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Pertentangan Klan Minamoto Dan Klan Taira Pada Peristiwa Perang Genpei Tahun 1180-1185

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Pertentangan Klan Minamoto Dan Klan Taira Pada Peristiwa Perang Genpei Tahun 1180-1185 PERTENTANGAN KLAN MINAMOTO DAN KLAN TAIRA PADA PERISTIWA PERANG GENPEI TAHUN 1180-1185 Amelia Savitri, Ferry Rustam Program Studi Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstrak Minamoto dan Taira adalah dua klan bangsawan yang berpengaruh terhadap otoritas kaisar pada Zaman Heian. Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira memiliki kekuatan militer yang dipercaya oleh kaisar sehingga mereka bersaing dalam memperebutkan kedudukan sebagai klan yang mendominasi pemerintahan. Skripsi ini membahas tentang pertentangan Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira pada peristiwa Perang Genpei tahun 1180-1185. Pertentangan tersebut meliputi pertempuran-pertempuran yang terjadi di beberapa wilayah di Jepang. Perang Genpei terjadi karena Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira mendukung dua calon kaisar yang berbeda. Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan dan bersifat kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis secara kronologis waktu. Kata Kunci: Klan Minamoto, Klan Taira, Perang Genpei, Zaman Heian Conflict of Minamoto Clan and Taira Clan at the Events of Genpei War Years 1180-1185 Abstract Minamoto and Taira are two of noble clans that have influence to emperor’s authority at Heian Era. Minamoto Clan and Taira Clan have a military strength that trusted by the emperor so they compete in a fighting for position as a clan who dominated the government. This thesis will discuss about conflict of Minamoto Clan and Taira Clan at the events of Genpei War years 1180-1185. The conflict includes the battles that occur in some areas in Japan. Genpei War occurs because Minamoto Clan and Taira Clan support two different candidates of emperors. This thesis is done by qualitative literary studies with the method of descriptive– analytic in chronological time. Key Words: Minamoto Clan, Taira Clan, Genpei War, Heian Era 1 Pertentangan klan..., Amelia Savitri, FIB UI, 2013 1. Pendahuluan Pada era Jepang kuno, terdapat dua kelompok yang berkuasa dalam pemerintahan atau matsurigoto (政). Kedua kelompok tersebut adalah Klan Kekaisaran, yang terdiri dari kaisar dan keluarganya, serta para bangsawan. Kaisar, yang tidak bisa secara langsung mengontrol seluruh wilayah di Jepang, mempekerjakan para bangsawan di pemerintahan. Sebagian bangsawan ditunjuk untuk memegang jabatan di istana, dan sebagian lagi ditunjuk untuk memegang jabatan di wilayah-wilayah di Jepang. Para bangsawan berasal dari klan yang berpengaruh terhadap pemerintahan. Klan atau uji (氏), dalam konteks sejarah Jepang, adalah masyarakat merdeka yang anggotanya memiliki nama keluarga sama.1 Pada saat memasuki pertengahan Zaman Heian ( 平安時代 Heian Jidai) abad ke-10, pemerintahan dan militer di Jepang didominasi oleh Klan Minamoto (源氏 Genji) dan Klan Taira (平氏 Heishi). Kaisar pada Zaman Heian mempekerjakan para pemimpin serta anggota Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira baik sebagai pejabat pemerintahan maupun sebagai pasukan militer. Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira merupakan dua klan bangsawan yang kemampuan militernya dipercaya oleh kaisar. Pemimpin serta sebagian anggota kedua klan ini merupakan seorang tsuwamono (兵), yaitu sebutan untuk bushi (武士) pada era Jepang kuno.2 Namun, selama bertahun-tahun menjadi klan kepercayaan kaisar, Minamoto dan Taira tidak selalu bekerja sama dengan damai dalam menjalani tugas dari kaisar. Kedua klan ini bersaing dalam memperebutkan kedudukan sebagai klan bangsawan paling berpengaruh terhadap kekuasaan kaisar. Terjadi beberapa pertempuran di antara Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira, dan masing-masing klan mengalami peningkatan dan penurunan kekuasaan. Klan bangsawan seperti Minamoto dan Taira memiliki seorang pemimpin di bidang militer yang disebut tōryō (棟梁) serta pengikut atau rōtō (郎党) yang berasal dari klan lain. Nama keluarga seorang rōtō tidak berubah mengikuti nama klan yang ia layani, dan seorang rōtō dapat pindah atau direkrut oleh klan lain yang sedang berkuasa.3 Selain persaingan di antara Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira, terdapat satu hal di dalam Klan Kekaisaran yang juga berpengaruh terhadap pemerintahan pada Zaman Heian. Hal tersebut adalah insei (院政) atau praktik turun tahta oleh para kaisar sehingga kaisar penerusnya dapat 1 George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334 (California: Stanford University Press, 1958), hlm. 27-38 2 Donald H. Shively & William H. McCullough (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol.2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), hlm. 644-653 3 Ibid. 2 Pertentangan klan..., Amelia Savitri, FIB UI, 2013 naik tahta. Dalam praktik ini, mantan kaisar tetap mempertahankan kekuasaannya atas kaisar yang memerintah dengan bertindak sebagai penasihat kaisar. Mantan kaisar dan kaisar memiliki orang kepercayaannya masing-masing baik dari Klan Minamoto maupun Klan Taira.4 Perbedaan ini meningkatkan persaingan di antara kedua klan dalam mempengaruhi kekuasaan di istana pada Zaman Heian sampai dengan Perang Genpei (源平合戦 Genpei Gassen) tahun 1180-1185. Berdasarkan konflik yang terjadi pada masa itu, maka masalah penelitian ini adalah pertentangan Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira dalam Perang Genpei tahun 1180-1185. 2. Metode Penelitian Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis secara kronologis waktu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara mencari dan membaca buku-buku yang membahas tentang peristiwa Perang Genpei, Klan Minamoto, dan Klan Taira. Penulis juga akan mengumpulkan data dan referensi dari internet. Selain itu juga akan dilampirkan gambar yang mendukung pembahasan dalam penelitian ini. 3. Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira pada Peristiwa Perang Genpei 3.1 Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira sebelum Terjadinya Peristiwa Perang Genpei Nama Minamoto dan Taira mulai muncul dalam sejarah Jepang pada abad ke-10, yaitu pada saat terjadi peristiwa pemberontakan terhadap pemerintah oleh Taira no Masakado (平将門) tahun 935-940. 5 Sejak peristiwa itu, para tsuwamono Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira dipekerjakan oleh kaisar untuk melawan pemberontakan terhadap pemerintah. Namun, pada tahun 1156, terjadi Pertempuran Hōgen (保元の乱 Hōgen no Ran) yang diakibatkan oleh perseteruan dua anak mantan kaisar Toba (鳥羽上皇 Toba Jōkō), Sutoku dan Go-Shirakawa, karena masalah pemilihan putra mahkota. Pada pertempuran ini, terdapat campuran kekuatan Minamoto dan Taira di dalam kedua kubu yang berseteru. Mantan kaisar Sutoku (崇徳上皇 Sutoku Jōkō) didukung oleh Minamoto no Tameyoshi (源為義, 1096-1156) dan Taira no Tadamasa (平忠正). Kaisar Go-Shirakawa (後白河天皇 Go-Shirakawa Tennō, 1127-1192, 4 Ibid., hlm. 576 5 Sansom, Op. Cit., hlm. 244 3 Pertentangan klan..., Amelia Savitri, FIB UI, 2013 memerintah tahun 1155-1158) didukung oleh Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛, 1118-1181) dan Minamoto no Yoshitomo (源義朝, 1123-1160). Peristiwa ini dimenangkan oleh kubu Kaisar Go-Shirakawa. Pada tahun 1160, terjadi Pertempuran Heiji (平治の乱 Heiji no Ran) yang diakibatkan oleh rencana Yoshitomo untuk menyingkirkan Kiyomori karena keinginannya mengangkat kembali nama Klan Minamoto di atas Klan Taira. Yoshitomo ingin menjadikan Minamoto sebagai klan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kaisar tanpa disaingi oleh Taira. Namun, Yoshitomo dibunuh dan peristiwa ini dimenangkan oleh kubu Kiyomori.6 Pascapertempuran Heiji, hanya tersisa empat anak Minamoto yang masih kecil. Anak ke-3 Yoshitomo, Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝, 1147-1199) yang masih berusia tiga belas tahun, tidak ikut dieksekusi seperti kedua kakaknya karena permohonan dari ibu tiri Kiyomori, Ike no Zenni. Sebagai keringanan, Yoritomo diasingkan ke Wilayah Izu (伊豆国 Izu no Kuni) dan dititipkan kepada Hōjō Tokimasa (北条時政), seorang pemimpin klan yang merupakan keturunan Klan Taira. Tiga orang adik Yoritomo masih bersama ibu mereka, Tokiwa (常盤御前 Tokiwa Gozen), ketika mendengar berita kematian Yoshitomo. Kiyomori, yang merasa kasihan kepada mereka, menawarkan keamanan bagi ketiga anak Tokiwa apabila ia mau menjadi selir Kiyomori. Tokiwa setuju dan ketiga anaknya, termasuk Minamoto no Noriyori (源範頼, 1150-1193) dan Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源義経, 1159-1189), dititipkan kepada para biarawan untuk dididik menjadi seorang biarawan. Tiga anak Yoshitomo, yang dibiarkan hidup oleh Kiyomori, kembali mengangkat nama Klan Minamoto dan berhadapan dengan Klan Taira dua puluh tahun kemudian dalam Perang Genpei.7 Pada tahun 1180, kembali timbul perselisihan antara Klan Minamoto dan Klan Taira karena masalah penunjukan kaisar baru. Klan Minamoto ingin agar Pangeran Mochihito (以仁王 Mochihito Ō, 1151-1180), anak Kaisar Go-Shirakawa, naik tahta. Sedangkan Klan Taira mendukung Kaisar Antoku (安徳天皇 Antoku Tennō, 1178-1185, memerintah tahun 1180- 1185), cucu Kiyomori. Pada tahun yang sama, terjadi Perang Genpei antara Klan Minamoto melawan Klan Taira yang berlangsung sampai dengan tahun 1185 akibat masalah pemilihan kaisar baru tersebut. Perang Genpei terbentuk dari pertempuran-pertempuran besar dan kecil yang lokasinya terbentang dari Jepang bagian timur atau Tōgoku (東国) dan pantai di timur laut sampai ujung barat daya Pulau Honshū (本州島 Honshū-jima) dan sebagian Pulau 6 S. R. Turnbull, The Samurai: A Military History (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1983), hlm. 34-41 7 Shively & McCullough (Ed.), Op. Cit., hlm. 694 4 Pertentangan klan..., Amelia Savitri, FIB UI, 2013 Shikoku (四国島 Shikoku-jima). Perang Genpei merupakan perang saudara yang terjadi di antara Klan Minamoto dengan Klan Taira.8 3.2 Perlawanan Minamoto no Yorimasa terhadap Taira no Kiyomori Sejak berakhirnya Pertempuran Heiji pada tahun 1160, militer pemerintahan didominasi oleh Klan Taira di bawah pimpinan
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