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View / Open Tribit Oregon 0171A 12022.Pdf MAKING KNIGHTHOOD: THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY IN THE ORDENE DE CHEVALERIE, THE LIVRE DE CHEVALERIE DE GEOFFROI DE CHARNY AND THE ESPEJO DE VERDADERA NOBLEZA by ANTHONY PATRICK TRIBIT A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Romance Languages and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2017 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anthony Patrick Tribit Title: Making Knighthood: The Construction of Masculinity in the Ordene de chevalerie, the Livre de chevalerie de Geoffroi de Charny and the Espejo de verdadera nobleza. This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Romance Languages by: David A. Wacks Chairperson Barbara K. Altmann Core Member F. Regina Psaki Core Member Stephanie Clark Institutional Representative and Sara D. Hodges Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2017 ii © 2017Anthony Patrick Tribit iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Anthony Patrick Tribit Doctor of Philosophy Department of Romance Languages September 2017 Title: Making Knighthood: The Construction of Masculinity in the Ordene de chevalerie, the Livre de chevalerie de Geoffroi de Charny and the Espejo de verdadera nobleza This dissertation applies the concept of hegemonic masculinity.proposed by R.W Connell in her book Masculinities, to three works of medieval chivalric conduct literature. This dissertation asserts that the authors of the Ordene de chevalerie, the Livre de chevalerie of Geoffroi de Charny and the Espejo de verdadera nobleza create an image of knightly masculinity that demonstrates its superiority over other forms of medieval masculinity. At the same time, each text serves a secondary purpose; elucidating the values and political aims of its author. The Ordene de chevalerie demonstrates the hegemonic nature of knighthood by means of its frame story while at the same time trying to show how the knighthood is intimately linked to Christian faith by means of the ritual of initiation into the knighthood. The Livre de chevalerie provides guidance on how to obtain honor and prowess, while at the same showing how the knighthood is superior to the clerical class, another powerful mode of medieval masculinity. The Espejo de verdadera nobleza demonstrates that the hegemonic form of masculinity embodied in the knighthood was open to those who showed the necessary characteristics and won the approval of the sovereign. The Espejo acts as means of iv institutionalizing the knighthood and shows the first imaginings of how the knighthood would change with the advent of the Renaissance. By using a theoretical framework more common to the fields of sociology and management studies to explore these texts, this dissertation demonstrates how theories that are accepted in these fields may be applied to literary and medieval studies. This dissertation also seeks to bring greater attention to the genre of chivalric conduct literature, a genre that does not receive as much attention from scholars as other medieval genres such as epic and romance. This dissertation seeks to show that chivalric conduct literature is a fruitful field of study and that these three lesser known works in this genre provide valuable medieval perspectives on the concepts of knightly masculinity. Although these authors define knighthood differently, they all agree that knighthood plays a defining role in constructing and modeling a superior form of masculinity. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Anthony Patrick Tribit GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Gettysburg College, Gettysburg DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Romance Languages, 2017, University of Oregon Master of Arts, Romance Languages, 2010, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, French and Spanish, 2005, Gettysburg College AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Men’s Studies Chivalry and Knighthood Organizational Studies Discourse Theory PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Employee, University of Oregon, 2008-2017 Assistant, Special Collections, Gettysburg College, 2007 Assistant Language Teacher, Nagasaki Board of Education, 2005-2007 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Beall Scholarship, University of Oregon, 2013 Gettysburg College Senior Scholarship, Gettysburg College, 2005 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Prof. David A. Wacks and Prof. Barbara K. Altmann, for their guidance and encouragement in the preparation of this manuscript. vii For my family, in gratitude and love. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 II. THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MASCULINE IDEAL ......................................... 8 III. THE ORDENE DE CHEVALERIE: CHRISTIANITY AND THE INITIATION INTO THE KNIGHTHOOD IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE ............. 42 IV. LE LIVRE DE CHEVALERIE DE GEOFFROI DE CHARNY: PROWESS AS HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE….. 81 V. THE ESPEJO DE VERDADERA NOBLEZA: CHIVALRY AS AN INSTITUTION IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SPAIN ........................................... 126 VI. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 164 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................ 169 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION If a modern man wishes to better enact the construction of masculinity that he is going to personify, he need only to go to the local bookstore and there he will find an array of titles that cover the different types of roles he may play in his family and society. He will find books on topics such as being a better husband and father or a better employee. Although a man may be born with the male gender, he must learn to embody manhood as he believes it should be performed. This knowledge may come from following the examples of other men, such as his father or fictional characters. He may also turn to books that describe an ideal of manliness and how to obtain it. In this way, he is able to create, or “make” an identity such as that of father, leader, or even knight. The modern self-help books mentioned above are only the latest iteration of a genre of literature that existed even in the Middle Ages. Medieval manuals that sought to teach the reader how to better fulfill their duty exist in various types from Mirrors for Princes such as John of Salisbury’s Policratus, which teaches about political matters, to manuals which covered more mundane aspects of daily life such as the Ménagier de Paris, which instructs a medieval urban lady on how to best fulfill her household duties. There were also manuals written for and about the knighthood. This dissertation explores three manuals of chivalric conduct in particular, the Ordene de chevalerie (circa 1220), the Livre de chevalerie de Geoffroi de Charny (circa 1350), and the Espejo de verdadera nobleza (circa 1441). I propose that the authors of these three manuals create a specific vision of knightly masculinity that aligns with their specific visions of the role that knights should play in society. In these texts, the authors also demonstrate to the reader 1 why their visions of knighthood are the dominant form of masculinity in the social context from which they write. The manuals in the genre of chivalric conduct literature teach knights their duty and how to better assume the role of a knight. These manuals are didactic in nature and often do not contain a plot. These texts offer the reader the opportunity to study explicit explanations of the values and duties of the knight. These explanations were often colored by the personal beliefs of their writers and so present various conceptions of the way in which knighthood should be enacted, providing a varied and nuanced body of texts. Unfortunately, this genre of literature has not yet received a thorough treatment by modern scholars of the Middle Ages. This dissertation attempts to rectify this issue by analyzing these three very different works of chivalric conduct literature in order to examine how their authors support a conception of knighthood that presents itself as the hegemonic medieval masculinity. Judith Butler discusses masculine hegemony in her book Gender Trouble. For Butler, “gender trouble” is a means of subverting “masculine hegemony and heterosexist power” (80). Instead of subverting masculine hegemony, however, this dissertation examines how this male supremacy is maintained by using the theoretical concept of hegemonic masculinity proposed by R.W. Connell in her book Masculinities (1995). This theory originates in the field of sociology and has not been used as a theoretical framework for the study of medieval literature. The three works studied in this dissertation come from disparate geographical locations and different periods in medieval history. The first two texts come from northern France, the third text was written in the kingdom of Castile. What unifies the 2 works in this project is that together, they offer the opportunity to examine how authors from diverse segments of medieval society envision the ideal knight. Each work is written by a member of a different section of the traditional tripartite view of feudal medieval society, which in this view was composed
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