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RESEARCH UPDATE THE ALMOND BOARD OF CALIFORNIA Almond Board of California 1150 Ninth Street, Suite 1500 Modesto, CA 95354 T: 209.549.8262 | F: 209.549.8267 Almonds.com Printed in USA © 2020 Almond Board of California Almond Board of California does not directly endorse the products or events of the exhibitors or sponsors. ALM200050O_DecConf2020_Research Update_Cover_F.indd All Pages 10/26/20 4:23 PM DATE: 10.26.20 CLIENT: ALM SIZE: 17" x 11" APPROVAL INITIAL APPROVAL INITIAL FILE NAME: ALM200050O PREPARED BY: Fp INK: 4/0 1 ART DIRECTOR Fp 4 CRT DIRECTOR Fp DESCRIPTION: Research Update Cover INTERNAL ROUND: FNL DIELINE: None 2 WRITER Fp 5 PROJ. MGR Sk FILE TYPE: INDD CC CLIENT ROUND: Approved FOLDS: 8.5" x 11" 3 COPYEDITOR 6 ACCOUNT MGR Ky/Ap NOTES: Proof printed at 90% of actual size. Parks to add spine. Advancing California Almonds Through Innovation With a record harvest estimated at 3 billion pounds in 2020, the Almond Board’s research program delivers innovations to keep almonds profitable to farm while advancing the sustainability of how we grow and demonstrating the health and nutritional value of almonds to consumers. This report summarizes current research across almond production, environmental aspects of production, human nutrition, almond quality, and food safety. The Almond Board, together with partners in industry and the University of California’s Cooperative Extension, translate this research into practical tools to accelerate adoption of industry best practices from the farm across through the industry to handlers and food companies. Research addresses the challenges of today while developing innovations that will take the industry into the future. This year marks twenty-five years of nutrition research, which had delivered a health halo for almonds that spurs consumer demand. Beginning with heart health, the Almond Board’s nutrition research has grown to address diabetes, weight management, satiety, and gut health, to almond’s contributions to skin health, cognition, and a healthy lifestyle. ABC research is directed by over 100 industry stakeholders who share their expertise through service on the Strategic Agricultural Innovation Committee and its specialized Working Groups, the Almond Quality and Food Safety Committee, and the Nutrition Research Committee. These volunteers ensure research targets industry priorities and delivers practical and relevant information. We are grateful for Committee members sharing their time and experience, inviting others in the industry to consider service on Almond Board committees as well. To learn more detail, forty years of project reports can be accessed in the Almond Board’s Research Database on almonds.com. Almond Board of California 2020 Research Update For the Almond Board of California, Tim Birmingham Richard Waycott Director, Quality Assurance and President and CEO Industry Services [email protected] (Almond Quality & Food Safety Committee) [email protected] Josette Lewis Swati Kalgaonkar Chief Scientific Officer, Research, and Associate Director, Research and Innovation Innovation (Strategic Ag Innovation Committee; (Nutrition Research Committee) Pollination Bee Health Workgroups) [email protected] [email protected] Guangwei Huang Gabriele Ludwig Associate Director, Research and Director, Research and Innovation Innovation (Sustainability Workgroup) (Biomass; Harvest Workgroups) [email protected] [email protected] Sebastian Saa Associate Director, Research and Innovation (Orchard, Tree, Rootstock; Irrigation, Nutrients, Soil Health; Harvest; Workgroups) [email protected] Jesse Roseman Principle Analyst, Research and Innovation (Pest Management Working Group) [email protected] Almond Board of California 2020 Research Update Ag and Environmental Affairs Extension and Outreach HORT6 Nickels Soil Lab Projects 1 HORT3 Documenting the Effects of Annually Applied Green Waste and 2 Manure Composts on Almond Tree Performance HORT3 Establishing a long-term phosphorus trial in almond 3 Harvest HARV1 Drying Fresh Harvested Almonds 4 HARV2 Developing Effective Drying Methods for Minimizing Quality Defects 5 for Off ground Harvest Almonds HARV3 Handling Fresh Harvested Almonds 6 HORT40 Quantitative and qualitative impacts of windfall 7 on almond yield and quality Irrigation, Nutrients and Soil Health HORT22 Whole Tree ET Responses to Mind and Moderate Water Stress 8 HORT28 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Surface Renewal and other 9 Technologies to Determine Almond Tree Water Use and Stress HORT31 Assessment of Almond Water Status Using Inexpensive 10 Thermographic Imagery HORT32 Variable Rate Irrigation Practices on Almond 11 HORT37 Data-Driven Physiological Modeling of Canopy Photosynthesis for 12 Precision Irrigation Management HORT38 Advanced Irrigation Management of Young and Mature Almond 13 Orchards HORT39 Managing for Soil Health: Targets and Potential 14 in Almond Orchards HORT43 Using SWP to Delay the Start of Irrigation in the Spring 15 HORT52 Updating information on evapotranspiration (ET) and crop 16 coefficients (Kc) of micro-irrigated almond production orchards grown in California for use in water resource management and irrigation scheduling decisions PREC3 Almond Orchard Recycling 17 PREC7 Effect of Partial Fertilizer Substitution with 18 Organic Matter Amendments on Nutrient Cycling STEWCROP7 Management and Benefits of Cover Crops in Almond Orchards 19 Orchard, Tree, Rootstock HORT1 Almond Variety Development 20 HORT2 Field Evaluation of Almond Varieties 21 HORT4 Field Evaluation of Almond Rootstocks 22 HORT5 Integration of Tree Spacing, Pruning, and Rootstock Selection 23 for Efficient Almond Production HORT10 Rootstock Breeding 24 HORT13 Development and Testing of a Mobile Platform for Measuring 25 Canopy Light Interception HORT16 Integrated Conventional and Genomic Approaches to Almond 26 Rootstock Development Almond Board of California ~ 2020 Research Update HORT20 Physiology and Management of Salinity Stress and Nitrate Leaching 27 in Almond: Influence of Rootstock, Scion and Supplemental Nutrition HORT30 Tree Architecture and Development of New Growing Systems 28 HORT35 Gene prediction and genome functional annotation of ‘Nonpareil’ 29 HORT45 Three-dimensional model-based analysis of the impact of variability 30 in almond tree structure and configuration HORT46 The application of molecular tools and quantitative phenotyping for 31 genomics-assisted breeding in almond. HORT47 Applied epigenomics towards measuring the risk of noninfectious 32 bud failure in almond HORT48 Are Californian almond cultivars and rootstocks susceptible to PPV 33 and can almonds be a host for the spread of Sharika in California? HORT49 Discovery of genetic variation in related self-fertile species of 34 almond HORT50 Field Screening of Size Controlling Rootstocks for Higher Density, 35 Off Ground-Harvested Almond Orchards HORT51 Accelerated Assessment of Almond Variety Candidates 36 HORT55 Evaluating new breeding material for salinity tolerance in almond 37 rootstocks and exploring novel sources of salinity tolerance in Prunus germplasm PREC1 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Water Use and Photosynthesis in 38 Almond Orchards PREC8 Development of Tree Carbohydrate Budget of Almonds 39 Under Changing Central Valley Climatic Conditions Pest Management PREC10 Root data summary and publication 40 ALFA1 Efficacy of AF36 Prevail After Commercial Application 41 ENTO1 Altered Lipid Metabolism-Bifenthrin-Resistant Navel Orangeworm 42 (NOW) Potential Cross-Resistance to Pesticides ENTO2 Comparison of Navel Orangeworm Attractants 43 ENTO6 Arthropod Pest Management in the Lower San Joaquin Valley 44 ENTO18 Another Look at Pheromonal or Related Attractants for Leaffooted 45 Bugs ENTO22 Influence of Different Cover Crop Systems on Navel Orangeworm 46 (NOW) and Its Natural Enemies ENTO23 Biology, Monitoring and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink 47 Bug in Almond Orchard ENTO25 Survey of Navel Orangeworm Control Strategies 48 HORT12 Herbicide Performance and Crop Safety Evaluations in 49 Conventional Almond Production Systems: Field Research and Extension Support HORT54 Evaluation of the Effects of PHI on Detection of Glyphosate or 50 Glufosinate in Harvested Almonds HORT58 Evaluation of potential pest pressure reduction for early off-ground 51 harvest PATH1 Non-Fumigant Approaches and Diagnostics for Orchard 52 Replacement and Soil Borne Disease Management PATH3 Biology and Management of Almond Scab and Alternaria Leaf Spot 53 PATH4 Biology and Management of Almond Brown Rot, Jacket Rot, Shot 54 Hole, Rust, and Hull Rot PATH5 Biology and Management of Bacterial Spot of Almond in California 55 Almond Board of California ~ 2020 Research Update PATH11 Control and management of the newly introduced destructive wood 56 decay pathogen, Ganoderma adspersum. PATH12 Management of Trunk and Scaffold Canker Diseases of Almond 57 PATH15 Epidemiology and Management of Phytophthora Root and Crown 58 Rot of Almond in California PATH16 Detection of Band Canker Pathogens in Young Almond Trees in 59 Nurseries and Orchards and Disease Management PATH18 Investigation of Aspergillus niger causing Hull Rot and Conditions 60 Conductive to Disease Development in Kern County PATH19 Continued Assessment of Almond Orchard Performance and Soil 61 Health Following Biosolarization Using Almond Residue Amendments WATER11 Development of Spray Backstop: A Low-maintenance System to 62 Reduce Spray Drift without Limiting the Spray and Air Delivery WATER14 Integrating Almond
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  • Why Fair Use Should Extend to Fan-Based Activities

    Why Fair Use Should Extend to Fan-Based Activities

    WHEN HOLDING ON MEANS LETTING GO: WHY FAIR USE SHOULD EXTEND TO FAN-BASED ACTIVITIES Nathaniel T. Noda† INTRODUCTION In a celebrated children’s song, Malvina Reynolds observes that love is “just like a magic penny, / hold it tight and you won’t have any. / Lend it, spend it, and you’ll have so many / They’ll roll all over the floor.” 1 Just as love sometimes means letting go, the doctrine of fair use recognizes that the purposes of copyright are sometimes better served by allowing certain forms of infringing activity to occur. The four-factor test for fair use, codified at 17 U.S.C. § 107, affords courts sufficient latitude to fine tune the analysis in light of changing circumstances. The recent surge of interest in anime and manga, or Japanese animation and comics, 2 brings with it distinctive examples of what may be dubbed “fan-based activities,” which indicate how courts can adapt the fair use analysis to best balance the public’s access to creative works with the interests of copyright holders. The joint popularity of anime and manga is no coincidence: the origin and evolution of manga is entwined with the origin and evolution of anime, representing a symbiosis between the † Mr. Noda is a J.D. Candidate 2009, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai`i at Manoa. This paper arose within the context of the WSRSL Second-Year Seminar. The author would like to thank Professor Charles D. Booth for his invaluable advice and guidance. 1 Charles H. Smith & Nancy Schimmel, Magic Penny , by Malvina Reynolds, available at http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/MALVINA/mr101.htm.