Running head: AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS

Permaculture at the University of Victoria

Campus Community Gardens

By Jori Baum

University of Victoria

Environmental Restoration 390

For Dr. Val Schaefer

August 23rd, 2012 PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 2

Table of Contents

List of Figures & Tables ...... ………………………………………………… 3

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………….. 5

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 6

The Site ………………………………………………………………. 8

The Study ………………………………………………………………. 13

Methods & Materials ………………………………………………………. 15

Perennial garden beds ………………………………………………. 15

Apple tree restoration ………………………………………………. 21

Invasive species removal ………………………………………………. 25

Results ………………………………………………………………………. 26

Discussion & Recommendations ………………………………………………. 30

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. 32

References ………………………………………………………………………. 33

Appendix A: Permaculture garden beds – plant profiles

Appendix B: A step-by-step guide to apple tree pruning

Appendix C: Project budget

Appendix D: Field notes

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 3

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Locations of the old and new garden sites on campus …………………… 11

Figure 2. Site layout for the new McKenzie Ave CCG …………………………… 12

Figure 3. Perimeter measurements of the McKenzie Ave Garden site …………… 13

Figure 4. Shape and measurements of the permaculture guilds ...... 16

Figure 5 and 6. Mapping out the perennial garden beds ...... 17

Figures 7, 8 and 9. Digging the hole, loosening the roots, and planting the first shrub 18

Figure 10. Basic layers of sheet mulching ...... 18

Figure 11. Manure applied as first layer ...... 19

Figure 12. Trench for weed barrier ...... 19

Figure 13. Newspapers act as the barrier layer ...... 20

Figure 14. Leaves are the final layer after ...... 20

Figure 15. Placing the remaining plants ...... 21

Figure 16. A completely planted guild ...... 21

Figure 17. Sheet mulching a small area ...... 21

Figure 18. Plantings along the fence ...... 21

Figure 19. The apple tree at the UVic CCG 2012 ...... 22

Figure 20. Philip Young lectures ...... 24

Figure 21. Beginning to prune the apple tree ...... 24

Figure 22. Working together to remove branches ...... 24

Figure 23. Branches that have been removed ...... 24

Figure 24. Rubus discolor on site at UVic CCG ...... 25

Figure 25. Ilex aquifolium at Beacon Hill Park, Victoria BC ...... 25 PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 4

Figure 26. Volunteers working to remove invasive species at the CCG ...... 26

Figure 27. Root ball of a Rubus discolor that was removed ...... 26

Figure 28. Final site map of the SW corner ...... 28

Figure 29. The three permaculture guilds ...... 28

Figure 30. Locations of invasive species removed on site ...... 29

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. List of plants planted at the UVic CCG in the perennial garden beds ...... 27

Table 2. Timeline for restoring the CCG apple tree ...... 28

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 5

Abstract

This paper summarizes an urban restoration project that examines ecological restoration as it pertains to sustainable and environmental education. The project takes place in

Victoria, BC at the University of Victoria (UVic) Campus Community Gardens (CCG) and aims to replace resource-intensive lawn with perennial edible garden beds, to restore a neglected apple tree to a healthy fruit-producing state, and to remove invasive species in order to prevent their further spread and to maximize the potential of desired species. The gardens have been an important site for community engagement and education at the university since their induction in

1998. This project utilizes the CCG’s presence on campus to expand the university community’s awareness around food security issues and provides volunteers with the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with permaculture techniques. As a result of this project 13 perennial food plants were established at the garden site, the apple tree underwent the first step toward restoration, and all the invasive species growing on the site were removed. On-going maintenance and management will be required to ensure the long-term success of this project.

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 6

Permaculture at the University of Victoria

Campus Community Gardens

Urban environments present a unique challenge to the field of restoration as they require a balance between everyday human activities and the integrity of urban ecosystems. The way that we utilize and transform urban spaces is not always in the best interest of the natural environment. According to the Centre for Watershed Protection (Frazer, 2005), 65 percent of

North America’s total impervious cover is found in urban areas – roads, buildings, driveways, and parking lots. Impervious surfaces eliminate rainwater infiltration and natural groundwater recharge, altering the natural cycling of water and contributing to polluted waterways and flooding. These surfaces also contribute to the heat island effect – lands that were once permeable and moist are now impermeable and dry, and absorb and retain atmospheric heat which leads to increased energy consumption for cooling which then increases carbon emissions

(EPA, 2012).

Another phenomenon common in urban landscapes is the prevalence of turf grasses.

Heynan, Kaika, and Swyngedouw (2006) estimate that 23 percent of the urban landscape is covered in turf grasses – residential, commercial, and institutional lawns, parks, recreation fields, and golf courses which often appear as monocultures. Milesi et al. (2005) show that total turf grass cover in the United States is three times greater than any irrigated crop. Turf grasses are energy and resource intensive and provide little or no habitat for urban dwellers – both human and non-human. Challenging the ways that urban lands are used is central in urban restoration.

As fertile land is paved over and mono-cropped turf grass is cared for, a simultaneous concern is growing around our food systems. The way we eat today is not sustainable and the dominant system in place has many social and environmental repercussions. Western society has PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 7 industrialized the production of food and in turn has created a system dependent on fossil fuels, chemical inputs, and cheap labour. Currently in Canada a large portion of the food we eat is imported while most of the food we produce is exported (Elton, 2010). David Pimentel, a professor of ecology and agricultural sciences at Cornell University, has calculated that it takes

1,514 litres of oil to feed the average North American (Elton, 2010). In other words, we are using more kilocalories to grow and transport the food we eat than there are kilocalories in the food itself – a system that is not sustainable. Evidently, as concerns for food security rise, the need for lawns and impervious surfaces should be seriously questioned. In order to address the issues presented by the global food regime, we must look to local and sustainable methods of food production.

In her book Locavore, Sarah Elton (2010) states that a sustainable food system can involve both food that is produced nearby as well as imports that are produced and transported in a sustainable way. What about food grown in cities? Growing food in cities is not a new concept.

Poverty, not sustainability, drives less prosperous areas of the world to grow food in their cities.

In the Western world however, there is a rising ‘urban food revolution’ – different actions within the city limits that aim to take control over the food that we grow and eat (Ladner, 2011).

Amongst these efforts is the rise of urban community gardens. Peter Ladner states that community gardens often emerge in periods when people feel threatened by food insecurity –

“urban community garden food production has ebbed and waned in the United States in tune with food shortages caused by depression or wars” (2011, pg. 182). For example, Victory

Gardens emerged in Canada during World War II and it is estimated that they accounted for as much as 40 percent of the vegetable production in the country at that time. This reveals the potential for food production in Canadian cities today. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 8

Another concept that is taking shape within the urban food revolution is that of

“permaculture”. As outlined by David Holmgren (2003), permaculture is a set of principles that guide a long-term or permanent way of living – both in terms of culture and agriculture. In order to achieve this long-term agricultural system, the design for a permaculture site considers all aspects of sustenance and life. The design will therefore often include food production, building materials, water systems, and timber in a system that works in sync with the natural environment.

Whereas industrial agriculture is constantly fighting against nature by applying external inputs of fertilizer, and , irrigation, etc., permaculture seeks to mimic natural systems and maximize biodiversity. As Bill Morrison, co-founder of the permaculture concept, states –

“permanence and stability in a landscape are most easily achieved when one works with rather than against ecological forces” (in Hemenway, 2009, pg. 44).

Taking into consideration the growing need for nutritious and healthy food that is grown in a sustainable and organic way, urban and local food production can look to both community gardens and permaculture. A system of local food production that does not completely rely on imports and non-renewable resources will increase community food security and increase the resilience of practitioners. For this project, I seek to incorporate permaculture concepts into an existing community garden as a means to increase local food production, educate the garden community on permaculture techniques, and improve the health and integrity of the urban environment.

The Site

The site for this project is the University of Victoria Campus Community Gardens (UVic

CCG). The gardens were established on the university campus in 1997 following a proposal the year before from the Environmental Studies Students Association (ESSA). The location of the PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 9 original garden site can be seen in Figure 1 below. The CCG began with two communal herb gardens and 14 allotment plots and was run by a student coordinator whose position was funded through ESSA. Each year the gardens continued to grow with more members and more volunteers. Regular workparties began to occur on site, and some students used the space for academic research while others used it to harvest food. A portion of the harvest was also donated to the University of Victoria Student Society (UVSS) Food Bank. In 1999, ESSA dissolved its activities and could no longer maintain the gardens. The School of Environmental Studies was keen to see the garden remain in operation however was unable to provide funds to hire a student coordinator. In order to keep the gardens running, students living in Student Family Housing took over operations. A volunteer site coordinator was appointed among Family Housing tenants and was responsible for day to day operations and with connecting with Facilities Management as needed. During this time the gardens grew to 22 allotment and 12 communal plots.

In 2005 a task force was created in response to increasing interest in the CCG. Numerous departments and students were looking to do research at the site, more students were showing interest in volunteering, and the waiting list for allotment plots was growing. The group was made of representatives from around campus, including Family Housing, and their first task was to develop a purpose for the gardens. The result appears below (UVic CCG, 2005):

The purposes of the Campus Community Gardens are to:  Enhance the built environment at the University of Victoria  Provide allotment garden space for Family Student Housing tenants, undergraduate, and graduate students at the University of Victoria  Provide volunteer opportunities for members of the campus and broader community

 Provide a physical space for education and research on topics related to urban agriculture such as food security, permaculture, composting, organic gardening, native plant propagation and healthy eating PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 10

In 2008 the gardens were continuing to grow and required a new form of management that would assist in the gardens development and ensure its long term viability. An executive committee and UVSS club were created, which comprised a site coordinator, membership coordinator, treasurer, and student club president and vice-president. This was the year that I personally became involved in the gardens as a volunteer and in the two following years would act as the club president. Weekly workparties were held at the garden site and were open to all the campus community; regular educational workshops were also organized and ranged in topic from composting and sheet mulching, to garden art and canning; we continued to donate food to the campus Food Bank and we also participated in a fall weekly pocket market on campus.

The land where the gardens were located on campus was loaned to the CCG on contract.

After the first five years the contract was renewed and expired again in 2011. In 2010 the garden committee was approached by the university and told that the space was going to be developed as a storage facility. Luckily, the garden committee was successful in securing another piece of land on campus for the new CCG. The new location also appears in Figure 1 below. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 11

LEGEND Old garden site New garden site

Figure 1. Locations of the old and new garden sites on campus.(source: Google Earth, 2012)

The design for the new garden site appears below in Figure 2. The land is university property and has been maintained as turf grass by Facilities Management. It is located off of

McKenzie Avenue in Victoria, BC and therefore acquired the name McKenzie Ave Garden.

Using the ruler tool in Google Earth I calculated the approximate perimeter and area of the

McKenzie garden site. The borders of the site appear in Figure 3 below. Based on the measurements of the perimeter, the area of this triangular shaped lot is calculated to be 3,600m2.

The new garden site is comprised of 90 plots, including individual allotment gardens, communal plots for volunteers and food bank donations, and garden plots used by advocacy groups and classes (The UVic Campus Community Gardens, n.d.).

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 12

Figure 2. Site layout for the new McKenzie Ave CCG. (source: Facilities Management, 2011) PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 13

80m 90m

130m

Figure 3. Perimeter measurements of the McKenzie Ave Garden site. (source: Google Earth,

2012)

The Study

Obtaining a new garden site was more difficult than I have described here. The university administration was hesitant to approve a new garden location and the McKenzie Ave garden site was actually destined to be beach volleyball courts in the future. Through hard work and much dedication, the CCG executive committee was able to secure the McKenzie Ave site, but again on lease. As the plans for the new garden site began to take shape, it became evident that a new form of management was again necessary for a larger and more complex organization. A part- time site coordinator position was created through funding gained from the UVSS. A larger site also opened new possibilities for education and expansion of garden projects. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 14

Ladner (2011) identifies four overarching goals of community gardens: nutrition, recreation, education, and community building – and the UVic garden committee was keen on maximizing the value of each in order to prove their worth to the university’s administration.

Having this in mind, I approached the executive committee in the summer of 2011 with the idea of integrating a food forest into the new garden site. Based on the resource management systems of the ancient Mayan people of Mexico and Central American, a food forest is a low- maintenance food production and agro-forestry system that mimics woodland ecosystems

(Crawford, 2010). Practitioners of food forestry incorporate food producing plants such as fruit and nut trees, herbs, perennial and annual vegetable crops, with woody species that provide fuel and shelter. The Mayan people recognized the benefit of working with nature to benefit from its productivity and resources (Ford and Nigh, 2009). They consistently expanded their knowledge of ecological processes and patterns, including weeds, pests, and soil conditions. Earlier management strategies developed into “an integrated, productive, and flexible resource management system [that]... provided for the subsistence needs of a growing population, as well as supported the maintenance and regeneration of the landscape” (Ford & Nigh, 2009, p. 225).

Unfortunately, the university’s Facilities Management rejected our initial proposal for the food forest as they did not want any trees planted on the site, considering trees to be too

‘permanent’. Therefore I turned to permaculture and perennial food gardening concepts and techniques as a means to create a low-maintenance and food producing garden that did not include trees. The new location already has a row of established trees that run North to South along the perimeter of the garden and amongst these trees was a neglected apple tree that I decided to include in the project as the fruit-bearing tree. I established three objectives for the study: to replace resource-intensive lawn with perennial edible garden beds, to restore the PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 15 neglected apple tree to a healthy fruit-producing state, and to remove any invasive species from the existing vegetation to prevent their continued spread. The objectives were to be met with an overarching focus on education and community engagement, and with the help and input from the CCG site coordinator and board of directors (of which I was a member).

Methods & Materials

In this section I will describe the methods and materials used for each component of the project at the UVic CCG. The components are separated into the perennial garden beds, the apple tree restoration, and the removal of invasive species. Although most of the materials were gathered for free or by donation, and the labour was done by volunteers, I have included a budget for the project in Appendix C.

Perennial Garden Beds

The CCG allocated the space in the SW corner of the property to the perennial garden beds. To prepare for the design and construction of these beds, I spend several hours researching permaculture, food forestry, and perennial plants that succeed on lower Vancouver Island. I also met frequently with Andrea Zittlau, the CCG site coordinator at the time, and Solara Goldwyn, a

CCG volunteer with a Permaculture Design Certificate. On February 5th, 2012 I performed an initial site evaluation and, using a GPS borrowed from the Environmental Studies department, determined the location of the garden beds to be N 48° 28.154’ and W 123° 18.927’ and the site elevation to be 27m. Materials were gathered prior to the first workparty and included a compost and soil blend purchased from a local landscape company, composted manure donated by Brenda

Beckwith an Environmental Studies professor, old newspapers gathered from the university’s paper the Martlet, leaves gathered on site, and the acquisition of started plants purchased from PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 16

Cornucopia, a permaculture micro-nursery in Victoria. Tools and garden equipment were provided by the CCG and included shovels, wheelbarrows, a lawn mower, rakes, watering cans, trowels and gloves.

The first workparty took place March 8th, 2012 and involved myself, Andrea, Solara, two volunteers and Geoff Johnson, a local permaculture guru and owner of Cornucopia, who agreed to lead the workparty free of charge. We began by mowing the lawn because it was quite long and we could use the clippings as a nitrogen layer in the process. Next, with the help of Geoff, we visualized how we wanted the space to look. Some considerations included shape and size, and to make the space accessible and welcoming for people to use. We decided to create three circular garden beds, or guilds as they are referred to in permaculture, and to measure them out in an equilateral triangle as Geoff noted that people find symmetry more attractive. Guilds mimic vegetation layers and will include a shrub layer surrounding a tree, with low growing plants or ground covers surrounding them. Below in Figure 4 is the shape and measurements of the guilds.

1.2 1.2 m 4.0m m

4.0m 4.0m

1.2 m

Figure 4. Shape and measurements of the permaculture guilds. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 17

We proceeded by laying out the shape and size of the guilds with bricks before beginning the process of garden bed creation. A ‘key hole’ was added at the front of each guild to provide easy access to the plants growing near the centre. Below are photos of us mapping out the garden beds.

Figures 5 and 6. Mapping out the perennial garden beds. (source: Jori Baum, March 2012)

We began by digging a hole and planting three shrubs that were planned for the centre of each guild. To plant a shrub, we dug a hole twice the size of the pot the plant was growing in.

Once the hole was created, we removed all the grass and grass roots and used the sod to create a small burm on the downslope of the hole by turning the sod upside down and forming a small wall about 6-8” high – the burm is meant to help retain water around the plant. We then planted each shrub by mixing the existing soil with a soil amendment that Geoff made from dried seaweed, removing the plant from its pot and loosening the roots, then placing the plant in the centre of the hole and tucking it in to the soil. Below are photos of Geoff planting the first shrub, a goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora).

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 18

Figures 7, 8 and 9. Digging the hole, loosening the roots, and planting the first shrub. (source: Jori Baum, March 2012)

The process we used to create the rest of the garden beds is a technique called sheet mulching or lasagne gardening. This technique is meant to simulate the layering process that leads to the natural creation of soil on the forest floor (Elevitch & Wilkinson, 1998). According to Elevitch and Wilkinson “mulching improves nutrient and water retention in the soil, encourages favorable soil microbial activity and worms, and suppresses weed growth” (1998, n.p.). The image below displays the different layers recommended in sheet mulching.

Figure 10. Basic layers of sheet mulching. (source: Elevitch & Wilkinson, 1998)

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 19

We began by filling in the mapped out guild and surrounding the planted goumi with a layer of composted manure about 4 to 6 inches deep. This layer is high in nitrogen and will help stimulate microbial activity in the soil. We then dug a trench around the entire guild, about 6 inches deep, in order to prepare for the next layer - a double layer of newspapers, the weed barrier layer. The trench is necessary for the barrier layer to act for the sides of the guild as well as below. Next we placed a layer of compost and soil mix approximately 4 to 6 inches thick again, covered in the final layer – 8 to 10 inches of dried leaves. The leaves act as the top dressing or the organic matter that would naturally fall to the forest floor. Below are photos of us applying each of these layers (all photos source of Jori Baum, March 2012).

Figure 11. Manure applied as first layer.

Figure 12. Trench for weed barrier.

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 20

Figure 14. Leaves are the final layer after compost.

Figure 13. Newspapers act as the barrier layer.

As this first workparty was primarily an educational opportunity whereby Geoff taught us the basics of designing and building the permaculture guilds, we only completed the creation of the first garden bed. On March 11th, we held a second workparty that included myself, Solara,

Andrea and three additional volunteers – at this time we followed the same process to plant the two remaining shrubs and to sheet the two remaining guilds. As it was still early in the growing season we decided to leave the mulched beds to ‘rest’ before we planted the plants surrounding each central shrub.

On April 12th, 2012 we held a third workparty to plant the remaining plants. Each plant was selected by Solara and Geoff and was based on establishing a variety of plants to the garden community, as well as considering what grows well in the local climate, and which plants grow well next to others. We began by placing the plants in their pots in the location we thought we might want to plant them in each guild. Once we had decided, we proceeded to plant each plant.

The weed barrier layer (newspaper) had not decomposed yet and so we used a gardener’s blade PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 21 to slice an X shape into garden bed. Again we removed each plant from their pot, loosened their roots, and tucked them into their place in the guild. The plants were all watered on a near daily basis while they were getting established. At this workparty we also created some smaller beds, using the sheet mulching technique along the south fence, for some additional edible perennial plants. Photos can be seen below (all photos source of Jori Baum, April 2012).

Figure 15. Placing the remaining plants. Figure 16. A completely planted guild.

Figure 17. Sheet mulching a small area. Figure 18. Plantings along the fence.

Apple Tree Restoration

As mentioned previously, the McKenzie Ave garden site has a row of existing vegetation that runs North to South on the piece of land. The vegetation is a combination of coniferous PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 22 evergreens and deciduous trees and in the centre of the row is an apple tree – Figure 19 below is a photo of the apple tree prior to pruning. With the help of Andrea, the CCG site coordinator at the time, we were able to organize a fruit tree pruning workshop with Philip Young, a local fruit tree enthusiast. The workshop took place on February 26th, 2012 from 1 to 3pm at the McKenzie

Ave garden site and involved Philip, myself, Andrea, and 8 other attendees. The workshop cost

$5 per person and Philip was paid a stipend of $75. Although the focus of my project was on restoring the apple tree, the workshop was generalized to fruit trees, and we did review the pruning of the garden’s two year old fig tree as well.

Figure 19. The apple tree at the UVic CCG 2012. (source: Jori Baum, February 2012)

The workshop began with Philip discussing the basics of fruit tree pruning – why we prune fruit trees, basic terminology and equipment, and how to prune fruit trees. I have organized PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 23 this information into a document for the CCG that appears in Appendix B. The information

Philip presented is based on the book “The American Horticultural Society Pruning and

Training” guide book by Christopher Brickell and David Joyce. Based on this book and the tree types identified therein, Philip diagnosed the apple tree on site as ‘neglected’. This tree had not been pruned for fruit for years and therefore it was necessary to take certain steps when pruning in order to restore the tree to a fruit-producing state. He estimated that the tree would need about two to three years before the CCG gardeners could prune for fruit.

After the lecture component of the workshop, we set to work pruning the apple tree. The materials that we used included a step and orchard ladder, gloves, pruning or bypass sheers, anvil pruners, pruning saws, loppers, and secateurs. The tools were supplied partially by the CCG, by

Facilities Management, and by Philip. Philip recommended pruning tools that are sharp, light, and that always have a safety guard.

In general, we begin pruning to control for shape and size and to open out the tree for access to fruit. The first step to pruning is to take out the deadwood, the suckers, and the watershoots. Next, take out any crossing branches. Then look to shape the tree – look for openness and size to encourage easy access to the fruit. Finally, we prune for fruit – for an apple tree you take the new fruit bud growth and cut the branch in half. Cut the branch at an angle that you want the new growth to grow, always cut to another bud, branch or to the trunk, and always cut just above a joint so as not to damage the joint nor to leave any deadwood behind. Philip also stated that the rule of thumb is to remove no more than twenty percent of a tree each year.

Because the apple tree on site was neglected, we were only able to clear dead and dying branches and to control for crossing branches. See the results section for future pruning of this apple tree. As this was a hands-on workshop, we worked in groups or pairs and removed the PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 24 dead, dying or crossing branches that Philip recommended, using the appropriate tool – mostly the ladders, loppers and pruning saws. We also took turns pointing out branches we thought should be removed. See Figures 20 to 23 below for photos of the workparty (all photos source of

Jori Baum, February 2012).

Figure 20. Philip Young lectures. Figure 21. Beginning to prune the apple tree.

Figure 22. Working together to remove branches. Figure 23. Branches that have been removed. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 25

Invasive Species Removal

Amongst the existing vegetation at the McKenzie Ave site, I noted that there were some invasive species that were growing in the understorey. During the summer of 2011 I worked for the Surrey Natural Areas Partnership in Surry, BC removing invasive species from the regional parks. This experience taught me how to identify and remove common invasive species on the

West coast of British Columbia. The invasive species that I identified growing on site included

Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) and English holly (Ilex aquifolium). Photos of these two species appear below.

Figure 24. Rubus discolor on site at UVic CCG. Figure 25. Ilex aquifolium at Beacon (source: Jori Baum, 2012) Hill Park, Victoria BC. (source: Newell, 2005)

The removal of these species at the CCG took place over two workparties, March 25th,

2012 and April 18th, 2012. As part of the regular workparties that take place at the CCG, I organized some volunteers to remove the blackberry and holly as well as clean up garbage in the existing vegetation areas. Based on my own knowledge and verified by the information found on the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia’s website, both species were removed using PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 26 shovels and hand pruners, and digging out the entire root system of the plants. Blackberry has sharp thorny branches and vines through other existing plants therefore it is easiest to prune the branches down to the base of the plant, pull the vines loose manually by wearing leather gloves, and then dig the root ball out with a shovel. Similarly, cut holly back to the base of the tree using pruners or a pruning saw, depending on the size of the plant, and then dig the root ball out using a shovel. All debris was left on a tarp and disposed of by Facilities Management. Figure 26 is a photo of volunteers working to remove blackberry and holly, and Figure 27 shows the root ball of a blackberry plant that was removed (all photos source of Jori Baum, 2012).

Figure 26. Volunteers working to remove invasive species at the CCG.

Figure 27. Root ball of a Rubus discolor that was removed.

Results

As a result of this project, thirteen new edible plants were planted at the garden site, the first step to renewing the apple tree was made, and all the invasive species growing on site were removed. Volunteers and garden members had the opportunity to learn new techniques, such as PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 27 those involved in building the permaculture beds and pruning the fruit trees, and so we also succeeded in our underlying goals of community engagement and education.

Below is a list of the plants that were planted and have become established at the UVic

CCG. Appendix A includes the profile for each plant including its habitat, physical characteristics, edible and medicinal uses, and harvest details.

Table 1. List of plants planted at the UVic CCG in the perennial garden beds.

LATIN NAME COMMON NAME Allium schoenoprasum Chives Cynara scolymus Globe artichoke Elaeagnus multiflora Goumi Fragaria chiloensis Coastal strawberry Lyncium barbarum Gojiberry or wolfberry Morus alba White mulberry Oxalis tuberosa Oca Ribes nigrum Black currant Rubus nidigrolaria Jostaberry Sambucus nigra Elderberry Symphytum officinale Comfrey Tropaeolum tuberosum Mashua or anu Valeriana officinalis Valerian

Figures 28 and 29 (drawn by Jori Baum, April 2012) display the final site map and individual maps for each of the perennial garden beds. These maps are currently located on the bulletin board at the UVic CCG to assist garden members in identifying and locating each plant.

As previously mentioned, Appendix A includes all the additional information for each species that will be used to assist garden members and staff in caring for and harvesting these plants. PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 28

This project allowed the garden community to explore the techniques of permaculture and guild building, and increased the capacity to produce food on the UVic campus. These plants are perennials and will continue to grow each year and provide food for the garden and campus community.

Figure 28. Final site map of the SW corner. Figure 29. The three permaculture guilds.

According to Phillip Young, it will take three seasons for the CCG’s apple tree to be ready to prune for fruit. Below in Table 2 is a timeline for the next three years on how to continue restoring the apple tree and preparing it for pruning for fruit.

Table 2. Timeline for restoring the CCG apple tree.

YEAR ITEMS Year 1  Clear dead and dying branches (2012)  Control crossing branches  Remove <20% PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 29

Year 2  Clear dead and dying branches (2013)  Remove watershoots and suckers  Control crossing branches  Remove <20% Year 3  Clear dead and dying branches (2014)  Remove watershoots and suckers  Control crossing branches  Remove <20%  Start to control for fruit buds: cut new growth to half its length at a bud and at the angle you want the branch to grow post 2014  Continue as in year 3  Remove <20% each year

Finally, all of the invasive species growing on site were removed thanks to a group of volunteers who participated in the workparties to remove the plants. Below in Figure 30 is a basic map of the locations where we removed the two species on site – Himalayan blackberry and English ivy. Removal of invasive species will allow the desired plants to succeed as they will not be competing with the invasive species. Also, controlling unwanted species regularly will decrease the likelihood of those species spreading into other areas of the garden.

N

Figure 30. Locations of invasive species removed on site (source: Jori Baum, 2012) PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 30

Discussion & Recommendations

Ensuring the success of this project will require on-going maintenance and management from the garden staff and community. The plants in the perennial garden beds will need to be cared for and harvested to encourage growth and food production. The three guilds that we build in 2012 are flexible in that additional plants, particularly low growing species or ‘filler’ species, can be added to increase food production and biodiversity. Regular documentation of plants that are added to the guilds should be carried out so that as garden members and staff change, a record is kept to ensure on-going maintenance and care. The idea of a food forest involves more than 13 plants and there is much room to grow and space to expand at the McKenzie Ave garden

– to create a larger food forest or permaculture garden. At this stage in the development of the plots, only edible and medicinal plants were added, but a food forest often includes other species for building material and fuel, which could potentially be added to the site.

It will be necessary to follow the instructions provided by Philip Young, which appear in

Table 2, in order to restore the apple tree to a fruit-producing state. I would recommend acquiring a copy of the Brickell and Joyce guidebook, which will not only help to maintain the apple tree but will provide additional information for other fruit trees on site. Having a healthy and productive apple tree at the UVic CCG will provide more educational opportunities for the garden community – for example, the CCG could host a canning workshop utilizing the apples grown on site. Food preservation is another important skill to increase food resilience and food security in a community.

As previously stated, the removal of invasive species increases the health of the vegetation on site as it eliminates the need for other plants to compete for resources with those invasives – such as for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight. Managing their spread will also PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 31 decrease the chance that they will grow and affect other areas of the gardens, as well as the campus environment in general. Regular workparties should include tracking and removing the growth of invasive species. The CCG could utilize this opportunity to teach others about native and non-native plants, and perhaps include students from other faculties, such as the Restoration of Natural Systems students, in identifying and removing invasive species in the future.

Overall I believe this restoration project was a successful endeavour for the UVic CCG. It was a great educational opportunity and those who participated learned about sheet mulching, permaculture, planting shrubs, edible perennial plants, fruit tree pruning, fruit tree restoration, and invasive species management. Therefore, it succeeded in meeting our goals of increasing food production on campus as well as providing an educational opportunity to the university community. There is a great amount of existing literature on all of the techniques practiced in this project, therefore maintaining and researching these methods will be easy for those involved in the CCG in the future. It will be key for the board of directors and staff to maintain documentation on the care and maintenance of the perennial garden beds as well as the pruning of the apple and fig trees. Increasing food production on campus increases our community’s food security and sharing the knowledge gained through projects like this can also increase others’ ability to grow food and become more self-sufficient. This project thus meets all the needs and purposes of the community gardens as well as my goals of increasing local food production, educating the garden community on permaculture techniques, and improving the health and integrity of the urban environment.

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 32

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the UVic Campus Community Gardens for allowing me to explore permaculture techniques at their site. Special thanks to Andrea Zittlau, site coordinator 2011-

2012 and the UVic CCG Board of Directors for their insight and guidance, Philip Young for teaching us how to restore our apple tree, Geoff Johnson for sharing his expertise on permaculture and getting us started on our permaculture beds, and Solara Goldwyn for being my co-pilot throughout the project.

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 33

References

Brickell, C. & Joyce, D. (1996). The American horticultural society pruning and training guide book. New, NY: DK Publishing Inc.

Crawford, M. (2010). Creating a forest garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops. Totnes, UK: Green Books.

Elevitch, C. & Wilkinson, K. (1998). Sheet mulching: Greater plant and soil health for less work. Retrieved from http://agroforestry.net/pubs/Sheet_Mulching.html

Elton, S. (2010). Locavore: From farmers’ fields to rooftop gardens – how Canadians are changing the way we eat. Toronto, ON: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.

Environmental Protection Agency. (June 21, 2012). Heat island effect: Basic information. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/hiri/about/index.htm

Facilities Management. (July 4, 2011). McKenzie ave garden. Adobe Reader file.

Ford, A. & Nigh, R. (2009). Origins of the Maya forest garden: Maya resource management. Journal of Ethnobiology, 29(2), 213-236.

Frazer, L. (2005). Paving paradise: The peril of impervious surfaces. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 456-462.

Hemenway, D. (2009). The urban permaculture project: Design principles and concepts. Pomona, 42 (3), 43-49.

Heynan, N., Kaika, M. & Swyngedouw, E. (2006). In the nature of cities: Urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism. Abingdon, OX: Routledge.

Holmgren, D. (2003). Permaculture: Principles and pathways beyond sustainability. Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Ladner, P. (2011). The urban food revolution. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.

Milesi, C., Running, S. W., Elvidge, C. D., Dietz, J. B., Tuttle, B. T., & Nemani, R. R. (2005). Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States. Environmental Management, 36(3), 426-438.

Newell, K. (2005). Ilex aquifolium: English holly. Retrieved from http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/ShowDBImage/ShowStandard.aspx?index=1216

The UVic Campus Community Gardens. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from http://web.uvic.ca/~ccgarden/about-the-garden

PERMACULTURE AT THE UVIC CAMPUS COMMUNITY GARDENS 34

UVic CCG. (2009). Background information. Word document. Appendix A

Permaculture Garden Beds – Plant Profiles Note: Victoria, BC plant hardiness Zone 9a *All information gathered and compiled from the website www.pfaf.org and Garden Guides www.gardenguides.com

Latin Name Common Name(s) Allium schoenoprasum Chives Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to Europe, Asia and North  perennial bulb growing to 0.3m by America 0.3m; bulbs divide rapidly and large  rocky pastures and damp meadows clumps are quickly formed  prefers well-drained soil but can grow  leaves are long and cylindrical; in heavy clay flowers are round and purple  hardy to zone 5  plant is self-fertile Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  flowers, leaves and root are edible  flowers from June to July; seeds ripen  leaves can be eaten raw, cooked, or from July to August dried for later – mild onion flavour  edible leaves are available late  good source of sulpur and iron summer to early winter; tolerant of  whole plant has beneficial effect on heavy harvesting; regular cutting of the the digestive system and blood leaves ensures a continuous supply of circulation young leaves and prevents the plants  juice of the plant can be used as an flowering insect repellant  flowers are less desirable but can be dried or used as a garnish

Latin Name Common Name(s) Cynara scolymus Globe artichoke Habitat Physical Characteristics  a cultivated plant not known in the  perennial growing 1.5m by 1m wild  thistle-like plant with edible flower  prefers well-drained, moist soils and buds; flower buds arise on end portions can grow in saline soils of main and lateral stems; buds that are  requires full-sun left on the plant open to 12cm purple-  can tolerate strong winds but not blue flower maritime exposure  plant is self-fertile  hardy to zone 6 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  flowers, leaves and stem are edible  harvest before plant flowers in  flower buds can be eaten raw or August cooked, usually boiled before eaten;  green bracts fold around a purple- flavour is mild blue flower; base of each bract is the  baby artichokes produced on lateral fleshy edible portion stems are good in soups or stews  artichoke is ready for harvest when it  leaves are best harvested before the has reached maximum size, but before plant flowers; eaten fresh or dried the bracts open  stems are peeled and eaten raw or  best to renew plants by division of

cooked; mild nutty flavour suckers every 3 years  cynarin is found in the leaves, and can improve liver and gall bladder function, stimulate secretion of digestive juices, and lower blood cholesterol levels

Latin Name Common Name(s) Elaeagnus multiflora Goumi Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to East Asia  deciduous shrub growing 3m by 2m  prefers well-drained soil and can grow  can fix nitrogen with certain soil in nutritionally poor soil bacteria  naturally growing in thickets and thin  leaves are small and elliptical; woods in hills and on lowlands flowers are four-lobbed and pale  hardy to zone 6 yellow; fruit are oval and scarlet red  plant is self-fertile Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  fruit and seeds are edible, raw or  fruit must be fully ripe to be enjoyed cooked raw; very acidic if picked too early  good dessert fruit; easily made into  each fruit contains a single large seed pies, jams, jellies, or pickled  take care when picking the fruit as it  rich source of vitamins and minerals, is quite easy to damage the young especially in vitamins A, C and E, shoots flavanoids and other bio-active  an excellent companion plant – when compounds grown in orchards it can increase fruit  studied as a food that is capable of production by 10% reducing the incidence of cancer and as  can be used for cuttings after 4 years a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers  the leaves can be used to treat coughs

Latin Name Common Name(s) Fragaria chiloensis Coastal strawberry Habitat Physical Characteristics Beach strawberry  grows from Chile to western North  perennial ground cover growing to America 0.3m; plant grows by means of runners  prefers well-drained moist soils  plants are dioecious – individual  shade and wind tolerant; does not flowers are either male or female and tolerant maritime exposure therefore one of each plant is required  hardy to zone 4 for pollination; also pollinated by insects  fruit are large and red  flowers are small and white Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  fruit and leaves are edible  plant tends to bloom in mid-spring  fruit are sweet and succulent; can be and fruit are usually ready in early eaten raw or cooked; good for making summer desserts and preserves  division of runners can be done in  leaves can be dried for tea July or August to allow for plant to  plant is antiseptic and astringent; has become established for next season been used to regulate the menstrual cycle; poultice of the chewed leaves has been used to treat burns

Latin Name Common Name(s) Lyncium barbarum Gojiberry Habitat Physical Characteristics Wolfberry  native to China and Tibet  a deciduous perennial  grows in most soils; plants have an  berries grow along the branches of a aggressive root system and are drought shrub; 1.5 to 4m long vines tolerant once established  berries are oblong and bright red  prefers maximum sunlight for fruit production but will tolerate part shade  hardy to zone 5 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  berries can protect the liver, boost  plants begin to fruit after 2-3 years immune function, improve circulation,  harvest berries from late summer improve sexual function and fertility until first frost  rich in antioxidants; particularly  fruit can turn black when handled so carotenoids; can help eyesight consider shaking berries gently from  high in vitamins, minerals and proteins the plant onto a sheet placed beneath  prune lightly in early spring to remove dead or crossing branches; pruning will help stimulate fruit

Latin Name Common Name(s) Morus alba White mulberry Habitat Physical Characteristics  not known in a truly wild environment  deciduous tree growing to 18m  growth range from central to northern  flowers in May; seeds ripen July to China August  prefers moist soil but can tolerate  plant is monoecious – flowers are drought; cannot tolerate maritime either male or female but both are exposure found on one plant; plant is self-fertile  hardy to zone 4  ‘white’ in the plants name refers to the leaf buds; fruit are dark red to black Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  fruit, leaves, and inner bark are all  harvest all parts of the plant edible; fruit can be eaten raw or dried;  pruning should only be carried out better dried when plant is dormant; mulberry bleeds  inner bark can be roasted and ground; quite badly if cut when not dormant can be used as a thickener in soups or  should be pruned to a low bush to mixed with cereals for making bread improve access to fruit  leaves are antibacterial and astringent  leaves are taken internally for the treatment of colds, influenza, eye infections and nosebleeds  stems can be used to relieve toothache  fruit can be used in the treatment of dizziness, insomnia, diabetes, asthma, and coughs

Latin Name Common Name(s) Oxalis tuberosa Oca Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to south America – Columbia  perennial growing to 0.5m and Peru  potential for high yield and less  prefers moist well-drained soils and susceptible to pest and disease than a requires full sun potato; more hardy than a potato  hardy to zone 7  flowers are hermaphroditic and pollinated by insects Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  cultivated for the edible tubers  flowers from July to August  tubers can be eaten raw or cooked;  ready to harvest in the fall (late they have a lemon flavour when September); harvest is done as late as harvested fresh and turn sweet if left out possible but before the first frost in the sun  can be propagated by tuber or by way  prepared in similar ways to a potato of cutting  source of carbohydrate  leaves should only be eaten in small quantities as they contain oxalic acid which can bind up calcium in the body and lead to deficiency

Latin Name Common Name(s) Ribes nigrum Black currant Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to Europe – Britain,  deciduous shrub growing to 1.8m Scandinavia, south to France and north  fruits are black and grow to 10mm in Asia diameter  prefers moist well-drained soil and can  leaves are large and light green grow in part shade; shade inhibits fruit  flowers are hermaphroditic and are production pollinated by bees; self-fertile  hardy to zone 5 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  fruit and leaves are edible  Pruning usually consists of removing  fruit can be eaten raw or cooked; good about a third of all the stems from just raw or used in pies and preserves above ground level in the autumn  good source of vitamins and minerals;  older stems with the least new growth rich in Vitamin C are removed as they will produce the  leaves can be used in soups or dried least fruit for tea  fruit is ready to harvest June through  fruit and leaves are diuretic September  fruit can increase resistance to infections and used to treat colds  oil from the seeds is used in skin preparations and cosmetics

Latin Name Common Name(s) Ribus nidigrolaria Jostaberry Habitat Physical Characteristics  prefers moist well-drained soil but is  deciduous shrub growing to 2m more tolerant of conditions than most  a cross between a blackcurrant (Ribes berries nigrum) and a gooseberry (Ribes uva  hardy to zone 3 crispa)  berry is black and smaller than a gooseberry but larger than a blackberry Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  fruit can be eaten raw, used in pies,  an early berry; ready to harvest by preserves, juice or wine June when the berries are almost black  rich source of Vitamin C  best to harvest in dry conditions

Latin Name Common Name(s) Sambucus nigra Elderberry Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to sub-tropical regions  deciduous shrub growing 4m by 4m  grows natively in North America  flowers are hermaphroditic and are  grows in rich moist soil along stream pollinated by insects banks and rivers  fruits grow to 5mm in diameter and  tolerant of part shade and wind but not are borne in clusters maritime exposure  hardy to zone 3 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details *leaves and stems are poisonous  flowers in July and seeds ripen in  fruit can be eaten raw or cooked – September good for pies, preserves, sauces, wine  fruit ready to harvest in late summer  the liquor Sambuca is derived from the or early fall oil of the seed  berries, leaves, inner bark and roots  fruit may be more desirable dried can all be harvested  fresh juice of the fruit and a tea made from the inner bark and roots can be used as a laxative and diuretic  tea made from root bark promotes labour in childbirth; can also treat headaches and kidney problems  inner bark is applied as a poultice on cuts and sores leaves and inner bark of young shoots can act as an insect repellant

Latin Name Common Name(s) Symphytum officinale Comfrey Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to Europe – Britain,  perennial growing to 1.2m Scandanavia, and south to Turkey  flowers are hermaphroditic and are  often found growing in damp shady pollinated by bees environments – woods, meadows, near  plants can be invasive streams and rivers  prefers moist soils and some shade  grows well in heavy clay soils  hardy to zone 5 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  leaves can be eaten raw or cooked  leaves are harvested in early summer  raw leaves are hairy and should be before the plant flowers; roots are chopped up and added to foods harvested in the autumn; both are dried  young shoots can be eaten like for later use asparagus  flowers bloom from May to June and  leaves and roots can be dried for tea seeds ripen from June to July  roots can be peeled, cut up and added to soups or stews  roasted roots are used with dandelion and chicory roots for making coffee  roots are the most active medicinal part of the plant – used internally or externally  roots used externally as poultice on cuts, bruises, sprains, eczema  roots and leaves are mildly astringent  use caution when taking internally

Latin Name Common Name(s) Tropaeolum tuberosum Mashua Habitat Physical Characteristics Anu  native to south America – Bolivia and  perennial climber growing to 2m Peru  supports itself by climbing up other  naturally occurring at high elevations, plants on mountain slopes and in valleys  flowers are hermaphroditic and are  prefers shaded roots and sunny upper; pollinated by insects sensitive to too much sun  tubers can grow up to 10cm long and  hardy to zone 8 5cm thick  the growing plant is very resistant to pest and disease Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details  flowers, leaves, and roots are edible  flowers from June to October and  tubers are eaten cooked and have a seeds ripen from June to October peppery flavour; flavour can be  tubers may be more flavourful if improved by freezing the tuber after it harvested after a light frost has been cooked and it becomes sweet  tubers can be harvested from late  high in Vitamin C summer into the fall  leaves are eaten raw as a vegetable

Latin Name Common Name(s) Valeriana officinalis Valerian Habitat Physical Characteristics  native to central Europe  perennial growing to 1.5m  can be found in grasslands, scrub, and  flowers are hermaphroditic and are woods pollinated by bees, flies and beetles  grows in damp or dry soils; avoids  flowers are light to dark purple acidic soils  thrives in full sun or part shade  hardy to zone 5 Edible and Medicinal Uses Harvest Details *prolonged medicinal use of this plant flowers from June to August and may lead to addiction seeds ripen July to September  seeds are edible; can be parched and  when grown for its medicinal root, eaten valerian should not be allowed to  essential oil made from leaves and flower roots used to flavour ice cream, baked  roots can be harvested after two years goods and condiments  roots can be harvested in the fall  used in medicine for its tranquilizing when the leaves have died down properties – relieves anxiety, encourages sleep, improves sleep quality, can reduce blood pressure  used internally for menstrual cramps and irritable bowel syndrome

Appendix B

Why do we prune? There are two main goals when pruning an apple tree:  First, pruning when the tree is dormant (from December to February) will invigorate the tree, causing it to grow more in the following season;  Second, pruning to create a balance between shoots produced this year and shoot produced last year. Fruit is produced from shoots in the second year or later so this will ensure a crop of apples in the current year and one for the next year. We prune to:

. When do we prune? Increase fruit production . Control disease When the tree is dormant – from December to February . Control size of the tree How do we prune? . To open the tree to air and light Step 1: Remove deadwood, suckers, and watershoots . To remove wood we don’t want, Step 2: Take out crossing branches and increase wood we do want! Step 3: Control for shape and size – look to open the tree up and keep it at a height that is accessible Step 4: Prune for fruit – cut new growth to half its length at a bud and at the angle you want the branch to grow

*Make multiple gradual cuts on the branch you are removing until you reach the branch collar *Always prune to a bud, another branch or to the trunk and cut parallel to the branch collar *Only remove 20% or less of the tree in any given year

Terminology: Deadwood ~ dead or dying material Suckers ~ the new growth at the base of the tree Watershoots ~ the new growth at the top of the tree Branch collar ~ the ring shape where a lateral branch grows from main branch

Tools you might need:  Step ladder and orchard ladder  Anvil pruners  Pruning saw  Loppers  Bow saw  Secateurs  Pruning shears  Gloves Correct & Incorrect Pruning: From Bob Polomski Extension Consumer Horticulturist, Clemson University (2001). http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/vegetables/tree_fruits_nuts/hgic1351.html

Resources: Brickell, C. & Joyce, D. (1996). The American horticultural society pruning and training guide book. New York, NY: DK Publishing Inc.

Forest Services. (1995). How to prune trees. Retrieved from http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/prun001.htm

Appendix C

Project Budget

*A budget of $500 was allocated to this restoration project by the UVic Campus Community Gardens Board of Directors. A total of only $321.95 was spent as we tried to gather most materials by donation or free of charge.

ITEM COST Apple tree pruning workshop $75 - honorarium for the instructor Guild building $48 - mulch (compost and soil blend) Perennial garden beds $115 - first 3 shrubs Perennial garden beds $75 - all the rest of the plants 1 bag of sea soil $8.95

TOTAL $321.95

Appendix D

Field Notes

*See attached papers for set of original field notes.