 47.1 48.2 Males % 63.0 65.7 55.6 49.5 51.1 52.1 Females % 58.9 60.9 50.8 41.7 43.2 44.5 Married 3) % 33.6 30.6 39.4 41.6 38.3 36.3 Males % 34.0 31.0 41.2 42.8 39.2 36.8 Females % 33.2 30.3 38.0 40.5 37.5 35.8 Divorced and widowed 3) % 5.5 6.1 7.2 12.9 14.6 15.5 Males % 3.0 3.3 3.2 7.6 9.7 11.1 Females % 7.9 8.8 11.2 17.8 19.3 19.7 Religion Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland % 4) 98.1 98.1 95.0 87.8 85.1 72.0 Greek Orthodox Church % 5) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 Other % 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.6 Census register or unknown % - 0.0 2.8 10.2 12.7 25.3 1) Finnish and Swedish are the official languages 2) Population present in 1920 3) In 2016 including registered partnerships 4) Incl. other Lutheran churches 5) Incl. other Orthodox churches Population projection

Unit 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Population 1 000 5 595 5 769 5 861 5 914 5 979 0–14 years % 16.2 15.3 14.8 14.6 14.3 15–64 years % 61.2 59.1 58.9 58.1 56.9 65– years % 22.6 25.6 26.3 27.3 28.8 32 Population Demographic dependency ratio by municipality, 2016

Persons aged under 15 and Rovaniemi 65 or over per 100 working age persons (15–64-year-olds) 45– 65 66– 73 74– 79 80–104 Oulu Whole country 59

Kajaani Kokkola

Vaasa Seinäjoki Kuopio Joensuu Jyväskylä 0 50 100 km N Mikkeli Pori Tampere

Hämeenlinna Lappeenranta Kouvola Lahti Turku Maarianhamina Helsinki

Regional division as on 1 January 2017 Population 33 Age structure of population on 31 December

1917 2016 Total population 3 134 300 Total population 5 503 297 Males 1 540 700 Males 2 712 327 Females 1 593 600 Females 2 790 970

Age Males Females 100– 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5– 9 0– 4 200 000 100 000 0 100 000 200 000 1917 2016 In 2016 the mean age of males was 41.1 years and that of females 43.8 years. The age of 100 years or more had been reached by 815 persons, 135 of whom were males and 680 females. Vital statistics

2000 ‰ 1) 2010 ‰ 1) 2016 ‰ 1) Live births 56 742 11.0 60 980 11.4 52 814 9.6 Deaths 49 339 9.5 50 887 9.5 53 923 9.8 Excess of births 7 403 1.4 10 093 1.9 -1 109 -0.2 Immigration 16 895 3.3 25 636 4.8 34 905 6.4 Emigration 14 311 2.8 11 905 2.2 18 082 3.3 Net immigration 2 584 0.5 13 731 2.6 16 823 3.1 Population growth 9 813 1.9 23 849 4.4 15 989 2.9 Marriages 26 150 5.1 29 952 5.6 24 464 4.5 Registered partnerships . . 322 0.1 251 0.0 Divorces 13 913 2.7 13 619 2.5 13 541 2.5 Divorces from registered partnerships . . 64 0.0 127 0.0 1) Per 1 000 mean population 34 Population Population by origin, country of birth and language, 2016*

Population 31.12.2016 5 503 297 1)

Persons with Finnish background 5 138 510

Country of birth Country of birth Finland foreign countries 5 087 809 50 701

Mother tongue: Mother tongue: Finnish 4 802 149 Finnish 38 266 Swedish 277 224 Swedish 6 643 Sami 1 898 Sami 30 Other language 6 538 Other language 5 762

Persons with foreign background 364 787

Country of birth Country of birth Finland foreign countries 57 947 306 840

Mother tongue: Mother tongue: Finnish 10 539 Finnish 6 841 Swedish 982 Swedish 4 691 Sami 9 Sami 32 Other language 46 417 Other language 295 276

1) Final data Population 35 Population by language

2013 2014 2015 2016 Finnish 4 869 362 4 868 751 4 865 628 4 857 795 Swedish 290 910 290 747 290 161 289 540 Sami 1 930 1 949 1 957 1 969 Other languages: Russian 66 379 69 614 72 436 75 444 Estonian 42 936 46 195 48 087 49 241 Arabic 13 170 14 825 16 713 21 783 Somali 15 789 16 721 17 871 19 059 English 15 570 16 732 17 784 18 758 Kurdish 10 075 10 731 11 271 12 226 Chinese 9 496 10 110 10 722 11 334 Persian 7 281 8 103 8 745 10 882 Albanian 8 214 8 754 9 233 9 791 Vietnamese 6 991 7 532 8 273 9 248 Thai 7 513 8 038 8 582 9 047 Spanish 6 022 6 583 7 025 7 449 Turkish 6 441 6 766 7 082 7 403 German 5 902 6 059 6 168 6 256 Polish 4 060 4 459 4 794 5 081 Others 63 229 69 084 74 776 80 991 Total 5 451 270 5 471 753 5 487 308 5 503 297

Foreigners in Finland

Country of 2015 % 2016 % Annual citizenship change, % Estonia 50 367 21.9 51 499 21.1 2.2 Russia 30 813 13.4 30 970 12.7 0.5 Iraq 7 073 3.1 9 813 4.0 38.7 China 8 042 3.5 8 480 3.5 5.4 Sweden 8 174 3.6 8 040 3.3 -1.6 Thailand 7 229 3.1 7 487 3.1 3.6 Somalia 7 261 3.2 7 018 2.9 -3.3 Afghanistan 3 741 1.6 5 294 2.2 41.5 Viet Nam 4 552 2.0 5 253 2.2 15.4 India 4 992 2.2 5 016 2.1 0.5 Turkey 4 595 2.0 4 654 1.9 1.3 United Kingdom 4 427 1.9 4 562 1.9 3.0 Poland 3 959 1.7 4 192 1.7 5.9 Germany 4 112 1.8 4 149 1.7 0.9 Ukraine 3 392 1.5 3 761 1.5 10.9 Others 77 036 33.5 83 451 34.3 8.3 Total 229 765 100 243 639 100 6.0 36 Population Finnish citizenships granted 1)

Country of previous 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 citizenship Russia 1 652 2 477 2 103 2 317 1 728 2 028 Somalia 96 609 814 834 955 1 066 Iraq 106 457 521 405 560 534 Estonia 302 521 436 382 420 459 Afghanistan 100 510 479 251 242 376 Turkey 166 278 271 257 229 264 Viet Nam 82 150 150 114 146 225 Iran, Islamic Republic of 145 451 341 219 140 222 Sweden 196 190 146 186 165 206 India 76 117 99 152 137 193 Thailand 50 75 104 125 150 193 Nigeria 18 75 87 111 179 175 Ukraine 95 148 157 141 145 163 Congo, the Democratic Republic of the 20 100 122 150 131 150 Pakistan 50 91 105 121 135 143 Others 1 404 2 838 2 995 2 495 2 459 2 978 Total 4 558 9 087 8 930 8 260 7 921 9 375 1) Persons permanently resident in Finland Asylum-seekers and refugees

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asylum-seekers 3 129 3 238 3 651 32 476 5 651 Decisions on asylum 1) Asylum granted 553 556 501 1 112 4 111 Residence permit granted 2) 1 048 1 271 845 767 2 864 No asylum or residence permit granted 1 738 1 903 2 050 1 307 12 969 Family reunification Positive decisions 611 875 1 094 986 1 179 Negative decisions 1 030 1 692 1 035 406 283 Quota 750 750 1 050 1 050 750 Refugees placed in municipalities 3) 4) 1 431 1 782 2 204 1 815 3 734 1) Decisions of the Finnish Immigration Service 2) Incl. residence permits granted on the basis of humanitarian and subsidiary protection 3) Refugees by quota, asylum-seekers having received a favourable decision and persons admitted under the family reunification scheme 4) Excl. refugees who moved independently from reception centres to municipalities Population 37 Life expectancy at birth

Years 90

85 Girls 80

75 Boys 70

60 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -15-16*

Families, 2015

All With With Persons families children children per aged aged family 0–17 0–6 Total of families 1 475 335 571 470 287 300 2.8 Year-on-year change, % 0.1 -0.4 -0.6 . Family type: Married couple without children 528 539 . . 2.0 Married couple with children 424 185 339 342 172 079 4.0 Cohabiting couple without children 215 620 . . 2.0 Cohabiting couple with children 122 657 110 891 70 863 3.7 Mother with children 150 274 103 972 40 815 2.5 Father with children 31 452 16 661 3 097 2.3 Registered male couple 1) 1 023 8 3 2.0 Registered female couple 1) 1 585 596 443 2.6 1) Incl. registered partnerships with children

Families and families with children by the number of children, 2015

Number of children under 18 1234–Total Children in families 245 871 441 220 227 532 138 821 1 053 444 % 23.3 41.9 21.6 13.2 100 Families with children 245 871 220 610 75 844 29 145 571 470 % 43.0 38.6 13.3 5.1 100 38 Population Area, population and GDP by region

Region Land Population Change, GDP 2) GDP per area, km2 % € million capita 3) 1.1.2017 31.12.2016 1) 2016 1) 2014* 2014* Mainland Finland: 302 359 5 474 083 0.3 204 044 100 Uusimaa 9 097 1 638 293 1.1 78 434 131 Varsinais-Suomi 10 663 475 543 0.3 16 206 91 Satakunta 7 820 221 740 -0.5 7 882 94 Kanta-Häme 5 199 173 781 -0.5 5 489 83 Pirkanmaa 12 585 509 356 0.6 17 337 92 Päijät-Häme 5 125 201 685 0.0 6 225 82 Kymenlaakso 5 149 177 659 -0.6 5 844 86 South Karelia 5 327 130 506 -0.5 4 915 99 Etelä-Savo 14 257 148 975 -0.9 4 497 79 Pohjois-Savo 16 768 247 776 -0.1 7 719 83 North Karelia 17 761 164 085 -0.4 4 917 79 Central Finland 16 703 276 196 0.2 8 372 81 South Ostrobothnia 13 444 191 860 -0.4 5 908 81 Ostrobothnia 7 753 181 441 -0.1 6 855 101 Central Ostrobothnia 5 020 69 027 0.0 2 380 92 North Ostrobothnia 36 815 411 150 0.3 12 851 84 Kainuu 20 197 74 803 -0.7 2 071 72 Lapland 92 674 180 207 -0.4 6 078 89 Åland 1 553 29 214 0.8 1 320 122 Whole country 303 912 5 503 297 0.3 205 364 100 1) Regional division as on 1 January 2017 2) Gross domestic product at market prices. Regional division as on 1 January 2016. 3) Whole country = 100 Population in the largest municipalities 1)

Population Change, % Population Change, % 31.12.2016 2016 31.12.2016 2016 Helsinki 635 181 1.1 Seinäjoki 62 052 0.8 Espoo 274 583 1.8 Mikkeli 54 517 -0.3 Tampere 228 274 1.4 Kotka 54 187 -0.2 Vantaa 219 341 2.2 Salo 53 546 -0.6 Oulu 200 526 1.0 Porvoo 50 144 0.4 Turku 187 604 0.9 Kokkola 47 723 0.3 Jyväskylä 138 850 1.1 Lohja 47 149 -0.4 Lahti 119 452 0.6 Hyvinkää 46 596 0.3 Kuopio 117 740 0.7 Nurmijärvi 42 010 0.3 Kouvola 85 306 -0.6 Järvenpää 41 529 1.5 Pori 85 059 -0.4 Rauma 39 614 -0.5 Joensuu 75 848 0.4 Kirkkonummi 39 033 1.0 Lappeenranta 72 872 0.0 Tuusula 38 588 0.3 Hämeenlinna 67 850 -0.2 Kajaani 37 521 -0.3 Vaasa 67 620 0.0 Kerava 35 511 0.6 Rovaniemi 62 231 0.6 Savonlinna 35 242 -0.8 1) The total number of municipalities 311. Regional division as on 1 January 2017. Prices and Costs 39 Consumer price index

2010 = 100 2015 = 100 2015 2016 2016 Total index 108.8 109.2 100.4 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 115.7 114.4 98.9 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 116.0 117.2 101.0 Clothing and footwear 102.8 102.1 99.4 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 110.7 111.3 100.5 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 105.7 105.3 99.7 Health 109.3 116.8 106.8 Transport 107.1 106.9 99.8 Communication 83.1 83.8 100.8 Recreation and culture 100.2 99.6 99.4 Education 113.1 115.7 102.3 Restaurants and hotels 115.5 117.5 101.7 Miscellaneous goods and services 111.0 110.7 99.7 Inflation

Consumer price index: average annual change

% 20

-5 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -16

Cost-of-living index 1951:10 = 100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 Total index 138 223 651 1 248 1 501 1 751 1 906 1 913 Producer price indices 2010 = 100

2013 2014 2015 2016 Basic price index for domestic supply 109.9 108.4 104.9 103.3 Export price index 103.6 102.5 101.1 98.2 Import price index 108.9 106.5 100.1 96.6 Basic price index for domestic supply, incl. taxes 112.2 111.0 108.0 106.7 Producer price index 106.6 105.6 103.6 101.2 40 Prices and Costs Coefficients for monetary value 2016 = 1.000

The coefficients can be used to convert the Finnish markka used in 1917–2001 and the euro of the years 2002–2015 into 2016 euro 1917 1) 1.2454 2000 0.2144 2009 1.1056 1920 1) 0.4160 2001 0.2090 2010 1.0923 1930 0.3452 2002 1.2235 2011 1.0557 1940 0.2995 2003 1.2129 2012 1.0269 1950 0.0394 2004 1.2106 2013 1.0119 1960 0.0233 2005 1.2003 2014 1.0015 1970 1.4453 2006 1.1795 2015 1.0036 1980 0.4943 2007 1.1506 2016 1.0000 1990 0.2577 2008 1.1057 1) The data are unofficial Building cost index

Total index 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2015 = 100 . . . 100.0 100.5 2010 = 100 105.8 106.9 107.9 108.5 109.0 2000 = 100 134.9 136.3 137.7 138.4 139.1 1964 = 100 1 225.1 1 237.4 1 249.8 1 256.1 1 262.5 Year-on-year change, % 2.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 Selected mean prices Unit 2013 2014 2015 2016 € Low fat milk l 1.05 1.10 1.03 1.01 Butter 500 g 3.06 2.87 2.48 2.46 Cheese, Emmenthal kg 14.13 14.02 14.52 13.85 Eggs kg 4.25 3.68 3.60 3.45 Potatoes kg 0.94 0.87 0.93 0.97 Macaroni 400 g 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.38 Wheat flour 2 kg 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.32 Minced beef kg 10.68 10.20 10.11 9.95 Beef roast kg 16.88 16.74 16.21 16.07 Chicken breast fillet kg 13.75 13.47 13.18 13.02 Sausage kg 4.80 4.94 4.64 4.30 Rainbow trout, whole kg 9.04 9.56 8.50 9.70 Tuna fish, tinned 150 g 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.79 Coffee, packaged 500 g 3.56 3.59 3.87 3.66 Caster sugar kg 1.13 1.08 0.93 0.89 Pot-grown lettuce ea. 1.12 1.10 1.16 1.13 Tomatoes kg 3.08 3.25 3.19 3.03 Cucumbers kg 2.77 2.57 2.50 2.47 Oranges kg 1.61 1.53 1.55 1.61 Bananas kg 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.48 Petrol 95 E10 l 1.64 1.61 1.46 1.38 Cinema ticket ea. 11.12 11.22 11.36 11.77 Science, Technology and Information Society 41 Research and development expenditure

2014 2015 2016 1) € million % € million % € million % Business enterprises 4 410 67.7 4 047 66.7 3 998 67.0 Public sector 2) 613 9.4 543 8.9 539 9.0 University sector 3) 1 490 22.9 1 481 24.4 1 433 24.0 Total 6 512 100 6 071 100 5 970 100 as % of GDP 3.2 *2.9 4) 2.8 1) Estimate based on survey responses and other calculations 2) Incl. private non-profit sector 3) Incl. university hospitals and universities of applied sciences 4) Ministry of Finance’s forecast Use of information and communications technology by individuals

2013 2014 2015 2016 % of population aged 16 to 89 Internet users 1) 85 86 86 88 Uses the Internet several times per day 61 64 67 72 Smartphone in own use 56 63 69 72 Made online purchases 1) 44 48 45 44 1) In the past three months Prevalence of equipment and connections in households 1)

2014 2015 2016 % of households Flat screen TV 81 85 86 Full HD TV 49 53 58 Smart TV 19 24 30 TV pay card 26 25 22 IPTV 14 17 20 Home theatre 22 22 22 Digital camera 2) 63 60 56 Camera copter . . . . 2 PC 90 90 91 Laptop 78 78 79 Tablet 39 51 56 Printer or scanner 60 61 58 Mobile broadband 57 67 68 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 54 62 66 Wearable smart device 51318 Landline telephone (subscription) 12 9 9 Smartphone 69 76 82 GPS tracking device in car 35 32 32 1) The age of the household target person is between 15 and 74 2) Incl. digital video camera 42 Social Protection Social protection expenditure by function

2013 2014 2015 € million % € million % € million % Sickness and health 15 223 24.0 15 421 23.5 15 257 23.0 Disability 6 927 10.9 6 971 10.6 6 752 10.2 Old age 23 631 37.3 24 837 37.9 25 909 39.1 Survivors 1 802 2.8 1 803 2.8 1 754 2.6 Family and children 6 541 10.3 6 550 10.0 6 618 10.0 Unemployment 4 597 7.3 5 249 8.0 5 561 8.4 Housing 1 138 1.8 1 240 1.9 1 450 2.2 Other social protection 1 814 2.9 1 845 2.8 1 849 2.8 Administration 1 645 2.6 1 637 2.5 1 153 1.7 Total 63 317 100 65 553 100 66 301 100 as % of GDP 31.1 31.9 31.6

Pension beneficiaries

Pension category 2013 2014 2015 2016 Old-age pension 1 209 645 1 237 541 1 270 408 1 299 958 Unemployment pension 5 257 380 - - Disability pension 241 872 232 475 221 952 214 046 Part-time pension 20 433 16 057 12 066 10 388 Special pensions for farmers 18 304 16 811 15 322 13 615 Surviving spouse’s pension 259 932 258 354 256 330 254 437 Orphan’s pension 20 407 19 638 18 885 18 310 Total 1) 1 513 122 1 525 317 1 540 972 1 558 900 1) The same individual may be the beneficiary of more than one type of pension Total pension distribution among pension beneficiaries 1) on 31 December 2016

Total pension All beneficiaries Males Females €/month % % % 0– 799 165 814 11.4 64 787 9.9 101 027 12.7 800–1 099 257 033 17.7 89 542 13.7 167 491 21.1 1 100–1 399 297 598 20.5 109 012 16.6 188 586 23.8 1 400–1 699 213 618 14.7 92 561 14.1 121 057 15.3 1 700–1 999 168 739 11.6 83 398 12.7 85 341 10.8 2 000–2 299 114 608 7.9 63 475 9.7 51 133 6.4 2 300–2 599 74 251 5.1 43 999 6.7 30 252 3.8 2 600–2 899 49 228 3.4 30 731 4.7 18 497 2.3 2 900–3 199 31 536 2.2 20 962 3.2 10 574 1.3 3 200– 76 535 5.3 57 331 8.7 19 204 2.4 Total 1 448 960 100 655 798 100 793 162 100 Average pension, €/month 1 632 1 848 1 453 1) Finnish residents receiving old-age, disability, unemployment and special farmer’s pension Trade 43 Domestic trade (TOL 2008)

Volume indices of motor vehicle sale, wholesale and retail trade 2010 = 100 140

120

100

60 Retail trade 40 Sale of motor vehicles Wholesale trade 20 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 -16*

Turnover of trade 2013 2014 2015 € million % € million % € million % Sale of cars 14 623 12 14 901 13 15 178 13 Wholesale trade 1) 70 014 57 63 935 55 61 468 54 Retail trade 1) 38 565 31 38 010 33 37 471 33 Total 123 201 100 116 846 100 114 117 100 1) Excl. motor vehicles and motorcycles Imports, exports and trade balance

€ billion 80

60 Exports

40 Imports 20 Trade balance

-20 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016* 44 Trade Foreign trade, 2016*

Imports Exports Trade balance € million % € million % € million Main trading partners Germany 8 161 14.9 6 815 13.1 -1 347 Sweden 6 147 11.2 5 570 10.7 -577 Russia 6 141 11.2 2 975 5.7 -3 166 China 4 059 7.4 2 680 5.2 -1 380 Netherlands 3 341 6.1 3 484 6.7 143 France 2 228 4.1 1 586 3.1 -641 United States 2 106 3.8 3 919 7.6 1 813 Estonia 1 655 3.0 1 493 2.9 -162 United Kingdom 1 647 3.0 2 493 4.8 846 Poland 1 618 2.9 1 410 2.7 -208 Other countries 17 766 32.4 19 442 37.5 1 676 Total 54 868 100 51 866 100 -3 002

Trade by economic bloc and continent EU28 34 143 62.2 30 677 59.1 -3 466 Euro area 21 822 39.8 19 393 37.4 -2 429 Rest of Europe 8 467 15.4 6 423 12.4 -2 044 Asia 7 576 13.8 7 375 14.2 -201 Africa 585 1.1 1 249 2.4 664 North and Middle America 2 865 5.2 4 725 9.1 1 860 South America 1 097 2.0 936 1.8 -161 Oceania 135 0.2 480 0.9 346 OECD 37 821 68.9 37 526 72.4 -296 Developing countries 8 681 15.8 8 526 16.4 -155

Imports and exports by products by activity (CPA 2008) Imports € million % Chemical industry products 10 025 18.3 Electric and electronics industry products 8 041 14.7 Transport equipment 5 950 10.8 Products from mining and quarrying 5 649 10.3 Machinery and equipment 5 074 9.2 Other 20 130 36.7 Exports Forest industry products 11 356 21.9 Chemical industry products 10 229 19.7 Metal and metal products 7 473 14.4 Machinery and equipment 6 940 13.4 Electric and electronics industry products 6 327 12.2 Other 9 541 18.4 Transport and Tourism 45 Transport

Unit 2010 2014 2015 2016 Transport network km Length of railway line 1) km 5 919 5 944 l 5 923 5 926 Length of tram line km 91 96 96 97 Length of underground line km 21 21 21 21 Highways 2) km 78 162 78 071 77 989 77 982 Coastal waterways km 10 073 10 111 10 278 10 383 Inland waterways km 9 747 9 812 9 811 9 820 Passengers by mode of transport Railway transport mil. 69.0 68.3 l 76.0 l 82.1 Tramway transport mil. 54.5 55.5 55.2 56.6 Underground transport mil. 57.1 62.1 62.9 64.1 Bus and motor coach transport 3) mil. 339.8 349.4 *347.6 . . Taxi traffic mil. 57.0 54.4 *53.3 . . Water transport 4) mil. 21.7 22.3 22.7 23.6 Air transport 4) mil. 16.5 19.7 20.1 20.8 Domestic passenger transport performance, passenger km Railway transport mil. 3 959 3 874 l 4 113 l 3 868 Tramway transport mil. 113 122 122 125 Underground transport mil. 417 392 396 404 Bus and motor coach transport mil. 7 540 7 540 . . . . Coastal transport mil. 126 126 132 132 Inland water transport mil. 15 7 5 6 Air transport mil. 1 078 ...... Passenger car transport mil. 64 745 65 520 66 297 l 57 007 Domestic goods transport performance, freight tonne km Railway transport mil. 9 750 9 597 8 468 9 445 Road transport mil. 25 401 20 297 21 433 24 586 Coastal transport mil. 3 635 2 015 2 185 2 166 Inland water transport mil. 246 294 248 165 1) State railway line 2) Roads maintained by the Finnish Transport Agency (31 Dec.), excl. ramps and ferry routes 3) Includes charter transport but not private transport 4) National and international Registered vehicles on 31 December

1990 2000 2010 1) 2016 1) Passenger cars 1 938 856 2 134 728 2 877 484 3 346 005 per 1 000 inhabitants 388 412 535 608 Lorries and vans 264 157 304 318 464 408 582 060 Buses, coaches 9 327 9 852 13 650 17 536 Special automobiles 20 719 16 924 12 646 11 552 Total 2 233 059 2 465 822 3 368 188 3 957 153 per 1 000 inhabitants 447 476 627 719 Motorcycles 60 170 90 877 226 877 265 960 Tractors 316 870 332 584 376 807 424 658 Snowmobiles 2) . . 90 511 121 976 146 056 1) Incl. vehicles temporarily decommissioned from traffic 2) Excl. Åland 46 Transport and Tourism Automobile stock

1 000 4 500

3 750 All automobiles 3 000

2 250

1 500 Passenger cars

750

0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -16

Average age of passenger cars in traffic

12.0 Years

11.5

11.0

10.5

10.0

9.5

9.0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Traffic accidents 2013 2014 2015 2016* Road traffic accidents Involving personal injury 5 334 5 324 5 185 4 724 Fatal 244 208 246 231 Drink-related accidents 561 535 507 505 Deaths 258 229 270 250 Persons injured 6 681 6 705 6 408 5 886 Water traffic accidents 1 666 1 932 1 948 . . Deaths 47 53 40 48 Air traffic accidents 14 7 14 4 Deaths 711- - Transport and Tourism 47 Number of overnight stays by foreigners at accommodation establishments 1)

Country of 2015 % 2016 % Annual change, % domicile Russia 782 848 14.2 697 596 12.1 -10.9 Sweden 549 870 10.0 549 292 9.5 -0.1 Germany 543 294 9.9 540 342 9.4 -0.5 United Kingdom 471 869 8.6 500 738 8.7 6.1 France 230 090 4.2 249 997 4.3 8.7 United States 202 546 3.7 231 708 4.0 14.4 China 181 862 3.3 231 573 4.0 27.3 Japan 203 411 3.7 214 495 3.7 5.4 Estonia 188 899 3.4 193 376 3.4 2.4 Norway 185 995 3.4 180 851 3.1 -2.8 Other 1 969 666 35.7 2 181 307 37.8 10.7 Total 5 510 350 100 5 771 275 100 4.7 1) Accommodation establishments with at least 20 bed places or caravan pitches with electrical connection points, as well as hostels Finns’ leisure trips abroad 1)

Country of 2015 % 2016 % Annual change, % destination Estonia 1 530 000 24.8 1 480 000 24.3 -3.3 Spain 650 000 10.6 740 000 12.1 13.8 Sweden 610 000 9.9 710 000 11.6 16.4 Germany 330 000 5.4 270 000 4.4 -18.2 Russia 240 000 3.9 270 000 4.4 12.5 Italy 230 000 3.7 260 000 4.3 13.0 United Kingdom 200 000 3.2 210 000 3.4 5.0 Greece 240 000 3.9 180 000 3.0 -25.0 Norway 190 000 3.1 150 000 2.5 -21.1 United States 120 000 1.9 150 000 2.5 25.0 Other 1 820 000 29.5 1 680 000 27.5 -7.7 Total 6 160 000 100 6 100 000 100 -1.0 1) Trips with overnight stays in destination country made by the population aged 15 to 84 Travel account

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* € million Income 2 301 2 745 3 021 3 049 2 764 2 307 2 454 Expenses 3 251 3 502 3 805 3 985 3 979 4 305 4 672 Net -950 -758 -785 -936 -1 215 -1 998 -2 218 48 Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs Index of wage and salary earnings Index Annual change, % 2010 = 100 Nominal Real 2015 2016* 2015 2016* 2015 2016* Total 111.3 112.6 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.8 Private sector 111.4 112.7 1.5 1.2 1.8 0.8 Local government 110.2 111.3 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.6 Central government 114.0 115.9 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.3 Men 110.4 111.7 1.3 1.1 1.5 0.8 Women 112.0 113.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.9 Index of wage and salary earnings, average annual changes % 25

20 Index of wage and salary earnings 15

0 Index of real wage and salary earnings -5

-10 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -16* Total earnings by level of education and age 1), 2015

Median of total earnings, €/month 7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000 Age –20 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69 Doctorate or equivalent level Lowest level tertiary tertiary education education Higher-degree level Upper secondary level tertiary education education Lower-degree level Lower secondary level tertiary education education 1) Full-time employees Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs 49 Total earnings by employer sector and gender, 2015 Employer sector Full-time employees Median of total earnings, €/month Total Men Women Private 931 348 3 026 3 243 2 752 Local government 366 869 2 728 3 144 2 668 Central government 67 482 3 582 3 929 3 127 Total 1 365 699 2 963 3 271 2 727 Total earnings by occupation and gender, 2015 Main category of occupation Full-time employees Median of total earnings, €/month Total Men Women Armed forces 7 211 4 345 4 377 3 516 Legislators, senior officials and managers 46 869 5 808 6 177 5 060 Professionals 313 389 3 946 4 356 3 648 Technicians and associate professionals 332 073 3 146 3 546 2 885 Clerks 101 921 2 585 2 635 2 572 Service workers and shop and market sales workers 245 983 2 387 2 570 2 339 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 6 469 2 337 2 402 2 260 Craft and related trades workers 122 831 2 815 2 843 2 482 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 103 678 2 842 2 917 2 522 Elementary occupations 82 316 2 137 2 434 2 019 Unknown 2 959 2 702 2 851 2 500 Total 1 365 699 2 963 3 271 2 727 Wages and salaries 1) as % of national income

65 %

35 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015* -16* 1) Including wages and salaries receivable from the rest of the world, net 50 International Comparison Data Area and population

Area Population Population Life growth expectancy 1 000 km2 Million %/year years 2015 2015 2010–2015 2016 Finland 338 5.5 0.5 81 Sweden 439 9.8 0.8 82 Norway 324 5.2 1.1 82 Denmark 43 5.7 0.5 79 Iceland 103 0.3 0.7 83 Argentina 2 780 43.1 1.1 77 Australia 7 692 23.8 1.5 82 Austria 84 8.6 0.5 82 Belgium 31 11.3 0.7 81 Brazil 8 516 204.5 0.9 74 Canada 9 985 35.8 1.1 82 Chile 756 18.0 1.0 79 China 9 600 1 371.2 0.5 76 Czech Republic 79 10.5 0.1 79 Egypt 1 002 89.0 2.5 73 Estonia 45 1.3 -0.3 77 France 552 64.4 0.5 82 Germany 357 81.7 -0.1 81 Greece 132 10.8 -0.5 81 Hungary 93 9.8 -0.3 76 India 3 287 1) 1 213.4 . . 69 Indonesia 1 911 255.5 1.4 73 Ireland 70 4.7 . . 81 Israel 22 2) 8.2 . . 82 Italy 302 60.7 0.5 82 Japan 378 127.0 -0.2 85 Latvia 65 2.0 -1.1 75 Lithuania 65 2.9 . . 75 Luxembourg 3 0.6 2.1 82 Mexico 1 964 121.0 1.1 76 Netherlands 42 16.9 0.4 81 New Zealand 268 4.6 1.1 81 Nigeria 924 . . . . 53 Pakistan 796 191.7 2.0 68 Poland 313 38.0 -0.3 78 Portugal 92 10.4 -0.4 79 Russia 17 098 3) 143.5 . . 71 South Africa 1 221 2) 54.0 . . 63 Spain 506 46.4 0.0 82 Switzerland 41 8.3 1.0 83 Turkey 784 78.2 . . 75 Ukraine 604 42.8 -1.4 72 United Kingdom 242 65.1 0.7 81 United States 9 834 321.4 0.8 80 1) 2012 2) 2014 3) 2013 International Comparison Data 51 Gross national income, unemployment and inflation

GNI per capita Unem- Inflation Purchasing power ployment USD parity, USD % % 2015 2015 2016 2016 Finland 46 560 42 600 8.8 0.4 Sweden 57 900 48 700 6.9 1.0 Norway 93 530 65 210 4.7 3.6 Denmark 60 270 50 660 6.2 0.3 Iceland 50 110 47 160 3.0 1.7 Argentina 12 450 19 980 1) 7.0 . . Australia 60 050 45 320 5.7 1.3 Austria 47 260 49 160 6.0 0.9 Belgium 44 510 45 770 7.8 2.0 Brazil 9 990 15 140 1) 6.9 8.7 Canada 47 250 43 580 7.0 1.4 Chile 14 100 22 760 6.7 3.8 China 7 900 14 320 1) 4.1 2.0 Czech Republic 18 150 31 550 4.0 0.7 Egypt 3 340 10 710 2) 12.8 10.2 Estonia 18 320 28 390 6.8 0.2 France 40 710 41 680 10.1 0.2 Germany 45 790 49 090 4.1 0.5 Greece 20 270 26 470 23.6 -0.8 Hungary 12 970 25 220 5.1 0.4 India 1 590 6 030 1) 4.9 4.9 Indonesia 3 440 10 690 5.6 3.5 Ireland 52 550 54 610 7.9 0.0 Israel 35 770 36 040 4.8 -0.5 Italy 32 830 37 010 11.7 -0.1 Japan 38 840 42 310 3.1 -0.1 Latvia 14 990 24 840 9.6 0.1 Lithuania 15 080 27 770 7.9 0.9 Luxembourg 77 480 72 080 6.3 0.3 Mexico 9 710 16 860 3.9 2.8 Netherlands 48 850 49 410 6.0 0.3 New Zealand 40 020 36 150 5.1 0.6 Nigeria 2 790 5 810 3) 28.5 15.7 Pakistan 1 440 5 320 2) 5.9 2.9 Poland 13 310 25 870 6.2 -0.7 Portugal 20 470 29 010 11.2 0.6 Russia 11 450 23 770 5.5 7.0 South Africa 6 080 12 870 2) 25.2 6.6 Spain 28 380 34 700 19.6 -0.2 Switzerland 84 550 63 990 4.6 -0.4 Turkey 9 950 19 740 10.9 7.8 Ukraine 2 640 7 840 2) 9.1 13.9 United Kingdom 43 700 41 230 4.8 0.7 United States 55 980 57 540 4.9 1.3 1) 2014 2) 2015 3) 2013 52 International Comparison Data General government deficit/surplus and debt

EU Member State Deficit (–) / surplus (+), % of GDP Debt, % of GDP 2017 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 Austria -2.7 -1.1 -1.6 84.4 85.5 84.6 Belgium -3.1 -2.5 -2.6 106.7 106.0 105.9 Bulgaria -5.5 -1.6 0.0 27.0 26.0 29.5 Croatia -5.4 -3.4 -0.8 86.6 86.7 84.2 Cyprus -8.8 -1.2 0.4 107.1 107.5 107.8 Czech Republic -1.9 -0.6 0.6 42.2 40.3 37.2 Denmark 1.4 -1.3 -0.9 44.0 39.6 37.8 Estonia 0.7 0.1 0.3 10.7 10.1 9.5 Finland -3.2 -2.7 -1.9 60.2 63.7 63.6 France -3.9 -3.6 -3.4 94.9 95.6 96.0 Germany 0.3 0.7 0.8 74.9 71.2 68.3 Greece -3.7 -5.9 0.7 179.7 177.4 179.0 Hungary -2.1 -1.6 -1.8 75.7 74.7 74.1 Ireland -3.7 -2.0 -0.6 105.3 78.7 75.4 Italy -3.0 -2.7 -2.4 131.8 132.1 132.6 Latvia -1.6 -1.3 0.0 40.9 36.5 40.1 Lithuania -0.7 -0.2 0.3 40.5 42.7 40.2 Luxembourg 1.4 1.4 1.6 22.4 21.6 20.0 Malta -2.0 -1.3 1.0 64.3 60.6 58.3 Netherlands -2.3 -2.1 0.4 67.9 65.2 62.3 Poland -3.5 -2.6 -2.4 50.2 51.1 54.4 Portugal -7.2 -4.4 -2.0 130.6 129.0 130.4 Romania -1.4 -0.8 -3.0 39.4 38.0 37.6 Slovakia -2.7 -2.7 -1.7 53.6 52.5 51.9 Slovenia -5.4 -2.9 -1.8 80.9 83.1 79.7 Spain -6.0 -5.1 -4.5 100.4 99.8 99.4 Sweden -1.5 0.3 0.9 45.2 43.9 41.6 United Kingdom -5.7 -4.3 -3.0 88.1 89.0 89.3 Tax rate, 2015* Tax revenue as % of GDP/GNP Denmark France Belgium Finland Austria Sweden Italy Hungary Norway Germany Greece Portugal Spain Estonia Czech Republic United Kingdom Canada Turkey United States Ireland 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Suomi Finland

1917 Finland’s independence 1948 Member of the World Bank 1948 Member of the IMF 1955 Member of Rovaniemi the UN 1955 Member of the Nordic Oulu Council 1961 Associate Kajaani member of Kokkola the EFTA Vaasa 1969 Member of Kuopio the OECD Seinäjoki Joensuu Jyväskylä 1986 Full member of 0 100 the EFTA Pori Tampere Mikkeli 1989 Member of the Council Lahti Lappeenranta Hämeenlinna of Europe Turku Kouvola Helsinki 1995 Member of Maarian- the European hamina Regions by regional division as on 1 January 2017 Union Town locations: National Land Survey of Finland 2002 Introduction of the euro

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