DOCSLIB.ORG

The Carbon Sequestering Garden Gardening for the Planet While Growing Some of the Best Food Possible

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Carbon Sequestering Garden Gardening for the Planet While Growing Some of the Best Food Possible The Carbon Sequestering Garden Gardening for the Planet While Growing Some of the Best Food Possible By Allison Houghton Northeast Organic Farming Association/ Massachusetts Chapter, Inc. www.nofamass.org The Carbon Sequestering Garden Gardening for the Planet While Growing Some of the Best Food Possible Introduction: Gardening for the Planet, p. 3 Chapter Four: Capture Every Drop of Water, p. 22 Rain Barrels, p. 22 Mulches and Ground Covers, p. 23 Chapter One: Getting Started, p. 5 Rain Gardens, p. 23 Practice Organic Management, p. 5 Lawn Diversity, p. 24 Get a Soil Test, p. 5 Hugelkultur, p. 24 Correct Nutrient Deficiencies, p. 6 Swales and Check Dams, p. 24 Actively Build Soil Structure, p. 9 French Drains, p. 25 Consider Your Weeds, p. 9 Soil Amendments, p. 25 Super Efficient Irrigation Systems, p. 26 Permeable Surfaces, p. 26 Chapter Two: Add Life in the Soil, p. 10 Nitrogen-Fixing Inoculants, p. 11 Microbial & Mycorrhizal Inoculants, p. 11 Chapter Five: Working Within An Ecosystem, p. 27 Indigenous Microorganisms, p. 11 Working with Plants and Fungi, p. 27 Ramial Wood Chips, p. 12 Consider Perennial Crops, p. 27 Compost Tea, p. 12 Work with Deeper Roots, p. 28 Incorporate Mushrooms, p. 29 Consider Agroforestry in the Backyard, p. 29 Chapter Three: Building Up Soil Organic Working with Animals, p. 31 Matter, p. 13 Work with Beneficial Bugs, p. 31 Work with Small-Scale Livestock, p. 33 Compost, p. 13 Create Habitat, p. 34 Use a Diversity of Materials, p. 13 Use Principles of Agroecology, p. 35 Boost Your Compost’s Nutrient-Holding Observe, p. 35 Capacity, p. 14 Optimize Edge, p. 35 Add Trace Minerals, p. 15 Identify and Reinvest Flows, Resources, Add Finished Compost or Manure, p. 14 and Waste Streams, p. 35 Build Compost with a Diverse Soil Food Turn Problems into Solutions, p. 35 Web, p. 14 Mulch, p. 15 Wood Chips, p. 15 Chapter Six: Measuring Success Straw and Hay, p. 15 Topsoil Depth, p. 36 Leaves, p. 16 Aggregate Stability, p. 37 Other Mulch Options, p. 16 Earthworm Count, p. 37 Sheet Mulching, p. 16 Water Infiltration, p. 38 Materials to Avoid, p. 16 Soil Hardness, p. 38 Cover Crops, p. 17 Soil Surface Biology, p. 39 How to Plant, Maintain, and Kill Your Biodiversity Count, p. 39 Cover Crops, p. 17 Laboratory Testing for Soil Carbon, p. 39 Profiles of Common Cover Crops, p. 17-20 Other Tests and Observations, p. 40 Creative Ways to Use Cover Crops in the Backyard, p. 20 Biochar, p. 20 Conclusion: A Bigger Impact Than You Can Ensure Enough Moisture, p. 21 Possibly Imagine, p. 41 Use a Variety of Particle Sizes, p. 21 Add Minerals, p. 21 Add Soil Life, p. 21 Resources, p. 42-47 2 Introduction Every plant, growing slowly and steadily from the soil, is an active participant in Gardening for the Planet the soil ecosystem, fueling much of the biological activity happening underground. Plants actively capture carbon from the air Whatever takes place each day in this as CO2 through photosynthesis to produce world beneath our feet has wide-ranging sugars for themselves, and pump a portion influences on some of the great issues of our of these sugars (liquid carbon) out through time – pollution, nutrition and health, global their roots in a symbiotic relationship with warming, and preservation of biodiversity. the microbiology. Some of this liquid carbon — James B. Nardi, goes on to become the glues that build soil author of Life in the Soil structure, creates humus (the substance that makes the soil dark, crumbly and rich), and Minding your own patch of this planet by builds the soil’s water-holding capacity. nurturing your soil and building humus (sequestering atmospheric carbon) is the When you look out at your garden, what ultimate win/win. It benefits the gardener, do you see? You might see soil or exposed the garden and this practice regenerates the dirt, grass, garden vegetables, mulch, weeds, precious medium that sustains us all. In fact, maybe some trees or shrubs. You might see it may be your most powerful contribution to insects (or hear them buzzing to and fro), or the greatest challenge we will ever face. see evidence of them in holes in the leaves of your trees and veggies. Take a look. Take a — Graeme Sait moment to observe what’s out there. In the course of history, there comes a time Now take another look, specifically at when humanity is called to shift to a new the soil. Is it dark and crumbly, dusty and level of consciousness, to reach a higher tan, or compacted and grey? Would you moral ground. A time when we have to shed describe the soil in your garden as alive, our fear and give hope to each other. That sweet-smelling, and healthy? Or is it inert, time is now. compacted, and tired? Soil health is defined — Wangari Maathai by the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) as “the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals and humans”. The impact of climate change is daunting, Soil, in this context, is so much more than but we have a strong ally in the world a growing medium for your plants. When beneath our feet. The soil, quiet as it might we make the shift to thinking of soil as a seem from the surface, is full of organisms living ecosystem full of life, we understand living and dying, unlocking and storing it has a measure of health that can change. nutrients and carbon, breaking down As gardeners, we have the unique capacity pollutants, and purifying water. These to work with the health of this ecosystem, microorganisms are producing slimes and and actively build the soil, capture carbon, glues and residues that create soil structure hold more water and air, all while growing and help it resist extremes, such as flooding some of the best tasting, nutritious food we or drought or compaction. When the soil possibly can. is functioning at its full capacity, it is like a carbon-rich sponge that rebounds from The many relationships and processes stress, resists erosion, and buffers extremes. happening in the soil are complex and incredible, but the principles for building soil health (and consequently soil carbon) are 3 relatively simple. NRCS’s Soil Health division 3. Keep living roots in the soil year round broke them down to four general principles to feed your soil. Maintain living plant roots in the soil year round or for as much of the Although there are many creative ways year as possible. Remember that plant roots gardeners can build up the soil and sequester provide the fuel that soil microbes need to carbon (which we’ll explore in this booklet), thrive. Perennial plants (those that remain these overarching principles can be helpful alive for several years without having to be to keep in mind as a guide for better land reseeded) are an excellent choice for doing health. this. Planting groundcovers, cover crops, or strips of grass at the edges or pathways, or 1. Minimize or avoid chemical, physical in between annual vegetable plants can also and biological stressors. Completely be creative ways to feed the soil microbial eliminate or avoid the use of artificial community and maintain the flow of root pesticides and fertilizers, which are chemical exudates (liquid carbon) into the soil for as stressors that can actively destroy soil life, much of the year as possible. destabilize and degrade soil structure, and halt soil carbon building processes. Manual 4. Keep the soil covered as much as tilling and breaking up the soil is an example possible. Even if you can’t cover the soil of a physical stress that (especially when with living plants, try to cover any bare soil done regularly and deeply) will destroy to protect it from loss of carbon to oxidation, microbial communities including the long temperature extremes, erosion, rainstorms, fragile strands of fungi, which take a long and drying out. Mulches such as shredded time to rebuild. Drought, wind, and extreme leaves, hay, cardboard, compost, and wood cold or hot temperatures can also stress soils chips are all ways to keep the soil covered and soil life, especially if the surface of the while also adding organic matter to the soil is exposed to the elements. Protect your garden. soil, and manage it more by disturbing it less. In this book we will explore the many ways 2. Use plant diversity to increase soil you can garden for the planet and work diversity. Plants have the unique ability within an ecosystem to create a thriving to influence and direct soil biodiversity and productive garden that sequesters through the soil biodiversity at their roots. carbon. But remember climate change is In fact each type or family of plant can not just about rising carbon levels in the influence a separate, unique community atmosphere. It is about land health, water, of microorganisms. With one type of plant and life on all levels. It is about social in the garden, you will get a specialized justice, human health, security, sea level microbial community associated with that rise, the fate of biodiversity of the planet plant. Add 14 different types of plants to (including ourselves), affordable food and your garden, and the diversity increases water access, the stability of communities dramatically. Using both annuals and and governments as well as economies and perennials, rotating annuals, interseeding ecosystems – climate change affects them or undersowing a variety of plants in your all. And although, no one garden on its own garden: these are all ways to improve can tackle the mighty forces at play in our diversity aboveground that in turn promote world today, each garden does exist within diversity and resilience belowground.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Companion Planting in the Vegetable Garden
    Companion Planting in the Vegetable Garden Companion planting is growing two (or more) crops near each other with the theory that they help each other in nutrient update, improved pest management and reduced pesticide use, enhanced pollination and higher vegetable yields. Consider the following approaches to incorporate companion planting into your backyard vegetable plot. Encouraging Beneficials to Manage Pests and Promote Pollination Gardeners can enlist the aid of beneficial organisms (e.g. ladybird beetles, lacewings, mantids, spiders, and predatory mites) in the battle against pest populations by growing plants that create habitat for those beneficials in close proximity to vegetables under siege. Plants such as basil, cilantro, dill, fennel, and parsley are among those that provide shelter and food for various life stages of predatory and parasitic beneficial. In addition to attracting the natural enemies of garden pests, companion species are useful in luring and retaining pollinators in the garden. Plants such as buckwheat and clover are excellent choices for attracting bees to adjacent pollinator-requiring crops (with the added benefit of serving as weed-suppressing cover crops). Using Plant Characteristics to Maximize Yield Companion planting corn, pole beans, and winter squash (a grouping often described as “the three sisters” in Native American references) is one way to make the most of a small garden plot. Because of the individual species’ growth habits, the three grow well in the same space (though competition for nutrients still exists). Cornstalks, with their tall, thin habit provide a living trellis for the beans to climb, while low-growing, large-leaved squash plants shade the ground to help the soil stay moist and suppress weeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Organic Farming Association/ Massachusetts Chapter
    September 2013 Newsletter Northeast Organic Farming Association/ Massachusetts Chapter Inside this Issue: On Gardening & Proposed Food Safety Regs Big Ag Tries to Preempt Teaching Stir Farmer Anger State Laws on Farm Practices page 14 page 16 page 20 From the Editor Northeast Organic Farming Association/ Massachusetts Chapter, Inc. By Nicole Belanger 411 Sheldon Road Barre, MA 01005 NOFA/Mass Public Relations 978-355-2853 (p) 978-355-4046 (f) Coordinator [email protected] www.nofamass.org As the peaches ripen and bit by bit the days get shorter, our thoughts turn to how we can store NOFA/Mass Board Meetings are open to all the summer’s abundance and extend the season. members. For more information please contact: Reflecting on what we might do differently next time, Executive Director, Julie Rawson we are also reminded of what we’ve learned over the [email protected] years. 978-355-2853 Longtime gardener and NOFA/Mass member Christie Higginbottom grew up gardening with her parents © 2002-2013 NOFA/Massachusetts in central MA. She shared those experiences as NOFA/Massachusetts is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit an educator and gained new ones working at Old organization. Contributions are tax-deductible to Sturbridge Village for many years. In this issue, the extent allowed by law. Christie tells us her unique story and all about her tried and true tips for preparing the garden for the cold. Not a member yet? CLICK HERE NOFA/Mass Executive Director and longtime organic farmer Julie Rawson also reflects on a rekindled respect for comfrey and its diverse uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood and Charcoal Anatomy of Eight Charcoal- Producing Wood Species in Central Sudan
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KhartoumSpace Wood and Charcoal Anatomy of Eight Charcoal- producing Wood Species in Central Sudan By Hiat Mohammedain Mustafa Hagar B.Sc. (Honours-2002) Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Sinnar A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Forestry (Wood Science) at University of Khartoum Supervisor Dr. Abdelazim Yassin Abdelgadir Department of Forest Products and Industries Faculty of Forestry April 2010 اﻵﻳﺔ اﻵﻳﺔ ﭧ ﭨ ﮋ ﻬ ے ﮯ ۓ ﮱ ڭ ﯔ ﯕ ﯖ ۇ ﯘ ژ ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮرة (ﻳﺲ: اﻵﻳﺔ 80) i DEDICATION To the Soul of my Father ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise and thanks are due to Allah who had given me the power and support till completing this study. I am grateful and indebted to my supervisor Dr. Abdelazim Yassin Abdelgadir for his valuable guidance and advice throughout this study and deep thanks are due to Dr. Abdelatif Altyib and Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed for their supportive comments that led to a successful completion of the research. I would like to express my gratitude to El fasher University that give me this chance and my Department in the forestry of Environment and Natural Resource. I am greatly to Agriculture Engineer. Ali Alnour for his assistance in the sample collection at Alnoor Forest. Also I am grateful to technician Gamil Alla Gumaa for helping me in slide preparation, I am also very thankful to my friend Entisar Abdelrahman Ali who help me typing this work and finally thanks to my family Mother, brother, sister and all members of my family.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Aggregation
    R.C.Suelo Nutr. Veg. 8 (2) 2008 (9-18) J. Soil Sc. Plant Nutr. 8 (2) 2008 (9-18) 9 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SOIL AGGREGATION Fernando Borie, Rosa Rubio, Alfredo Morales Universidad de La Frontera. Casilla 54-D-Temuco. Corresponding author: [email protected] Hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y agregación de suelo Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil aggregates, glomalin. ABSTRACT Soil aggregation is governed by several biotic and abiotic components including land- use management. Aggregation is essential to maintain soil physical properties and facilitate biogeochemical cycling. Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered to be primary soil aggregators and there is a positively correlation between AMF hyphae and aggregate stability in natural systems. Recent evidence suggests that glomalin (GRSP), a glycoprotein produced by AMF hyphae which has a cementing capacity to maintain soil particles together, is mainly involved in such aggregation. However, recently controversial results together with reported shortcoming in glomalin determinat suggest to proceed with caution when studying glomalin in connection with soil aggregation. Relationships between glomalin and soil aggregates found in Chilean soils are discussed. 10 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Borie et al. Palabras Claves: Hongos micorrícicos, agregados de suelo, glomalina. RESUMEN La agregación de suelo es gobernada por una serie de factores bióticos y abióticos incluyendo el manejo del suelo. La agregación es fundamental para mantener las propiedades físicas del suelo y facilitar los ciclos biogeoquímicos. Las hifas de los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (MA) son consideradas como importantes agentes aglutinadores de partículas del suelo y se han descrito correlaciones positivas entre hifas de hongos MA y estabilidad de agregados en sistemas naturales.
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies Across Pyrogenic Carbon’S Abcs
    water Review Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies across Pyrogenic Carbon’s ABCs Nikolas Hagemann 1,* ID , Kurt Spokas 2 ID , Hans-Peter Schmidt 3 ID , Ralf Kägi 4, Marc Anton Böhler 5 and Thomas D. Bucheli 1 1 Agroscope, Environmental Analytics, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Management Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; [email protected] 3 Ithaka Institute, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Application and Development, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-58-462-1074 Received: 11 January 2018; Accepted: 1 February 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: Biochar and activated carbon, both carbonaceous pyrogenic materials, are important products for environmental technology and intensively studied for a multitude of purposes. A strict distinction between these materials is not always possible, and also a generally accepted terminology is lacking. However, research on both materials is increasingly overlapping: sorption and remediation are the domain of activated carbon, which nowadays is also addressed by studies on biochar. Thus, awareness of both fields of research and knowledge about the distinction of biochar and activated carbon is necessary for designing novel research on pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. Here, we describe the dividing ranges and common grounds of biochar, activated carbon and other pyrogenic carbonaceous materials such as charcoal based on their history, definition and production technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Control
    2530 SAN PABLO AVENUE, BERKELEY, CA 94702 | 510.548.2220 X 233 [email protected] | WWW.ECOLOGYCENTER.ORG Non-Toxic Weed Control Weed control can be achieved Organic Weed Control through a combination of planting • Mulch. To get weeds under techniques, mulching, hand control, try sheet mulching. Put pulling, hoeing and prevention. down newspaper or corrugated Unfortunately, there are no cardboard one or two inches environmentally safe miracle thick. Cover with two to four products that come in bottles. inches of straw, leaves, or wood Weeds can be beneficial, and they chips. Keep the mulched area can be controlled with the tried and moderately moist. Sheet mulching true suggestions below. can be especially effective against hard-to-control weeds because Beneficial Uses of Weeds it robs them of light and doesn’t • Improve your soil. You can use allow them to grow past the deep-rooted weeds to improve barrier. (Mulching also holds in your soil. Some deep divers open soil moisture, reducing the need up the subsoil to water and to the for watering.) Avoid using plastic roots of more delicate plants. (Try sheeting, because it blocks out air lambsquarter, sowthistle, vetch, and kills the beneficial organisms wild chicory, plantain, purslane, in your soil that keep it healthy. nightshade.) After a plot has been weeded, • Attract beneficial insects. Many a four-inch-thick organic mulch weeds also provide pollen for helps control weeds by inhibiting bees and serve as a refuge for the germination of weed seeds certain beneficial insects. (Try beneath the mulch. Any weeds weed control mustard, wild radish, pigweed, that root in the loose mulching white sweet clover.) material are also easier to pull.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Garden Mentor Program New Gardener Manual
    2020 Garden Mentor Program New Gardener Manual Mentor:___________________________ New Gardener Contact Information: Name:_____________________________ Telephone:_________________________ Email:______________________________ Victory Garden Initiative 249 E. Concordia Ave. Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212 414-431-0888 VictoryGardenInitiative.org Dear Garden Mentor, Thank you for volunteering to help show others the joys of gardening! Your time and advice will change the food system for a person, a family, and a community. The Garden Mentor Program has two goals. First, to help new gardeners experience success in their first season. We believe that early success makes new gardeners more likely to continue growing food in years to come. Second, we want Garden Mentors to build community around growing food. By getting to know our neighbors, we build a resilient network of homesteaders and gardeners who can help each other and encourage others to grow their own food. Relationship building is at the core of this program. It is important to learn about your gardener and their goals first. The advice you provide should be based on the individual needs of the gardener(s) you are paired with. Some gardeners may be interested in topics not covered here. Therefore, this packet should be used as a guide rather than a road map. In the past our program had required you to meet with your gardener five times over the course of the growing season, but we understand that people are busy and cannot necessarily commit to this requirement and most people do not seek this much assistance. That is why we have changed the structure of the program to be more relaxed to accommodate each new gardener at their (and your) own convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont, Inc
    VERMONT ORGANIC FARMERS CERTIFICATION GUIDELINES 2018 Vermont Organic Farmers, LLC (VOF) and the Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont, Inc. (NOFA-VT) Vermont Organic Farmers, LLC (VOF) Is the USDA accredited organic certification program of NOFA-VT. NOFA-VT Is a non-profit association of consumers, gardeners and farmers who share a vision of local, organic agriculture. Through education and member participation, NOFA works together to strengthen agriculture in Vermont. Please join us! As a member, you will receive subscriptions to NOFA's regional quarterly publication The Natural Farmer, NOFA-VT’s quarterly newsletter, NOFA Notes, NOFA-VT’s monthly e-news, and you will receive a copy of the Vermont Organic Farm & Food Directory. You will also receive reduced rates at NOFA's annual conference, seasonal workshops, farming supplies and discounts on books and publications. For additional information on membership and NOFA's work, please contact: NOFA-VT · PO Box 697 · Richmond, VT 05477 (802) 434-4122 (NOFA) · (802) 434-3821 (VOF) [email protected] or [email protected] www.nofavt.org 2 Executive Committee Annette Higby, Randolph, VT 728-4955 Brian Norder, Fairfax, VT 849-2000 Sam Smith, Charlotte 985-8018 Review Committee Paul Betz, E Calais, VT 456-8757 Annie Claghorn, Leicester, VT 247-3979 Dave Folino, Bristol, VT 989-5574 Anne Lazor, Westfield, VT 744-6855 Tim Sanford, South Royalton, VT 763-7981 Administration 434-3821 Enid Wonnacott, Executive Director Nicole Dehne, Certification Director Rachel Fussell, Certification Specialist (Crop & Livestock) Winston Rost, Certification Specialist (Processing & Maple) Gregg Stevens, Certification Specialist (Maple, Vegetable & Diverse Operations) Stephanie Walsh, Certification Specialist (Dairy & Livestock) Katy Lash, Certification Program Assistant Laura Nunziata, Quality Assurance Specialist 3 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control
    Chapter 1 Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control Joyce E. Parker, William E. Snyder, George C. Hamilton and Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55044 1. Introduction There is growing public concern about pesticides’ non-target effects on humans and other organisms, and many pests have evolved resistance to some of the most commonly-used pesticides. Together, these factors have led to increasing interest in non-chemical, ecologically- sound ways to manage pests [1]. One pest-management alternative is the diversification of agricultural fields by establishing “polycultures” that include one or more different crop varieties or species within the same field, to more-closely match the higher species richness typical of natural systems [2, 3]. After all, destructive, explosive herbivore outbreaks typical of agricultural monocultures are rarely seen in highly-diverse unmanaged communities. There are several reasons that diverse plantings might experience fewer pest problems. First, it can be more difficult for specialized herbivores to “find” their host plant against a back‐ ground of one or more non-host species [4]. Second, diverse plantings may provide a broader base of resources for natural enemies to exploit, both in terms of non-pest prey species and resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the plant themselves, building natural enemy communities and strengthening their impacts on pests [4]. Both host-hiding and encourage‐ ment of natural enemies have the potential to depress pest populations, reducing the need for pesticide applications and increasing crop yields [5, 6]. On the other hand, crop diversification can present management and economic challenges for farmers, making these schemes difficult to implement.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Preservation Manual Wood Preservation Manual
    Wood preservation manual Wood preservation manual Mechanical Wood Products Branch Forest I ndustries Division FAD Forestry Department The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-34 ISBN 92-5-102470-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAD 1986 - i - CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background and the purpose of the manual CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS PRESERVATION? 2 Importance, benefits and economics of wood preservation, protective measures, protection by specification, protection by design detailing CHAPTER 3 NATURE OF WOOD 13 Wood structure, classes of wood, moisture content and natural durability CHAPTER 4 DECAY HAZARDS 21 Fungi, insects, borers, weathering, fire CHAPTER 5 WOOD PRESERVATIVES 32 Properties, ideal preservative, types of preservatives, tar oils,
    [Show full text]
  • Malama `Āina: a Conversation About Maui's Farming Future
    MALAMA `INA: A CONVERSATION ABOUT MAUI’S FARMING FUTURE A PROJECT OF THE MAUI TOMORROW FOUNDATION Looking towards Iao Valley Prepared for Maui Tomorrow Foundation, Inc. March 8, 2016 Report by Permaculture Design International LLC Copyright 2016 by Maui Tomorrow Foundation, Inc. rural lifestyle. Table of Contents FARM ENTERPRISE OPPORTUNITIES 28 INTRODUCTION 1 A Brief Overview of Maui’s “Central Valley” CONCLUSION 35 and Sugarcane 2 REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE 3 APPENDICES 36 Climate Change and Regenerative Agriculture 5 Regenerative Agricultural Land Use Potential and Transition Strategy 6 Transition to Regenerative Agriculture 9 Mainframe Design 13 Methods to Reduce Overhead 13 Livestock and Holistic Management 14 16 Case Studies and Precedents 17 19 Biofuels 20 WATER AND SOIL 22 Water 22 Soil 24 Soil Building Strategies and Bioremediation 25 Cover illustration by Silvia Yordanova Copyright 2016 by Maui Tomorrow Foundation, Inc. INTRODUCTION - love and respect the land, make it yours and claim stewardship for it keep large tracts of contiguous farmland intact, and make farming more affordable. Maui’s - care for and nurture the land farming future is tied to this land. so it can give back all we need to sustain life for ourselves and our future generations people moving forward? For 150 years Maui -Puanani Rogers, Ho`okipa Network agriculture has been large-scale, mono-crop, chemical dependent, and export oriented. Beloved Maui is at a crossroads. The January Laguna Blanca, Argentina. Twelve years after transi- Can a new farming model bring both economic 2016 announcement by Alexander and Baldwin (A&B) that Hawaiian Commercial http://www.tompkinsconservation.org/farm_laguna_ & Sugar (HC&S) will be ending their 36,000 blanca.htm concerned about the loss of jobs for so many families, and want to see Maui’s agricultural wide open to a much-needed conversation legacy continue.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing for Its Magic Sauce
    Managing for its Magic Sauce Duff & Retained Organic Matter Northern Hardwood Forest Definition NHF NHF Natural Community Maple ‐ Birch ‐ Beech ‐ (Ash & Pine) Matrix Forest Outmoded concepts – Climax forest, succession to maple Spatial Scale –Natural Community Small Patch • Less than 50 acres • Embedded in another natural community for viability • Distinct physical (& chemical) features • 5% of landscape • Much of the biodiversity • Cliffs, acidic bogs, vernal pools Spatial Scale –Natural Community Large Patch • 50 to 1000 acres • Usually on dominant environmental condition or disturbance – shallow water inundation, fire • 20% of the landscape • These are the areas people often associate with special wildlife or plants – marsh & ducks, floodplain forests • Ecological parameters & careful management allows resource extraction Spatial Scale –Matrix Community Matrix Forest • 1,000s to millions of acres –dominates landscape • Shaped by climate and geology –and now humans as its where we live • Disturbance driven –small gap • 75% of the landscape • Species are “generalists” with broad ecological tolerances • Northern Hardwoods, Spruce NH, Spruce‐Fir forests • Temperate climate produces immense amounts of wood What Makes NHF Unique? Retained Organic Matter aka Coarse Woody Debris • 20% birds, 30% mammals, 45% amphibians, 50‐60% of reptiles use CWD directly • Nearly every forest bird is tied to insects that are part of the detrital cycle • 99% of energy in a tree ends up in detrital cycle Retained Organic Matter Other Values • Trapping downslope movement of soil • Storing moisture in forest floor ecosystem –highly diameter related • Legacy feature after disturbance • Insects and fungi –volume & diameter • Seedling bed – yellow birch Size and Distribution matter 60 • ½ volume in managed forests 50 40 •Greatest loss in large 30 Total diameter (1/10 vol) "7.8-19 % 20 •70 year decay rate "19 < % 10 (conservative) and water 0 storage Old 2nd Growth Growth •Bats & Birds Based on McGee et al.
    [Show full text]