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Gods and Heroes in the Athenian Agora (1980)

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EXCAVATIONS OF THE ATHENIAN AGORA PICTURE BOOKS I. Pots and Pans ofCIassical Athens (195I) 2. The Stoa ofAttalos II in Athens (1959) 3. Miniature Sculpturefrom the Athenian Agora (1959) 4. The Athenian Citizen (1960) 5. Ancient Portraits from the Athenian Agora (1960) 6. Amphoras and the Ancient Wine Trade (revised 1979) 7. The Middle Ages in the Athenian Agora (1961) 8. Garden Lore of Ancient Athens (1963) 9. Lampsfrom the Athenian Agora (1964) 10. Inscriptionsfrom the Athenian Agora (1966) I I. Waterworks in the Athenian Agora (1968) 12. An Ancient Shopping Center: The Athenian Agora (1971) 13. Early Burials from the Agora Cemeteries (1973) 14. Graffiti in the Athenian Agora (1974) 15. Greekand Roman Coins in the Athenian Agora (1975) 16. The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide (revised 1980) German and French editions (1977) 17. Socrates in the Agora (1978) 18. Mediaeval and Modern Coins in the Athenian Agora (1978) 19. Gods and Heroes in the Athenian Agora (1980) These booklets are obtainable from the American School of Classical Studies at Athens c/o Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, U.S.A. They are also available in the Agora Museum, Stoa of Attalos, Athens 1 S B N 87661-623-6 Excavations ofthe Athenian Agora, Picture Book No. 19 Prepared by John McK. Camp 11 Produced by The Meriden Gravure Company, Meriden, Connecticut 8 American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1980 Front Cover: Athena, from a Panathenaic vase, 6th century B.C Gods and Heroes in the Athenian Agora Relief of the Cave of Pan. Second half of the 4th century B.C. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 1980 I. Plan ofthe Agora in the 2nd century after Christ, showing the principal cult locations. GODS HEROES Aphrodite Hera Aiakos Apollo Herakles Daughters of Leos Ares Hermes Epitegios Artemis Hestia The Eponymous Heroes Asklepios Mithras Eurysakes Athena Mother of the Gods Strategos Demeter Pan Theseus Dionysos Poseidon The Tyrannicides Egyptian Gods The Twelve Gods Hekate Zeus Hephaistos THEA THENI AN A GO R A, in addition to being the political, adminis- trative, commercial, and social center of town, was also very much the focus of religious life in the city. With no separation of Church and State, virtually all aspects of civic life were carried out under the protection of one or more patron deities, and temples and shrines lay throughout the city, side by side with public buildings, workshops, and private houses (I). Evidence from the excavations of the Agora attests to the richness and variety of the religious life of ancient Athens; cults are represented by large temples (16), small open-air shrines (52), altars (2), and dedications. In addition, many of the small objects on sale in the market were decorated with lively scenes illustrating the numerous myths which tell the stories of the gods and heroes. At the heart of the city, the large open square of the Agora was an ideal place for many of the festivals held in honor of the gods. The Athenian year was full of days set aside for religious activities. Though solemn in intent, these religious observances also provided an opportunity for good entertainment, with lavish processions, theatrical and choral perfor- mances, and athletic contests (3) making up an important part of every festival. In addition, the sacrifices of animals (4) provided a great deal of meat which was distributed to the citizens for large communal feasts. Thus many of the festivals took place in a holiday atmosphere, and the whole population would have partaken of the religious life of the city. 2. A youth sacrifices at an altar. Here the sacrifice takes the form of a simple libation; note the snakes, symbols of heroes, on the altar. Red-figured cup, 5th century B.C. 3 3. A torch race. Such races, held at night, are known to have been performed in honor of Athena, Hephaistos, and Prometheus. Red-figured pitcher, late 5th century B.C. 4. Sacred calendar. A list offesti- vals and the appropriate sacrifices (mostly pigs) for Demeter and other Eleusinian deities. Late 5th century B.C. 4 THE OLYMPIAN GODS ZEUS Zeus, father of the Olympian gods (s), was well represented in the Agora. A long colon- nade, or stoa, was built along the west side of the square in the late 5th century B.C. and dedicated to Zeus Eleutherios (Freedom). Built in celebration of Athenian victories over the Persians, the building had handsome wall paintings depicting the twelve gods as well as Athenian military exploits (Pausanias, 1.3.3-4). It was considered a suitable place for the dedication of the shields of those who had died in battle fighting for the freedom of Ath- ens. An altar and statue of the god stood out in front of the building. 5. Zeus enthroned, holding his thunderbolt. Black- figured lekythos, late 6th century B.C. 6. Stoa ofZeus Eleutherios, restored drawing. Late 5th century B.C. 5 ATHENA Daughter of Zeus and Metis, the goddess of wisdom, Athena was the patron deity of Athens, having won the honor in a contest with Poseidon. She had three major tem- ples on the Akropolis, but was not ne- glected in the lower city, where her aspect as goddess of arts and crafts made her an important figure in the Agora. She was worshipped with her father, Zeus, in both a small temple and the bouleuterion, and she shared the great temple overlooking the market square (16) with Hephaistos, also a patron of craftsmen. 7. Athena. The goddess usually appears fully armed, fitting the description of her in one of the Homeric Hymns: ‘dread is she and with Ares she loves deeds of war.’ Roman lamp, 3rd century after Christ. 8. Armed Athena; Pan- athenaic vase, 6th century B.C. This type ofamphora served a specific function: to hold the sacred olive oil given as a prize to the win- ners of the athletic contests held during the Panathenaic festival in honor of Athena. One side of the jar has a depiction ofthe goddess, the other a picture of the event for which the jar and its contents were the prize. 9. Demeter with Persephone, Iakchos, and worshippers. Votive relief of the 4th century B.C. DEMETER Demeter, goddess of vegetation and fertility, had her own sanctuary to the southeast, along the road which led up the hill from the Agora to the Akrop- olis. This sanctuary, the Eleusinion, served as a sort of Athenian annex for Demeter’s great sanctuary and Hall of Mysteries at Eleusis, several miles to the 10. Bronze token with west of Athens. Only partially excavated, the Eleu- kemos and Of wheat, 3rd or 2nd sinion had a high enclosure wall, a stoa, and a century B.C. temple. Numerous kernoi, special ritual vessels used in the rites of Demeter, were found in the area (10, 11). I I. Kemoi, small ritual vases, from the Eleusinion. 4th century B.C. 7 12. Plan ofthe Temple of Apollo Patroos. Late 4th century B.C. APOLLO Apollo, god oflight and music, was worshipped in the Agora as Apollo Patroos (Fatherly), the paternal deity of all Athenians as the father of Ion, founder of the Ionian race. His temple, a small structure of the 4th century B.c., lies just south of the Stoa of Zeus. A huge statue of the god, wearing the robes of a musician, was found near by and can perhaps be identified with a famous statue seen by Pausanias in the temple (I 3). It corresponds also to a description of the god in a Homeric Hymn: ‘Apollo plays his lyre well, stepping high, and a radiance shines around him, the gleaming of his feet and well-woven tunic.’ I 3. Apollo, perhaps by the sculptor Euphranor, 4th century B.C. 8 14. Apollo and Artemis. Black-figured vase, 6th century B.C. ‘Tall to look on, enviable in form, Artemis who delights in arrows, sister of Apollo’ (Homeric Hymn). ARTEMIS Artemis, sister of Apollo (14)and goddess of the hunt (IS), was‘wor- shipped in Athens as the goddess of good counsel, a useful deity in view of the often chaotic nature of Athenian democracy. A decree in honor of the people of Ephesos, a city where the worship of Artemis was paramount, was to be set up ‘in the Agora beside the altar ofArtemis Boulaia’ (I 2361). Another inscription (I 787) records that sacrifices were offered to her before every meeting of the Athenian assembly. I 5. Artemis in hunting garb, with dog, bow, quiver, and torch. Relief of the Roman period, deliberately mutilated. 16. The Hephaisteion. Second halfofthe 5th century B.C. HEPHAISTOS Sing, clear-voiced Muse, of Hephaistos, famed for inventions. With bright-eyed Athena he taught men glorious crafts. Homeric Hymn The god of the forge was honored at Athens in the large Doric temple which crowns the hill west of the Agora (16), perhaps the most monu- mental temple erected to Hephaistos in the ancient world. The area around was found to be full ofbronze-casting pits and other examples ofindustrial activity, suggesting that those who worshipped the god toiled near by. 17.Hephaistos. Note the work cap and torch. Torch races were part of the god's festival. Lamp of the Roman pe- riod. I0 APHRODITE The goddess of love was worshipped above the Agora on the slopes of the Akropolis, where at least two sanctu- aries to her are known. Her popularity in the city below is attested by almost 300 statuettes (18) which have come to light in the excavations.
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