Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45600-5 — Assembly of the Executive Mind Michael W

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45600-5 — Assembly of the Executive Mind Michael W. Hoffmann Index More Information

Index

abaragnosis, 35 Alvarez bolide impact theory, anosognosia, 196, 198–199 abstract art 21 Antarctic ice sheet response to, 207–208 Alzheimer’s disease, 10, 70, periods of expansion, 36 abstract thought, 58 71, 82, 102, 126, 128, 146, Antarctica, 19, 30, 32 abulia, 54, 91 154, 201, 209, 214 anterior cingulate circuit, 54 Acanthostega, 18 acetylcholine deficit, 78 anthropoids, 36 acetylcholine, 53, 78, 146, 147 amyloid hypothesis, 140 definition, 36 effects of depletion, 146 amyloid-β accumulation antisocial personality disorder, functions and evolutionary and sleep disturbance, 56 role, 79 157 anxiety action observation treatment, default mode network evolution of the mammalian 182 (DMN) and, 127 fear module, 22–23 Adapidae, 29 music therapy, 175 anxiety disorders, 56 addictions, 192 network dysfunction and, apathy, 54, 91 addictive behavior 62 ape–monkey divergence, 36 dopamine and the reward vascular dysregulation aphasia, 70, 97, 98, 201 pathway, 197–198 hypothesis, 140 Apollo 11 cave, Namibia, 110 Aegyptopithecus, 36, 37 amantadine, 10, 198 apotemnophilia, 199 Afar basin, 60 for severe TBI, 182–183 apraxia, 28, 98 Africa American football aqua–arboreal phase, 195 early primate species, 36–38 repetitive brain injury and aqua–arboreal theory of Miocene fossils, 36–37 CTE, 131–132 bipedalism, 39–40 African Middle Stone Age amino acids, 15, 16 dietary and nutritional (AMSA), 110 amoebae factors, 44–45 African Rift valley formation, adaptive responses, 16 support for, 40–43 32 amputation aquatic ape hypothesis, 38, Africans brain networks and, 66 39 evolution of, 112–114 amusia, 176 arachidonic acid (AA), 45 Afrotheria, 37 amygdala, 194, 199, 205, 207, arboreal way of life, 21 aging 214 archaea, 15 maintaining brain health, effects of stress, 144–145 archeology, 1 210–211 amyloid-β accumulation evidence for increased brain agraphesthesia, 35 effects of sleep disturbance, intra-connectivity, 115–118 airline pilots 157 Archeulean technology, 101, sleep disruption, 214 anarchic hand syndromes, 107 akinetic mutism, 54, 91 96, 200 Archicebus achilles, 21 alcohol consumption anatomically modern humans archosaurs, 18 evolutionary factors, 22 evolutionary origin, 109–112 Arctic Pond, 32 alexithymia, 54, 91 social complexity and brain Ardèche Gorge cave art, alien hand syndromes, 101–102, development, 118–120 France, 119 196, 200 ancient cave rock paintings, 1 arithmetic skills, 59 corpus callosal variant, angiosperm evolution, 27 repurposed brain circuitry, 200 anhedonia, 91 61 frontal variant, 200 animal-assisted therapy and Arnsten, Amy, 149 ictal variant, 200 interventions, 172 arousal disorders, 57 posterior parietal variant, anisodiaphoria, 209 arteriovenous malformation, 200 annelids, 17 7 alogia, 91 anosodiaphoria, 198 arthropods, 17

219

220 Index

artistic ability Balint’s syndrome, 28, 101 comparative neuroanatomy, emergent expertise, 102 Bar-On Emotional Intelligence 64–66 hyperfunction syndromes, Test, 4 Brain Age, 176 200–201 basal ganglia–thalamocortical brain connectivity arts circuitry, 127 diet as driver, 115 repurposed brain circuitry, Begun, David, 37, 38 link with socialization, 61 behavior 196 value of interdisciplinary appearance of modern brain connectome collaboration, 207–208 behavior, 118–120 brain hardware vital Asians Behavior Rating Inventory statistics, 71 evolution of, 112–114 of Executive Function clues from neurological asociality, 91 (BRIEF), 4, 9 lesions, 137–138 asomatognosia, 198 behavioral abnormalities, 57 components of, 51 Asperger’s syndrome, 71 behavioral inheritance, 81–82 effects of hub failure, 206 aspirin, 209 Bereitschaftspotential, 197 evidence for the network astereognosis, 35 bilaterians, 17 configuration, 70 asteroid impact bioinformatics, 141 evolutionary development, 66 million years ago, 19 biophilia, 171–172 71 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) bipedalism, 22, 38, 195 high-value hubs, 70–71 extinction event, 21 aqua–arboreal theory, 39–40 interaction with complex astrocytes, 70 origins of, 38–40, 59 networks, 140 functions of, 74 range of theories about interaction with other subtypes, 73–74 origins, 43 networks, 71 astroglial networks, 70, 71–72 Savannah hypothesis, 38–39 major macroscopic astrogliosis, 133 support for the aqua- hardwired tracts, 52–53 ataxia arboreal theory, 40–43 neurochemical tracts, 53–54 inherited syndromes, 57 bipolar disorder, 78, 146, 150, neurodegenerative disease atelids, 38, 39 214 and, 71 Atlantic Meridional birds, 18 non-conscious activity, 71 Overturning Circulation evolution, 21 brain connectome mapping, (AMOC), 11, 32 Blind Man’s Stick hypothesis, 138–139 attention, 91–92 206 intrinsic functional attention deficit hyperactivity blindsight connectivity, 139–140 disorder (ADHD), 146 evolutionary explanations, brain development attention disorders, 57 23 evolutionary legacy, 205–211 attentional network, 127 Blombos cave, South Africa, potential for future Aurignacian culture, 112 58, 109, 116, 206 development, 205–211 Australians blood–brain barrier, 71, 74 rhythms of life, 205 evolution of, 112–114 Blue Earth phase, 15 brain electrographic devices, australopithecines, 36, 40, 78, blue green algae, 15 180–182 98, 107, 118 Bodo skull (Ethiopia), 89, 108 brain evolution Australopithecus afarenesis body clocks, 205 changes at macro- and (Lucy), 42 body dysmorphic disorder, 55 microscales, 74–76 autism, 78, 82, 126, 214 body hair in mammals, 19 cranial development, 17 autonomic dysfunction, 55 body integration disorder, development of the autonomy 199 premotor and ventral loss of environmental body integrity identity premotor cortices, 32 autonomy, 55, 192 disorder, 196 diet and nutritional autononetic memory, 196 body size requirements, 44–45 autopsy-verified lesion factors in body size increase, encephalization quotient locality, 4 17–18 (EQ), 19–20 autoscopy, 196, 197 Bond events, 12 epigenetic factors, 44–45 bonobo chimpanzees, 38, 40, human legacy from primate baboons, 43 46 lineage, 46–47 baclofen, 198 Boston Crowbar case, 3 influence of climate change, bacteria, 15 bottlenose dolphin 11–12

Index 221

lateral geniculate nucleus brain–machine interfaces, 206 cancer, 28, 208 (LGN), 23 brain maturation Capgras syndrome, 56, 99, 199 networking evolution of the considerations in Carboniferous period, 19 human mind, 124–125 adolescents, 213–215 cardiovascular disease, 28, 208 neurotransmitter systems, 17 brain network organization risk factors, 205 notochord development, 17 assessing network integrity, Cassirer, Ernst, 82 pinniped brain capabilities, 66 catarrhines, 31, 35, 36, 37 46 challenges of brain Cefaly device, 181–182 prefrontal cortex (PFC) enlargement, 61–62 cell-to-cell signaling, 15 development, 32–35 changes at macro- and in ancient prokaryotes, 15 progressive enlargement in microscales, 74–76 cellular agility, 16 early mammals, 19–21 cognitive evolution, 77–78 cellular evolution repurposed neural circuitry, contemporary hypotheses, ability to adapt, 16 61 125 complex cells (eukaryotes), six-layer cortex, 22, 27–28 diagnostic tools, 66 15–16 social complexity as driver, effects of network development of cellular 118–120 dysfunction, 62 structures, 16 superior colliculus (SC) evolutionary sequence, 63 features of ancient system, 22–23 high-value hubs, 61 unicellular prokaryotes, brain fitness rules, 154, 198, imaging modalities, 66 15 205, 206, 212 influences from nature and transition to multicellular brain food, 166–171 nurture, 62 forms, 16 avoiding what the body large-scale cerebral cellular signaling does not need, 169 networks, 62 cyclic AMP, 16 intermittent metabolic lattice topology, 61 cephalization (head switching (IMS), 168 mosaic evolution and brain formation), 17 Mediterranean diet, 166–167, reorganization, 77 cerebellar cognitive affective 169 neurological disease and, syndrome, 57, 102 microbiome awareness and 137 cerebellar cognitive dysmetria, monitoring, 169–170 potential locations for 102 proposed evolution-based consciousness, 62–63 cerebellar syndrome, 57 diet, 170–171 random topology model, 61 cerebellum recommended key brain plasticity, 206 evolutionary expansion, performance indicators, brain processing 59–61 171 astrocyte subtypes, 73–74 cerebral small-vessel disease, relation of nutrition to sleep astroglial networks, 71–72 140 and exercise, 169 functions of astrocytes, 74 cerebral torpor, 91 six taste senses, 168 glioneuronal unit, 72–73 cerebrovascular disease, 28 what the body needs, gliotransmission, 71–72 disease modifying 168–169 microglia, 73 therapies, 210–211 brain health quadripartite synapses, 73 cetaceans considerations at different brain size comparative neuroanatomy, ages, 213–215 relation to intelligence, 82 63–66 disease modifying BrainHQ, 10, 176 Chauvet cave art, France, therapies, 210–211 Broca, Paul, 209 110 brain intra-connectivity Broca’s aphasia, 3, 209 chemical elements archeological evidence, Brodmann, Korbinian, 138 origins of, 15 115–118 Brodmann areas, 138 Chicxulub crater, Gulf of brain lesions Brodmann’s area 10 (BA10). Mexico, 21, 27 contribution of See frontopolar cortex chimpanzees, 40, 43, 73, 76, interdisciplinary (FPC) 90, 118 collaboration, 9 Brown-Sequard, CE, 70 evolution, 37, 46, 59 diffuse types of lesions, 11 genome, 80 effects on emotional c-AMP, 16, 149, 150 cholinergic toxidrome, 57 intelligence (EI), 7 Cambrian explosion of life cholinesterase inhibitors, 209 remote brain effects, 102–103 forms, 15, 16, 17 chordates, 17

222 Index

chronic traumatic color vision continents encephalopathy (CTE), evolutionary development, effects of re-arrangements 131–132 1 over time, 18–19 circadian rhythms, 205 coma, 91 conversion disorders, 199 claustrum, 63 comet cycle, 19 cortex click language analysis, 114 command-automatism to six-layer mammalian cortex climate change television, 193 in primates, 27–28 global cooling phases, 36 communication cortical–cerebellar–cortical influence on brain avoiding hub failure, 212 reciprocal circuitry, 118 evolution, 11–12 causes of communication cortical networks, 51 influence on primate breakdown, 212 cortisol, 198 evolution, 36 facilitating optimal influence on rational clinical medicine communication, 212–213 decision-making, 197 need for interdisciplinary health and survival corvid birds, 82 collaboration, 210 functions, 212–213 cosmochemistry, 15 clinical neurology, 1, 3 link to the reward system, Cotard’s syndrome, 200 clinical trials 212–213 Crawford, Michael, 45 methodological issues, mutimodal system, 211–212 Crestor, 209 208–210 sensory information Cretaceous period, 22 n-of-1 trials, 210 processing, 211–212 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) replication crisis, 209 comparative neuroanatomy extinction event, 21 clock genes, 205 bottlenose dolphin, 64–66 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 81 Cogmed, 10, 176 encephalization quotient criminal behavior cognitive aging, 62 (EQ), 64 frontotemporal lobe cognitive archeology, 125 executive function, 64 syndromes and, 194–195 cognitive dysmetria glial to neuronal cell ratio, CRISPR gene editing tool, 81 syndrome, 57 64 criticality of sleep and cognitive evolution gyrification of the cortex, dreaming, 158 insights from syndromes, 64 Cro Magnons, 119 99–100 humans and cetaceans, crocodiles, 18 mosaic cognitive evolution, 63–66 crown hominids, 37 148 language, 64–65 cultural scaffolding, 118, 119 mosaic evolution, 77–78 memory-related functions, culture stages in, 107–109 65 appearance of modern cognitive exercises, 176 neuronal count, 64 behavior, 118–120 influence on dementia risk, social complexity, 65–66 cyclosarin, 132 171 tool use, 65 cynodonts, 19 proposed regimen for complex networks “brain building”, 176 brain interaction with, 140 Danakil Alps, 41 recommended key computerized brain exercises, Danakil Island, 60 performance indicators, 176 bipedality hypothesis, 38, 176 COMT genotype, 150 41 cognitive “missing link” cone model of emotion, 175 Dansgaard–Oeschger events, working memory as, 6–7 connectomal diaschisis, 201 12, 32 cognitive neuroscience, 3, 126 consciousness Danube Kulturpumpe cognitive performance potential locations in the (Danube Corridor) monitoring and measuring, brain, 63 model, 119 206 consilience, 1, 215 Daphne criteria, 9 cognitive prostheses, 206 constraint-induced therapy Darwin, Charles, 44 cognitive reserve, 159, 171, (CIT), 179 Darwinius, 29 209, 211 content-specific delusions, DASH diet, 167 cognitive scaffold, 206 103, 196, 199 Davie Fracture Zone, 30 collagen, 16 contentment De Clerambault’s syndrome, color 4 Cs of, 198 199 processing in the brain, contentment pathway, 197 Dead Sea, 41 207–208 serotonin and, 197 Deccan Traps, 18, 19, 21

Index 223

default mode network (DMN), digital device use dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 62, 128, 196, 206 effects on empathy and (DLPFC) circuit, 54 abstract art and, 207–208 compassion, 214 Drake passage, 32 Alzheimer’s disease and, dinosaurs dreaming, 201 62, 127 early evolution, 18 loss of visual imagery, 103 amyloid-β accumulation, effects of the Cretaceous– drug rebound headache 157 Tertiary (K-T) extinction syndromes, 208 components, 62 event, 21 Dryopithecines, 38 Delphinidae, 64 events leading to their Dryopithecus, 38 delusional misidentification extinction, 19 Dunkleosteus, 17, 18 syndromes (DMIS), 56, extinction, 18 durophagy ecotone, 45–46 99, 103, 196, 199–200, mesothermy, 19 dysexecutive syndrome, 54, 55 201 period of dominance, 18–19 dysmemory, 55 dementia, 28, 74, 126, 208 disability-adjusted life years dysnomias, 55 dementia pugilistica, (DALYs), 208 dysociality, 212 131–132 disease modifying therapies dementia risk for neurodegenerative and Earth evolution, 15 effects of cognitive cerebrovascular disease, great oxygen event, 16 exercises, 171 210–211 East African Rift Valley, 39 dementia with Lewy bodies, disinhibition disorders, 91 eating disorders, 192–194 127 disinhibitory control echoing approval, 193 depression, 55, 62, 146 syndromes, 200 echolalia, 193 imaging, 71 disinhibitory syndromes, 55 echoplasia, 193 risk factors, 205 Dlg genes, 79 echopraxia, 5, 55 de-realization phenomena, DNA to television, 193 197 coding for proteins, 16 eclampsia, 28 Desert Shield, 132 in ancient prokaryotes, 15 ectothermy, 19 Desert Storm, 132 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), deuterostomes, 17 16, 44–45 45 developmental disorders brain health and, 114–115 Einstein, Albert vulnerability of the human dolphin (Tursiops truncates), 45 brain anatomy, 72 brain, 82 donepezil, 129, 209 Ekbom syndrome, 200 Devonian period, 18 dopamine, 53, 78, 146 Ekembo nyanzae, 39 DHA signalolipidomics, 140 dopaminergic evolutionary electrocorticography (EcoG), diabetes mellitus, 62 hypothesis, 146–147 138 diaschisis, 70, 137–138 effects of depletion, 146 electroencephalography connectional, 138 evolutionary role, 78–79 (EEG), 66 connectomal, 140 regulation of availability, 150 emotional arousal syndromes, focal, 137 reward pathway and 56 frontal network syndromes addictive behavior, emotional circuitry, 99 related to, 102–103 197–198 emotional conduct disorders, functional, 137 dopamine-blocking 56 diet medications, 147 emotional control, 93 as driver of brain dopamine D1 receptors and emotional intelligence (EI) connectivity, 115 “noise”, 149 effects of brain lesions, 7 nutrition requirements of Doppelgänger syndrome, 199 emotional pathways mammals, 21 Dorian Gray syndrome, 200 subliminal manipulation, role in development of dorsal premotor cortex 197 enhanced working (DPMC) emotional processing, 76 memory (EWM), 114–115 attention, 91–92 emotional valence of events, See also brain food core functions, 89 55 dietary fish oil, 10 disinhibition, 91 empathy, 55 diffusion spectrum imaging, emotional control, 93 hyperempathy syndrome, 138 initiation, 91 201 diffusion tensor imaging monitoring, 92–93 loss of, 194 (DTI), 66, 138 working memory, 89–91 encephalitis, 4, 208

224 Index

encephalization quotient excitatory–inhibition frontal lobe ataxia, 57 (EQ), 19–20, 64 imbalances frontal lobe clinical endocrine dysfunction, 55 neuronal development and, presentations endorphins, 176 213–214 eight frontal subcortical endothermy, 19 executive dysfunction, 57 networks, 54–57 in mammals, 21 executive network, 62 frontoparietal group of enhanced working memory extravagant spatial tracts, 55, 57–59 (EWM), 90, 107 localization, 199 frontopontocerebellar archeological evidence eyes circuit, 57, 59–61 for increased intra- evolution of, 17 subcortical network deficit connectivity, 115–118 evolution of trichromacy, symptoms, 54–57 genetic and/or epigenetic 35 frontal lobe lesions events, 109 foveal vision, 34 approaches to investigation origin of anatomically frontal orientation, 34 and diagnosis, 3–4 modern humans, 109–112 parietal eye (third eye) neuropsychological testing role of diet, 114–115 development, 20–21 (NPT), 3–4 stages in cognitive trichromacy, 34 presentations in TBI, 8–9 evolution, 107–109 range of presentations, 8 enteric nervous system, 167 facial processing and frontal lobe syndromes environmental-dependency recognition, 207 as indicators of other syndromes, 5, 55, 97, 193 fasting, 168 disorders, 10–11 environmental stimuli Fayum depression, Egypt, 31 diffuse brain lesions, 11 susceptibility to, 192 fear feeling of “jamais vu” Eocene epoch, 29, 31, 36 loss of, 194 (unfamiliarity with epigenetic mechanisms, 80 mammalian fear module, familiar things), 10–11 evolution of mind, 81–82 22–23 field-dependent behavior, epigenetic modifiers, 205 feathers 192 epigenetics, 44 development of, 21 frontal lobe white matter role in brain evolution, field-dependent behavior, 3, hyperscaling and 44–45 55, 192 connectivity, 51–52 transgenerational, 81 recognition for diagnosis frontal lobes epilepsy, 4, 66, 74, 126, 208 and therapy, 96–97 evolutionary stages, 88–89 imaging, 71 finger and hand movements size differences among epileptic seizures, 28 clumsiness of, 28 mammals, 87 epileptic syndromes, 56, 100, “fishapods”, 18 syndromes which reflect 201 flatworms, 17 evolution of the frontal epileptomics, 66, 140 fluoxetine, 183 lobes, 93 episodic dysmemory, 56 fMRI (functional MRI), 4, 66, frontal network presentations episodic memory, 55, 89, 196 206 understanding in terms of epistemic knowledge, 83, 206 folivory, 28 brain evolution, 63 epoptic process, 58, 59 foraging response, 44 frontal network syndromes eudaimonia, 173 forced collectionism, 193 (FNS) eukaryotes, 15–16 forced hyperphasia, 193 definition, 3 adaptive responses, 16 fork cells, 70, 76 presentations and diagnosis, Eurasia 40 Hz hypothesis, 63 4–5 primate fossil record, 37 4 Cs of contentment, 198 frontal syndromes, 88 Europeans foveal vision, 34 frontal systems, 87 evolution of, 112–114 evolution of, 35–36 Frontal Systems Behavior evolution FOXP2 gene, 80 Evaluation (FSBE), 4 influence of microbe free will, 197 Frontal Systems Behavior symbiosis, 141 loss of, 192 Examination (FRSBE), evolutionary aspects Fregoli’s syndrome, 99, 199 9, 194 brain connectivity and Frontal Assessment Battery frontoparietal fragmentation, socialization, 196 (FAB), 9, 128 100–101 sense of self disorders, Frontal Behavioral Inventory frontoparietal group of tracts, 195–199 (FBI), 4, 9, 194 55, 57–59

Index 225

frontopolar cortex (FPC), 70, Gage, Phineas, 209 neurophysiological 76, 87, 93 gait apraxia, 57 findings, 132–133 functions, 93–94 gait ataxia, 57 toxic wounds and introspection, 94 galeaspids, 17 synaptopathies, 132 metacognition, 94–96 gambling, 197 gummivory, 28 frontopolar lesion pathological, 55 Gunnerus ridge, 31 stroke caused by, 197 gene editing tool (CRISPR), 81 gyrification index (GI), 64 frontopontocerebellar circuit, gene silencing, 81 57, 59–61 genetic bottleneck during Hadean Earth phase, 15 frontotemporal lobe dementia human evolution, 80–81 Hadrocodium, 21 impaired satiety signaling, genetic engineering, 81 Hadzabe people, 114 76 genetics hallucinations, 55 frontotemporal lobe dementia evidence for human in altered consciousness, 1 (FTD), 8, 56, 62, 70, 82, migrations, 113–114 haloperidol, 78, 147 88, 100, 102, 127, 146, lack of evidence for races in Halsted, William Stewart, 214 192, 212 humans, 80–81 hand–eye coordination, 28 augmented right role in human evolution, Hangenberg event, 18 hemisphere function, 197 80–81 haplorrhines, 29, 31, 34, loss of sense of agency, 196 genome duplication, 79 35, 36 primary semantic aphasia genomic parasites, 81 Headspace.com, 176 variant, 197 genomics, 140 Heinrich events, 12, 32 risk following TBI, 10 geochemistry, 15 heliotherapy, 155–156 serotonin deficit, 78 Gerstmann’s syndrome, 116 herpes simplex encephalitis 1 frontotemporal lobe disorders, Geschwind-Gastaut (HSV-1), 10 127–128 syndrome, 10, 99–100, high-density global FTD database, 128 197, 201 electroencephalography lifestyle/behavioral gestural therapy, 97 (HdEEG), 138 interventions, 129 gibbons, 37, 38, 43, 93 higher cortical function deficit making sense of the Gilles del la Tourette’s (HCFD) numerous presentations, syndrome, 55 approaches to testing, 4 128–129 glial cells, 71–72 Himalayas, 30, 32 neuroimaging techniques, glioneuronal unit, 72–73 hippocampus, 207 129 gliotransmission, 71–72 histamine, 53, 78 pharmaceutical global cooling events, 31–32 HIV, 5, 81 interventions, 129 glutamate network, 78 Hmmmm model, 125 therapeutics, 129 glymphatic system, 157 Hohlenstein–Stadel Lionman trazodone therapy, 183 golden first hour for figurine, 109, 119 frontotemporal lobe intervention, 4 holobiont, 141 syndromes, 8 Gondwanaland, 18, 22 hologenome, 141 criminal behavior and, break-up of, 29–30 hologenome theory of 194–195 gorillas, 38, 40, 43 evolution, 141 emergent visual artistic evolution, 37, 38 hominins ability, 200–201 gout, 43 appearance in Africa, 38 loss of sense of agency, 196 gramnivory, 28 definition, 36 fructose, 44 granular cortex, 27–28, 70, 87 hominoids frugivory, 28, 197 Gravettian culture, 113 definition, 36 alcohol consumption Gray Earth phase, 15 Homo erectus, 40, 78, 107, 156 related to, 22 Great Courses program, 176 Homo ergaster, 36 primate adaptations for, 36 Green Earth phase, 15 Homo heidelbergensis, 36, 108 fruit intake Griphopithecines, 37 Homo helmei, 110 common diseases and, 28 Griphopithecus, 40 Homo neanderthalensis. See FTS criteria (Rascovsky), 9 Gulf War (1991), 132 Neanderthals functional disorders, 196 Gulf War Illness, 11, 128 Homo rhodensiensis, 108 implications for other Homo species GABA, 145 neurotoxicological Turkana Basin, East Africa, GABA network, 78 conditions, 133 40

226 Index

hormones hypoidentification, 199 value in clinical medicine, influence on rational hysteria, 196, 199 210 decision-making, 197 value of, 207–208 hub failure hypothesis, 130 ice ages, 12 intermetamorphosis, 199 hub vulnerability hypothesis, imitation behavior, 55, 97, 192 intermittent metabolic 9, 212 development in primates, switching (IMS), 168 human ancestors, 36 34 interpersonal cognition, 94–96 human brain mosaic evolution, 77–78 intrapersonal cognitive metabolic costs, 82 immune system control, 94–96 vulnerability to viral diseases, 81 intrinsic connectivity analysis neurodegenerative and impersistence, 93 (ICN), 66 developmental disorders, inappropriate behavior, intrinsic network imaging, 71 82 192–194 intrinsically photosensitive human connectome analysis India retinal ganglion cells rise of new neuro- separation from Africa, (ipRGCs), 155 disciplines, 125–127 29–30 introspection, 94 human evolution Indo-Madagascar Eden Ioannidis, John, 209 brain and body legacy from hypothesis, 31 iridium, 21 primate lineage, 46–47 infant-directed speech, 118 irritability, 55 diet and nutrition for brain Inferential Brain hypothesis, Isbell, LA, 1, 23, 31 evolution, 44–45 177, 205 durophagy, 45–46 inferotemporal subcortical jaws epigenetic mechanisms, 80 circuit, 55 evolutionary development, evidence for a genetic inflammatory bowel disease, 17–18 bottleneck, 80–81 210 Jebel Irhoud skulls (Morocco), lack of genetic evidence for information acquisition 116 races, 80–81 epistemic knowledge, 206 Jefferson, Richard, 141 mitochondrial genetics, 80 human drive for knowledge, Johanson, Donald, 42 possible Asian origin, 43 82–83, 205 jumping genes, 81 role of genetics, 80–81 importance of the manner Jurassic period, 18, 19 uricase and ascorbate of acquisition, 83 juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, mutations, 43–44 information processing 70 virogene comparison, 43 superior system in humans, Y chromosome genetics, 80 82 Kabwe skull (Zambia), 89, 108 Human Genome Project, 141, information-processing Kandel, Eric, 1, 207 154 capacity (IPC), 82 Kapur’s paradoxical functional human microbiome, 66 inhibition of intentions facilitation hypothesis, human migrations influence of internal factors, 200 genetic and linguistic 197–198 Kekule, August, 157 evidence, 113–114 initiation disorders, 91 Kenyapithecus, 39 global migration routes, insectivory, 21, 22, 28 Kerguelen Islands, 31 112–114 insouciance, 198 Kerguelen Plateau, 31 humanities insula, 70 Khoe people, 113 value of interdisciplinary intelligence kleptomania, 55 collaboration, 207–208 relation to brain size, 82 klinorhynchy, 116 hylobatid evolution, 37, 38 intelligences Klüver–Bücy syndrome, 10, hyperfunction syndromes, cognitive fluidity and, 56, 201 102–103, 200–201 124–125 knowledge hyperidentification, 199 evolutionary development, reductionist approach, 207 hypermetamorphosis, 193 124–125 knowledge acquisition hypnosis, 10, 179 interdisciplinary collaboration epistemic knowledge, 206 hypnotics contribution to human drive for, 205 adverse effects, 158 understanding brain Korean War, 130 hypobulia, 91 lesions, 1–3 hypofunction syndromes, on the role of working La Lumiere, LP, 38, 41 102–103 memory, 6–7 lack of conation, 91

Index 227

Laegorhynchus albirostris, 64 Lumosity, 176 medical residents lancelet (amphioxus), 17 Luria, AR, 3 detrimental effects of sleep land bridges in the past, 31 Lustig, Robert, 197–198 deprivation, 214 language Lycanthropy, 200 medical treatment, 178–184 comparative neuroanatomy, Lystrosaurus, 18, 19 amantadine and severe TBI, 64–65 182–183 language circuits, 55 M’Naghten Case (1843), 201 brain electrographic language evolution, 60–61, 82 macaques, 61 devices, 180–182 FOXP2 gene and, 80 mad cow disease, 81 laser therapy, 180 relation to stone tool Madagascar, 29, 30 methylphenidate and TBI, production, 97–99 Indo-Madagascar Eden 183 Lartet, Edouard, 38 hypothesis, 31 mirror neuron therapy and laser therapy, 180 magnetic resonance imaging rehabilitation, 182 lateral geniculate nucleus (MRI) neuropharmacological (LGN), 23 modalities, 4 manipulation of the Laurasia, 18, 22 magnetoencephalography frontal cortical circuitry, legal implications (MEG), 66, 138 182–183 insanity defense, 201–202 malignant hyperpyrexia, 57 neuropsychiatric component sense of self disorders, malignant hyperthermia, 78, treatment, 183 201–202 147 neurostimulation devices, lesion network mapping, 200 mammal-like reptiles 179–180 Lewis-Williams, David, 1 early evolution, 18 serotonergic therapy for Lewy body dementia, 62 Mammaliaformes, 19 stroke (motor deficit), 183 Lhermitte, F, 3 mammalian fear module trazodone and Lieberman, P, 70 evolutionary development, frontotemporal lobe lifestyle/behavioral 22–23 disorders, 183 interventions mammals meditation, 150, 158, 172–173 for frontotemporal lobe brain and body legacies smart phone-based guides, disorders, 129 from earlier mammals, 176 light exposure 18 Mediterranean diet, 166–167, effects on health, 155 development of the third 169 light exposure variance eye (pineal gland), 20–21 Meissner corpuscles, 35 health risks associated with, early coexistence with melanocortin 1 receptor gene, 205 dinosaurs, 19 80 Light Switch theory of vision early evolution, 16–17, 18 melanopsin, 155 evolution, 17 effects of the Cretaceous– melatonin, 21, 155, 156 limb ataxia, 28 Tertiary (K-T) extinction memory-related functions limbic system, 55 event, 21 comparative neuroanatomy, linguistic evidence for human evolution of new orders, 27 65 migrations, 113–114 evolutionary legacies from meningitis, 4, 208 lipidome, 140 early mammals, 22–23 mental rotation of objects, 59 lipidomics, 140 features of Crown mesothermy, 19 lipids Mammalia, 21 Messel pit fossils, Germany, 29 chemical complexity, 16 features of early mammals, Mesulam, M-M, 4 evolution in an oxygen-rich 19–21 metabolic disease, 70, 208 atmosphere, 16 Marine Isotope stage 5, 109, causes, 197–198 Lipitor, 209 113 evolutionary factors, 43–44 literary ability Marine Isotope stage 6, 109, risk factors, 205 emergent, 201 113, 115, 196 metabolic syndromes, 28, 62, literary artist aptitude, 103 mass extinctions, 18 128 locomotion material engagement theory, metabolism range of forms developed by 206 elevation in mammals, 21 primates, 28–29 mathematical network metabolomics, 66 logopenic aphasia, 201 analysis, 206 metacognition, 94 long-finned pilot whale matrisome, 140 intrapersonal cognitive (Globicephalamelas), 64 meat eating, 40, 78, 147 control, 94–96

228 Index

metaplasticity, 206 modified Atkins diet, 167 network integrity methylphenidate, 10 molecular clock data, 113 monitoring and measuring, for TBI, 183 virogene comparisons, 43 206 microbe symbiosis monitoring, 92–93 network mapping influence on the pace of monoamines, 146 intrinsic functional evolution, 141 Montreal Cognitive connectivity, 139–140 microbiome, 140–141 Assessment (MOCA), network mathematics, 125 awareness and monitoring, 4, 128 network medicine concept, 169–170 mood disorders, 55 141–142 health and the gut Morganucodon, 19–20 network theory of microbiome, 167 Morotopithecus, 40 neurodegenerative microglia, 73 mosaic evolution disease, 126–127 middle ear ossicles, 19, 21 brain reorganization, 77 networking evolution of the migraine, 70, 74, 197, 201, 208 cognitive evolution, 77–78, human mind, 124–125 fortification spectra (jagged 148 networktopathies, 124, 128 lines), 1 motor and visual networks, 62 neuro-archeology, 1, 3, 125 migraine-related out-of-body motor aphasia, 209 neuro-art history, 125 experiences, 196 motor circuit, 54 neurochemical tracts in the Milankovitch cycles, 32, 40 motor conversion disorder, brain, 53–54 milk production in mammals, 199 neurochemistry 21 motor neuron disease, 208 evolution of, 15 mimicking of others, 192 Mount Everest, 30 neurodegenerative disease, mind evolution mountain building, 37 70 epigenetic mechanisms, Mozart effect, 175 brain connectome and, 71 81–82 multicellular life disease modifying mindfulness, 172–173 evolution of, 16–17 therapies, 210–211 miniaturization impact of the great oxygen network theory of, 126–127 in early mammals, 21 event (GOE), 16 vulnerability of the human in some dinosaurs, 21 multiple sclerosis, 11, 71, 126, brain, 82 minimally conscious state, 71, 208 neuro-disciplines 126, 196, 198 multitasking problems, 55 proliferation of, 125–127 Mini-Mental State Mumba Rock Shelter, neuro-economics, 125 Examination (MMSE), Tanzania, 110 neurofeedback, 179 4, 128 muscarinic receptors, 79 neuroimaging Miocene epoch, 36, 37, 38, 40, 59 musicality, 118 magnetic resonance fossils from Africa, 36–37 therapeutic value, 173–176 imaging (MRI) Late Miocene fossil silence, myelination of nerves, 17–18 modalities, 4 38 techniques used in TBI, 9 mirror neuron system, 3, 55, n-of-1 trials, 2, 206, 209, 210 neuroleptic malignant 95, 98, 101, 107, 118, 211 Nacholapithecus, 39 syndrome, 57, 78, 147 deficits in, 192 narcolepsy, 155 neurological disease effects of uncoupling, 5–6 nature therapy, 171–172 concerns about prescription field-dependent behavior Neanderthals, 36, 108, 109, drugs, 210 and, 96–97 117, 174 diagnostic challenges, mosaic evolution of communication system, 208–210 imitation behavior, 77–78 125 global burden, 208 mirror neuron therapy and comparison with modern issues with clinical trial rehabilitation, 182 humans, 118–120 methodologies, 208–210 mirror visual feedback genome, 80 network mapping by therapy, 97, 182 nectivory, 28 intrinsic functional mitochondria, 15–16 alcohol consumption connectivity, 139–140 genetics, 80 related to, 22 precision medicine, 210 mitochondrial DNA nervous system neurological lesions evidence for human early evolution, 16–17, 17 clues to the brain migrations, 113 myelination of nerves, connectome, 137–138 Mitochondrial Eve, 80, 113 17–18 neurology, 126

Index 229

neuronal development nicotinic receptors, 79 Othello syndrome, 199 excitatory–inhibition and, Nobel prize in physiology or Out of Africa dispersals, 107–109 213–214 medicine, 207 out-of-body experiences, 196 neuronal recycling hypothesis, Nobel prize winners Owen, Adrian, 198 61 age of, 207, 208 oxidative stress, 70 neuropharmacology non-conscious activity, 71 oxygen manipulation of the frontal noradrenaline, 53, 146, 147–148 catalyst for multicellular cortical circuitry, 182–183 effects of depletion, 146 evolution, 16 neuropil, 51 Nordic diet, 167 great oxygen event (GOE), expansion, 71 norepinephrine, 78 16 histological architectural Northarctus, 124 oxytocin, 53, 176, 177 changes, 76 notochord, 17 neuroplasticity, 138 nutrigenomics, 141 p-values, 209 role in therapies, 154–155 Nyanzapithecus alesi, 38 pachyosteosclerosis, 40 neuroplasticity-centered pain treatments, 10 obesity, 28, 62 incongruent responses to, neuropsychiatric component object identification, 61 194 treatment, 183 object manipulation paleo diet, 167 neuropsychiatric diseases, 78 tactile fovea development, Paleo-Eocene Thermal neuropsychological testing 35 Maximum (PETM), 27, 29 (NPT), 194 obsessive compulsive disorder, Panama isthmus frontal lobe lesions, 3–4 55, 146, 193 closure, 32 neuroradiological imaging, oculomotor circuit, 54 Panderichthys, 18 126 Odobenidae, 46 Pangea, 18, 19 neuroscience, 3, 126 Okinawan diet, 167 Panotia, 19 neurostimulation devices, Old World monkeys, 36, 43 paradoxical functional 179–180 Oldowan technology, 100, 107 facilitation hypothesis, neurotoxicological conditions Olduvai sites, East Africa, 46 102 implications of Gulf War olfaction, 21 paranormal experiences, 196 Illness, 133 Oligocene epoch, 31, 36 Paranthropus robustus, 45 presentations, 150 omega-3 fatty acids, 168 Parapithecus, 36 neurotransmitter-based brain health and, 114–115 parasitosis, 200 circuits, 53–54 omega-3/6 ratio diet, 10 Paratethys Sea, 37 neurotransmitter systems, omega-6 fatty acids, 115 parental care, 21 197 Omomyidae, 29 parietal eye (third eye), 20–21 acetylcholine, 79 Operation Enduring Freedom Parkinson’s disease, 23, 57, 62, as biological markers for (OEF), 129 102, 127, 140, 146, 157, neurodegenerative Operation Iraq Freedom 184, 201, 208 disease, 78 (OIF), 129, 130 dopamine deficit, 78 deficits in Operation New Dawn (OND), music therapy, 175 neurodegenerative 129 Penfield, W, 3 disease, 78 optic apraxia, 28, 101 pentailed tree shrew dopamine, 78–79 optic ataxia, 28, 101 (Ptilocercus lowii), 22 evolution of, 17 oral spelling behavior, 193 perceptual processing evolution of higher orangutans, 37, 38, 43 evolutionary perspective, bandwidth synapses in orbitofrontal circuit (OFC), 55 205–6 humans, 80 orca (Orcinus orca) permethrin, 132 functions of, 78 comparative neuroanatomy, Permian period, 18 increasing complexity of 63–66 Permian–Triassic extinction, neurons, 79–80 Oreopithecus bambolii, 38, 42 18, 19 molecular connectivity, orexin, 53, 78, 155 perseveration, 92 79–80 organic chemistry, 15 persistent vegetative state, 71, serotonin, 79 orofacial movements, 198 synaptic complexity, 79–80 involuntary, 56 personality change, 55 types of, 78 Otariidae, 46 personalized medicine, 141, New World monkeys, 36 Otavipithecus, 37 209

230 Index

petrochemistry, 15 Pliocene epoch, 36, 37 noradrenaline, 147–148 phantom limb pain, 66, 97, 209 polar cryospheric expansions, serotonin, 147 phantom limb syndromes, 196 36 specific adrenergic Phocidae, 46 poliovirus, 81 stimulation, 149 phonological loop, 61 polyunsaturated fatty acids strengthening the PFC photosynthesis, 16 (PUFAs), 16, 115 network, 149 phyla deficiency disorders, 115 vulnerability of Cambrian origins, 16 pongine evolution, 37, 38 mechanisms, 149 physical activity, 161 PoNS (portable vulnerability to stress, 144 measurement, 163 neuromodulation working memory physical exercise, 159–166 stimulator), 181 circuit modulation advanced measurements pornography addiction, 192 and intracellular used by athletes, 163–165 Posit, 176 mechanisms, 149 basic PE components, 162 posterior brain syndromes, prescription drugs electronic monitoring 101 adverse events and devices, 162 post-traumatic stress disorder nonadherence, 210 exercise intensity, 162–163 (PTSD), 70 rising costs of, 210 health benefits, 159–160 as networktopathy, 128 pre-supplementary motor area how to exercise, 161–165 dementia risk, 157–158 (pre-SMA), 34, 96, 197 metabolic equivalent evolutionary factors, 22–23 primate approach, 163 therapies, 150 definition, 36 monitoring, 161 praxis network evolution, primate evolution possible adverse effects, 161 97–99 adaptations for frugivory, 36 recommended key prazosin, 150, 158 adaptive radiation, 29–31 performance indicators, precision medicine, 3, 141, ape–monkey divergence, 36 165–166 206, 209 appearance of hominins in relation to sleep and for neurological disease, 210 Africa, 38 nutrition, 169 precuneus, 196 Archicebus achilles, 21 screening before you start, precuneus hub lesions, 196 bipedalism, 38 162 predator detection catarrhines, 31 specific benefits, 160–161 mammalian fear module, development of foveal specific job fitness 22–23 vision, 35–36 requirements, 160 predator–prey interactions, development of the type of exercise, 161 17–18 premotor and ventral what happens when you prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortices, 32 don’t exercise, 161 87–88, 144 dispersal out of Africa, Pick bodies, 8 acetylcholine, 147 36–38 Pick’s disease, 8 connectivity, 51 early African species, 36–38 pineal gland, 155 core functions, 144 environmental changes in Pinnacle Point artifacts, South dopamine, 146–147 the last 65 million years, Africa, 116, 206 dopamine D1 receptors and 27 pinnipeds “noise”, 149 features of early primates, brain capabilities, 46 dynamic network 27 pinoline, 155 connectivity, 149 forms of locomotion, 28–29 place reduplication, 199 effects of chronic stress, 149 fossil record in Eurasia, 37 placoderms, 17, 18 effects of stress, 144–145 global cooling phases, 36 “planet of the apes” phase, 196 factors affecting working granular cortex, 27–28 plate rate controls quake memory function, high-quality diets in theory, 30 148–149 tropical forests, 28 plate tectonics hardwired tracts, 144–145 human brain and body influence on primate improving working legacy from, 46–47 evolution, 36 memory capacity, 149 imitation, 34 platyrrhines, 31, 34, 35, 36 network vulnerabilities, impact of global cooling, Plavix, 209 148–150 31–32 Pleistocene epoch, 37, 39, 59 neurochemical tracts, in South and Central Plesiadapiformes, 30–31, 37 145–146 America, 31

Index 231

Indo-Madagascar Eden psychosis, 55 reward pathway hypothesis, 31 PTEN expression, 10 dopamine and addictive influence of changing pterosaurs, 18 behavior, 197–198 climates, 36 Pulsed Climate Variability seeking novelty influence of plate tectonics, hypothesis, 107 information, 206 36 Purgatorius, 124 reward system missing link between Purgatorius ceratops, 37 link with communication, hominoids and bipedal pyramidal cells, 28, 34–35, 63, 212–213 hominids, 38 70, 79–80, 149 rhythms of life, 205 Old World and New World greater information transfer rich hubs, 212 primates, 31 in humans, 80 risk-seeking behavior, 55 origins of bipedalism, 38–40 spatial tuning capacity, risperidone, 78, 147 platyrrhines, 31 145–146 robust australopithecines, 60, Plesiadapiformes, 30–31 pyramidal tract, 53 119 precision manipulation of pyridostigmine bromide, durophagy, 45–46 objects, 35 132 Rodinia, 19 prefrontal cortex (PFC) Romer’s gap in the fossil development, 32–35 quadripartite synapses, 73 record, 18 proconsulids, 37 Quaternary period, 36 Rosedale diet, 167 prosimians, 31 quetiapine, 78, 147 Rudapithecus, 38 six-layer mammalian cortex Quranopithecus, 38 in primates, 27–28 Sacks, Oliver, 2 social interactions, 34 races Sahara Desert formation, 40 split between anthropoid lack of genetic evidence in Sahara Pump Theory, 112 primates and tarsiers, 31 humans, 80–81 Sahelanthropus tchadensis, spread to Europe and Asia, Rakic, Goldman, 145 36, 107 31 Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 2 Saldahna man, South Africa, 89 tactile fovea development, rational decision-making Saldahna skull (South Africa), 35 influence of hormones, 108 trichromatic vision, 35 197 salience network, 62, 127, 128 tropical forest environment, reading San people, 113, 114 28–29 repurposed brain circuitry, Sandawe people, 114 variation in active times, 27 61 sapient paradox lag period, variety of ecological niches, Red Earth phase, 15 115 27 reductionist approach to Saratoga War Horse project, prion proteins, 81 knowledge, 207 172 processed food reduplicative paramnesias, 56 sarin, 132 health issues, 197–198 chimeric type, 199 satiety signaling, 76 Proconsul, 39, 124 registry-based analyses, 4 Savannah hypothesis of proconsulids, 37 Reinterpretation hypothesis, bipedalism, 38–39 progression indices, 52 205 savant syndromes, 102, 197, progressive supranuclear REM sleep behavior disorders, 201 palsy, 71 196 schizophrenia, 56, 57, 62, 70, prokaryotes REM sleep functions, 214 78, 82, 91, 126, 146, 150, features of ancient cells, 15 research 214 prosimians, 31 triangulation method, 210 imaging, 71 prospective memory, 196 response to next-patient sciences proteinomics, 140 stimulation, 193 value of interdisciplinary proteins resting-state fMRI, 138 collaboration, 207–208 DNA coding for, 16 resting-state networks, 158 sea lions, 46 five structural dimensions, analysis, 66 seals, 46 16 evaluation, 206 seizure disorders, 56 proteomics, 140 imaging, 71 self-control protostomes, 17 reticular activating system influence of internal factors, psittacid birds, 82 (RAS), 180 197–198 psychobiome, 141 reverse transcriptases, 44 self-mutilation, 194

232 Index

semantic aphasia, 201 Singing Neanderthals theory, therapeutic value, 176–178 senile squalor syndrome, 91 119, 125 sociopathies, 192–194 sense of agency (SOA) Sivapithecus, 38 somatosensory receptors disorders, 196 Skhul 5 skull, 111, 116 Meissner corpuscles, 35 sense of humor sleep songbirds, 82 increased, 103 detrimental effects of sleep South Africa sense of self disorders, 192 deficit, 214 potential origin of modern alien hand syndromes, 200 functions of REM sleep, 214 humans, 109–112 classification, 196–197 sleep hygiene, 156–159, 214 Southern Ocean circumpolar conversion disorders, 199 adverse effects of hypnotics, circulation, 36 criminal behavior and, 158 speech evolution, 60–61 194–195 critical role of sleep and spindle cells, 70, 76 delusional misidentification dreaming, 158 squalor syndrome, 194 syndromes (DMIS), recommendations for startle response 199–200, 201 improved sleep, 158–159 exaggerated, 193 evolutionary aspects, recommended key state-dependent systems, 146 195–199 performance indicators, statins, 209 field-dependent behavior, 159 stereotyped behavior, 91 192 relation of sleep to exercise stock market traders hyperfunction syndromes, and nutrition, 169 hormonal influences on 200–201 sleep stages and functions, attitude to risk, 197 hysteria, 199 156–158 stone tool production inappropriate behavior and, sleep-related automatisms, 196 relation to language 192–194 sleepwalking, 196 evolution, 97–99 legal implications, 201–202 slime molds, 15 stone tool technologies, 107 minimally conscious state, small-vessel cerebrovascular strepsirrhines, 29, 31, 35 198 disease, 11 stress persistent vegetative state, snake detection effects of chronic stress on 198 mammalian fear module, the PFC, 149 social brain connectivity 22–23 effects on PFC and disorders, 196 snake-detection theory amygdala circuits, treatments, 202 (Isbell), 1 144–145 types of, 198–199 Snowball Earth phases, 15, 16 vulnerability of the serial reversal learning (SRL), social brain hypothesis, 118 prefrontal cortex (PFC), 146 social circuitry, 99 144 serotonergic pathway, 197 social cognitive syndromes, stress, fear, and memory serotonergic therapy for stroke 214 pathway, 197 (motor deficit), 183 social complexity stroke, 4, 55, 57, 71, 74, 91, 97, serotonin, 53, 78, 146, 147, comparative neuroanatomy, 137, 140, 208 198 65–66 frontopolar lesion, 7–8 contentment pathway and, driver for brain evolution, serotonergic therapy for 197 118–120 motor deficit, 183 effects of depletion, 148 social deportment disorders, social isolation risk factor, functions and evolutionary 56 177 role, 79 social interactions among stroke syndromes, 28 production by the primates, 34 subliminal manipulation of microbiome, 167 social media, 178 emotional pathways, serotonin toxidrome, 57 social processing, 76 197 Seychelles, 29, 30 socialization sugar addiction Shubin, Neil, 18 brain health proposals, 178 dopamine and the reward Siberian Traps, 18 components of pathway, 197–198 sifakas, 38 communication, 178 suicide, 194 silent neurological lesions, evolution of, 196 superior colliculus (SC) 99, 209 recommended key system, 22–23 silent strokes, 209 performance indicators, supplementary motor area simultanagnosia, 28, 101 178 (SMA), 197

Index 233

suprachiasmatic nucleus heliotherapy, 155–156 disease progress over time, (SCN), 155, 205 light exposure and health, 10 sensitivity to blue light, 155 frontotemporal lobe 155–156 medical treatment, 178–184 disorders, 128 supramarginal gyrus, 98 meditation and hub redistribution effect, 71 Swartkrans sites, South Africa, mindfulness, 172–173 imaging, 71 46 memory-centric approach, methylphenidate therapy, sweat gland method of 154 183 cooling, 40 musicality, 173–176 neuroimaging techniques, 9 symbolic behavior, 82 nature therapy, 171–172 range of presentations, 8–9 synapses new insights from repetitive brain injury and complexity, 79–80 understanding brain CTE, 131–132 diet as driver of bandwidth, wiring, 183–184 risk of developing FTD, 10 115 pharmacological approach, suicide risk in survivors, evolution of higher 154 130 bandwidth in humans, physical exercise, 159–166 treatment related to precise 80, 114 range of therapies, 154 diagnosis, 10 synapsids, 18 sleep hygiene, 156–159 trazodone, 129 features of, 19 socialization, 176–178 therapy for frontotemporal synaptopathies, 124, 128, 130 triadic focus, 154 lobe disorders, 183 Gulf War Illness, 132 using the brain’s triangulation method for synesthesia, 98, 209 neuroplasticity, 154–155 research, 210 Synesthetic Bootstrapping therianthropic figurines, 109 trichromatic vision, 22, 34, 36 Hypothesis of Tibetan Plateau, 30, 32 evolution of, 35 Ramachandran, 98 Tiktaalik, 18 tryptophan, 198 synkinesis, 98 Tobias, Phillip, 39, 45 tuatara, 20–21 Tomatis method, 175 tuberculosis (TB), 5 tarsiers, 31, 35 tool-making, 60, 100 Turkana Basin, East Africa taste Middle Stone Age tools, 113 archaic Homo species, 40 six taste senses, 168 reflection of cognitive Turkle, Sherry, 214 tectonic plate movement, 41 evolution, 107–109 two-point discrimination television tool use, 60 ability, 35 command automatism and bottlenose dolphins, 65 Tyrannosaurus rex, 22, 38 echopraxia to, 193 Topol, Eric, 206 tyrosine, 78, 147 excessive watching, 193 Tortonian stage, 40 tyrosine hydroxylase immune- temperature regulation Tourette’s syndrome, 193 reactivity analysis, 79 types of, 19 transcendental meditation, temporal lobe epilepsy, 70 196 uncinate fasciculus, 56, 194, Tenrecinae, 52 transcranial direct current 206, 213 testosterone stimulation (tDCS), 181 effects of disruption, 99 influence on rational transcranial magnetic uncinate fasciculus syndrome, decision-making, 197 stimulation (TMS), 150 Tethys Ocean 181 uncinate fits, 56 closure of, 32, 36, 37 transposons, 81 urbilaterians, 16–17 Tethys Sea, 19 traumatic brain injury (TBI), urea excretion, 18 effects of closure, 40 56, 70, 126 uric acid theory of mind, 58, 97, 118, amantadine therapy, 182–183 excretion, 18 174, 211 as networktopathy, 128 role in modern metabolic theranostics, 210 blast-related TBI, 130–131 disease, 43–44 therapies chronic traumatic utilization behavior, 5, 55, 96, animal-assisted therapy and encephalopathy (CTE), 97, 193 interventions, 172 131–132 biophilia, 171–72 combat-related injuries, vagal nerve stimulation, 181 brain food, 166–71 129–132 vascular dementias, 154 cognitive exercises, 171, 176 diagnostic challenges, 9–10 vascular disease, 70 gene-centric approach, 154 diagnostic tools, 66 vasopressin, 53, 176

234 Index

vegetative state, 196 visual discrimination deficits, improving working ventral premotor cortex 55 memory capacity, (VPMC) Visual Display hypothesis, 149 attention, 91–92 119 prefrontal cortex (PFC) core functions, 89 visual dorsal and ventral mechanisms, 149 disinhibition, 91 radiations, 100–101 role in speech and language emotional control, 93 visual scanning deficits, 55 evolution, 60–61 initiation, 91 visuospatial creativity superior functions in monitoring, 92–93 syndromes, 201 humans, 82 working memory, 89–91 visuospatial processing, 55 See also enhanced working Venus figurines, 119 vitamin C, 43, 44 memory (EWM) vertebrates vitamin therapies working memory circuits, early evolution, 16–17, 17 abandonment of, 141 55 transition from water to viviparity, 21 World War II, 130 land, 18 von Economo cells, 70, 76 vicariation, 137, 138 xenomelia, 196, 199 Vietnam War, 130 Walker, Matthew, 157 viral diseases walruses, 46 Y chromosome cellular immune system, 81 White Earth phases, 15 evidence for human virogene comparison white matter fiber tracts, 51 migrations, 113 molecular clock data, 43 hyperscaling in the frontal genetics, 80 vision lobes, 51–52 Y chromosome Adam, 80 evolution of, 17 Wilson, Edward, 1 evolutionary explanations working memory, 89–91 Zagros Mountain earthquake, for blindsight, 23 as a cognitive “missing link”, 30 visual artistic ability 6–7, 90–91 zebra (Equus quagga), 45 hyperfunction syndromes, disorders, 57 Zelig-like syndrome, 193 200–201 evolutionary stages, 57–59 zolpidem, 198, 210