PROGRAM OF THE 90TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS APRIL 7 – 28, 2021

To be held ONLINE

AAPA Scientific Program Committee Leslea J. Hlusko, Chair C. Eduardo Guerra Amorim Lauren Halenar-Price Cara Ocobock Bethany Usher Ben Auerbach Jennifer Hotzman Thomas Rein Caroline VanSickle Heather Battles Kent Johnson Terrence Ritzman Catalina Villamil Jonathan Bethard Erin Kane Michael Rivera Cara Wall-Scheffler Michelle Bezanson Saige Kelmelis Gwen Robbins Schug Kerryn Warren Sarah Amugongo Brown Kristina Killgrove Julienne Rutherford Karen Weinstein Francisca Alves Cardoso Marc Kissel Krithivasan Julie Wieczkowski Susanne Cote Susan Kuzminsky Sankaranarayanan Teresa Wilson Elisabeth Cuerrier-Richer Myra Laird Lauren Schroeder Xinjun Zhang Victoria M Dominguez Nathan Lents Eric Shattuck Rebecca Gilmour Christopher Lynn Tanya Smith Jesse Goliath Alison Murray Katie Starkweather

AAPA Meetings Director Lori Strong, Burk & Associates, Inc.

Contributed Sessions Planning Committee C. Eduardo Guerra Amorim Jennifer Hotzman Cara Ocobock Kerryn Warren Heather Battles Erin Kane Thomas Rein Karen Weinstein Michelle Bezanson Saige Kelmelis Michael Rivera Julie Wieczkowski Susanne Cote Marc Kissel Gwen Robbins Schug Teresa Wilson Elisabeth Cuerrier-Richer Susan Kuzminsky Eric Shattuck Xinjun Zhang Rebecca Gilmour Myra Laird Bethany Usher

Program Assistant Catherine E. Taylor

Abstract Book 1 2020-2021 AAPA Executive Committee Anne L. Grauer President Steven R. Leigh President-Elect Leslea J. Hlusko Vice President and Program Chair Rachel Caspari Treasurer Sheela Athreya Secretary Trudy Turner Editor, American Journal of Physical Anthropology Lyle W. Konigsberg Editor, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology Shara Bailey Professional Development Christina Torres-Rouff Student Programs Kristi Lewton Membership Robin Nelson History and Honors

2 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists MESSAGE FROM THE VP & PROGRAM CHAIR

2021 Abstract Issue This volume consists of accepted abstracts submitted for presentation at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists held entirely online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 458 abstracts were submitted by the October 15, 2020 deadline. Each abstract was subjected to peer-review by two members of the program committee, with reviews completed by December 1, 2021. The committee recommended rejection for less than 1% of the abstracts. Authors of accepted abstracts were notified on January 2, 2021. Two abstracts had been withdrawn by January 27, 2021

The 2020 AAPA abstract issue includes 455 peer-reviewed scientific papers, which will be presented in either video or poster format at the annual meeting. Once again, our program is truly international, with scientists from all over the world including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We are pleased to be joined by our partner organizations in some form or another, the Paleopathology Association (PPA), the Human Biology Association (HBA), the American Association for Anthropological Genetics (AAAG), and the Dental Anthropology Association (DAA). Abstracts are presented alphabetically by the last name of the first author.

The abstracts illustrate the remarkable breadth of our discipline, covering a range of research topics and approaches, and with global reach and incredible time depth. A total of 8 invited symposia included 82 abstracts. Contributed abstract submissions totaled 373. Broken down by subfield, these include Bioarchaeology (~23.6%), Primatology (~20.6%), Paleoanthropology (~12.9%), Human Biology (~13.9%), Functional Anatomy and Tissue Biology (~10.5%), Genetics and Genomics (~9.9%), Forensics (~7%), and Education in Biological Anthropology (~2.4%).

Acknowledgements and Appreciation My sincere thanks to everyone who helped organize the 2021 meetings. We are immensely grateful to the 44 talented, generous, and dedicated members of our Program Committee, who conducted and completed reviews thoughtfully, thoroughly, and expeditiously. We also thank the 23 members of the Program Committee who additionally took on the task of organizing the contributed session in lieu of the advance team who handled this task in prior years.

The 2021 annual meeting is unlike no other in AAPA’s history. Many people stepped up to create an entirely new format and keep our scientific community together in the midst of the global pandemic. Thanks are due to our extraordinary business partners, Lori Strong and her team (from Burk & Associates), as well as Ed Hagen (our webmaster and app developer). Our program assistant, Catherine Taylor, has been invaluable, as have the Officers and other members of the Executive Committee. A very special thanks goes to AAPA President Anne Grauer and AAPA President Elect Steve Leigh for their lead- ership in envisioning and supporting this new meeting format in an incredibly challenging year.

Leslea J. Hlusko AAPA Vice President and Program Chair

Abstract Book 3

ABSTRACTS

How High School Biology Teachers Can of others, and communications skills. Surprisingly, around the time when both PdG and E1G concen- Engage Students Through Online Learning putative associations in the species most closest trations were elevated. These increases in ovarian Using Human Evolution related to us, bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas hormone levels prior to emigration may be indica- JOEL D. ABDELLA1 and KATRINA E. have received relatively little scientific atten- tive of the onset of puberty. Although sample size YEZZI-WOODLEY2 tion. All three genes of interest, OXTR, AVPR1A, is limited, these results differ from those reported 1Science, Gordon Parks High School, 2Department and FOXP2, are present in the three species of for other atelin primates (i.e., muriquis [genus of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Twin African apes, and contain at least two SNPs in Brachyteles] and spider monkeys [genus Ateles]), Cities each species. One of the aims of this study was where adolescent females tend to disperse before to determine if reference and alternate alleles are they begin to display sexual behaviors or show Area Learning Centers, such as Gordon Parks shared among the three species and humans. evidence of ovarian cycling. We suggest that a High School, serve students who are at risk of To accomplish this, we used the University of high degree of home range overlap and frequent not meeting high school graduation requirements California Santa Cruz Genome Browser to locate encounters between animals from neighboring and are dealing with systemic stressors such as each SNP, and the reference and alternate alleles groups may expose pre-dispersal subadult female institutional racism and limited socioeconomic were documented. Initial results have revealed woolly monkeys to chemical signals from novel standing. Distance learning as a result of Covid-19 that humans, for at least some loci, do share the extra-group males, which may induce the onset of exacerbates the struggles these students wrestle same reference allele as bonobos, chimpanzees, puberty before females emigrate. with daily. Interactive, tactile learning activities are and gorillas; however, there are locations where essential for these young scholars and distance Funded by NSF BCS-1540403, NSF BCS-1638822, the humans differ from the great apes. The refer- learning is not conducive to this approach. Given L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, and the University of Texas at ence allele for great apes at these locations are Austin. this context, why should students care about the same as the alternate allele found in humans human evolution? And, how can we use human suggesting that the alternate allele could be an evolution to build students’ personal investment ancestral allele. These data are considered in Re-examining population differences in in their education? We address these questions relation to species-specific differences in mating permanent tooth eruption through a three phase process. During the first systems and socio-communicative behavior ARIELA MARIE A. ADAME, LAURA E. CIRILLO and phase we interview students to assess their among the three species. These data provide KYRA E. STULL current understanding of human evolution and insight into how SNPs can affect differences in Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno their desire to explore the topic further. During socio-communicative behavior at both the indi- phase two, students work with 3D models to Dental eruption is known to be more variable vidual and species levels. build phylogenies based on observed cranial than dental development because it is commonly features of fossil hominins. During the third phase considered more impacted by the environment. we revisit the interview questions. We evaluate Sexual behaviors and reproductive An individual’s ancestry, socioeconomic status, changes in the level of interest and understanding endocrinology of subadult female woolly and sex have all been proposed as factors that by comparing the answers from both interviews. monkeys before emigrating from their may contribute to difference in eruption timing We quantify investment by calculating attendance natal groups and pattern. To explore these potential differences rates, assignment submission rates, and online further, data from the left side of the permanent LAURA A. ABONDANO1, TONI E. ZIEGLER2, KELSEY engagement. We compare these data from the dentition was compared from contemporary indi- M. ELLIS1,3 and ANTHONY DI FIORE1,4 unit on human evolution to previous educational viduals from four diverse geographic locations: 1Department of Anthropology, University of Brazil, France, Netherlands, and the United States. units taught during this academic year. We gauge Texas at Austin, 2Wisconsin National Primate Dental eruption was scored using Bengston’s the effectiveness of our approach and reflect on Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, the factors that affected the results. This project 3Department of Anthropology, Miami University, (1935) descriptive stages from radiographs and is synthetic in nature and these data are designed 4College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, computed tomography scans of individuals to initiate conversations and a deeper exploration Universidad San Francisco de Quito between the ages of 8 and 15 years old for a total sample size of 387 individuals. Kruskal-Wallis of ways in which educators can reach all young Sex-biased dispersal is one mechanism that comparison revealed temporary, statistically scholars. may help animals avoid inbreeding with kin. In significant differences in three mandibular and Science and Social Studies Adventures has provided many species, reproductive maturity does not four maxillary teeth. However, when a Dunn’s funding for us to attend this conference. This is a volun- occur until after females have dispersed into test was applied and p-values were adjusted teer driven project. new groups, where they can mate with unrelated with the Benjamini-Hochberg method, there was males. In this study we investigated the relation- no consistent trend in which country, tooth, or ship between sexual behaviors and endocrine The Role of Genetic Variants in the age was significantly different. Rather, the most patterns of subadult female woolly monkeys, a Evolutionary Origins of Human Socio- distinct difference was only temporarily seen in species characterized by female-biased dispersal. Communicative Behavior the mandibular second molar of the United States We recorded sexual behaviors of two subadult 1,2 1 population at ages 8 and 9. This project proposes AZEEZA V. ABDULRAUF , MARTIN HUDSON , female woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha 1 2,3 that despite some statistical significance, there is SUSAN SMITH and JARED P. TAGLIALATELA poeppigii) for approximately 2-4 months prior 1 no meaningful, interpretable difference in dental Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State to their dispersal from their natal groups and University, 2Ecology, Evolutionary, and Organismal eruption between these populations and explores used fecal extracts to quantify concentrations of Biology, Kennesaw State University, 3Research, Ape the assumptions of within and between group the ovarian hormone metabolites (pregnanedi- Cognition and Conservation Initiative difference in bioanthropological research based ol-3-glucuronide [PdG] and estrone-3-glucuronide on geographic location and socioeconomic Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have [E1G]) to assess their reproductive status. Both status. been associated with individual variability in subadult females showed significant increases socio-communicative behavior in humans. in ovarian hormone levels between 4 and 9 days Specifically, SNPs in three genes - OXTR, AVPR1A, before they disappeared from their natal groups, and FOXP2 - are associated with recognizing and but only one of them displayed sexual behaviors regulating emotion, understanding the emotions

Abstract Book 1 ABSTRACTS

Geometric morphometric analysis of the residence. Here, we explore observed allocare of sampled (means 1.0 and 1.12 respectively, p < adult modern human pubic symphysis and children under the age of ten among ambilocal 0.001). Based on this analysis, it is inferred that implications for fossil reconstruction Tsimane forager-farmers. We find that 32% of San Gregorio farmers experienced mechanical MAYOWA T. ADEGBOYEGA1, SARA JHANJAR1 and recorded active childcare was undertaken by strain different from most Europeans studied due TIMOTHY D. WEAVER1,2 people other than the parents. The majority of allo- to use of traditional hand tools and wetland agri- 1Anthropology Department, University of California, care is provided by older sisters (38%), followed culture rather than plows and draft animals. This Davis, 2Department of Human Evolution, Max by maternal aunts (11%) and paternal aunts study highlights persistence in farming methods Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (9%). Matrilocal residence increases the odds of during a turbulent time for native communities in a child receiving allocare relative to patrilocality North America. The pubic symphysis is a secondary carti- (OR=1.5). However, this result is largely driven by laginous joint – a fibrocartilage and hyaline Supported by UGA: Graduate School, Summer Research a higher number of female kin in matrilocal fami- joint– that connects the left and right pubic bones Travel Grant and Innovative and Interdisciplinary lies, suggesting women with fewer sisters than Research Grant; CAIS, Norman Herz Award for Student to complete the anterior margin of the pelvic their husbands may benefit from living closer Research; Department of Anthropology, Janis Faith aperture. It is responsible for absorbing shock to affinal kin. We discuss the role that women’s Steingruber Travel Award. during the transfer of the load from the upright social support networks may have played in the trunk to the hips during locomotion and other evolution of marriage systems. weight bearing activities. Because cartilage is not Sexual dimorphism in metatarsal robus- preserved in fossil remains, our understanding of S.A was supported by the NSF (grant no. 2017527) and ticity in a modern donated skeletal the morphology of the inter-pubic space is reliant the Chancellor's Fellowship, UCSB. M.G, E.S, T.S.K, and collection H.K were supported by the NSF (grants no. BCS0136274, on studies of modern humans. Several attempts BCS0422690) MALORIE E. ALBEE have been made to investigate the width of the Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State pubic symphysis in modern humans, but these University studies have produced conflicting results on the Physical Activity and Bone Remodeling: Although previous studies have established that relationship between the morphology of the pubic Agriculture in early Colonial San Gregorio metatarsal robusticity is sexually dimorphic, the symphysis with factors such as age, sex, and Atlapulco body mass index (BMI). explanations for this dimorphism have largely only EDGAR ALARCÓN TINAJERO1,2 and JORGE A. considered genetic and biodemographic causes. 3 We investigated the morphology of the inter- GÓMEZ-VALDÊS However, men and women also experience 1 pubic space between the two pubic bones in Department of Anthropology, University of cultural differences that might affect metatarsal 2 adult modern humans from 105 patients ranging Georgia, Center for Applied Isotope Studies, morphology, including sex-linked disparities in University of Georgia, 3Laboratorio de from the ages of 20 to 96 who have undergone workforce and social participation that have Bioarqueología, Posgrado en Antropología Física, CT imaging in the University of California Health changed considerably over the last 100 years. Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, INAH system by employing geometric morphometrics This study documents temporal differences in and multivariate linear regression analyses. Our Sixteenth century European colonization in North sexual dimorphism by comparing metatarsal goals are to provide clarity on the correlations America brought about challenges for indigenous robusticity between sexes via two-sample t-test between symphyseal thickness with sex, age, communities via epidemic disease, demographic for 71 adults (28 born pre-1950, 43 born post- and BMI, and to use that information to improve decline, interpersonal violence, and environmental 1950) from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal on the accuracy of fossil pelvic reconstructions. disruption. In the densely populated Valley of Collection. Robusticity was measured as a ratio Our results have revealed a negative covariance Mexico, indigenous communities reassessed agri- between the diaphyseal diameters and bone between age and symphyseal thickness but no cultural strategies in the decades after sustained length, and the effects of age, body mass, and significant relationship between symphyseal European contact and settlement. San Gregorio occupation on robusticity were accounted for via thickness and BMI. Sexual dimorphism was a Atlapulco, one of many agricultural towns, ANCOVA. To test the hypothesis that metatarsal major driver of variation in our dataset, but its coalesced from smaller hamlets and maintained robusticity is more sexually dimorphic in individ- influence is diminished in the older age categories. traditional wetland agriculture – the chinampa uals born before 1950, the sample was divided by system. This research uses cross-sectional prop- period and the previous analyses were repeated erties from bone of adult individuals (ages 19-57, for each period. The entire-sample results indicate Aunties over Grandmas? Maternal and n=44) as indicators of individual physical activity that even when covariates are included, meta- Paternal aunts provide the majority of and community subsistence practice. Repetitive tarsal robusticity is statistically different between extra-household childcare among Tsimane and intense physical activity strains bone in sexes for the first (p=0.0021) and third (p=0.0119) forager-farmers patterned ways influencing cellular resorption metatarsals. In the pre-1950 sample, only first 1 2 SARAH ALAMI , EDMOND SEABRIGHT , THOMAS and redeposition. Over time, bone remodeling metatarsal robusticity is statistically significant 1 3 S. KRAFT , HILLARD KAPLAN and MICHAEL produces cross-sectional properties in diaphyses between sexes (p=0.0236), and this difference GURVEN1 that vary according to activity patterns. Ten remains significant (p=0.0179) when accounting 1 Anthropology, University of California, Santa cross-sectional properties from five humerus and for covariates. In the post-1950 sample, there are Barbara, 2Anthropology, University of New Mexico, femur diaphyses are calculated from periosteal no significant relationships between metatarsal 3Economic Science Institute, Chapman University measurements to evaluate the effects of repet- robusticity and sex. These findings indicate that Consanguineal relatives are important providers of itive activity that included agriculture, hunting, the sexual dimorphism of the metatarsals, particu- support in many species. A distinguishing feature fishing, and food preparation. Linear discrimi- larly the first metatarsal, may reflect sex-specific of human kinship systems is the recognition and nant analysis of calculated properties separates cultural influences previously unexplored in the maintenance of cooperative relationships with San Gregorio individuals from more than 600 modern human foot, perhaps related to period affinal relatives. This cultural aspect of kinship individuals of twenty-two comparative European trends in footwear and activity patterns outside of provides opportunities for women to expand their communities. Cross-sectional ratios of the distal occupation. social support networks, and is particularly impor- humeri are most significantly different between tant for understanding patterns of post-marital San Gregorio and all European populations

2 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Finding the Blood Tax: Using multi-tooth upon inactivation of the “genome guardian” TP53 with DNA methylation in adulthood (30,544 strontium isotope analysis for evidence of in the presence of adequate DHEA/S, has been early adversity-associated CpG sites, 10% false the Ottoman child tribute system in Europe proposed. Derived high DHEAS levels in anthro- discovery rate). However, these effects were KATHRYN GROW. ALLEN1 and ERIN BLINCOE2 poid primates are substantially higher in humans. specific to or magnified in individuals born in low Increasing DHEAS has been linked to prefrontal quality, low resource habitats, such that over half 1Anthropology, SUNY Potsdam, 2Anthropology/ Sociology, Eastern Oregon University brain development and found to correlate with of these sites (n=15,401) exhibit early adversi- longevity. The uniquely-human, autosomal domi- ty-early life habitat interactions. The strongest The Ottoman Empire, one of history’s most influ- nant genetic disorder, NF1, is catalyzed by a effects of early adversity were associated with ential Islamic states, expanded into Southeast germline/embryonic mutation in the NF1 gene, early life drought or high group density, both of Europe during the Early Modern period. Evidence and is characterized by benign tumors of the which can exacerbate resource limitation. Early indicates both migrations of non-European nerve sheath (neurofibromas) associated with adversity-associated sites were enriched in DNA Muslims and the conversion of Europeans to secondary, somatic mutations in the wild-type sequence with likely functional consequences, Islam contributed to the biological makeup of allele, with progression inversely correlating to including gene bodies (Fisher’s Exact Test these communities. Notably, a system called the lifetime DHEA curve. NF1 is associated with p-value=8.11 x 10-22, odds ratio=1.13) and metab- Devșirme resulted in significant conversions. As a a constellation of additional physical, cognitive, olism-related pathways. Together, our results blood tax system, Devșirme took the oldest male and behavioral traits that have also been used support the hypothesis that early life adversity child from European families. These children were to distinguish humans and other hominins from shapes fitness outcomes through changes in converted and trained, permanently in service to one another and from chimpanzees. The NF1 DNA methylation, either because they are stable the Sultan. Our study explores the identification gene product, neurofibromin, down-regulates Ras, over the life course or because they are indicators of tribute children from an Ottoman cemetery in which activates the cellular proliferation/differen- of early life-associated physical condition. They Romania using strontium isotope analysis. tiation ERK/MAPK signal transduction cascade. thus highlight specific molecular mechanisms Using enamel samples from the former military TP53 mutations are common in malignancies, but and genomic loci likely to respond to environ- garrison of Timișoara, we explore the possibility rare in benign neurofibromas. mental selection pressures during early life. that tribute children can be identified using We have identified a fixed, derived, human variable timing of enamel development corre- neurofibromin variant predicted to elicit a modest Functional Morphology of the Large- sponding to historically-documented tribute increase in overall phosphorylation potential and events. According to written accounts, tribute Bodied Colobines from the Turkana Basin to slightly up-regulate Ras activation of the ERK/ during the Plio-Pleistocene boys were taken between the ages of 8-10y and MAPK pathway. Evidence from humans and other MONYA ANDERSON sent to Istanbul for conversion and training. They primates suggests that the “kill switch,” combined were then stationed around the Empire. The with uniquely-high human DHEA/S levels and Anthropology, Texas A&M University formation of permanent dental enamel typically two wild-type human NF1 alleles, may provide There are at least 4 recognized large-bodied concludes between 8-10y. The exception are third the enhanced “genome guarding” necessary for colobines present in the Turkana Basin during molars, with enamel development starting at 7-8y, maintenance of this human-optimized cellular the Plio-Pleistocene: Cercopithecoides williamsi, but continuing into teen years. Consequently, proliferation/differentiation pathway. Cercopithecoides kimeui, Paracolobus mutiwa, dental enamel in most tribute children would and Rhinocolobus turkanensis. With the have developed before removal from their homes, exception of R. turkanensis, all forms display post- except the third molar, whose strontium signature Early life adversity predicts DNA methyla- cranial morphology consistent with some degree may highlight a relocation. The third molars of five tion levels in wild adult baboons of terrestriality. Many of these fossil forms are Ottoman males were compared to earlier molars. JORDAN ANDERSON1, AMANDA LEA2,3, MERCY known from sites containing hominin fossils as Of the five males, two displayed results indicative AKINYI4, TAWNI VOYLES5, SUSAN ALBERTS1,4,5, well as a diversity of mammalian fauna including of a relocation consistent with Devșirme. This ELIZABETH ARCHIE6 and JENNY TUNG1,4,5,7 other large-bodied monkeys like Theropithecus. study displays the potential for multi-tooth stron- 1Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, The presence of colobinans in fossil assemblages tium analysis in highlighting cultural practices 2Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, has been oft-cited as evidence for the presence involving adolescent relocation. Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, of forested environments which has influenced 3Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, This material is based upon work supported by the models of human evolution such as bipedalism in 4Institute of Primate Research, National Museums National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1642007 early hominins like Ardipithecus ramidus. of Kenya, 5Biology, Duke University, 6Biological and an Eastern Oregon University Foundation Grant. Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 7Duke Here I present the results of analyses of the func- Population Research Institute, Duke University tional morphology of these large-bodied colobines A candidate mechanism for hominin brain The early life environment strongly predicts along with a description of an unpublished partial expansion: NF1, DHEA/S, and the ERK/ fitness outcomes in many primate species. skeleton from the Omo Valley, Ethiopia. Qualitative MAPK cell signal cascade Despite its importance, we know little about the methods include descriptions of preservation ANDREA J. ALVESHERE1 and VINCENT M. molecular mechanisms that link early life experi- and functionally relevant skeletal features of the RICCARDI2 ences to later life traits. To address this gap, we fossil colobines relative to extant and other fossil 1Sociology and Anthropology, Western Illinois investigated the relationship between early life comparators. Quantitative methods include 126 University, 2Director, The Neurofibromatosis experience and DNA methylation in a population linear metrics, 54 functionally relevant indices, and Institute of wild baboons in Kenya. We analyzed data on body mass estimates. The comparative cerco- pithecid sample includes postcranial elements Previous hypotheses have linked reduced levels whole blood DNA methylation levels from 312 from 607 specimens: 309 extant colobines, 180 of apoptosis, required for hominin brain expan- samples (271 unique individuals at 246,048 CpG extant cercopithecines, 97 fossil cercopithecines, sion, with increased cancer risk; however, the sites). We show that established sources of early and 21 fossil colobines. biological pathways that may have facilitated this adversity in this population (drought, high density, developmental shift remain unclear. Recently, a low social status, social isolation, maternal loss, primate-specific cellular “kill switch,” catalyzed competing younger sibling) are also associated

Abstract Book 3 ABSTRACTS

The fossil colobines are morphologically distinct Why do individuals inculcate norms that are not in of odontogenesis. More studies of diphyodont, from the terrestrial cercopithecines and from each their self interest to do so? Enforcement intended heterodont animal models are needed to clarify other in their functional morphology suggesting a to ensure compliance to institutional norms the cell processes evolving under strong selec- range of variation in locomotor mode not present is often insufficient to fully induce behavioral tion for diet and other para-functions in primates in extant African cercopithecids. The presence change. Yet empirically, even in the face of insuffi- including humans and fossil relations. of so many large-bodied and terrestrial primates cient monitoring/punishment individuals will often CFI Grants and NSERC Discovery Grants (Grant #2016- emphasizes the importance of accurate compar- comply with costly, but weakly enforced rules and 05177) to JCB; Canada Graduate Scholarships to CMA & ative functional analyses for paleoenvironmental regulations even when it is in their best interest EVA; Scholarships from Colleges of Medicine & Dentistry reconstructions that may affect models for not to. Part of the answer to this question involves (USask) to DFM. human evolution. a norm psychology that provides psychic utility and in turn motivates compliance to previously This research was supported by Texas A&M University, Demographic and cost analysis of a retired the University of Oregon, and the National Science learned norms. Here we present both a theoretical NIH research chimpanzee population Foundation (Proposal No. 1650923). model for the evolution of such psychology and results from common pool resource games run DREW M. ARBOGAST1, JOHN J. ELY2,3,4, W. SCOTT in Pemba Tanzania. Our results show that compli- MCGRAW1 and DOUGLAS CREWS1 Drivers of gene regulatory variation in red ance is a function of trade-off between resource 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State colobus dependence, and time discounting – those who University, 2Founder, MAEBIOS, 3Department of TANNER J. ANDERSON1, NOAH D. SIMONS2, are dependent and future oriented inculcate Veterinary Sciences, UTMD Anderson Center, KIRSTIN N. STERNER1 and NELSON TING1,3 norms and comply and those who are dependent Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine, 4Department of Anthropology, Center for the 1Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Evolutionary and present biased do not comply. Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Anthropology, Duke University, 3Institute of Ecology Max Planck Society for Evolutionary Anthropology Washington University and Evolution, University of Oregon Reliable demographic data are essential for Unlike HIV in humans, simian immunodefi- informing proper management strategies, guiding ciency virus (SIV) infection in natural nonhuman Evolutionary dental trends in Primates; age-appropriate veterinary care, and forecasting primate hosts is generally considered nonpatho- insights from Evo-Devo-Dental population trends. Such information is particularly genic. Here we build upon a previous study that Anthropology critical for long-lived taxa such as non-human tested the relationship between SIV infection CASSY M. APPELT, ELSA M. VAN ANKUM, DENVER primates. Little is known about the demographic and host immune responses at the molecular F. MARCHIORI and JULIA C. BOUGHNER structure of the recently retired meta-population level using whole blood transcriptome data Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, University of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) supported by from 29 Ugandan red colobus. Previous anal- of Saskatchewan the National Institutes of Health. We analyzed ysis in this system asked whether infection Primate dentitions develop and evolve under the twenty-five years of data from the captive former status was related to mean within-group gene regulation of cell processes to generate different biomedical research chimpanzees to generate life expression. Here we extend those analyses by dental formulae, asymmetry between upper and tables and perform a survival analysis. Results controlling for relatedness and viral load using lower formulae, and specialized tooth forms. Here show that life expectancy at birth is greater for linear mixed-effects modeling to ask 1) whether we explore and theorize about these underlying females (x=29.9 years) than for males (x=26.6 infection status predicts overall gene expression cellular and developmental processes. Our inter- years). The current intrinsic rate of increase is patterns, 2) whether social status predicts overall disciplinary meta-analysis integrated data and approximately -5.18%, indicating an on-going gene expression patterns, and 3) whether social literature across physical anthropology, cellular decline in the size of the nonbreeding meta-pop- status and SIV infection interact to influence gene biology, and evolutionary developmental biology, ulation. This was expected due to the breeding expression patterns. We found that SIV infected including our own research using a mouse moratorium and normal age-related mortality. Ugandan red colobus monkeys show no evidence mutant for the p63 gene. We found that prosim- The model predicts population extinction within of immune activation during chronic infection at ians show more variation across dental formulae the next 25 years, by approximately the year 2045. the transcriptome level, despite maintaining high compared to anthropoids. Also, across primates, According to the most recent NIH Chimpanzee viral loads, consistent with previous analyses. Our lower teeth appear more labile in number and Management Report, the average individual daily preliminary results also suggest that SIV infection form, and morphology appears more varied in maintenance cost is $38.71. Given our analyses, might interact with social status to influence gene ante-molar teeth versus molars. We posit that we estimate a lifetime expense of approximately expression patterns. This expanded analysis will primate dental formula evolves via changes in $422,462 per female and $375,835 per individual provide a more nuanced understanding of the the odontogenic homeobox code that patterns male. Assuming twenty-five years until population relationship between infection status, viral load, the nascent lamina of the deciduous dentition. extinction, this translates to a total cost of $65.9 the social environment, and gene expression in an These changes implicate tooth signaling centres million. These estimates are useful for budgetary important wild primate model. as well as differentiation, proliferation, migration purposes and for establishing management time- Funding by NIH grant TW009237 and NSF BCS1540459 and compaction of odontogenic cells. Referring lines. Such estimates are important elements of back to the p63 mouse model of craniodental responsible and practical management programs development, our results in primates support geared toward retired populations of taxa with Norm Compliance in Common Pool the hypothesis that stronger developmental and long lifespans. Resource Management: Experimental functional integration of the midface constrains Evidence from Pemba Partially funded by NIH Grant RR08083 to JJE. Thanks to dental macroevolution in the upper dentition Manuel Moro, Ph.D., for CRU approval. JEFFREY ANDREWS and MONIQUE BORGERHOFF compared to the lower. We propose the Linchpin MULDER Hypothesis, that deciduous precursors are requi- Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck site for the formation of permanent successional Institute of Evolutionary Antrhoplogy (ante-molar) teeth but not additional (molar) teeth. Evolutionary losses in dental formulae likely occur via a myriad of changes in the cellular dynamics

4 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Investigating the health status of 19th aim of this study was to document infant growth, [n=2], Macaca fascicularis [n=2], Papio hamadryas century African Americans: multi-sited against this international reference standard, in a [n=2]). Variations in bone volume fraction (BV/ evidence from Texas cohort of 0–18 month old South Africa children TV) indicate that suspensory Symphalangus have SAMANTHA M. ARCHER1, LAUREN C. SPRINGS2 of Mixed Ancestry. Mothers were recruited from high BV/TV superiorly in the trochlear notch and and DEBORAH A. BOLNICK1,3 3 clinics (2 public, one private) and 163 (male=73, the posterosuperior olecranon, corresponding 1Department of Anthropology, University of female=90) infants were divided into three age with an elbow loaded in extension. Pan have high Connecticut, 2Department of Anthropology, groups. Standard nutritional anthropometry was BV/TV in the radial notch and the mediosuperior University of Texas at Austin, 3Institute for Systems conducted (length-for-age, weight-for-age, weight- trochlea, suggesting relatively high mediolateral Genomics, University of Connecticut to-length-for-age and head circumference-for-age forces crossing the elbow during knuckle-walking; z-scores). The 0-5.9 month age group, for both however, Gorilla have concentrations restricted Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, African sexes, aggregated between +0.50 and -1.5 for to the centre of the trochlea, perhaps indicating Americans in Texas had heterogeneous life expe- length (57%) and weight (69%) z-scores. Boys a more central/columnar loading of the elbow riences, particularly during Texas Reconstruction aged 6-18 months tended to aggregate below during knuckle-walking. The BV/TV pattern of the and early Jim Crow. From the beginning of +0.50 for length (63%) and/or weight (72%) habitual pronograde quadrupeds Macaca, Papio Anglo American settlement in Texas to the end z-scores, but had higher z-scores for head circum- and Ateles (and to a lesser extent, Alouatta) is a of the Civil War, nearly 250,000 enslaved African ference (65%). Girls aged 6-18 months tended large, high BV/TV concentration encompassing Americans were brought to Texas. Structural to aggregate above -0.50 for length (60%) and most of the olecranon and the superior trochlea, racism and the threat of racist retaliation in post- weight (68%) z-scores. Only 2.5% of infants fell which may respond to their long olecranon bellum Texas meant that Black Texans endured below 2 standard deviations (SD) for length- impinging on the humerus during quadrupedal limited access to resources and opportunities. for-age or stunted. Further, only 4.3% were above stance phase. Overall, the results show that prox- However, African Americans in postbellum Texas 2 SD for weight-for-age and would be considered imal ulnar trabecular structure corresponds with also found moments of possibility: by 1900, over overweight/obese. 52% (85/163) of head circum- habitual posture loading and can provide novel 30% of Black Texans owned land and hundreds of ference z-scores data fell between -0.50 and information for investigating locomotor behav- Freedmen communities flourished. +1.00. Results for the 0-5.9 month cohort indicate iours in fossil primates To investigate the health status of African a downward deviation for length/weight from the Funded by the EU's H2020 (MSCA-IF-2015 No 703608 Americans during this period, we analyzed bioar- WHO’s growth median whereas head circum- (JAM); ERC grants 336301, 819960 to TLK and MMS), chaeological data from five predominately African ference z-scores for all infants (0-18 months) and the Beatriu de Pinós programme to JAM (AGAUR, American historical cemeteries with burials from indicate a positive deviation from the WHO’s Catalonia Government; MSCA 801370). 1839 to 1914. This dataset includes 1,320 individ- median. Further work is needed to determine if the uals from multiple livelihoods in rural and urban WHO growth reference is an appropriate standard settings. We compared biological markers of for Mixed Ancestry infants in South Africa. Muscle attachment sites influence cut health stress among individuals interred in these mark morphology This work is based on the research supported in part cemeteries, demonstrating the heterogeneity by the National Research Foundation of South Africa MIRANDA ARMOUR-CHELU of lived experiences and their associated health (Ref:SFH170630246904); University of Cape Town Cut marks are one of the most important catego- outcomes. For example, while there is no clear Financial Aid; and Siri Johnson Bursary. ries of evidence for identifying hominin utilization association between incidence of linear enamel of animal tissues but the interpretation of butchery hypoplasias (LEH) and urban vs. rural lifeways, traces remains problematic despite extensive frequencies of LEH increased over time in the The trabecular structure of the proximal study. One recurring theme is whether the marks 19th and 20th centuries. A significantly higher inci- ulna in hominoids created by filleting meat from bone as opposed to dence of skeletal trauma was also associated JULIA ARIAS-MARTORELL1,2, CHRISTOPHER J. disarticulation of joints can be differentiated. Both with entry into the Texas penal system during the DUNMORE2, MATTHEW M. SKINNER2,3 and TRACY of these activities leave traces in the metaphyseal era of convict leasing. These results demonstrate L. KIVELL2,3 region (proximal/distal shaft) of long bones and heterogeneity in lived experience. We employ 1Paleoprimatology and Paleoanthropology, Institut it has been concluded that each can be distin- theoretical paradigms from the bioarchaeology Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Edifici guished on the basis of cut mark morphology, of violence to contextualize our findings and ICTA-ICP - Universitat Autïnoma de Barcelona, 2 such as cut mark depth, length or direction. correct overgeneralizations made about the lived Barcelona, Spain, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK, experiences of emancipated African Americans in Muscle attachment sites or entheses differ 3Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Texas. anatomically and are defined as being fibrous or Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany fibrocartilaginous. Fibrous entheses cover broad areas of the bone shaft and are connected to the Growth analysis of South African Mixed The proximal ulna has been used to explore loco- periosteum whilst fibrocartilaginous entheses are Ancestry infants motor behaviour in extant and fossil hominoids found at epiphyses and apophyses, are smaller in LIESL M. ARENDSE1, DESIRÊ BRITS2, ESTELLE V. through the study of its external morphology transverse section and the tendon separate from LAMBERT1 and VICTORIA E. GIBBON1 that reflects both phylogenetic history and func- the bone, except at the physical site of attachment. 1Human Biology, University of Cape Town, tion. Conversely, trabecular bone can remodel This study documents cut mark morphology in 2Human Variation and Identification Research in response to loads experienced in life and Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of thus reflect locomotor joint postures. Therefore, relation to muscle attachment sites, drawing on Witwatersrand we analysed variation in trabecular structure two data sets, (museum collection and dissec- tions of white-tailed deer). Multiple cut marks The South African National Demographic and of the proximal ulna (using a whole-epiphysis were identified and while they all derived from the Health Survey (2016) showed 27% of South approach) to test if corresponds to observed removal of muscle from long bone shafts, different African children under five years were stunted locomotor postures of the elbow across extant morphologies of cut marks were observed. It was and 13.5% overweight/obese, according to WHO apes (Gorilla gorilla [n=4], Pan troglodytes [n=3], difficult to detach the brachialis muscle, (multiple, Multicentre Growth Reference standards. The Symphalangus syndactylus [n=3]) and New and Old World monkeys (Ateles sp [n=4], Alouatta sp. short nonaligned cut marks), compared with the

Abstract Book 5 ABSTRACTS

triceps or quadriceps (long, oblique, parallel cut a sexually dimorphic trait established in-utero, not encompass dietary changes, or that social age marks). It is suggested that cut mark morpholo- associated with adult condition. This study exam- changes in the female life course occurred later gies are affected by differences in the toughness/ ined in Macaca mulatta, the impact of maternal than 15, perhaps in line with their first marriage, thickness of connective tissues at the interface social-status on offspring developmental insta- in their late teens or early twenties. The results of between bone and epimysium. bility in-utero; assessed by offspring 2D:4D and this study help further understand biological and sex-ratio. Low-ranking mothers produced lower social transitions in the Roman Empire, as well as proportions of male offspring (n=9) than female the utility of stable isotopes to identify social age Care analysis on human skeletal remains offspring (n=22), x2 (1) = 5.45, p = .020; and lower changes in the past. from a post-medieval London Cemetery proportions of male offspring (29%) than high- Shelley R. Saunders Thesis Research Grant; L’Oreal 2 PATRICIA N. ARNETT ranking mothers (52.1%), x (1) = 17.04, p < .001. Canada France-Canada Research Fund; McMaster’s SGS Department of Anthropology, University of High-ranking mothers had an increased likeli- Grant in Aid of Fieldwork; Yates Fellowship (LCA); France- Alabama hood (166%), and low-ranking mothers a reduced Canada Research Fund (TLP); and Canada Research Chair’s Program (MBB). Providing care to individuals that are affected likelihood (-62%) of producing male offspring, by illness and injury is one of the most common B = -0.98, OR = 0.38, p = .034. Among males, dominance-rank explained 13% of the variance human behaviors, yet the mechanisms of Ethical considerations and commu- in 2D:4D, F(1,41) = 6.18, p = .017, R2 = 0.13; and care which include social support tend to be nity engagement experiences of the high-rank predicted higher 2D:4D, B = 0.01, t(41) overlooked for working-class and prison popu- Afromexico Genomics Project lations. The characteristics of the care provided = 2.49, p = .017. Low-rank increased the likelihood (293%) of higher bilateral asymmetry of 2D:4D, B = MARIA C. AVILA ARCOS1, GERARDO SANCHEZ by these groups can reflect the motivation and 2 3 1.37, OR = 3.93, p = .045. Low received-aggression ROMERO , ANDRES MORENO-ESTRADA , CARLOS commitment of the caretakers among the under- D. BUSTAMANTE4,5 and MARCUS W. FELDMAN6 increased the likelihood (109%) of high 2D:4D, B privileged, low social status members of society. 1 = 0.73, OR = 2.09, p = .035. Findings suggest that International Laboratory for Human Genome This may be especially so for the working class Research, National Autonomous University of maternal low-status may result in higher fetal of 17-19th century London, whose remains are Mexico, 2Mutua Investigación e Innovación Social developmental instability and reduced mascu- analyzed by this project. Through the examina- SC, 3Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la tion of the St. Brides lower churchyard cemetery linization in male offspring, as assessed by low Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV, IPN, 4Department of population consisting of 544 individuals who 2D:4D, higher bilateral asymmetry, and sex-ratio. Genetics, Stanford University, 5Department of were of low socioeconomic status, this study Male fetal development appears to be more Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 6 addresses how social support in terms of care vulnerable to detrimental conditions of maternal Department of Biology, Stanford University may be the mediator for physiological effects of low-status. During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, approxi- this group. The goal of this study is to determine mately 250,000 enslaved Africans were forcibly how many individuals were affected by patholo- Investigating Social Age Changes in the brought to New Spain. A legacy of this involun- gies and traumas that required care provisioning, Roman Empire through Dietary Stable tary population movement is the presence of including but not limited to severe osteoarthritis, Isotopes more than 3 million Mexicans who self-identify surgical intervention, Pagets disease, fractures, as “Afro-Mexicans”, who were finally officially L. CREIGHTON AVERY, MEGAN B. BRICKLEY and and breaks. After this has been addressed, the recognized in the Mexican constitution in 2019. TRACY L. PROWSE next goal is to identify how these pathologies and The Afromexico Genomics Project collaborated Anthropology, McMaster University traumas would have impacted both the individ- with Afro-Mexican communities to characterize uals requiring care and those providing it. Of the Childhood is a biological and social phenomenon, their genetic ancestry using dense genome- individuals being studied (544), 175 are subadults but investigation of social age in bioarchaeology wide genotyping. Participants in the study were and the remaining 369 are adults (194 male, 125 is limited by currently available methodologies. 380 people who self-identified as either Afro- female). Only 1.5% of the total population presents We use seriated stable isotope analysis of tooth descendants, indigenous or have a mixed heritage with no pathological conditions and over half the dentine to investigate dietary change as a proxy from three Mexican states. To complement the population (~65%) presents with at least 3 iden- for social age changes in males and females genome-wide genotype data, we collected genea- tifiable pathologies. The high rate of pathological (n=13M, 17F) buried at the Imperial Roman logical data and self-identification information. We conditions suggests that those that are providing Michelet Necropolis, France (c. 350-450 CE). engaged with the communities through informa- care may also require care. This raises important Thirty second permanent molars (217 seriated tive talks and brochures and returned the genetic considerations about caregiving practices of the sections) were used to identify dietary changes ancestry results to participants. We carried out working class of 17-19th century London. between the ages of 2.5 and 15 years. ethnographic interviews to learn about their Results demonstrate relative homogeneity for expectations for the project as well as additional 13 15 interviews after returning the genetic ancestry Maternal low social-status, increased fetal δ C and δ N values for males and females between the ages of 2.5 and 14 years (p>.050). results to investigate the impact of these on their developmental instability in males, and self-identification. We observed that the partici- offspring sex-ratio in Macaca mulatta At 15 years, however, males exhibit significantly lower δ15N values than females (p=.008; δ13C pants were deeply interested in the research and JUAN PABLO ARROYO and LORENA MADRIGAL values are not significantly different). expressed their gratitude for the return of the Applied Anthropology, University of South Florida ancestry results, which made them feel valued Literary sources suggest that middle class males Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts mothers to and recognized. The study was carried out with began formal apprenticeships around 15 years produce lower proportions of male offspring utmost consideration of the vulnerable status of old. The lower nitrogen values observed in this under challenging conditions. Maternal hormo- these populations, which include marginaliza- study may therefore reflect a dietary change that nal-stress-responses can result in increased tion, discrimination, and limited access to health accompanied this shift, as they transitioned from developmental instability and interfere with sexu- childhood to adolescence. Females, however, ally dimorphic development in-utero. 2D:4D ratio, exhibit little to no dietary change between 2.5 and an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure, is 15 years, suggesting that social age changes did

6 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS services. Therefore, an additional goal of the Each year, hundreds of decedents remain growth plate, indicating an age between 5 and 20 project is to contribute to the appreciation of Afro- unidentified in South Africa – particularly those months. Multiple surfaces from each cortical loca- Mexicans as part of Mexico’s mosaic of diversity who are decomposed. In such cases, Forensic tion were sectioned, polished and inspected under and help set the stage for health interventions. Anthropology Cape Town (FACT) at the University a light microscope. Proximal and mid-diaphysis The project has been founded by Stanford Center for of Cape Town can assist with identification in the sections from white-tailed deer humeri were also Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics and Western Cape (WC) province. Regional standards investigated under scanning electron microscopy. UNAM's PAPIIT grant IA206817 for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) in Finally, the samples were crushed, grounded and the WC province are lacking and regional-specific ashed to quantify their mineral content. Our histo- data are important due to the significant impact logical results revealed that while the proximal Comparing population history in the local environmental conditions and climate have femur and the femur and humerus mid-diaphyses widely dispersed Homo erectus and Homo on local decomposition rates. To identify areas were predominantly plexiform in nature, the prox- sapiens species where regionally-specific forensic taphonomy imal humerus was almost completely remodeled KAREN L. BAAB research should be conducted, patterns related to to Haversian bone. These findings were also Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University the location of discovery for FACT cases referred supported by the ashing results, which showed between 2006 – 2018 from Forensic Pathology that proximal locations were less mineralized than Homo erectus and recent H. sapiens share Services (FPS) were examined. In total, FACT mid-diaphyses (i.e. younger bone) and that as a features of evolutionary history, including major consulted on 172 forensic cases representing whole the femur was more mineralized than the dispersals out of Africa to more temperate and 174 individuals. A considerable number of these humerus (i.e. the proximal humerus has the least seasonal habitats in Eurasia and Asia, but it is individuals did not have PMI estimations (32%; mineralized bone). These results indicate that the unknown whether this resulted in similar popula- 55/174) and several were made without precision. absence of plexiform bone is not a reliable sole tion histories. The current study uses evolutionary Most decedents (51%; 87/174) were discovered indicator to discriminate human from deer bone. quantitative genetics to test the hypothesis that in police precincts from high crime areas, yet similar, primarily neutral, microevolutionary factors a considerable number were also found in low (e.g., genetic drift) shaped cranial morphology in crime and sparsely populated areas (47%; 81/174) Unangax ̂ Prehistory in the Western both species. popular for recreational activities. Vegetated Aleutian Islands - Early Findings Homo erectus fossils were grouped into six areas (23%; 40/174) were the most common CHRISTOPHER E. BARRETT, JUSTIN C. TACKNEY, paleodemes (populations), each containing 2-6 sites of discovery, followed by the roadside (15%; LAUREN E. NORMAN, JENNIFER A. RAFF and individuals and constrained to <130 kyr. The 29/174), aquatic environments (11%; 20/174) and DENNIS H. O'ROURKE recent human sample (n~290), derived from farms (11%; 19/174). Decedents were discovered Anthropology, University of Kansas eight populations, was used to calculate popula- exposed (35%; 62/174), covered with items such The archaeological record in the western Aleutian tion means and the within-population phenotypic as bedding or shrubs (14%; 25/174) or buried Islands of Alaska is less developed relative to the covariance matrix (P). Analyses were performed (10%; 17/174). These data highlight common greater archipelago. Inconsistencies between separately for frontal and occipital bone shapes areas for the discovery of decomposed bodies molecular and archaeological evidence highlight quantified by three-dimensional landmarks and in the WC province and thus, should be used to questions regarding local ecologies and popula- semilandmarks. Results indicate higher intraspe- guide taphonomic research to better understand tion histories. Available ancient DNA (aDNA) and cific and between-deme variation in frontal and local decomposition rates. isotope data describing ancestral Unangax ̂ (Aleut) occipital bone shape in H. erectus than recent Athi Baliso is the recipient of the VC Research Scholarship are largely limited to the Alaskan Peninsula and the H. sapiens. These findings are consistent with a Master’s; Master’s Research Scholarship; UCT Master's central and eastern regions of the Aleutians. Here scenario where H. erectus did not undergo the Financial Aid; Ada & Bertie Levenstein Bursary; and the we describe radiocarbon dates, stable isotopes, same population bottleneck during dispersal as NRF Innovation M&D Scholarship. and ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from H. sapiens and populations were more isolated. the Qaxun (Rat) and Sasixnan (Near) islands in Occipital bone shape diverged neutrally among the western Aleutians. Calibrated radiocarbon The absence of plexiform bone is not populations in both species, while the frontal dates (N=16) from human remains range from a reliable sole indicator to differentiate bone evolved via selection in H. erectus but not H. 2,815-275 cal YBP with younger dates likely being human from deer bone sapiens. Based on analogy with modern humans, contemporary. Stable isotopes (N=10) from 1 2 evidence for selection on the frontal bone may MEIR M. BARAK and ADELINE LE CABEC purified bone collagen returned average stable reflect climate-driven adaptation of the face via 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, carbon values (δ13C) of -13.01‰, and average 2 integration of the upper face and frontal bone. The Long Island University, PACEA, UMR 5199-CNRS, stable nitrogen (δ15N) of 16.56‰. Mitochondrial results of these analyses highlight both distinct Université de Bordeaux lineages observed (N=15) include A2a, D2a, A2b1, population histories for the two most dispersed Deer bones are frequently found in archeolog- and D4b1a2a1b. Homo species and different evolutionary histories ical sites in association with human remains. While sample sizes limit some inferences, these for the anterior and posterior vault in H. erectus. Differentiating human from deer bone is early data situate ancestral western communities commonly achieved using external macroscopic among pan-archipelago Unangax ̂ populations. landmarks, or histology in case of small fragments. Identification of the deceased: A retro- Average δ13C values more closely resemble those The latter approach is focused on the premise spective review of Forensic Anthropology reported from the peninsula region, while average that contrary to Haversian bone in humans, deer Cape Town casework δ15N values are lower than those found on the bone is predominantly plexiform in nature. To 1 2 peninsula or the eastern Aleutians. Lineages A2a ATHI BALISO , LAURA J. HEATHFIELD and confirm the prevalence of plexiform bone in deer VICTORIA E. GIBBON1 and D2a are ubiquitous in living and ancestral long bones we investigated bone micro-structure 1 Unangax,̂ while Inuit associated A2b and east Human Biology, University of Cape Town, and mineralization in two locations (proximal and 2Pathology, University of Cape Town Asia associated D4b1a2a1b are not reported in mid-diaphysis) along the humeri and femora of contemporary descendants, except for those with seven juvenile white-tailed deer. Deer juvenile clear maternal ancestry to populations further state was determined by the presence of an active

Abstract Book 7 ABSTRACTS

north. These findings provide early insight to the University of Tübingen, 3DFG Center for Advanced recent shared demographic history. By employing ecology and matrilineal genetic diversity of the Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools”, University of machine learning approaches to a network of western Aleutian Islands and possibly the larger Tübingen IBD sharing in BioMe, we were able to uncover 17 archipelago. Patterns of trauma reveal insights into human life- communities enriched for recent, shared genetic styles and behaviors and can serve as a proxy for ancestry. These IBD-communities often corre- the stresses sustained by past populations. In this lated with fine-scale geographical origin, with Increased secondary sex ratios following study, we characterized patterns of cranial trauma many exhibiting genomic evidence of founder natural disasters: Same response shows prevalence in Upper Paleolithic skeletal remains effects. We demonstrate significant differences different adaptative value among species (ca. 40,000-10,000 BP). It has been suggested in the fine-scale segregation of known Mendelian ALISON M. BEHIE1, PATRICIA C. WRIGHT2,4, MARY that during this time, climatic and environmental variants between IBD-communities, and also 3 3 SM. PAVELKA , STEIG JOHNSON and DINA changes exposed human populations frequently significant differences in the distributions and 4 ANDRIANOELY to elevated stress levels, prompting biocultural predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores (PRS) 1 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The adaptations of survival strategies to buffer envi- for a number of complex diseases. We also repli- 2 Australian National University, Department of ronmental conditions. Our sample comprised cate our findings in the UK Biobank, where we Anthropology, Stonybrook University, 3Department 234 specimens, corresponding to 1285 single uncover a total of 99 distinct IBD-communities of Anthropology and Archaeology, The University from a network of 500,000 individuals; with some of Calgary, 4Centre ValBio, Centre ValBio Research cranial elements, with and without traumata from communities representing more recent diaspora Station 101 Eurasian sites. We used generalized linear mixed models with a Markov chain Monte Carlo to the United Kingdom, and others correlating with Variation in secondary sex ratios (SSR) across algorithm to assess cranial trauma prevalence geographical region-of-origin within the UK. This primates may represent adaptive processes in in relation to age-at-death, sex, and time period work demonstrates the importance of exploring response to the mother’s physiological condition (before and after the Last Glacial Maximum fine-scale genetic ancestry to inform precision (Trivers-Willard hypothesis) or to the available [LGM]), while accounting for the differential medicine efforts. resource base (local resource competition preservation of the fossil remains. We found a hypothesis). Many studies have explored these predicted mean cranial trauma prevalence of hypotheses in the context of maternal dominance 0.07 (95% CI 0.003-0.19) for skeletal elements, Examination of Stress and Anxiety in rank and/or resource availability, but none have and of 0.26 (95% CI 0.08-0.48) for specimens, Pregnancy During COVID-19 Using an explored them in reference to natural disasters. each when remains were >75% complete, which Anti-racist Praxis: Insights from the HOPE This study thus compares SSR in three primate corresponds to the trauma prevalence described COVID-19 Study species: Milne’s Edward Sifakas (Propithecus 1,2 2,3 for Mesolithic and Neolithic samples. Males and APRIL J. BELL , KAREN A. SCOTT and LAURA edwardsi), black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) 1,4,5 females were exposed to slightly different injury JELLIFFE-PAWLOWSKI and Yucatan spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi 1 risks, as indicated by a slightly higher trauma prev- CA Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California yucatanensis) exposed to natural disasters by 2 alence among male remains. Both sexes exhibit San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, comparing SSR in disaster years (first two years more trauma in the >30 years old age group. The Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of breeding post-disaster) with non-disaster years. of California San Francisco, 3Department trauma prevalence of the two sexes and age In all three species there was an increase in male of Humanities & Social Sciences, University groups of samples from before and after the LGM 4 births in post-disaster years with sifakas showing of California San Francisco, Department of were similar, suggesting no time period-specific an increase in SSR from 1.00 in non-cyclone years Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of trauma patterns that would reflect the environ- California San Francisco, 5Director, Precision Health to 1.63 in post-cyclone years and spider monkeys mental stressors likely accompanying the climatic & Discovery, University of California San Francisco showing an increase from 1.6 in non-hurricane instabilities during the LGM. years to 11 in post-hurricane years. For howler There is increasing evidence that some racial monkeys, the increased SSR increase was due to This research is funded by the German Research and ethnic minority groups in the United States Foundation (DFG). We gratefully acknowledge support a spike in male births in the second-year post-hur- are being disproportionately affected by the 2019 from the University of Tübingen, the Senckenberg Society novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Inequities ricane with other years showing more female than for Nature Research and the European Research Council. male births. Despite all species showing a similar in the social determinants of health, such as change in SSR, a closer look at their ecologies poverty and healthcare access, affecting these reveal that they do not all fit one adaptive hypoth- The Impact of Fine-scale Demography groups are interrelated and influence a wide range esis. Rather, howler monkeys support TW, sifakas on the Genetic Architecture of Disease in of health and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. support LRC and spider monkeys do not meet the Diverse Populations As the pandemic grows, it is important to under- stand how pregnant people and infants are being predictions of either. These results suggest that GILLIAN M. BELBIN there is not one adaptive process that can explain affected since evidence suggests that risks for Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at some adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes sex determination across all primates even Mount Sinai following similar environmental changes. are increased (e.g., preterm birth, cesarean The impact of fine-scale genetic ancestry on section, respiratory distress, and hospitalization), This research was funded by The Australian Research the genetic architecture of disease, and its particularly Black and Latinx pregnant people. The Council consequence for population health disparities HOPE COVID-19 Study is a multi-year, prospec- remains under-explored. We leveraged genomic tive investigation designed to better understand Prevalence of cranial trauma in Upper data for a diverse biobank (BioMe) of >30,000 how the COVID-19 impact adverse pregnancy Paleolithic human fossil remains patient participants from New York City. We and infant outcomes. It also examines how the explore fine-scale genetic ancestry in the form of JUDITH BEIER1, NILS ANTHES2, JOACHIM WAHL1 pandemic exacerbates existing hardships such Identity-by-Descent (IBD) sharing. IBD represent and KATERINA HARVATI1,3 as social isolation, economic destabilization, job haplotypes of the genome co-inherited by individ- 1Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for loss, housing instability, and/or family member uals from a recent shared ancestor. By examining Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, sickness or death among minoritized and margin- University of Tübingen, 2Animal Evolutionary IBD sharing at a population level, it is possible to alized communities. Sixty percent of participants Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, discern patterns of shared genealogicy due to reported feeling anxious or on edge in the prior

8 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS two weeks. Most (92%) reported feeling worried in multiple regions of the wild primate body can Assembling a bioarchaeology of mental about themselves, their families, or their infants expand our knowledge beyond the well-charac- illness: Applying a “provisional evolu- becoming infected. Many (68%) felt increased terized gut-microbiome studies of primates, and tionary schema of mental disorders” to a stress about losing a job or a decrease in family point to additional ways in which microbiomes 19th century asylum context income. A smaller proportion (22%) had concerns influence host function and health. JACQUELINE M. BERGER about food insecurity. Our results demonstrate The University of Massachusetts Amherst Natural History Department of Anthropology, University of South that pregnant people in the United States are Collections Summer Scholarship, the UMass Amherst Florida experiencing increased rates of stress and anxiety Graduate School Predissertation Grant, and the UMass related to COVID-19, placing them at higher risk Amherst Graduate School Dissertation Fieldwork Grant Biological anthropology continues to expand its for adverse birth outcomes. provided funding for this study. horizons through novel and much-needed collab- orations; however, gulfs between practitioners do Seed funding was received from the UCSF California exist, despite similar underlying research interests Preterm Birth Initiative, the San Diego Study of Mothers Sex estimation for forensic human iden- or goals. In regard to the study of mental illness, and Infants, the UCSF Newborn Brain Research Institute, tification: a case report of discordance and UCSF investigator funds. Syme and Hagen (2019) offer a new way forward between anthropological assessment and for biological anthropologists. While Syme DNA analysis and Hagen (2019) focus on living populations; Characterizing wild lemur microbiomes TRACY BENNETT1, VICTORIA E. GIBBON2, LAURA D. bioarchaeologists have much to gain from their across multiple body regions in southwest TAYLOR1 and LAURA J. HEATHFIELD1 presentation of a “provisional evolutionary schema Madagascar 1Pathology | Division of Forensic Medicine and of mental disorders” (PES). Archaeological 2 RACHEL B. BELL1, RICHARD R. LAWLER2, JOELISOA Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Human scholarship addressing institutional contexts, RATSIRARSON3, JEANNIN RANAIVONASY3, Biology | Division of Clinical Anatomy and including asylums, has increased over time, and REBECCA LEDUC4 and JASON M. KAMILAR1,5 Biological Anthropology, University of Cape Town begun to address the intersectionality of margin- 1Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary The partial skeleton of an adult person was alized identities, including implications for the Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, discovered in a field and admitted to Salt River postmortem treatment of remains. The present 2 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Mortuary, Cape Town, South Africa for post- study demonstrates the benefits to be gained by 3 James Madison University, Agroecology, mortem examination. No visual features or soft involving bioarchaeologists in the study of mental Biodiversity and Climate Change Department, tissue were present for identification, and there illness, applying the PES to the Siena Craniological ESSA, University of Antananarivo, 4Department of was evidence of canid scavenging. Forensic Collection (SCC) from Siena, Italy, specifically the Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, patients of the L’Ospedale Psichiatrico San Niccolò 5Department of Anthropology, University of assessment to estimate sex was accomplished Massachusetts Amherst using the Phenice method, shape of the greater (San Niccolò Psychiatric Hospital - SNPH) (n=287), sciatic notch and gracility of the cranium, and all as identified by the diagnoses listed in the collec- There is a growing body of research exploring suggested this person was probably female. The tion registri (catalogs). First, diagnostic trends ecological effects on primate gut microbiota, yet clothing included overalls and boxer briefs, which from the SNPH were reinterpreted using primary comparative studies including microbial commu- appeared consistent with what a male might wear. historical sources, and compared to modern nities throughout the host body are lacking due This possible contradiction led to the request diagnostic rates for Italian in-patient populations. to the challenges of invasively sampling wild of DNA analysis to determine biological sex, Results indicate a highly significant difference (a = primates. Our study explores how anthropogenic however, the state as well as a private laboratory 0.05) in diagnoses prevalence between the SNPH disturbance affects the hair, oral, and gut micro- were unable to generate a DNA profile. A molar and modern Italian patients (Χ2= 251.47, df = 27, biome of wild Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus was then submitted to the University of Cape p < 0.001). These results were then reinterpreted verreauxi), as well as the gut microbiome of Town where DNA was extracted using a modified using the PES, showcasing the benefit of the PES wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), within phenol-chloroform method. Quantification of the in site-specific approaches to mental illness in a Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwest DNA using real time PCR showed amplification bioarchaeological context. From these findings, Madagascar. We analyzed the diversity of 68 of the Y-chromosome target, which suggested the “bioarchaeology of mental illness” as a frame- microbiome samples after targeting the V4 region the remains were male. This was verified using work for future study is proposed. of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene for high throughput DNA profiling where the Amelogenin marker sequencing. Initial analyses reveal significant Support for research analysis and writing provided by the showed XY (i.e. male). These results highlight University of South Florida - Department of Anthropology microbial community distinctions between body the need for revised anthropological data for the Dissertation Completion Fellowship. regions, including different sampling locations of modern and diverse South African population, as hair from the same animal, as well as differences well as improved molecular protocols to ensure between ring-tailed lemur and Verreaux’s sifaka that DNA profiles can reliably be obtained. Many The taphonomic context of Late samples. Initial results also suggest that micro- people remain unidentified in mortuaries each Pleistocene and Early Holocene burials at biome samples from ring-tailed lemur individuals year and improving accuracy of sex estimation Hora 1, Malawi: implications for the study who frequent human camps were significantly may contribute towards increased case resolu- of forager mortuary practices different from samples in all other habitat types. 1 2 tion. This case also demonstrates the importance ALEX BERTACCHI , JESSICA CEREZO-ROMÁN , Our research addresses how host species identity 1 3 of interdisciplinary collaboration for accurate and JESSICA C. THOMPSON , ALAN MORRIS and and body region interact with the effects of anthro- 4 reliable forensic identification. POTIPHAR KALIBA pogenic disturbance on the microbiome and is 1Department of Anthropology, Yale University, among the first comparative analyses of micro- 2Department of Anthropology, University of biota from multiple body regions in wild primates. Oklahoma, 3Department of Human Biology, Comparative microbiome research, such as the University of Cape Town, 4Malawi Ministry of interspecific analysis here, can parse out the Tourism, Culture and Wildlife roles of the environment and host phylogeny Research at archaeological sites traditionally in determining microbial community structure. described as “Later Stone Age” (LSA) has begun Additionally, analyzing microbial communities to highlight the variability of Late Quaternary

Abstract Book 9 ABSTRACTS

mortuary practices among African foragers. variation in active sweat gland density in a sample Personality and Alternative Mating However, the interpretation of mortuary contexts of 90 human volunteers from diverse geographic Strategy in Male Japanese Macaques requires an understanding of site formation ancestries and childhood climatic conditions. (Macaca fuscata) processes and potential post-depositional distur- This variation was best explained by body surface NICHOLE BIGGS, KYLEN N. GARTLAND and bances. We contribute to these discussions with area, sex, and age. Moderate associations were FRANCES J. WHITE a sample of five individuals from the Hora 1 site in found between gland density of several body Anthropology, University of Oregon northern Malawi and associated faunal remains. regions and geographic ancestry as estimated Three adult burials date to the Early Holocene, by 23andMe test results, and water vapor pres- In a non-human primate social system, males while two infant burials are Late Pleistocene in sure of childhood climate. These results reveal competing for reproductive success may utilize age. Two of the adults are inhumations, while potential drivers of contemporary variation in an some form of alternative mating strategies to the other is the intentional burning of a woman important and relatively unexplored human trait. secure reproductive opportunities. Individual- showing evidence for perimortem defleshing, specific behaviors with stable patterns among Funding is provided by The Leakey Foundation, The primates is referred to as personality. Male behav- with selective curation of bones after burning. The Wenner-Gren Foundation, and the UMass Amherst iors such as female directed aggression, and latter represents the first report of such mortuary Graduate School. practice in an LSA context. All individuals are affiliation used to define a personality are also missing some elements, and in two cases these used to define alternative mating strategies there- are the same elements of the hands, feet, and Exploratory study of existing methods for fore we predict concordance in male personality lower limbs. converting endocranial volume to brain and alternative mating strategies. We examined mass personality domains to see if they function as Here we offer an analysis of the context and state SANAMPREET K. BHULLAR and ROBERT C. alternative mating strategies in semi-free ranging of preservation of the five individuals. Particularly, MCCARTHY male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at we leverage the taphonomic study of the fauna Department of Biological Sciences, Benedictine the Oregon National Primate Research Center. from the site to show that: 1) the absence of University We collected 512 hours of focal follow data on 17 specific human elements is not explained by adult males. Using principal component analyses, Researchers studying encephalization in fossil post-depositional fragmentation or recovery we identified five distinct personality domains. We specimens oftentimes convert endocranial volume bias, possibly indicating intentional removal; 2) used genetic paternity data to assess variance (ECV) to brain mass, which is then used to calcu- defleshing of human remains is qualitatively in fitness. We used two-way analysis of variance late an index (e.g., the encephalization quotient, or different from mammal butchery, suggesting a to test for fitness differences among personality EQ). Recent studies claim that the isometric rela- non-nutritional explanation for this practice; 3) domains and dominance ranks. We compared tionship between ECV (in cubic centimeters) and most of the faunal remains in stratigraphic associ- the frequency of live offspring for males by age brain mass (in grams) means that it is possible ation with the burned individual are unburnt, thus group and personality domains using G-tests of to convert one to the other by adjusting for the excluding the possibility that the human remains Independence. There was no significant varia- brain’s specific gravity without needing to account were burned accidentally during site maintenance tion in fitness according to personality domains for more complex spatial relationships. We tested activities. or dominance ranks (F=0.035, df=5, p=0.8681). this claim by comparing three different methods Fieldwork and laboratory analyses were funded by There was a dependence of number of offspring for converting ECV to brain mass (multiplying by Emory University, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for on younger males (G=21.925, df=8, p<0.01) for the brain’s specific gravity, multiplying by the brain Anthropological Research (Grant #9437), the National they have higher reproductive success regardless mass/ECV index, predicting brain mass from ECV Geographic Foundation (Grant NGS-53412R-18) and the of personality domain. Based on these results, Augusta Hazard Fund. using regression) in four fossil specimens (CGM males of all personality domains had equal repro- 85785 Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, ARA-VP 6/500 ductive success. Furthermore, the degree of Ardipithecus ramidus, Sangiran 17 Homo erectus, fitness benefits by personality domains did not Contemporary variation in human eccrine Amud 1 Homo neanderthalensis) that span the significantly vary from those benefits conferred by sweat gland density size range of interest to many paleoanthropol- high dominance ranks. We conclude that person- ANDREW W. BEST1, DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN2 and ogists. We show that adjusting by the brain’s ality reflects alternative mating strategies within JASON M. KAMILAR1,3 specific gravity or proportional relationship to the this population. 1Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, endocranial cavity produces unreasonable brain 2Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, mass estimates at both small and large ends of 3 Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary the size continuum. Existing regression equa- Genomic insights into Andean high-alti- Biology, University of Massachusetts tions predict brain masses unrealistically larger tude adaptive phenotypes Humans’ capacity to cool by sweating far than ECV for ECV values <300 cubic centimeters. ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM1, AINASH CHILDEBAYEVA2, surpasses that of other primates and mammals Unrealistic brain mass estimates are the product JENNA L. ISHERWOOD3, JULIEN WEINSTEIN4, and is linked with hallmark events in human evolu- of brain mass data quality issues and mismatches MELISA KIYAMU5, GIANPIETRO ELIAS tion including expanded foraging and locomotor between brain mass and ECV species values that REVOLLENDO7, MARIA RIVERA-CHIRA5, FABIOLA behavior, near-naked skin, and bigger brains, bias our interpretation of brain:body allometry. LEON-VELARDE5, FRANK S. LEE6 and TOM D. all of which depended upon increased ability These problems lead us to advocate for a “piece- BRUTSAERT7 to dissipate heat. After human dispersal from meal” approach (choosing equations based on 1Anthropology, UCLA, 2Archaeogenetics, Max Africa, sweat gland density may have changed performance across a size range of interest) for Planck Institute for Science of Human History, to suit local environmental conditions. Despite narrowly-focused studies but for ECV not to be 3Human Genetics, Wayne State University, 4 5 the significance of this trait to the human genus, converted to brain mass in broadly interspecific Anthropology, University of Michigan, Physiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, the evolution of human sweat gland density and studies. 6Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University contemporary variation in gland density are poorly Funding for this research has been provided by The Dr. of Pennsylvania, 7Exercise Science, Syracuse understood, as are its physiological implications. Scholl Foundation. University Using pilocarpine iontophoresis and silicone impressions we found substantial interindividual

10 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Andeans have inhabited the Andean Altiplano deficiency during infancy and mortality, biological Orangutans predated seeds more often than spit- (average elevation of 12,000 feet) for up to 11,000 sex, urban environment and health deteriora- ting or swallowing seeds (predating= 42.1% of fruit years. This high-altitude environment is character- tion later in life. It is possible that industrializing feeding time; spitting= 21.8%; swallowing= 12.5%; ized by chronic hypoxia that challenges human Montréal underwent sanitary and environmental mixed behaviors= 10.6%, not observed=12.0%). survival and reproduction. Nevertheless, Andeans deteriorations which increased the prevalence of Additionally, the top five preferred fruit genera, have thrived in the hypoxic environment of high vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, clinical studies (Dialium, Sindora, Scaphium, Magnifera, and altitude, displaying unique adaptations including seem to indicate a link between vitamin D defi- Spatholobus) were highly predated (0 to 5% of elevated hemoglobin concentration, elevated ciency and various diseases. The methodology seeds dispersed). We identified Alangium and arterial oxygen saturation, and a blunted hypoxic is composed of a skeletal inventory, macroscopic Tetramerista as the most effectively dispersed ventilatory response. Their ability to overcome and radiographic observations of pathological genera, orangutans frequently dispersed and the chronic hypoxia of high altitude provides lesions and a histologic examination of interglob- preferred these fruits. We found orangutans are an exceptional opportunity to understand the ular dentin (IGD) in M1. The results indicate a high frequent seed predators, but this overlaps with genetic mechanisms underlying their unique prevalence of individuals presenting vitamin D their seed dispersal role, and we describe orangu- altitude-adaptive phenotypes. To refine our under- deficiency during infancy, with 57.4% (excluding tans’ seed dispersal contribution. standing of the Andean pattern of high-altitude the degree 1 of IGD) to 79.6% (including the degree NSF (9414388, BCS-1638823, BCS-0936199); National adaptation, we recruited three study groups with 1 of IGD). The majority of the episodes occurred Geographic; USFish/Wildlife (F18AP00898, F15AP00812, varying developmental exposures to high altitude at 6-12 months-old and 2.5 years-old. Vitamin F13AP00920, 96200-0-G249, 96200-9-G110); Leakey; including: 1) Quechua ancestry born and raised D deficiency during infancy was not correlated Disney Conservation Fund; Wenner-Gren; Nacey- at high altitude, 2) Second-generation low-alti- with demographic parameters, nor with health Maggioncalda; Conservation-Food-Health; Orangutan tude down migrants of Quechua ancestry, and status deterioration later in life, except possibly for Conservancy; Woodland Park Zoo; Boston University GRAF 3) First-generation low-altitude down migrants linear enamel hypoplasia and non-specific joint of Quechua ancestry. Pulmonary and hema- diseases. Fewer but more severe cases of IGD tological phenotypic data were collected from are present in all more recently buried exhumed Creating an inclusive learning environment each study participant at the time of enrollment. individuals. This research provides relevant data for blind and low vision students in biolog- Using a combination of microarray SNP geno- on vitamin D deficiency patterns and impacts on ical anthropology laboratory courses type data, whole genome sequencing data, and an historical Canadian population. SAMANTHA H. BLATT RNA sequencing data, we have identified single This research is partly funded by the Social Sciences and Anthropology, Idaho State University nucleotide variants (SNVs) that contribute to Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the Research altitude-adaptive phenotypes. In particular, we Group ArchéoSociale/ArchéoScience (AS2). Blind and low vision (BLV) students are marginal- identified SNP variation in EGLN1 that affects ized and underrepresented in scientific fields and the capacity for oxygen transport and/or oxygen higher education in general. This is not for lack of uptake during aerobic exercise. Ongoing research Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus interest. Throughout schooling, they encounter is working towards identifying the functional wurmbii) patterns of frugivory and the rela- limited accessible opportunities to experience consequence of altitude-adaptive variation. tion to seed dispersal and seed predation science or encouragement to pursue life-long Together, these results provide key insights into ANDREA BLACKBURN1, TRI WAHYU SUSANTO2 and scientific literacy. Science is a core requirement the patterns of genetic adaptation to high alti- CHERYL D. KNOTT1,3 at universities, but laboratory courses often tude, shed light on genetic variation contributing 1Department of Anthropology, Boston University, normalize visual phenomena exclusively, making to complex phenotypes, and are of potential 2Department of Biology, Universitas Nasional, them inaccessible to BLV students. Use of importance for public health given HIF-pathway 3Department of Biology, Boston University assistive technology (AT) and fostering a sense involvement with various disease processes. Seed dispersal is important for forest growth, of belonging has demonstrated improved reten- This project was funded by the National Science maintenance, and regeneration. Orangutans are tion and performance of BLV students. However, Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, and the University of large-bodied frugivores with ecological roles as educators are infrequently trained to accommo- Michigan seed predators and seed dispersers. However, date such needs and, in the use, or availability of AT. little is known about orangutans’ ecological roles While BLV inclusivity measures exist in some disci- and how they relate to orangutans’ patterns of plines with university laboratory courses, standard Paleopathological analysis of an historical frugivory. We investigated Bornean orangutans’ practices and resources do not exist for biological urban population from Montréal: Exploring (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) ecological roles at the anthropology. Here I present my experiences and the interactions between vitamin D defi- Cabang Panti Research Station in Gunung Palung approach, modifications, and technologies used ciency and other diseases. National Park, Indonesian Borneo. We collected to accommodate a blind student in a mid-sized ROSE-ANN BIGUÊ1, ISABELLE RIBOT1 and orangutan feces (n=401) and analyzed them for (40 student) biological anthropology laboratory 2 CHARLOTTE ROBERTS intact seeds (August 2018 to March 2020). We course for non-majors. Through qualitative, quan- 1Anthropology, Université de Montréal, observed orangutan fruit handling behavior for titative, and ethnographic assessment of the BLV 2 Archaeology, Durham University 306 feeding bouts for 53 fruit genera to measure and sighted students, I will present examples of Bioarchaeological studies on vitamin D deficiency how often orangutans swallow, spit, or predate using a combination of braille, tactile, auditory, have mostly been conducted on 19th century seeds. We used Ivlev’s Electivity Index to analyze haptic, and kinesthetic adaptations to laboratory European skeletal collections and have not so fruit preference using long-term feeding data and assignments. Additionally, I will discuss some far been explored extensively in Canadian popu- phenology data (2014-2019). Lastly, we combined tips and guiding practices which fostered a lations. Furthermore, the possible links between fruit preference with fruit handling behavior using sense of belonging, produce attitudinal gains, vitamin D deficiency and other diseases have the seed dispersal effectiveness framework and enhanced performative success of the BLV been poorly investigated. To fill this gap, this to identify which fruit taxa were most effec- student and their classmates in this labora- analysis of 54 individuals from the Saint-Antoine tively dispersed. Orangutans dispersed seeds tory course. The tactile nature of many aspects cemetery in Montréal (1799-1854) concentrates in 71.8% of fecal samples with a mean of 27.9 of biological anthropology make it well suited on exploring the possible link between vitamin D ±4.5 (SD=0.95) seeds (>2mm) per fecal sample.

Abstract Book 11 ABSTRACTS

to serve as the go-to science course for BLV The inhibitory cascade model (ICM) is a tenet of prior to and following gonadectomy, led to signifi- students, lowering barriers to academic success mammalian molar morphogenesis that predicts cant differences in bone density, morphology, and and introducing anthropological sciences to the that the larger the first molar (M1) is relative to the morphometry between trans individuals and their blind. size of adjacent molars (M2 and M3), the smaller cis peers. On the other hand, surgical indicators of Supported by a Teaching Innovation Grants from the the M3 and the later its initiation. Worldwide, GAI were determined by analyzing the effects of Program for Instructional Effectiveness, Idaho State contemporary modern humans frequently present facial feminization / masculinization surgery and University. with impacted M3s that, for unclear mechanisms, urological / gynecological gender confirmation are at higher risk of impaction when they develop surgeries. The most reliable surgical indicators later. Unexpectedly, our radiographic sample in transwomen consist of combined evidence for Connections between climate, fire, and of 323 oral quadrants from 99 dental patients bone shaving, various osteotomies, and breast dietary diversity in remote Western presents 13 molar size ratio patterns at different implants. The most durable postmortem surgical Australia frequencies (e.g., M1>M2>M3 in only 31.6% of devices likely to lead to the positive identifica- REBECCA BLIEGE BIRD cases) that reflect the maxilla versus the mandible. tion of a transman are the combined presence Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University This pattern diversity includes non-linear size of facial implants and/or bone grafts, and peno- progressions (e.g., M1>M2

12 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

We interpret this result to suggest that initial Anthropology, Western Washington University, Chelsea Old Church (n=42), and St. Brides Crypt changes in calcaneal elongation were accom- Bellingham, WA, 4Department of Integrative Biology, (n=77), both of which served high-status popu- panied by cuboid elongation, which maintained University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA lations, and St. Brides Lower (n=91), which midfoot tarsal proportions. In later prosimians, Many aspects of the human skeleton have represents a poorer parish in London. ANOVA variation in these bones became decoupled. been shown to vary allometrically with body was used to evaluate the covariance of linear This study was supported by National Science size. Particular attention has been paid to limb enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and femoral length (as a Foundation grants BCS-1552848, BCS-1440742, segment length, articular surface size, and proxy for achieved adult stature), while T-tests and BCS-1440558, and BCS-2020434. cross-sectional morphology, in part because of Fisher’s exact tests were used to examined differ- their roles in estimating stature and mass, and ences in frequencies of each stress marker in four inferring activity patterns, respectively. Far less adult age-at-death groups. Neither LEH frequency Ancient positive selection in bonobos attention has been paid to how intra-element nor stature was significantly associated with sex, (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan proportions vary with body size. We tested the status, or age-at-death. However, overall, individ- troglodytes) hypothesis that shaft-to-end proportions of uals with LEH were shorter than those without COLIN M. BRAND1, FRANCES J. WHITE1, NELSON modern human limb bones vary allometrically LEH, and this relationship was significant for TING1,2 and TIMOTHY H. WEBSTER3 with femoral head diameter (FHD), a proxy for males regardless of status. These results high- 1Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Institute body mass. We examined this relationship in light the potential for early life stressors (LEH) to of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, modern humans from five geographic regions, alter stress responses later during adolescence 3 Anthropology, University of Utah with mean estimated body masses that range (decreased femoral length) as conceptualized Bonobos and chimpanzees diverged ~1.88 Ma between 58-64 kg: southern African (n=34), in tradeoffs within life history models. However, and, despite being sister taxa, exhibit striking Egypt (n=32), Jordan (n=39), Portugal (n=30), both biological and cultural buffering may explain differences in behavior and ecology. Variation and California (n=41). We assessed shaft-to-end the lack of relationship with increased mortality in behavior and ecology also occur between the proportions for the humerus, radius, femur, and even with experiencing early life stress, in light of four chimpanzee subspecies. Despite this infor- tibia using a ratio of distal epiphyseal breadth to weaning practices and the potential for upward mation, it is not clear which of these differences midshaft circumference. We quantified the rela- social mobility in post-medieval London. may have been adaptive, and a knowledge of the tionship between this ratio and FHD using linear genetic basis of these differences is still lacking. A regressions on log-transformed values, and we Ranging correlates with energy balance genomic study of signatures of positive selection evaluated differences in the relationships between among red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus would yield a set of candidate genes that poten- sexes and between populations via ANCOVA. ascanius) groups tially underlie adaptive phenotypic differences In all cases, proportions are very weakly corre- between lineages. In this study we investigate lated with FHD, and the allometric relationship MICHELLE BROWN1,2, MICHAEL GAFFNEY3 and 4 ancient selection across Pan taxa. We used varies by sex and population, only rarely reaching MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON 1 genomic data from 71 individuals representing significance (at p=0.05). We did not find sex to Department of Anthropology, University of 2 all five Pan lineages to identify single nucleotide be a significant effect for any of the limb bones California, Santa Barbara, Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute variants (SNVs) that fell within coding sequences (p>0.05); in contrast, population had a significant of Animal Behavior, 3Department of Anthropology, of the chimpanzee genome. Biallelic SNVs were effect on all four proportions (p<0.01). Variation Washington State University, 4Department of classified as 1) fixed or polymorphic based on in these proportions across human populations Anthropology, University of New Mexico allele frequencies within each population and 2) may be underlain by relative independence of the synonymous or non-synonymous estimated from epiphyses and diaphysis during development, Ranging behavior is shaped by many factors, transcripts. We conducted McDonald-Kreitman which carries implications for the evolution of most notably food availability, competition with tests per gene for each lineage, excluding genes intra-element proportions. other individuals and groups, and predation risk. with poor read depth across >50% of the gene, In many species, intergroup competition and Funding: NSF DDRIG-1732221 and the Portuguese resource limitation are particularly intertwined and assessed significance using Fisher’s exact Studies Program at UC Berkeley. MFB supported so we predicted that, within a population, groups test. The majority of statistically significant genes by: the UC Berkeley Chancellor’s Fellowship and the were under purifying selection, but we identified John Templeton Foundation. CET supported by: NSF experiencing resource limitation live in smaller 34 genes under positive selection in bonobos, 52 DGE-1752814. ranges and use these areas more intensively than in eastern chimpanzees, 57 in central chimpan- groups experiencing little or no resource limita- zees, 40 in Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees, and tion. We tested this prediction with ranging data Resiliency and the impact of stress 19 in western chimpanzees. The identification of and urinary C-peptide of insulin (a biomarker of accumulation over the life course in positively selected genes in these taxa contributes energy balance) from 6 groups of wild red-tailed post-medieval London to better estimating the timing of lineage-specific monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda, adaptations, reconstructing the Pan common EMILY J. BRENNAN and SHARON N. DEWITTE collected from Jan 2012 – Jun 2015. We first ran ancestor, and recognizing potential selective Anthropology, University of South Carolina a regression model for each group in each obser- vation period to determine whether the intensity pressures for these adaptations during a key time Resiliency in biological and ecological systems of use for individual cells within the range corre- period in chimpanzee and human evolution. is conceptualized as the ability to absorb sponds with the overall size of the home range disturbances, maintaining function even while and distance from the center of the home range, undergoing changes. This project uses a life Population-based variation in shaft-to-end and included both linear and quadratic terms for course approach together with the concept of proportions of modern human limb bones distance to account for potentially nonlinear rela- resiliency to examine how socioeconomic status 1,2 3 tionships. We then ran a model to test whether the MARIANNE F. BRASIL , TESLA A. MONSON and mediated the effects of physiological stress in 2,4 resulting coefficients correlated with C-peptide CAT E. TAYLOR Industrial-era London. The data for this project 1 levels. We found that all three factors correlated Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA, come from the Wellcome Osteological Research 2 strongly with energy balance (N = 1,617 urine Human Evolution Research Center, University of Database (Museum of London); we include data California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 3Department of samples, Wald chi-squared = 460.39, DF = 6, P < from three post-medieval London cemeteries:

Abstract Book 13 ABSTRACTS

0.001): energy balance increased with group size Genomic insights into the demographic which states they are for sale. Data were collected and decreased as the range use patterns became history of capuchin monkeys from six publicly available exotic pet trade more centralized. These relationships indicate HAZEL BYRNE1, PATRICIA IZAR2, JESSICA LYNCH3,4 websites from June 2019 to June 2020. For each that ranging patterns can be used to identify and TIMOTHY H. WEBSTER1 ad, we recorded the type of primate for sale and group-level variation in resource limitation, and as 1Department of Anthropology, University of its location. We found ads for 553 primates for such may be a useful tool for rapid assessments Utah, 2Department of Experimental Psychology, sale in 22 states. Florida had the most primates of group condition. University of São Paulo, 3Institute for Society & for sale (45.7%, n= 252), followed by Tennessee 4 US National Science Foundation (# 1103444), the Leakey Genetics, UCLA, Department of Anthropology, (11.8%, n= 65), Texas (11.6%, n=64), Missouri Foundation, the American Association of Physical UCLA (6.7%, n=37), and North Carolina (5.6%, n=31). Anthropologists, and the University of California, Santa Capuchin monkeys (Cebinae) are broadly distrib- Of the 22 states with primates for sale, 3 states Barbara (the Academic Senate, FRAP, and ISBER). uted across several major biomes in Central and (13.6%) require a permit, 15 states (68.2%) have South America, with sympatric gracile (genus no restrictions for the type of primates that were for sale (only great apes/larger primates are regu- Directional asymmetry of upper limb Cebus) and robust (genus Sapajus) forms in the Amazon. Biogeographical studies have suggested lated), and 4 states (18.2%) ban all pet primates. bones between males and females in Florida, with the most primates for sale, requires a medieval Giecz, Poland that robust capuchins originated in the Atlantic Forest and dispersed to other regions within the permit. Nine primates were for sale in states that 1,2 1 EMMA T. BRZEZINSKI , MARK HUBBE and past few hundred thousand years, while gracile ban primates. The high variability in regulations AMANDA M. AGNEW1,2 capuchins originated in the Amazon. The robust speaks to the need for federal guidelines. While a 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State species in the Atlantic Forest are well-defined, complete ban is unlikely, federal permitting could University, 2Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The however, molecular studies have questioned reduce the number of pet primates. While these Ohio State University the distinction between robust species currently primates are likely captive-bred, they nonetheless Lateralized behaviors attributed to “handed- recognised in the Amazon and savanna-like impact the conservation of wild populations. ness” produce observable asymmetry in skeletal biomes. To better understand the diversity of This research was funded in part by a grant through elements of the upper limb, which are an impor- capuchins and the speciation process across the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program tant indicator of functional adaptation. The these distinct biomes, we analysed high-cov- (UROP) from the Office of Undergraduate Research at the purpose of this research was to characterize erage whole genome sequence data for all eight University of Utah. directional asymmetry (DA) in upper limb bones robust species and three gracile species. We then in a medieval Polish population in order to identify reconstructed their historical demography (PSMC, specific patterns in sexual division of labor. Were Holocene southern African Hunter- hPSMC) and assessed their genetic diversity. gatherers/herders on the coast less active The sample included clavicles, humeri, and radii Our analyses revealed biome- and clade-specific than those inland? representing adult males (n=89) and females patterns of diversity and changes in ancestral KIMBERLEY J. CAMERON, CHANDRA FINAUGHTY th effective population sizes. We uncovered very (n=53) excavated from the early medieval (11 - and VICTORIA E. GIBBON 12th c.) cemetery site, Gz4, in Giecz, Poland. high genetic diversity in the Atlantic Forest robust Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological capuchins, but low diversity in robust species in Asymmetry generally was found to be greatest Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, the Amazon and savanna-like biomes with very in the midshaft, followed by epiphyseal regions, University of Cape Town and least in maximum lengths, especially in the long runs of homozygosity in some species, and The postcranial skeleton of 105 Holocene humerus and radius. In the humerus, signifi- extremely low diversity across gracile species. southern African hunter-gatherers/herders cant sexual dimorphism in %DA was found for PSMC analyses indicate an identical trend in (sAHGH) were studied for joint surface changes maximum length (p=0.033), and epicondylar ancestral effective population sizes across robust to better understand how subsistence and breadth (p=0.002) with females being more capuchins outside the Atlantic Forest until around survival strategies may have impacted activity right-biased than males, but not in midshaft the past 100,000 years, suggesting very recent levels between those living inland vs coastal. circumference (Kruskal-Wallis tests). In the clav- divergence between these forms. Hybrid PSMC Degenerative joint disease was graded according icle, there was significant sexual dimorphism in analyses also suggest post-divergence gene flow to severity and musculoskeletal markers %DA for maximum length with a left-side bias between several species of robust capuchins. according to prominence. Activity markers were for males (p=0.019), but not for either midshaft Together, these analyses lend insight into the prominent; considering the small body size of circumference or sternal diameter. In the radius, speciation and demographic history of capuchin sAHGH, which are likely linked by to their life- significant differences in %DA were observed in monkeys in the Pleistocene. style. No significant differences were found by maximum length (p=0.022), midshaft circumfer- sex, suggesting that gender-based divisions of ence (p=0.024), and distal breadth (p=0.019), with Where the (Pet) Primates Are: Location of labour may be over emphasised. Considering that females demonstrating greater right-bias. The Primates for Sale in the United States males generally have a larger body size, this may general lack of sex differences in midshaft asym- 1 1,2 suggest that females were more active to bear metry, which is most sensitive to mechanical SYDNEY N. CAHOON and MELISSA S. SEABOCH 1 2 the same level of activity. Joint surface changes loading, suggests that, though specific behaviors Anthropology, University of Utah, Anthropology, started young but as expected were more prom- may have been different, upper limb workload Salt Lake Community College inent in older individuals. Both coastal and inland may have been similarly demanding between Despite a consensus of veterinarians and prima- people had prominent joint surface changes in the sexes. Sex differences seen in the radius midshaft tologists that primates should not be pets, there forearm and elbow; suggesting a high degree of may reflect variability in functional loading of the are over 15,000 pet primates in the US. Regulation manufacturing, handling, thrusting/throwing and forearm distinct from the arm and pectoral girdle. of primate ownership is not federally mandated, resource processing. The inland sample had more but managed by states, sometimes even varying degenerative joint disease on the upper limb, indi- from county to county. Restrictions range from a cating repetitive actions of the hands and arms. complete ban, to some regulation, to no restric- The coastal sample showed more musculoskel- tions. The goal of this project was to understand etal markers in both the upper and lower limbs, the pet primate trade in the US, specifically, in

14 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS but, had fewer signs of degenerative joint disease. The role of population-specific genotype highlights the need to include diverse isolated A possible explanation is that coastal populations reference panels in genetic association populations in imputation reference panels so experienced higher biomechanical loading confer- studies that imputed genotypes are not biased by unrep- ring bone strength from leading more active JENNA C. CARLSON1,2, NICOLA L. HAWLEY3, resentative haplotypes. diverse lives. Despite the limited sample size and HONG CHENG4, TAKE NASERI5, MUAGUTUTIA This work was supported by NIH grants R01-HL133040 skewness in the number of coastal individuals, SEFUIVA REUPENA6, RANJAN DEKA4, STEPHEN T. and R01-HL093093 these data demonstrate the dynamic nature of MCGARVEY7,8, RYAN L. MINSTER2 and DANIEL E. sAHGH and indicate that ecological influences on WEEKS1,2 behavioural patterns are variable. 1Department of Biostatistics, University of The pectoral girdle of StW 573 (‘Little Pittsburgh, 2Department of Human Genetics, Foot’) and its implications for hominin South African National Research Foundation Grant. University of Pittsburgh, 3Department of Chronic evolution Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public KRISTIAN J. CARLSON1,2, DAVID J. GREEN2,3, TEA Health, 4Department of Environmental and Public Gut microbial diversity and composition in JASHASHVILI1,4, TRAVIS R. PICKERING2,5,6, JASON Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 5Ministry seven cercopithecids from Tai Forest, Ivory L. HEATON2,6,7, AMELIE BEAUDET8,9, DOMINIC of Health, Government of Samoa, 6Lutia i Puava ae STRATFORD8, ROBIN CROMPTON10, KATHLEEN Coast Mapu i Fagalele, 7International Health Institute and KUMAN8, JULIET MCCLYMONT10, LAURENT TESSA H. CANNON1, LUKE FANNIN2, W. SCOTT Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, BRUXELLES11,12,8 and RONALD J. CLARKE2 MCGRAW1 and VANESSA HALE3 8Department of Anthropology, Brown University 1Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in University of Southern California, 2Evolutionary University, 2Department of Anthropology, isolated populations have furthered our under- Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Dartmouth College, 3Department of Veterinary standing of human biology by elucidating the 3Department of Anatomy, Campbell University Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University genetic architecture of complex traits. A key School of Osteopathic Medicine, 4Department Gut microbiota fundamentally contribute to an element of GWAS follow-up is the prioritiza- of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National 5 animal’s overall health and immune function. tion of genetic variants, which requires dense Museum, Department of Anthropology, University 6 Current evidence indicates that host-microbe of Wisconsin, Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology genotype maps typically obtained by genotype 7 interactions have very likely influenced primate Section, Ditsong National Museum, Department imputation. However, extant imputation refer- of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, 8School evolution, so the determinants of gut micro- ence panels do not adequately capture genetic of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental bial composition and diversity, including diet, variation in isolated populations, such as that Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, phylogeny, habitat disturbance, strata use, of Samoa. These panels must be expanded to 9Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, and social interaction, continue to be actively include haplotypes derived from population-spe- 10Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, investigated. Here we report results from an cific whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for University of Liverpool, 11TRACES, French analysis of the gastrointestinal microbial commu- imputation in Samoans to be accurate. Here we National Centre for Scientific Research, Jean 12 nities derived from fecal samples of seven demonstrate this necessity through two exam- Jaures University, French National Institute for Preventative Archaeological Research (INRAP) cercopithecids living in the Ivory Coast’s Tai ples using a Samoan-specific reference panel Forest. Study taxa are Cercocebus atys (Sooty (SSRP) derived from WGS of 1,195 Samoans. The ca. 3.67 Ma adult skeleton known as ‘Little mangabey), Cercopithecus campbelli (Campbell’s Foot’ (StW 573), recovered from Sterkfontein First, we compared the imputed genotypes for vari- monkey), Cercopithecus diana (Diana monkey), Member 2 breccia in the Silberberg Grotto, is ants on 5q35.1, a known body mass index (BMI) Cercopithecus petaurista (Lesser spot-nosed remarkable for its morphology and completeness. locus, from the SSRP-based imputation to a trans- monkey), Colobus polykomos (Black and white Clavicles and scapulae of StW 573 offer opportu- ethnic imputation that lacked Samoans in the colobus), Piliocolobus badius (Western red nities to assess morphological and functional reference panel. We observed discordant imputed colobus), and Procolobus verus (Olive colobus). aspects of a nearly complete Australopithecus genotypes at previously implicated variant, Preliminary analyses reveal the highest fecal DNA pectoral girdle. The StW 573 pectoral girdle rs373863828 (SSRP-imputation MAF=27.63%, concentrations are found in C. atys and C. camp- combines features that are intermediate between trans-ethnic imputation MAF=21.5%, true belli. Of the Tai cercopithecids, Sooty mangabeys those of humans and other African apes: a long MAF=27.66%). and Campbell’s monkeys spend the most time and inferomedially-inflected clavicle, suggesting foraging terrestrially and in lower forest strata. Secondly, we compared GWASs for lipid levels a relatively high and dorsally-positioned scapula; Distinct microbial signatures were evident within using observed genotypes to SSRP-based enlarged supraspinous fossa size and shape; a each primate species, with the greatest similarities imputation. The SSRP-based GWAS identified relatively cranially-oriented glenoid fossa; and in microbiota observed between closely related a genome-wide significant association with non-human, ape-like reinforcement of the axillary taxa. Increased microbial diversity was also iden- rs200884524 (p=4.49×10-8). This signal showed margin by a stout ventral bar. The StW 573 scap- tified in predominantly folivorous species. Study weak evidence of association in the GWAS ulae are smaller than those of some australopiths of gut microbial diversity and composition in the without imputation, as observed genotypes were (e.g., KSD-VP-1/1 or KNM-ER 47000A), but larger Tai monkeys presents an excellent opportunity sparse in this region. than others (e.g., A.L. 288-1, Sts 7, or MH 2). The to decipher the interactive effects and relative As these examples demonstrate, imputed StW 573 scapula is similar in size to the austra- contributions of diet, habitat use, and evolutionary genotype frequencies are dependent upon the lopith StW 431 partial scapula and also shares lineage on the gut microbiome in an ecologically reference panel, and association analyses are similar structure along its axillary margin and complex community of primates. more powerful and informative when boosted inferior angle. Overall, morphology of the StW 573 Fieldwork in Tai Forest was supported by National by population-specific imputation. This work also pectoral girdle presents numerous features that Science Foundation (BCS 0840110, 0921770, 0922429) are selectively advantageous for arboreal posi- and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. tional behaviors, but relatively fewer of the derived adaptations toward manipulatory function that have been attributed to penecontemporaneous representatives of Australopithecus afarensis (i.e., KSD-VP-1/1). Considering morphologies

Abstract Book 15 ABSTRACTS

of incomplete pectoral girdles from middle/ Rothia, Collinsella; all p<0.05) and, like humans, had lower CRP levels than uninfected partici- late Miocene apes and consensus views on the chimpanzee gut microbial communities exhibited pants (p < 0.05). Further, relationships between adaptiveness of arboreal positional behaviors higher interindividual variation in infancy versus cytokines varied based on infection. For unin- incorporating abducted glenohumeral joints in later in life (p<0.001). However, in stark contrast fected participants, IL-6 was positively associated early Pliocene hominins, we hypothesize that the to human infants, chimpanzee infants harbored with CRP (p < 0.05). While not significant, this StW 573 pectoral girdle configuration is a reason- extremely high-diversity (speciose) gut bacterial relationship was reversed in Ascaris-infected able model for that of the human-African ape last communities compared to older conspecifics (all participants. Because IL-6 triggers CRP produc- common ancestor. p<0.01). Interspecific differences in lactation, diet, tion, these findings suggest that STH infection DST-NRF Center of Excellence, Palaeosciences (CoE-Pal) and immune function may contribute to diver- reduces downstream systemic inflammation. (South Africa); The Palaeontological Scientific Trust gent early life gut microbial diversity in humans The immune response to STHs may alter proin- (PAST) (South Africa); and National Research Foundation and chimpanzees. Future work will illuminate the flammatory cytokine profiles, with implications for (South Africa) grants to K.K. (#82591 and 82611) and D.S. phenotypic consequences of these early life differ- COVID-19 severity in STH-endemic regions. (#98808). ences and whether the human pattern is derived. Support: Wenner-Gren Foundation (8476, 7970); NSF This study was supported by the National Institute on Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS-1341165, BCS-0824602, BCS-0925910); NSF Graduate Research Humans and chimpanzees exhibit diver- Aging and NIH Office for Research on Women’s Health (R01AG049395). Fellowship (2011109300); Ryoichi Sasakawa Young gent patterns of gut microbial diversity in Leaders Fellowship Fund; Leakey Foundation; University early life of Oregon. RACHEL N. CARMODY1, ASPEN T. REESE1,2, Soil-transmitted helminth infections are SARAH R. PHILLIPS3, LEAH A. OWENS4, EMILY M. associated with lower levels of inflam- VENABLE1, KEVIN E. LANGERGRABER5,6,7, ZARIN matory cytokines among the Shuar of The relative contribution of skeletal and P. MACHANDA8,9, JOHN C. MITANI10,6, MARTIN Amazonian Ecuador – Implications for dental indicators for the precision of juve- 3,9 11,6 N. MULLER , DAVID P. WATTS , RICHARD W. COVID-19 outcomes in helminth endemic nile age estimations WRANGHAM1,9, TONY L. GOLDBERG12,13,4 and areas MARIANNA S. CERVANTES and HUGO F.V. MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON3,9 1 2,3 CARDOSO 1Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, TARA J. CEPON-ROBINS , THERESA E. GILDNER , 4 5,6 Archaeology, Simon Fraser University Harvard University, 2Society of Fellows, Harvard MELISSA A. LIEBERT , SAMUEL S. URLACHER , 7 University, 3Department of Anthropology, University FELICIA C. MADIMENOS , LAWRENCE S. Precise age estimation of juveniles in forensic 8 8 of New Mexico, 4Department of Pathobiological SUGIYAMA and J JOSH. SNODGRASS anthropology is essential to aid in identification. Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1Anthropology, University of Colorado Colorado Both skeletal and dental elements are employed 2 5School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Springs, Anthropology, Washington University in searching for precise results. This study exam- 6 3 Arizona State University, Ngogo Chimpanzee in St. Louis, Anthropology, Dartmouth College, ines which skeletal and dental indicators provide 7 8 4Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Project, Institute of Human Origins, Department of the greatest relative precision in a known sex and Anthropology, Tufts University, 9Kibale Chimpanzee 5Anthropology, Baylor University, 6Child and Brain age sample of 89 individuals between 0 and 12.9 Project, 10Department of Anthropology, University Development Program, CIFAR, 7Anthropology, of Michigan, 11Department of Anthropology, Yale Queens College, 8Anthropology, University of years of age. Diaphyseal lengths and both decid- University, 12Global Health Institute, University of Oregon uous and permanent tooth lengths were collected 13 as estimators of chronological age. Linear regres- Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Zoology, Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) manipulate Makerere University sion analysis with classical calibration was used host immune systems to increase parasite to develop single bone and single tooth age esti- Gut microbial communities change markedly survivability, leading to immunosuppression and mation models. The prediction errors of each over human development, transitioning from reduced inflammation. A leading cause of death model were used as a measure of the preci- low-diversity, high-variability states at birth to from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic — caused sion of skeletal and dental elements. Principal high-diversity, typically stable states in adulthood. by SARS-CoV-2 — is the cytokine storm, an Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to Throughout the life course, gut microbes ferment uncontrolled inflammatory response to the virus. determine which skeletal and dental variable complex carbohydrates, help resist pathogen COVID-19 outcomes are highly variable depending contributed the most to the relationship with age. colonization, and modulate the immune system. on age and pre-existing health conditions. 24% of PCA tests were run on each long bone compared However, humans are unique among primates the world’s population suffer from chronic STH to each dental element, identifying relative corre- in that we wean early onto exceptionally digest- infections, the majority in developing countries. lations with the PC1. In younger individuals, it ible diets, mature slowly, and exhibit high lifelong Understanding how immunoregulatory effects of was found that dental variables were generally investments in somatic maintenance. These STH infection may alter COVID-19 outcomes is more precise, but long bones outperformed some adaptations suggest that lifetime trajectories critically important from both scientific and public later forming dental elements. In older individuals, of human-microbial relationships could differ health perspectives. Here, we test relationships early forming dentition has the greatest precision from those of closely related primates. To test between STH infection and cytokine storm-re- of all measures, but some long bones are more this idea, we analyzed 618 fecal samples from lated inflammatory cytokines among Indigenous precise, outperforming some later forming dental 166 wild chimpanzees aged 8 months to 67 Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador. We hypothesize elements. The regression results are generally years in the Kibale National Park, and compared that STH infection will be associated with reduced consistent in the PCA analyses, in that dental vari- patterns of gut microbial maturation with those circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines. ables seem to contribute most more often than established for humans. We found that gut Stool and dried blood spot (DBS) samples were skeletal variables to the relationship with age. microbial alpha-diversity (p<0.001), composi- collected among 113 Shuar adults (ages 15-86 This study confirms the precision of early-forming tion (P<0.001), and change over time (p=0.006) years) between 2011 and 2014. Two STH species dental elements in age estimation and provides varied significantly with age. Notably, gut micro- (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura) were insight into the relative precision of specific dental bial signatures in infants <2 years old (n=9) were identified from stool. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and skeletal elements. distinct across all metrics. Infant chimpanzee and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive Protein (CRP) infant human guts were enriched in similar taxa were measured from DBS. Models controlled for (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, age, sex, and BMI. Ascaris-infected participants

16 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Residential Data on Child Maya Sacrificial during this 12-year period engaged with one or responses and offer several critical lessons for Victims: Strontium Isotope Testing of more of these frameworks, with ranges for indi- the state apparatus. As we anticipate additional Deciduous Molars vidual frameworks encompassing 0 to 11.6% of waves of the pandemic, it is critical that we see AMY M. CHAN articles. In addition to raw frequencies of each and elevate not just the structural vulnerabili- framework, theoretical engagement by publica- ties that have determined patterns of mortality Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles tion type (i.e., hypothesis test, methodological, and suffering, but also the agency, innovation case studies, and theoretical/review papers), data and brilliance that have shaped community-led The role of children in Maya human sacrifice type (i.e., violence/trauma, mobility, health/stress, responses on the ground for they, we argue, hold has become an increasingly important topic in diet, and activity), and methodology (i.e., micro- the keys to effective future preparedness. bioarchaeological research as 68 percent of the scopic skeletal, macroscopic skeletal, aDNA, individuals from the Mexican Cenote of Sacrifice and biogeochemistry) were explored. The rate of assemblage from Chichen Itza was determined theoretical engagement was higher in hypothesis Infant and Children Feeding Practices in to be juvenile. The Midnight Terror Cave (MTC), tests and theoretical/review papers than the other the Precolonial Caribbean: A cross cultural Belize assemblage also produced large numbers two categories (p<0.05 for these comparisons). analysis of juveniles. Strontium isotope testing of perma- However, the rate of theoretical engagement was YADIRA CHINIQUE DE ARMAS1 and JASON nent molars from MTC found that as many as roughly equivalent by data type and methodology LAFFOON2 a third of the individuals may have come from (p>0.05 in all pairwise comparisons). We also 1Anthropology, The University of Winnipeg, th outside the Belize River Valley. The 16 century explore interactions between citation rate and 2Archaeology, Leiden University inquisitional records, however, suggest that the use of theory over the 12-year period to explore Feeding practices, including breastfeeding and ideal age for victims is six. Thus, the analysis of the importance of theoretical engagement on weaning, of infants and children in the Antilles permanent teeth does not provide information on future impact to the field. These results suggest were highly variable and influenced by an emer- this younger cohort. that bioarchaeology studies, irrespective of their gent symbiosis of biology and culture. In this To determine location of origin for younger methodological focus, have benefited from the paper, we analyzed published stable isotope data victims, two deciduous molars were tested for inclusion of multidisciplinary theoretical frame- derived from bone collagen and teeth enamel 15 13 13 Strontium isotope signatures. The molars were works over the 12-year period, establishing a (δ N, δ Cco, δ Cen) in non-adults and adults from aged according to eruption, photographed, cast in promising trajectory for future studies and publi- 24 Antillean and Mesoamerican populations molding material, and sent to a stable isotope lab. cations in bioarchaeology in the current decade. to examine the diversity in weaning and post- The isotope ratios indicated that the victims came weaning food choices among circum-Caribbean from outside of the Belize River Valley. The two groups. Based on the WARN Model parameters, States of Exception, Structural children came from the Northern Lowlands and the age at the start of weaning (t1), and the dura- Vulnerability, and Resiliency: The Global the Central Maya Area respectively. The younger tion of the process (t2-t1), was variable among Maternity Care COVID-19 Task Force victims of MTC could have been procured Caribbean populations making it difficult to iden- Project through gifting between guardians and caciques, tify clear patterns. In general terms, statistically 1 2 purchase, or kidnapping while the infants were MELISSA CHEYNEY and SARASWATHI VEDAM significant differences in dietary practices were more likely carried by their mother or women 1Anthropology, Oregon State University, 2Midwifery, identified between Antillean and Mesoamerican acting as wetnurses. This confirms the ethno- University of British Columbia populations likely related to the higher impor- historic accounts of Maya child sacrifice and Over the last decade, dismal maternal mortality tance that maize had for Mayan people. Within provides a more detailed understanding of the rates, especially for racial and ethnic subpopu- the Antilles, statistically significant differences pre-sacrifice process. lations across the low-to-high-resource-nation were identified between groups for carbon and Funding provided by California State University, Los continuum, have highlighted health systems’ nitrogen, supporting that a greater diversity in Angeles Graduate Resource Center shortcomings. Globally, early in 2020, these dietary practices existed than previously acknowl- deficiencies began to collide with the COVID-19 edged. Infants and children from the Antilles had a crisis— a combination that heightened and mixed and variable diet where C3 based resources A content analysis of bioarchaeolog- exposed existing inequalities, systems failures, were more abundant. Differences between ical articles in the American Journal of and fractures in service delivery.The COVID-19 non-adult and adult populations indicated that Physical Anthropology from 2007 to 2018 pandemic abruptly altered the maternity land- infants and children had a diet where some typical COLLEEN M. CHEVERKO1, MADELYN K. GREEN2 scape everywhere as overtaxed systems adult food was not included (or at least not in the and MARK HUBBE2,3 struggled to mount effective, well-organized same proportions). This observation suggests 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via responses to the crisis in all but a handful of that a more refined approach, taking into account College of Osteopathic Medicine-Louisiana, communities. In April of 2020, a global task force different lines of archaeological and bioarchae- 2 Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State formed with the goal of developing a template for ological evidence, and recognizing the role of 3 University, Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, the reorganization of community midwives, health individual variability, is necessary to understand Universidad Católica del Norte workers, and rapid response units to safely triage cross-regional differences in subsistence strate- The introduction, development, and application of maternity care. During this panel, we will share gies and food consumption patterns. social and biological theories that transcend the stories from the field that highlight not only the biocultural approach have gained considerable gendered structural vulnerabilities the pandemic attention in bioarchaeology over the past decade. exposed, but also the extraordinary ways commu- This study reports the results of a survey of 562 nities came together to push back against the bioarchaeologically-focused articles published in authoritarian regimes and states of exception that the American Journal of Physical Anthropology failed to meet the needs of their citizens at nearly from January 2007 to December 2018. Ten every turn. A focus on community responses at theoretical frameworks were explored using a the intersections of maternity care and COVID-19 critical text analysis. 25.8% of papers published reveal the resiliency potential of community-led

Abstract Book 17 ABSTRACTS

The influence of climate and popula- in age-related changes in social behavior and proximal phalangeal lengths of eighteen male and tion structure on East Asian skeletal offspring’s dispersal in group-living animals. To thirty-three female adult rhesus macaques from morphology test how social dynamics, which are related to the free-ranging colony on Cayo Santiago, Puerto ELIZABETH O. CHO1, LIBBY W. COWGILL1, intra-group competition, changes according to Rico. Modelling the relationship between second GREGORY E. BLOMQUIST1 and KEVIN M. development of offspring, we investigated rela- and fourth phalanx lengths revealed that male MIDDLETON2 tionships between parents and offspring in three and female rhesus macaques share an allometric 1Department of Anthropology, University groups of wild Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) line with a non-zero intercept. Furthermore, 2D:4D of Missouri, 2Department of Pathology and in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, in West ratios decrease as overall finger lengths increase Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri Java, Indonesia. For two years (Nov 2016~Aug because of disproportionate increases in fourth 2017, Jan 2019~Nov 2019), we collected behav- digit length. Our results indicate that the 2D:4D The impact of differing climate conditions on the ioral data through focal sampling with six offspring ratio in macaques is mathematically skewed proportions of the human body have been widely as focal individuals, which resulted in a total of by this allometric pattern and thus a poor tool studied, particularly in regard to Bergmann’s and 1,888 observation hours. When we compared with which to infer prenatal androgen exposure Allen’s rules. While trends vary clinally across offspring by their age classes, subadults received without detailed attention to size adjustment. Africa and Europe and appear more muted in more aggression in feeding context, spent more the Americas, an evaluation of ecogeographic NSF RAPID 1648676 NCE (to SCA, JPH, SAW). NSF time feeding alone, spent less time in close prox- body proportions throughout Asia is largely BCS-1754024, Leakey Foundation (to JPH, SCA, SAW). imity (<1m) to the adults while co-feeding, and absent. Additionally, studies often focus solely on National Center for Research Resources #8-P40- approached less frequently toward the feeding OD012217-25, NIH Office of Research Infrastructure contrasting cranial or postcranial traits between adults. Also, subadults received more aggression Programs (to CPRC). populations, but few include the evaluation of and stayed farther from the same-sex adult and both regions together, which has led to conflicting spent less time in grooming with the same-sex findings. Although past research tended to How secondary males help or hinder adult. Our results indicate that intra-group compe- consider body form differences primarily in regard primary males in two baboon societies tition increases with offspring’s age and makes to varying magnitudes of directional selection subadults peripheralized from adults in Javan SHAHRINA CHOWDHURY1,2,3 and LARISSA due to climatic factors, recent publications have 2,3,4 gibbons. We argue that increased food and mate SWEDELL highlighted the increasingly complex relationship 1 competition may motivate subadults to disperse. Anthropology, Brooklyn College, CUNY, between the skeleton, climate, neutral evolutionary 2 Further longitudinal studies and genetic analyses Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, CUNY, forces and population history. For this study, 3New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, will be necessary to understand more about the linear measurements of the cranium, mandible, NYCEP, 4Anthropology, Queens College, CUNY dispersal mechanism and its consequences at pelvis, limbs, hands, and feet were collected on the population level in Javan gibbons. Reproductive skew among males varies greatly individuals (N=957) from multiple populations across primate societies, as do reproductive throughout Asia (Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, This work was supported by Amorepacific, National strategies, ranging from exclusion strategies Taiwan, Thailand, and the Philippines) to allow Geographic Society, and The Biodiversity Foundation. in one-male groups to aggressive competition for the evaluation of morphological variation of in multi-male groups. Here we compare costs the body as a whole. Genetic variation data from An Allometric Approach to Digit Ratios in and benefits of diverse reproductive strategies appropriately matched living populations was Non-Human Primates in males of two closely related primates, using used to account for the influence of neutral evolu- 1,2 1,2 data from seven years of observations on hama- tionary forces and population history on skeletal AUDREY M. CHOI , CASSANDRA M. TURCOTTE 1,2 dryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) in Ethiopia proportions. Both skeletal and genetic data were and SUSAN C. ANTÓN 1 and two years on chacma baboons (P. ursinus) combined with weather data from each location Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York 2 in South Africa. Hamadryas leader males appear for analysis using a mixed-effects model. The University, Anthropology, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology to monopolize access to females in their OMUs results of this analysis indicate that different areas despite the presence of followers. Chacma males of the body have variable relationships to climate. Although likely significant, the role prenatal queue for dominance, which accords putative This further emphasizes the need to view organ- androgens play in an organism’s development priority of access to females to alpha males. We isms as integrated wholes as opposed to discrete is difficult to study because in-utero hormone found that hamadryas leaders had longer tenures regional or anatomical units. levels are typically unknown. Because prenatal compared to chacma alpha males, and although androgen exposure may facilitate limb patterning Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (Grant both males had similar hourly copulation rates, in vertebrates, a popular proxy for estimating number: 9693) and NSF Biological Anthropology DDRIG hamadryas leaders obtained >90% of copula- prenatal androgen exposure is the 2D:4D digit (Grant number: 1847486) tions with females in their OMUs, while chacma ratio, which compares the length of the second alpha males obtained only ~20% of copulations and fourth manual digits. Evidence suggesting with females in their troop. Moreover, the pres- Development & Social Dynamics regarding that 2D:4D ratio variation is sexually dimorphic ence of followers in hamadryas OMUs was Dispersal in wild Javan gibbons (Hylobates and correlated with hormonal disorders has led associated with higher reproductive success for moloch) researchers to use the ratio to infer the involve- leader males, which was not the case for chacma AHYUN CHOI1, JAE CHUN CHOE2 and ANI ment of prenatal androgens in the manifestation alpha males. Thus, while followers enhance the MARDIASTUTI3 of various traits and behaviors. However, research fitness of hamadryas leaders, subordinate males 1Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha on human samples indicates that digit length have the opposite effect on chacma alpha male Womans University, 2Division of EcoScience, scales allometrically with overall hand size and fitness. We found differences in patterns of Ewha Womans University, 3Department of Forest that the 2D:4D ratio is therefore not an informa- aggression, suggesting that costs derive in both Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, IPB tive metric. No study thus far has investigated systems from the presence of subordinate males University whether this allometric relationship also exists and aggressive competition. Overall, it appears As immature individuals grow, intra-group compe- in non-human primates, which are similarly that hamadryas leader males achieve higher tition may increase because of limited food targeted as subjects of 2D:4D ratio research. To resources and mates in the natal group, resulting fill this gap, we measured the second and fourth

18 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS reproductive output with fewer associated costs observed. Maya children have different growth Inequities in Personalizing Medicine: A compared to chacma alpha males, but chacma outcomes in urban and rural environments, and Pharmacogenomics Perspective males benefit from a more equitable distribution early-life conditions influence the growth trajecto- KATRINA G. CLAW of reproduction. ries of rural and urban children in different ways. Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalied Funded by National Science Foundation, LSB Leakey This project was funded by the National Science Medicine, University of Colorado Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, the National Foundation #0964031 The integration of genomic technology into health Geographic Society, PSC-CUNY Award Program, and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology care settings has the potential to transform health- Associations of psychosocial stressors care through increased personalization of medical and resilience factors with DNA meth- decisions. In particular, pharmacogenomics Differences in growth and body compo- ylation at stress-related genes in Latinx research on drug disposition and response can sition between rural and urban Maya mothers and children in a changing polit- tailor and improve medication regimens for all children from the Yucatan Peninsula: The ical climate patients by informing tests of function altering importance of early-life conditions variation in drug metabolism and transport genes. ELIZABETH S. CLAUSING and AMY L. NON 1 2 Unfortunately, Indigenous peoples remain under- LAUREN CHRISTOPHER , HUGO AZCORRA , Anthropology, University of California, San Diego FEDERICO DICKINSON3, KAREN KRAMER4, INES represented in genomic and health research VARELA-SILVA5 and AMANDA VEILE1 Psychosocial stressors can become embodied despite having a higher prevalence of heart 1Anthropology and Public Health, Purdue to alter biology throughout the life course in ways disease, cancer, diabetes and stroke than any University, 2Centro de Investigaciones Silvio Zavala, that may have lasting health consequences. other population. Effective strategies to create Universidad Modelo, 3Centro de Investigación y Immigrants are particularly vulnerable to high research partnerships between tribal communi- de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico burdens of stress, which have heightened in the ties and genomic researchers are often lacking, 4 Nacional, Anthropology, University of Utah, current sociopolitical climate. This study is an yet such partnerships are needed for trustworthy 5 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, investigation of how immigration-related stress research. As such, Indigenous populations are Loughborough University may impact the epigenetic markers and health of less likely to benefit from personalized medicine if Early-life conditions and exposures shape child- Latinx immigrant mothers and children, consid- they are not represented in studies that ascertain hood growth, vary over space and time, and are ering recent increases in divisive rhetoric and genotype-phenotype relationships that can lead to subject to global nutritional and epidemiologic anti-immigrant policies in the U.S. We compared improved drug treatment efficacy. transitions. To identify these dynamic patterns, DNA methylation at stress-related candidate We review what is currently known about phar- we compared early-life exposures and child genes (SLC6A4 and FKBP5), generated via bisulfite macogenetic variation in Indigenous populations anthropometry in two Yucatec Maya samples: pyrosequencing, in Latina immigrant mothers and and evaluate three case studies in which pharma- children from rural farming and urban wage their children with interview data in Nashville, TN cogenetic research with Indigenous populations laborer families. The Maya samples vary in from two time points spanning the 2016 pres- were conducted. We highlight the importance prenatal and household sanitary conditions as idential election. Surveys were conducted with of including Indigenous populations in future well as obstetric practices which affect growth. immigrant mothers and their children (aged 5-13) pharmacogenetic studies for implementation of We collected anthropometry (height, weight, between 2015 and 2016 and again in 2018. We personalized drug therapy, and discuss strate- BMI, triceps skinfold) from a cross-section of analyzed perceived psychosocial stressors, gies for ethical engagement and collaboration in 6-year-old schoolchildren (n=140). Data were mental health, and resilience factors in relation to genomic research with Indigenous communities. collected once annually from 2011-2015 (urban, DNA methylation at two stress-related genes in The inclusion of Indigenous and other underrep- n=74 total) and from 2010-2017 (rural, n=66 total). mothers and children (n’s range from 80 pre-elec- resented communities in genomic research has We 1) compared rural/urban anthropometric tion to 36 post-election). We found small but the potential to expand our understanding of differences, 2) modeled prenatal, obstetric and significant longitudinal decreases in FKBP5 meth- genomic influences on health and improve clinical household-sanitation proxy variables (birth weight, ylation (mean difference=1.084; p-value=0.009) in approaches for all populations. birth mode, household crowding) to test their only mothers. At both time points, mothers had associations with anthropometry, and 3) analyzed significantly higher mean methylation at SLC6A4 National Human Genome Research Institute (R35 secular trends in mean anthropometry across than children (p<0.001). Immigrant-related stress HG011319), PRIDE-AGOLD (R25HL146166) the duration of data collection. Despite having and fear of parent deportation associated with similar birthweights, urban Maya children were increased SLC6A4 methylation in children, though Evolution of the Primate Prefrontal Cortex significantly heavier, taller, and had higher triceps other stressors and resilience factors showed Trascriptome skinfolds and BMI compared to rural children. The inconsistent directions of effect. Social support 1,2 cesarean delivery rate was 47% (urban) versus appears protective (lower SLC6A4 methylation) CHRISTOPHER G. CLAYPOOL , TRISHA M. ZINTEL2,3, JASON PIZZOLLO2,3, JASON M. 21% (rural). Birthweight was positively associated only for children with undocumented mothers KAMILAR4, JOHN J. ELY5, MARY ANN RAGHANTI6, with BMI, height and weight. Birth mode was not pre-election (p<0.02). More research is needed to WILLIAM D. HOPKINS7, PATRICK R. HOF8,9, CHET associated with any anthropometric outcome. determine the role of these epigenetic differences C. SHERWOOD10, AMY L. BAUERNFEIND11,12 and Crowding was negatively associated with child for documenting embodiment of stress across COURTNEY C. BABBITT2 BMI, height and weight, with a greater effect seen generations. 1Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, University of in rural children. The mean height of rural Maya Funds provided by the Chancellors Research in Massachusetts Amherst, 2Department of Biology, six-year-olds increased slightly but significantly Excellence Scholars at UCSD (Application # 4-G021), University of Massachusetts Amherst, 3Molecular from 2010-2017; no other secular trend was Foundation for Child Development (VU-14), and Hellman and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Award at UCSD. Amherst, 4Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 5Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman Air Force Base, 6Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, 7Department of Comparative Medicine,

Abstract Book 19 ABSTRACTS

Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Human Journey, Perot Museum of Nature and at Oregon National Primate Research Center Medicine, The University of Texas M D Anderson Science, 6Department of Anthropology, New York (ONPRC). Males varied in immature-directed 8 7 Cancer Center, Nash Family Department of University, Department of Anthropology, University behaviors from minimal interaction to frequent Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn of Wisconsin-Madison immature-carrying. We constructed hypothesis School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, Homo naledi is represented by abundant remains models based on the MEH, PIH and null hypoth- 9New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, from Rising Star Cave in South Africa, dating to esis using generalized linear mixed models with 10Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The 236–335 kya. The fragmentary and commingled a Gaussian distribution, including male ID as a George Washington University, 11Department of nature of most specimens hinders understanding random effect. We used multi-model inference Neuroscience, Washington University School of this species’ biology, especially growth and testing to assess which model best explained of Medicine, 12Department of Anthropology, development. Here we report unpublished imma- variation in this behavior between adult males Washington University in St. Louis ture vertebral remains from the 2013 excavations and determined the best model(s) using a ΔAIC Exceptional cognitive abilities characterize the of the Dinaledi Chamber, and attempt to reject the < 2. Our preliminary results showed the ΔAIC for great apes. In the human brain, the prefrontal hypothesis that these remains represent a single MEH as 3.73, PIH as 3.95 and the null as 0.00. cortex (PFC) region allows for higher cognitive individual, using provenience, developmental, and Only the null was a significant model based on functions such as language, forethought, and osteometric data. δAIC, suggesting that variation in this behavior is best explained by individual difference rather complex behaviors. Volumetrically, all great The immature vertebral specimens include ~60 than differences in paternity relationship or apes have an expanded PFC and humans show fragments comprising mostly neural arches mating success. However, non-significance in our exceptional expansion. The transcriptome of the and pedicles, and represent all vertebral regions. evolutionary models demonstrates that although PFC is well characterized within hominin devel- Specific vertebral levels cannot be assigned to investment does not result in higher reproduc- opment, but little is known about how humans all fragments; however, these remains represent tive success than non-investing males, it was compare to other closely related species of ape minimally three cervical, twelve thoracic, five not significantly lower. Therefore, investment in (other than chimpanzee) or how the PFC tran- lumbar, and one sacral elements, indicating a immatures may be an alternate way to achieve scriptome varies across the primate family. To minimum of one individual. Sufficiently preserved the same reproductive success as non-investing, explore this, we sampled the anterior-most frontal laminae are all fused, while neurocentral junctions aggressive, dominant males. pole in human and 9 other primates, performed of two cervical pedicles are unfused, consistent RNA-Seq, and analyzed differential expression with an age of 1–3 years when compared with Funding was provided to the ONPRC by NIH P51 (DE). Representing 5 hominoids, 3 cercopithe- modern humans. Because of this developmental OD011092. coids, and 2 platyrrhines, this is an unprecedented consistency, close spatial association, and lack collection of n=22 samples across primates. of clearly duplicated elements, we cannot reject Pore Extractor 2D: An ImageJ plugin for Multidimensional scaling plots of hominoid tran- the hypothesis that these vertebrae come from a identification, classification, and regional scripts show that differences between great apes single individual. and lesser apes are the primary drivers of DE (oran- characterization of cortical pores on histo- gutan and gorilla cluster together, separate from Immature lamina heights are at the low end of logical bone images siamang) and differences between human and variation for modern humans aged 1–3 years. MARY E. COLE1, SAMUEL D. STOUT2 and AMANDA chimpanzee are the secondary drivers. Biological Thoracic lamina heights average ~43% the size M. AGNEW2,3 coefficient of variation plots for pairwise disper- of adult H. naledi from Dinaledi, while lumbar 1Biology, The University of Akron, 2Anthropology, sions between hominoids show that the largest laminae are ~52% the size of the Lesedi “Neo” The Ohio State University, 3Skeletal Biology deviation is between human and chimpanzee. adult’s measurements. Articular facet dimensions Research Lab, The Ohio State University are ~50% the size of adult H. naledi. New devel- Significant (p<.01 with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR) Localized mechanical strain and age-associated opmental datasets and analytical approaches functional enrichments show several differences declines in cellular function alter the percentage, are needed to uncover the full implications for H. in cellular and biological functions between great distribution, and morphometry of cortical bone naledi growth and development. and lesser ape and between human and other ape, porosity. In archaeological, forensic, and biomed- however, the only pairwise comparison that found ical contexts, cortical pore morphometry is used significant differences in molecular functions was Evolution of Investment in Immatures in as a proxy for changes in mechanical use, bone between human and chimpanzee. These findings Adult Male Japanese Macaques (Macaca quality, and bone fragility. The prevalence of such reveal conserved genotypes in primates, derived fuscata) studies is limited by the time required to manually genotypes in great ape lineages, and adaptive annotate hundreds to thousands of pores on a NOA COHEN, KYLEN N. GARTLAND and FRANCES phenotypes in human PFC evolution. histological cross-section. Our previous work (Cole J. WHITE and Stout, 2015) developed a semi-automatic Supported by National Science Foundation Anthropology, University of Oregon workflow for identifying pore regions-of-interest Adult male investment in immatures is (ROIs) on histological cross-sections. We have An infant vertebral column of Homo naledi uncommon in non-human primates and varies now formalized this workflow as a free, open- ZACHARY COFRAN1, HEATHER M. GARVIN2, from costly infant-carrying in callitrichids to affil- source ImageJ (NIH) plugin with fully automated DAVORKA RADOVČIĆ3, MARINA C. ELLIOTT4, iation in cercopithecines. Several evolutionary analytical components. 5 2 hypotheses can explain the variation in care BECCA PEIXOTTO , OLIVIA MATZ , SCOTT A. The sub-plugins of Pore Extractor 2D include: WILLIAMS6, JOHN HAWKS7 and LEE R. BERGER4 behaviors. The paternal investment hypothesis 1Anthropology Department, Vassar College, (PIH) proposes that adult males use kin detec- 1) Pore Extractor: Pore borders and lumens are 2College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines tion to direct care towards genetically-related separately extracted through global thresholding University, 3Department of Geology and immatures. The mating effort hypothesis (MEH) and merged as ROIs. In an update of the previous Paleontology, Croatian Natural History Museum, proposes that adult males direct care towards workflow, these initial pore ROIs are morphomet- 4 Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for immatures to influence female mate choice. We rically filtered through user-selected despeckling, Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the conducted 512 hours on focal males in semi-free morphological opening, and smoothing cycles as Witwatersrand, 5Center for the Exploration of the ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) well as size and circularity thresholds.

20 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

2) Pore Modifier: This is a new toolkit for modi- A pilot study of qualitative and quantitative were quantified in two ways. First, the Integration fying pore ROI sets through superimposition on methodologies for commingled remains Coefficient of Variation (ICV) was calculated the histological image. Tools include one-click SARAI COLON, EMILY R. BROOKS, THERESA M. DE using interlandmark distances and distributions selection of missed pores by modulating wand CREE, SAMANTHA LAFRANCE, LUIS CABO-PEREZ of values generated using a resampling protocol. tolerance, quick toggling for ROI labels, and easy and LESLIE FITZPATRICK Additionally, integration was calculated using a savepoints. Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Comparison of ICV distributions was performed via pairwise 3) Pore Analyzer: This new, fully automated routine Mercyhurst University Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. includes a) Classification of individual pore type There are numerous methods employed to assist Comparison of rPLS values was carried out via as cortical or “trabecularized”, b) Regional subdivi- forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists comparison of effect sizes. sion of rib cross-sections into cutaneous / pleural in determining the minimum number of individ- halves and limb cross-sections into anatomical uals (MNI) and sorting commingled remains. The hominoid taxa included here presented lower quadrants, and c) Summary statistics for percent This study seeks to compare three methods: integration among developmental homologs, porosity and pore area and shape descriptors, visual pair matching, osteometric sorting, and when compared to the macaque outgroup, which subdivided by anatomical region and pore type. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry anal- is consistent with previous research. Further, ysis. The authors aim to compare methodology the human sample returned significantly higher and accuracy. Individuals with varying levels integration values for functional modules of the Testing new trait definitions and scoring of expertise participated in a blind study. The lower limb when compared to the macaques, as procedures for subadult sex estimation sample was a known, modern collection of 56 well as Pan. Additionally, the human knee and hip STEPHANIE J. COLE, ELAINE Y. CHU and KYRA E. skeletal elements, which was selected from the were found to be highly integrated. These results STULL Mercyhurst University's Osteological Collection provide further evidence for the evolutionary Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada by a third party. It is hypothesized that visual pair “de-coupling,” of the hominoid appendicular skel- - Reno matching will have the greatest error rate due to eton. Results also suggest that the integration This presentation will inform attendees about its subjectivity and dependency on experience. in the human leg is, at least partially, a result of a new method for estimating subadult sex that The quantitative methods will have lower error constraints imposed due to the evolution of biped- utilizes the most commonly relied upon adult rates due to the objectivity of metric data. XRF alism. However, further research with specific morphological sex traits of the skull and pelvis, sample results will be processed at a later date, biomechanical variables is necessary to confirm but with reworked trait definitions and scoring but its use is hypothesized to be highly dependent this. procedures that are more appropriate for use on the variability of the sample. Participants Funding for this research was provided by NSF (BCS- with immature remains. The skull traits include: correctly analyzed that the MNI of the sample was 1830745), as well as a Leakey Foundation Research mastoid process, glabella, supraorbital margin, 4. Preliminary results show that the majority of the Grant. nuchal crest, and mental eminence. The pelvic participant’s measurements in the osteometric traits include: ventral arc, pubis shape, subpubic sorting method were within the accepted 2mm contour, medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus, range, resulting in nearly identical groupings of the Evaluating the craniofacial feeding biome- obturator foramen, greater sciatic notch, and remains. Visual pair sorting showed a significant chanics in Homo floresiensis using the pre-auricular sulcus. Intra- and inter-observer difference in results. The 56 elements were from 8 finite element method agreement between one and two observers with individuals, element grouping ranged from 1 to 12 REBECCA W. COOK1, ANTONINO VAZZANA2, RITA 2,3 2,4 high and moderate levels of sex estimation expe- elements. One participant organized the sample SORRENTINO , STEFANO BENAZZI , AMANDA 5 6 rience, respectively, were evaluated using Cohen’s into 22 groups, 12 of those groups contained only L. SMITH , DAVID S. STRAIT and JUSTIN A. LEDOGAR1 quadratic weighted kappa and a sample of 10 indi- one element, producing a statistically significant 1 viduals from the Subadult Virtual Anthropology error rate. The second participant had 7 groups Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 2Department of Cultural Heritage, with grouping accuracy ranging from 57%-100%. Database. Results indicate substantial to perfect University of Bologna, 3Department of Biological, Preliminary results support the hypothesis. agreement (k = 0.65-1.00) for intra-observer anal- Geological and Environmental Sciences, University yses for all traits. Inter-observer analyses were of Bologna, 4Department of Human Evolution, Max more variable, with agreement for most traits (n Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Morphological integration of the human = 7/12) being substantial (k = 0.66-0.722). Inter- 5Department of Organismal Biology and lower appendicular skeleton with respect 6 observer agreement was highest for glabella (k = Anatomy, University of Chicago, Department of to locomotion and biomechanics 1.00) and lowest for ventral arc (k = 0.27), which Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis is a likely consequence of this trait being under- MARK A. CONAWAY and NOREEN VON Homo floresiensis is a small-bodied hominin CRAMON-TAUBADEL developed in subadults and difficult to discern from Flores, Indonesia that exhibits primitive on CT images. Despite modest agreement for Anthropology, Buffalo Human Evolutionary craniofacial features, such as a robust mandib- Morphology Lab, University at Buffalo some traits, discrepancies never exceeded more ular corpus, thick mandibular symphysis, and than a 2-stage difference between observers and The extent to which morphological integration is presence of superior and inferior transverse tori. account for only 8.3% of all observations. Trait driven by functional constraints is as-yet unver- These features are shared with “buttressed” modifications are currently underway and will be ified. Here we explore the integration of the australopiths and are suggested to be adapta- tested by additional observers. New classification human lower limb from a functional perspective. tions to high masticatory stresses. However, H. formulae will then be developed for inclusion in Landmark data were collected from 3D surface floresiensis also exhibits marked craniofacial the freely available databases, MorphoPASSE and scans of 60 adult human and chimpanzee os gracilization and short first molars more similar KidStats. coxae, femora, tibiae, fibulae, scapulae, and to that of later Homo, indicating a reduction This research is funded in part by the National Institute humeri as well as adult crab-eating macaques in high magnitude occlusal loading relative to of Justice (2015-DN-BX-K409, 2020-R2-CX-0024) and the (Macaca fascicularis) as an outgroup. Integration more robust hominin species. This discrepancy Forensic Sciences Foundation (Lucas Grant). of homologous elements, as well as function- makes it difficult to infer feeding behavior in this ally-defined a priori modules of the lower limb species. This study uses finite element analysis

Abstract Book 21 ABSTRACTS

to examine feeding biomechanics in H. flore- other indications of altered health profiles as there 3D Modeling isolated cranial remains siensis. Using a reconstruction of the holotype are periods where both were present. Based on in Alaska: Reducing handling time and specimen (LB1), masticatory loads scaled from the observed dynamics of disease spread, we improving osteological analyses chimpanzee muscle forces were applied to simu- consider plausible ways in which these respira- EMILY S. CORLEY, KAELYN SCHENKENBERGER, 3 2 late P and M biting. von Mises stress and strain tory infections transfer both within and between TED PARSONS and RYAN HARROD data were compared to a sample of chimpan- groups. Additionally, we suggest identifying key Anthropology, University of Alaska Anchorage zees, modern humans, and australopiths (MH1, variables impacting respiratory infection trans- Sts 5, OH5). With few exceptions, the microstrain mission, as it can be pivotal in mitigating future Unearthing of human remains in Alaska is a magnitudes in LB1 resemble the elevated strains respiratory outbreaks. In an effort to contribute to growing concern given melting permafrost observed for modern humans, and in some areas reduce rates of respiratory infections in gorillas, and growth of transportation and public infra- exhibit chimpanzee-like levels of increased strain. we provide recommendations for best practices structure throughout the state. Identification of LB1 therefore appears to be relatively weak in and management protocols, in both the wild and isolated crania is periodically performed at the relation to most australopiths and more compa- captive setting. Bioarchaeology Lab at the University of Alaska rable to modern humans. Distractive forces Anchorage. Most of the remains eroding out of Arcus Foundation, Cincinnati Zoo, Indianapolis Zoo, the ground are culturally affiliated with Alaska were observed during molar biting, suggesting Houston Zoo, Columbus Zoological Park, Nouabale-Ndoki Native groups, found in coastal or riverine areas, risk for temporomandibular joint dislocation Foundation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and therefore a decreased capacity for forceful and often have been exposed to the elements for biting. These results support a modern human- a significant amount of time. Working with weath- like model of craniofacial gracilization and may A geometric morphometric analysis ered, fragile crania requires that they be minimally suggest a switch to softer foods in H. floresiensis. of cranial ontogenetic integration in handled to reduce further damage. Additionally, non-human hominids minimally invasive analyses are preferred when Funding: AAPA Professional Development Grant (JAL), evaluating affiliated remains. Current techniques ERC 724046 SUCCESS (SB). We thank ARKENAS, MARIANNE J. COOPER, EVAN A. SIMONS and used in Alaska rely on observable characteristics Thomas Sutikna, E. Wahyu Saptomo, Peter Brown, the NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL late Michael Morwood, and William Jungers for digital Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, and measurements. However, this can require data. Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo extensive handling of the remains and the use of metal tools that can cause damage. Our intent is Investigations of patterns of integration and covar- to illustrate how photograph-based and RGB-D iation can inform possible constraints on routes Socioecological Predictors of Respiratory modeling techniques require less handling of the of morphological evolution and are therefore crit- Illness in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla remains and can allow researchers to perform ical in studies of hominid cranial form. Previous gorilla gorilla) the same osteological analyses. Models were geometric morphometric studies of great apes KRISTENA E. COOKSEY1, CRICKETTE SANZ1,2, created under controlled laboratory conditions have found high levels of integration in the three JEAN M. MASSAMBA2, THIERRY FABRICE using unaffiliated teaching crania. Studies have established cranial modules – face, basicranium, EBOMBI2, PROSPÈRE TEBERD2, ESPOIR MAGEMA2, suggested that both techniques can quickly 1,2 2 and neurocranium – and similar patterns of inte- GASTON ABEA , GAETON MBEBOUTI , JUAN S. create easily stored, high-quality ,digital models 2 2 gration among species. However, these studies ORTEGA PERALEJO , IVONNE KIENAST , COLLEEN suitable for detailed study, available for later 1 3 have largely focused on adult cranial integration STEPHENS and DAVID MORGAN retrieval and reanalysis. Three crania were scored 1 and many exclude Pongo. This study examines Anthropology, Washington University in St.Louis, independently by three trained researchers 2 patterns of ontogenetic integration among these Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, using standard physical evaluation methods, 3D 3Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of three modules in an ontogenetic series (from fully modeled and scored again. We argue 3D models Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo erupted deciduous dentition to fully erupted adult reduce handling of human remains and intra- dentition) of 252 specimens of Pongo pygmaeus Socioecological factors have previously been and inter-observer error rates. When working (n = 54), Gorilla gorilla (n = 59), Pan paniscus (n = linked to incidences of respiratory illness in with culturally affiliated remains, permission 63), and Pan troglodytes (n = 76), using 43 three-di- primates. Due to their phylogenetic relatedness to is obtained before modeling and models are mensional cranial landmarks. These data were humans, great apes are particularly susceptible to only kept long enough to perform osteological separated into face, basicranial, and neurocra- anthropogenic respiratory infections. Respiratory analyses. illness is the second leading cause of death in nial modules and landmarks within each module mountain gorilla populations but remains rela- were superimposed separately using generalized tively understudied in western lowland gorillas. Procrustes analysis. The degree of morpholog- Predicting individual heights in Pre-Historic We explore potential socioecological predictors of ical integration among the cranial modules was Europe using polygenic scores compared using two-block partial least squares respiratory illness across four groups of western SAMANTHA L. COX1,2, HANNAH MOOTS3, JAY lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in northern analysis. Results indicate high levels of integra- T. STOCK4,5, ANDREJ SHBAT6, CHRISTOPHER B. Republic of Congo. A total of 17,592 observa- tion between the face and neurocranium (r-PLS RUFF7 and IAIN MATHIESON1 tional health assessments were conducted = 0.838, p = 0.0001), the face and basicranium 1Department of Genetics, Perelman School of during daily follows in the Goualougo and Djeke (r-PLS = 0.7567, p = 0.0001), and the basicranium Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 2Physical Triangles from March 2015 to October 2019. We and neurocranium (r-PLS = 0.8695, p = 0.0001) Anthropology Section, Penn Museum, University detected several respiratory episodes within the over the course of ontogeny, with no significant of Pennsylvania, 3Department of Anthropology, 4 focal population and observed 828 incidences of differences among age groups or species. This Stanford University, Department of Anthropology, Western University, 5Department of Archaeology, respiratory symptoms identified as coughing and study builds upon prior research and indicates Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human sneezing. We observed an average of 7.98 inci- that the similar patterns of integration previously History, 6Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of observed in these cranial modules in adults are dences/month (on 9.8% of total observation days) Medicine, Charles University, 7Center for Functional also found throughout the segment of ontogeny and 7.45 incidences/month (on 2.8% of total Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University observation days) at Goualougo and Mondika, measured here. School of Medicine respectively. We propose there is a correlation This research was funded by a National Science between the presence of respiratory illness with Foundation DDRIG (BCS-1751885).

22 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Direct evidence from ancient DNA provides an endocranial landmarks on isosurfaces and, using a suggesting two independent coastal and inland opportunity to separate the genetic and envi- Microscribe, 160 landmarks on the external neuro- networks. Last, the presence of infants and juve- ronmental bases of change in complex traits. cranium. The latter point total was subsequently niles also suggests that mobility patterns were We previously showed that population level reduced to 42 landmarks. To assess the degree not only related to trade networks, but that also polygenic predictions of stature in ancient of shape difference, we performed a Principal kinship and family relationships likely triggered Europeans are consistent with changes in skel- Components Analysis (PCA) on Procrustes- movement of entire families. etal statures. However, the validity of polygenic aligned shape variables in Morphologika. We also This study was made possible by CONACyT grant scores for predicting individual polygenic traits assessed the degree of right/left symmetry. CB-2017-2018-A1-S-10037. remains untested. To this end, we collected stat- Shape change along PC1 describes a dolichoce- ures and femur lengths from skeletal remains phaly-brachiocephaly trend, while a trend towards with published ancient DNA (n=154, dating from Paleoecology and Biochronology of Early anteroposterior shortening and height increase is 33,000-850 BP). A polygenic score (PRS) for height Pleistocene sites in southern Romania described along PC2. Each individual with simi- predicts 6.9% of the variance in femur length 1 2 larity between their ectocranial and endocranial SABRINA C. CURRAN , CLAIRE E. TERHUNE , (p=0.015), when accounting for sex, genome- 3 4 shape expresses a right/left cranial base flexion ROMAN CROITOR , VIRGIL DRAGUSIN , DAVID wide ancestry, and date. This is consistent with L. FOX5, NIKI GARRETT6,7, TIMOTHY GAUDIN8, symmetry and anteroposterior fronto-occipital expectations based on the predictive power of LYDIA B. IRONSIDE9, ALEXANDRU PETCULESCU4, expansion (symmetry 1) and/or skull shortening 10 11 height PRS in present-day populations and the BRIANA POBINER , CHRIS ROBINSON , MARIUS and height increase (symmetry 2). Individuals 4 12 2 low coverage of the ancient samples. The PRS ROBU , IOAN TANTAU , PETER UNGAR and LARS whose endocranium and cranial vault are similar WERDELIN13 explains more of the variance in femur length than on PC1 expressed symmetry 1. 1 climatic factors, including average daily tempera- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, 2Department of Anthropology, University ture (P=0.599) and annual precipitation (P=0.307). Individuals expressing similarity between their of Arkansas, 3The Mediterranean Laboratory of We used genotype imputation to increase ectocranial and endocranial shape also express European and African Prehistory, Aix-Marseille more right/left ectocranial symmetry. This effective coverage of the data. We find that impu- University, 4Department of Biology, Geology, and tation improves performance for samples that are suggests that deviations from symmetry are Environmental Science, Emil Racovita Institute of already relatively high coverage, but not for low impacting the relationship between external and Speleology, 5Department of Earth & Environmental coverage samples (2-fold increase in variance internal morphology of the neurocranium. Sciences, University of Minnesota, 6Department explained for samples with greater compared of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, to less than median coverage of 0.61). Imputed 7Immunogenetics, National Marrow Donor Prehispanic mobility in the Northern Maya 8 data generally performs best with more restric- Program, Biology, Geology and Environmental Lowlands by means of Sr isotope analysis Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, tive PRS construction (i.e. fewer SNPs) whereas 9 1 2 Health Science Center, University of North Texas, unimputed data favors more permissive settings. ANDREA CUCINA and ALLAN ORTEGA MU•OZ 10Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1School of Anthropology, Universidad Autonoma Overall, our results indicate that polygenic scores 11Bronx Community College and the Graduate de Yucatan, 2Physical Anthropology, INAH Center for height are as valid in ancient as present-day Center, City University of New York, 12Department of Quintana Roo individuals, and justify the use of PRS to investi- Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 13Department of gate evolutionary trends, although the prospects Human mobility in Prehispanic Maya times was Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History for accurate individual-level prediction are limited. usually inferred by the presence of foreign mate- The early Pleistocene of Eurasia is marked by signif- rial culture. However, exchange of ideas and icant climatic, environmental, and faunal shifts material culture is not bound to faithfully witness Idiosyncratic variation in ectocranial and and is the time during which Homo first appears in the biological interaction between sites and the the Eurasian fossil record. To better characterize endocranial morphology in 6-8.0 year old mobility patterns of single individuals. This anal- humans the environments that were available to these ysis focuses on unpublished and published data hominins, accurate data regarding the faunal JESSICA M. CRONIN1, JANE VANNAHEUANG2, 87 86 on Sr/ Sr ratios from nine archaeological sites composition of eastern European sites are neces- ANA M. SHAUGHNESSY3, GARY D. RICHARDS4 and in the Northern Maya Lowlands during Classic sary, as this is the region through which Homo is REBECCA S. JABBOUR5 (AD 250-900) and Postclassic (AD 900-1521) hypothesized to have dispersed into Europe. Here 1Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, times. Results indicate that approximately 20% of 2 we present revised taxonomy, updated biochro- Department of Public Health, UC Berkeley, individuals were foreigners, with minor differences 3 nology, and a multiproxy paleoenvironmental Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC between sexes. The majority of the individuals Berkeley, 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, reconstruction for sites in the Oltet River Valley were adults, yet also a limited number of juveniles A.A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the of southern Romania. We report several new Pacific,5 Department of Department of Biology, and infants were foreigners. Dynamics of residen- taxa (e.g., Pachystruthio, Smutsia) and expand the Saint Mary’s College of California tial mobility and the geographical range of places known biogeographic range for other taxa (e.g., of origin were very heterogeneous, differing from Ectocranial and endocranial shape differences Puma pardoides). Our biochronological assess- site to site, and between chronological periods. are a product of functional constraints which are ment of this updated taxonomy is consistent with They mirror sites’ importance within the coastal or only partially shared between these regions. Given previous reports, though with some refinement. inland trade corridors, as well as within the sphere these differences, we assess both the degree of We suggest the highly fossiliferous Graunceanu of influence and political hegemony of City-States, shape difference between the ectocranium and site is Late Villafranchian (~2.2–1.9 Ma) and in particular during the Classic period. Most of the endocranium and degree of cranial symmetry in compositionally similar to the sites of Saint-Vallier foreigners originated within the northern territo- human juveniles. (France) and Vatera (Greece). Similarly, the La ries of the Yucatan Peninsula; however, coastal Pietris assemblage was likely deposited >1.7 Ma. Our sample comprises 38 crania with ages sites (like Xcambó) show strong interactions with The younger site of Fantana lui Mitilan was depos- between 5.8-7.9 years. Developmental ages regions as far away as Tabasco and Veracruz. ited after 1.8 Ma, and perhaps as recently as 1.1 are based on dental calcification patterns and Interestingly, in Classic period times there is little Ma. Graunceanu and La Pietris are reconstructed comparisons to the Schour and Massler aging or no evidence of individuals being born along the as being primarily open, though with some nearby system. Using CT scans, we collected 35 3D coast and having been interred in inland sites, woodlands and significant water resources, and

Abstract Book 23 ABSTRACTS

Fantana lui Mitilan is reconstructed as slightly Ectocranial and Endocranial Shape in CONSIDERING THE OSTEOLOGICAL more closed, though still relatively open in nature. Relation to Dural Folds in Normal and PARADOX IN THE CONTEXT OF These results are similar to reconstructions for Culturally Deformed Children Aged 1.5 – OYMAAĞAÇ HÖYÜK: A comparison of other early Pleistocene Eurasian sites, including 2.5 Years skeletal lesion prevalence and demo- ones with and without hominins, suggesting that ANNABEL T. DAVIS1, JESSICA M. CRONIN2, graphic data in multigenerational and hominins were likely not inhibited from dispersing EMIELYN DAS1, GARY D. RICHARDS3 and REBECCA mass grave contexts 4 across Eurasia due to environmental constraints S. JABBOUR MEKENZIE R. DAVIS1 and KATHRYN E. MARKLEIN1,2 at this time. 1 Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California, 1Department of Anthropology, University of 2 This research was supported by National Science Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Louisville, 2Center for Archaeology and Cultural 3 Foundation (BCS-1636686), The Leakey Foundation, Emil University of California, Berkeley, Department Heritage, University of Louisville Racovita Institute of Speleology, Josiah Charles Trent of Biomedical Sciences, A.A. Dugoni School of 4 The osteological paradox poses a challenge for Foundation and Duke University, University of Arkansas, Dentistry, University of the Pacific, Department of and Ohio University. Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California bioarchaeologists when interpreting frailty from paleodemographic and paleopathological data We previously identified shape changes in plagi- in human skeletal remains. Multigenerational ocephalic crania. The degree to which these Association of hypertension with dietary (attritional) and mass (catastrophic) burials differences deviate from normal conditions and habits and lipid profile parameters among within the 2nd-4th c. CE graves at Oymaağaç, may relate to neural damage relies on knowledge Dhimal adults from Darjeeling in West northern Turkey, provide an ideal case study for of normal shape variations. Herein we assessed Bengal, India evaluating frailty relative to age-at-death and ectocranial/endocranial shape in normal and skeletal/dental conditions. Individuals and partial SUDIP DATTA BANIK plagiocephalic infants and the relationship of individuals (N=185) were classified into juve- Human Ecology, CINVESTAV-IPN these shape differences to the major dural fold nile (0-4.99/5-9.99/10-15.99 years) and adult attachment sites. Poor socioeconomic conditions, dietary habits (16-25.99/26-35.99/36-45.99/46+ years) age and metabolic alterations are associated with We assessed normal (N=27) and plagiocephalic groups, and the latter scored (presence/absence), hypertension. (N=2) crania aged 1.5-2.5 years. Developmental when observable, for carious lesions, calculus, Objective: To find the association of hypertension ages derive from crown/root calcification linear enamel defects (LED), periodontal disease, with dietary habits and lipid profile parameters patterns. Crania were scanned on a GE Lightspeed antemortem fractures, osteoarthritis, and peri- namely, triglycerides (TG), low density lipopro- CT-scanner. We established planes on isosurfaces osteal lesions. Demographic profiles (juveniles tein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein inclusive of 1) a midsagittal plane employing and adults) and crude prevalence rates (CPR) in cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and ectocranial landmarks, 2) a midsagittal plane adults were compared between mass and multi- non-HDL-C among adults in a population of poor approximating the falx cerebri, and 3) a transverse generational burial contexts. Pearson’s Χ2 results socioeconomic background in India. plane approximating the endocranial anterior/ showed significant differences (p<0.05) in overall posterior pole maxima. We assessed positioning distribution of all age categories between burial Methods: In a cross-sectional study, participants of the midsagittal ectocranial/endocranial planes, contexts, with higher proportions of older juve- were 94 adults aged 30-59 years (50 men and 44 the relative sizes of the right/left and superior/ niles (5-15.99 years) and middle age adults (26-35 women) representing Dhimal community with inferior endocranial compartments relative to the years) observed among mass graves. While adult poor socioeconomic background from Darjeeling, above planes, the degree and positioning of vault age distributions were not statistically different, West Bengal. Relative frequencies (RF) of monthly asymmetries, and the degree of differential fron- juvenile distributions showed significantly higher consumption of processed and ultra-processed to-occipital expansion. percentages of young (0-4.99 years) and middle foods were estimated. Prevalence of hyperten- (5-9.99 years) children in multigenerational sion, elevated triglycerides, LDL-C, and reduced In 93% of normals and both plagiocephalics, the (60.9%) and mass (47.6%) graves, respectively. level of HDL-C were calculated. falx cerebri deviated from the ectocranial midsag- ittal plane; others were coincident. In normals Paleopathological comparisons revealed signifi- Results: Mean age of the participants was 42.05 (96.3%) and both plagiocephalics, falx deviation cantly higher rates of LED, antemortem fractures, years. Household socioeconomic status was was counter-clockwise and greatest posteriorly. and osteoarthritis among multigenerational/attri- homogeneous in the community that showed Only in plagiocephalics do the two midsagittal tional than mass/catastrophic grave contexts. low literacy (22.0%), monthly per capita income planes rotate similarly, documenting a normal falx Carious and periosteal lesions occurred at higher and expenditure. RF of processed (28.0%) and rotation in plagiocephaly but abnormal external rates approaching significance (p<0.10) within ultra-processed (56.0%) food consumptions were landmark rotation. Further, asymmetric expansion mass burial contexts. These results suggest, for high in the sample. The sample had equal number in the temporoparietal region in normal children this population, that lifetime skeletal and dental (n = 47) of normotensive and hypertensive indi- results in greater contralateral falx deviation lesions were indicative of resilience, not frailty, and viduals (25 men, 22 women in each group). No posteriorly. highlight the importance of upholding the osteo- significant sex differences of characteristics were logical paradox when considering questions of observed. Mean values of SBP (126.95 mmHg), Establishing the range of normal ectocranial shape biological health and frailty in the past. DBP (83.61 mmHg), TG (148.31 mg/dL) and variation and its relationship to endocranial shape LDL-C (104.55 mg/dL) were within normal limit. variation could help identify causative factors that American Research Institute in Turkey (2015-2016 Mean value of HDL-C was low (34.10 mg/dL). result in neurological deficits in plagiocephaly. Department of State, Educational and Cultural Affairs Fellow), Ohio State University (Larsen Research and Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia (53.76%), high Travel Award), American School of Oriental Research LDL-C (23.66%), and low HLD-C (51.61%) were (Platt Fellowship) remarkable. Hypertensive individuals had higher mean values of TG, LDL-C, TC, non-HDL-C, and lower HDL-C in comparison with normotensive peers. Hypertension was positively correlated with RF of ultra-processed food consumption.

24 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Investigation of systemic stress in males CASTRO4,5, RICARDO VERDUGO2,6 and MAURICIO University of Washington, 4Center for Evolution and and females at three Chinese Eastern MORAGA2,7 Medicine, Arizona State University, 5Department 1Human Genetics, University of Chicago, of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Zhou sites using the micropolynomial 6 method for assessing linear enamel 2Programa de Genética Humana, ICBM, Facultad Department of Anthropology, The George 3 Washington University, 7Department of Psychology, hypoplasia de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral University of Pennsylvania, 8Department of 1 1 CLARE DE JOUX , MELANIE J. MILLER , de Chile, 4Departamento de Morfología, Facultad Marketing, University of Pennsylvania, 9Caribbean 2 ALEJANDRA CARES HENRIQUEZ , KATE de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, 5Museo Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 3 4 5 PECHENKINA , WENQUAN FAN , MARC OXENHAM Natural de Historia Natural, Chile, 6Departamento 10Southwest National Primate Research Center, 1 and SIÂN HALCROW de Oncología B†sico-Clínica, Universidad de Chile, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 11School of 1Anatomy, University of Otago, 2School of Culture, 7Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Life Sciences, Arizona State University History and Language, Australian National Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile Humans exhibit sex differences in the prevalence University, 3Anthropology, Queens College CUNY, The Inca Empire was established in the 13th of some psychiatric and neurodevelopmental 4Research Division of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, disorders (e.g., autism), which may be driven by Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and century CE, spreading from its capital, Cuzco, to Archaeology, China, 5School of Archaeology and southern Colombia and Central Chile. The study differences in neuroanatomy, cell distribution, Anthropology, Australian National University of individuals buried on mountain summits along and gene expression. However, the evolutionary the Andes has been associated with the Inca ritual pressures that may have contributed to these Assessing linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a Capacocha. As part of this ceremony, one or more differences remain unknown due to a limited common bioarchaeological method for quan- individuals, mainly children, were buried with Inca- understanding of sex differences in nonhuman tifying systemic stress within a population. style offerings on these mountain summits. The primate brains. To address this gap, we quanti- There exists a persisting trend to examine differ- ritual likely served as a public manifestation of fied sex differences in gene expression across 15 ences in LEH frequency and ‘severity’ between the Inca power, and several questions about the brain regions in a cross-sectional sample of 36 demographics within a population to reveal social status and origin of these individuals still (20F/16M) free-ranging adult rhesus macaques overarching differences in systemic stress, remain unclear. Our research aims to assess the and compared these differences to those especially between the sexes. Previous research genetic diversity of individuals associated with the observed in humans and other taxa. About 7% of on the Chinese Eastern Zhou period (771 – 221 Capacocha ceremony, in order to understand their brain-expressed genes were sex-biased. Almost BCE) has indicated a rise in sex-based inequality origins. Using ancient genomic tools, we analyzed half of these genes were biased in the same direc- disadvantaging females during this time based four individuals: three newly-produced genomes tion across all regions, suggestive of consistent on evidence of dietary differences post-weaning, from El Plomo Mt. (Chile), Nevado del Quewar regulatory mechanisms. As in humans, we and number and quality of grave goods. This (Argentina), and El Toro Mt. (Argentina) and one found that: 1) male-biased genes were involved study assessed LEH in 114 anterior teeth from previously-published genome from Argentina in metabolism (p<0.05) and autism susceptibility 39 individuals (13 female, 24 male, 2 indetermi- (Aconcagua Mt.). After evaluating the genetic (p<0.05); 2) female-biased genes were involved nate) from three sites from the Central Plains of affinity of the ancient individuals with several in immune-related pathways (p<0.05); and 3) China using the new MicroPoly Sharp© program. present-day populations from South America, promoter regions of sex-biased genes tend to This method applies a sixth-order polynomial we observed a clear affinity between Quechua contain sex hormone binding sites (p<0.05). curve to a digitised cross section of a tooth and and Aymara speakers with the individuals from Consistent with studies across other taxa and identifies significant deviations on the tooth El Plomo, Nevado del Quewar, and Aconcagua. tissues, we found that: 1) sex-biased genes exhib- surface as potential LEH events. Here, we scored The individual from El Toro, however, although ited higher tissue-specificity than non-biased a systemic stress event when two or more teeth geographically closer to the Quechua and Aymara genes (p<0.05); and 2) male-biased genes exhib- had defects occurring during the same time of speakers, did not have a close affinity with them, ited higher genetic variance than female-biased development. The results suggest no statistically showing instead a proximity with southern genes (p<0.05). These patterns are consistent significant differences in LEH frequency between groups. Interestingly, the association of this indi- with reports that sex-biased (especially male-bi- males and females from these sites. Further, there vidual with the Capacocha has been questioned ased) genes exhibit greater evolvability. Together, was no difference in the gross numbers of days before. Our analysis suggests a Central Andean our findings expand our understanding of sexual that these events occurred between the sexes, affinity for at least three of the studied individuals, dimorphism in the primate brain, and suggest suggesting most individuals experienced similar thus contributing to our comprehension of the the rhesus macaque is likely to be an appro- levels of stress recorded as LEH. Since sex-based social dynamics of this ritual. priate model for sex-biased human neurological differences in child-rearing and status are known disorders. to have existed in this time, this research provides Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña, Salta; Instituto an interesting perspective on the ability for LEH de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo "Prof. Mariano This material is based on work supported by the National Gambier”; Catalina Teresa Michieli; FONDECYT 1181889 to reflect nuances in systemic stress differences Science Foundation (BCS-1752393) and the National and 1191948; Illumina Inc.; University of Chicago. Institutes of Health (NCRR/ORIP P40-OD012217, between groups within a population. R00-AG051764, R01-AG060931, R01-MH096875, Funding was provided by: University of Otago Research R01-MH089484, R01-MH118203, T32-AG000057). Grant, the Royal Society New Zealand Marsden Fund Patterns of sex-biased gene expression (18-UOO-123). in rhesus macaque brains are similar to those observed in human brains Effects of nasal capsule cartilage in

1,2 3,4 shaping the primate face Genomic and cultural diversity of the ALEX R. DECASIEN , KENNETH L. CHIOU , 5 6 VALERIE B. DELEON1 and TIMOTHY D. SMITH2 Incan Capacocha ceremony in Chile and MICHAEL J. MONTAGUE , CHET C. SHERWOOD , MICHAEL L. PLATT5,7,8, MELWEEN I. MARTINEZ9, 1Anthropology, University of Florida, 2School of Argentina 9 10 SAMUEL E. BAUMAN , OLGA GONZÁLEZ , NOAH Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University CONSTANZA P. DE LA FUENTE1,2, MAANASA SNYDER-MACKLER11,3,4 and JAMES P. HIGHAM1,2 The role of the nasal septum as a driver of facial RAGHAVAN1, CONSTANZA CORTÊS3, MARIO 1Anthropology, NYU, 2New York Consortium in growth has been debated, with emphasis on the Evolutionary Primatology, NYCEP, 3Nathan Shock inherent growth potential of cartilage. We have Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, previously reported the breakdown of cartilage in

Abstract Book 25 ABSTRACTS

the posterior nasal cupula in most strepsirrhine exploratory and quantitative genetic methods. Bayesian classifier algorithm to compute poste- primates around birth, earlier than observed in The results show close affinities between early rior probabilities of classifying individuals into tree shrews and bats. Here, we considered the and late Native Americans, complex population seven global regions based on up to 32 nonmetric role of the lateral portions of the cartilage nasal histories and diverse amounts of cranial variation dental traits. The most frequent region of highest capsule in growth of the face; specifically with across the continent. Non-random evolutionary posterior probability was Western Eurasia (Avar- regard to formation of intramembranous bone. processes account for a significant portion of the 56%, Magyar-87%). For individuals with Western cranial diversification observed in some periods/ Eurasia as their first group, the mean posterior We combined image data from microCT and regions. The early and recent Native American probability was 0.80 while for other regions the histology to create 3D models of the skull and craniofacial diversity supports the entry of one mean posterior probability ranged from 0.41- cartilaginous nasal capsule in a comparative founding population with low cranial diversity, 0.66. This suggests many individual dentitions primate sample including strepsirrhines (Eulemur which remained little differentiated until the had combinations of nonmetric dental traits that collaris), anthropoids (Saimiri boliviensis), and middle/initial late Holocene (~5000-4000/3500 lead to simultaneous classification into multiple tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) as an outgroup. BP) when an extensive morphological diver- regional groups, as expected for a region with Results illustrate the expectation that the carti- sification occurred. Such process, which led many transregional migrations. lage nasal capsule establishes the initial form to the Paleoamerican/Amerindian differentia- of the midface, and intramembranous ossifi- tion, occurred almost synchronically in South cation occurs in the membranes that surround American and is best explained as a result of an Y-chromosome SNP analysis of Near the capsule. Breakdown of the posterior nasal important mid-Holocene dispersal event from Oceania Austronesian and non-Austrone- cupula is associated with an inward collapse of North/Central to South American. The amount sian speakers the orbitosphenoid, frontal, and palatine contri- of cranial diversity increased progressively –from KATE L. DEROSA and D. ANDREW MERRIWETHER butions to the olfactory recess in Eulemur. The late Pleistocene to middle Holocene– supporting effect is more pronounced in Saimiri, where even Anthropology, Binghamton University random processes of local differentiation (gene earlier loss of the posterior nasal cupula is asso- The Pacific Islands were settled via two major drift, gene flow), whereas the high diversity ciated with medial expansion of the orbits and waves of migration - first in Near Oceania ~40-60 observed during the late Holocene could be formation of the apical interorbital septum. The KYA and second in both Near and Remote linked with the differential action of stochastic periorbital membrane is apposed to the presphe- Oceania ~3.5 KYA. These migrations are asso- (gene drift) and non-stochastic factors (natural noid, and there may be no substrate available for ciated with non-Austronesian and Austronesian selection/plasticity). rostral expansion of the orbitosphenoid. These speakers, respectively. Previous studies of mito- results iilustrate how different trajectories of nasal Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales chondrial and Y-chromosome variation have capsule development profoundly influence devel- (FIAN Colombia); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones demonstrated there are distinct genetic lineages opmental associations of the nascent midface Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET Argentina). for both major settlements of Near Oceania. with the basicranium and other facial regions. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and micro- satellite analysis of Y-chromosomes in these Funded in part by the National Science Foundation (BCS- Variation in Nonmetric Dental Trait populations have found haplogroups M and O are 1830894 and BCS-1830919). Frequencies and Regional Affiliations of Medieval Hungarians the dominant lineages for non-Austronesian and Austronesian speaking populations, respectively. 1 1 Craniofacial diversity and the reconstruc- LARESA L. DERN , ROSE L. PERASH , SÁNDOR This study expanded on these previous works in ÊVINGER2, TAMÁS HAJDU3, TAMÁS SZENICZEY3 Near Oceania by focusing on non-Austronesian tion of the late Pleistocene and Holocene and G. RICHARD SCOTT1 Native American population history and Austronesian speakers from the islands of 1Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Bougainville (n=37), New Ireland (NI) (n=40) and MIGUEL E. DELGADO 2Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, New Britain (NB) (n=238) with a total of eight SNP División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias 3Biological Anthropology, Eîtvîs Lor†nd University markers (M1/YAP, M4, M16, M38, M89, M226, and Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Alongside many smaller migration events, Plata, Rep£blica Argentina, CONICET, Consejo M254). An additional 248 samples were excluded the mass migration of two confederations of Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, from analysis due to lack of a mutation for any Rep£blica Argentina, Ministry of Education nomadic steppe tribes significantly impacted the of the eight SNPs included. Of the 315 samples Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology medieval demography of the Carpathian Basin. in this study, 14 were positive for the M1/YAP th Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and During the 6 century, roughly a century after indel, agreeing with expected rates of occurrence Development, School of Life Sciences and Human the collapse of the European Hunnic empire, for Near Oceania. Preliminary analysis shows Phenome Institute Fudan University, Shanghai, the Avars migrated to the basin from Inner Asia. haplogroup M1 is the dominant lineage on the China Along the way, they were joined by other steppe islands of NI and Bougainville while haplogroup The craniofacial evidence has been pivotal for the tribes in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. At the M2a is the dominant lineage for NB for all popu- th investigation of the Native American population end of the 9 century, the Magyars migrated to lations regardless of language spoken. However, history. However, spatially and temporally biased the basin from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and further research is needed to refine haplogroup th comparisons and the exclusion of key periods by the 11 century, they established the Kingdom assignments and to assess genetic variability have impeded more comprehensive assess- of Hungary, the foundation for present-day more accurately among these populations. To ments. The aims of this research are to: assess Hungary. Large migration events should result better define Y-chromosome lineages, SNP anal- the Native American craniofacial diversity, and in marked fluctuations in nonmetric dental trait ysis will be expanded to include M9, M74, M130, its apportionment, across the continent using frequencies. Following ASUDAS, dental traits M214, M175, P87, and P117. distinct temporal and spatial scales, and evaluate were scored for 335 individuals from 25 sites the role of different evolutionary factors shaping sampled from bioarchaeological collections at the such diversity. Seventeen linear measurements Hungarian Natural History Museum (Avar = 226, obtained from 950 adult non-deformed crania from Magyar = 109). A subsample (n=100) of individ- distinct New World regions and periods (~12,000- uals with at least 12 scored traits was analyzed 450 BP) were investigated using univariate, by rASUDAS2, an application that uses a naïve

26 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Dietary variation by social status and sex the food to variable qualities determined by the potable water, with all patients reporting carrying in the aftermath of the medieval Black state of the consumer. Here we provide behav- water from off-plot sources (rivers, boreholes and Death in London ioral evidence to support this revision. In primates, wells) by head loading. Women were almost twice SHARON N. DEWITTE1, JULIA BEAUMONT2, JANET fruit is often the preferred food category because as likely to have MJD than men (OR=1.88; p=0.03) MONTGOMERY3 and REBECCA REDFERN4,5 it is typically high-energy, high-carbohydrate, and and several women linked the onset to childbirth 1Department of Anthropology, University of South low in fiber. Orangutans in particular, are said to and/or performing domestic tasks requiring load- Carolina, 2School of Archaeological and Forensic consume fruit preferentially and when it is avail- bearing and walking long-distances. Explanatory Sciences, University of Bradford, 3Department able, whereas leaves, bark, and pith are often models of MJD were variant, ranging from the of Archaeology, Durham University, 4Centre for considered fallback foods. Using movement supernatural (witchcraft or evil spirits), natural Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, ecology, we ask if wild Bornean orangutans (physiology, genetics, environmental conditions 5School of History, Classics and Archaeology, (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) navigate only to and sanitation) and/or social (gender-based prac- Newcastle University fruit, or whether navigation to non-fruit foods is tices and lifestyle). Further research is underway Previous bioarchaeological research has revealed supported by our data. We find that orangutans do to contextualise interactions between environ- evidence of improvements in health following the deviate from a direct fruit-to-fruit path to consume mental, socio-cultural and biological risk factors Black Death in London. These changes occurred non-fruit foods (n = 54, range 8% - 84%; p = 6.819e- of MJD to facilitate healthcare that meets the in the context of increases in standards of living 07.) Next, we ask if orangutans consume non-fruit needs of the patient and community. This work in England (e.g. higher wages and improved diets) foods when in the proximity of fruit resources. We demonstrates the value gained from integrating that were a result of the depopulation produced find that 25.5% of the time that orangutans eat biomedical and traditional knowledge to under- by the epidemic. This study contributes to an a non-fruit food, there is an available fruit within stand disease aetiology, explanatory models effort to determine the underlying mechanisms 50m (n=308). Building on previous research and health-seeking behaviours in contemporary that might have produced the observed changes finding that orangutans maintain a 10.1:1 NPE:P populations. in health, specifically addressing the role of diet balance, we use this geospatial data showing We thank the National Research Foundation of South and possible decreased social inequality thereof that orangutans navigate to and choose non-fruit Africa (113888), the Rare Disease Foundation (2312) in the post-epidemic population of London. This foods, even when fruit is available, to suggest and the University of Cape Townfor financial assistance study assesses carbon and nitrogen ratios in a that orangutans are seeking foods based on their towards this research. sample of n = 98 human skeletal remains from current nutritional state and not only to maximize the St. Mary Graces cemetery in London. This energy. This supports the claim that 'fallback' is A model of human niche construction in cemetery was in use between 1350 – 1538, and not an inherent characteristic of a food, but rather a hypervariable environment centered on location within the cemetery reflects social status. is in the state-dependent eye of the consumer. 15 social memory The results indicate significantly higher δ N in National Science Foundation (BCS-1638823; high status individuals compared to low status BCS-1613393), NSF GRFP (DGE-1247312); Boston KRISTINA DOUGLASS and TANAMBELO individuals, and higher δ13C in high status males University; National Geographic Society, US Fish and RASOLONDRAINY compared to high status females. These findings Wildlife (F15AP00812), Leakey Foundation, Disney Anthropology, Penn State University Wildlife Conservation Fund; Wenner-Gren Foundation; suggest that high status individuals during this In this paper we address questions about human Nacey-Maggioncalda Foundation, Princeton University time period consumed higher trophic level foods adaptations to climate change by analyzing an compared to lower status people and that high- oral history archive from southwest Madagascar, status males consumed more marine fish than Evaluating the aetiology of the geograph- and integrating its evolutionary logic into the devel- did females. Contrary to expectations based on ically isolated Mseleni joint disease: A opment of a model of human niche construction. the historical literature, these findings suggest the biocultural multi-method approach Southwest Madagascar is an excellent context persistence of status-based distinctions in diet in in which to study human adaptation to climate ELIZABETH S. DINKELE1, ROBEA BALLO2, VICTOR the post-Black Death period; they also suggest FREDLUND3 and VICTORIA E. GIBBON1 change, since the region has long experienced a that gender, at least among high status individ- hypervariable climate and shifting resource distri- 1Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, uals, mediated access to resources, and perhaps University of Cape Town, 2Division of Cell Biology/ butions. The paleoclimate record of this region that improvements in standards of living after the Nutrition/Physiological Sciences, University of indicates that climatic conditions have shifted Black Death might not have been equally enjoyed Cape Town, 3Mseleni Hospital, Kwa-Zulu Natal dramatically over the course of the Holocene, by both sexes. and that human and other biotic communities Mseleni joint disease (MJD) is a crippling arthrop- have experienced multiple extreme droughts over Funding was provided by NSF (BCS-1722491), RCUK, the athy of unknown aetiology that is endemic to a Wenner-Gren Foundation(#9229), and the University of the past two millennia. Archaeological evidence rural region in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The South Carolina Provost’s Office. from surface surveys and excavations suggest geographic confinement of MJD to a remote that short-term occupations of sites and frequent community of Zulu-language speakers is puzzling residential mobility have been a central feature of as the affected people are neither genetically nor Behavioral Evidence of Wild Bornean life on the southwest coast for millennia. Today, culturally isolated. While environmental, socio-cul- Orangutans Navigating to Non-Fruit Foods despite conservation and development initiatives tural and epigenetic factors are suspected to – Implications for Fallback Foods that favor sedentarization of local communi- be aetiological of MJD, these are yet to be been ANDREA DIGIORGIO1,2, TRIWAHYU SUSANTO3,4 and ties, mobility remains key to the lives of fishing, 2,4 confirmed. To identify biocultural causes of MJD, CHERYL D. KNOTT foraging, herding and farming communities the spatial and demographic distribution were 1Writing Program, Princeton University, of the region. Our theoretical model highlights 2 3 assessed using data from patient surveys, a Anthropology, Boston University, Biology, the central role of social memory in facilitating 4 medical record review and national census publi- Universitas Nasional, Reserach, Gunung Palung community mobility, social networking and Orangutan Project cations (HREC 079/2019). Explanatory models of shared resource use among groups of foragers, MJD were evaluated by conducting a grounded In 2015, Lambert and Rothman urged primate farmers, herders and fishers in the region. Using analysis of survey transcripts. Approximately 96% nutritional ecologists to revise the view of fallback Niche Construction Theory, we argue that social of MJD patients were local to regions with limited and optimal foods from stable traits inherent in memory, its maintenance and perpetuation

Abstract Book 27 ABSTRACTS

contribute to a niche that makes human lifeways Evaluating landmark error and estimates privacy in genetic genealogy databases, where possible under the hypervariable conditions of of asymmetry in the hominin proximal an adversary who uploads ~1000 genomes can, southwest Madagascar. This work demonstrates femur under some circumstances, recover at least one the importance of preserving and engaging local, LESLEY H. EASON and LIAM M. ZACHARY allele at up to 80% of a median person’s genome. Indigenous and descendant (LID) knowledge to Further, in the same context, databases that Department of Anthropology, University of promote sustainability and develop robust and Arkansas use previous-generation methods for detecting inclusive evolutionary theories of human adapta- identical-by-descent segments are vulnerable to tion to climate change. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric attacks in which genetic data from every person in analyses are often used to quantify morpho- the database can be recovered by uploading fake This paper was supported by funding from the Penn logical diversity among hominin fossils. State Center for Security Research and Education. datasets. The special features of genetic privacy Three-dimensional landmarks are set on anatom- problems—including the facts that our genetic ically homologous features, which are often information, once revealed, cannot be changed, Advisor Influence in theAmerican Journal considered functionally relevant. In recent years, and that our genetic information is shared across of Physical Anthropology 3DGM has been used to elucidate differences people—call for collective deliberation about the in postcrania in attempt to reconstruct phylog- RHIAN R. DUNN1, NICHOLAS V. PASSALACQUA2, ways in which we will use genetic data. enies and interpret function from morphology. JOSEPH T. HEFNER1 and KATIE ZEJDLIK2 However, few studies fully examine the extent to Research supported by NIH 1R35GM137758. 1Anthropology, Michigan State University, 2Anthropology and Sociology, Western Carolina which landmarking error affects these interpreta- University tions. The current analysis reproduces the most Violence in the Ancient Southwest: common landmarking techniques for the hominin Pertaining to their mentorship and research, Drs. Differential Suffering Among Males and proximal femur. To assess the effect of error, the Armelagos, Buikstra, and Larsen are commonly Females degree of intraobserver error of multi-day trials on considered defining figures in the field of bioar- EMILY R. EDMONDS and DEBRA L. MARTIN the same specimen is compared to the degree chaeology. However, each figure has a different of differences between right and left femora of Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, background and unique ideologies which shape Las Vegas the same individual. Ten pairs (n=20) of right and their understanding of human biology, which were left modern human femora are used for analysis. Depopulation of the Mesa Verde region in the late likely passed down to their students. To better th While trials on the same specimen tend to cluster, 13 century has been largely explained by factors understand this assertion, this study examined it is not always the case. In several instances, such as drought, resource scarcity, and warfare their impact in the American Journal of Physical differences between trials (i.e., error) exceeds based on archaeological reconstructions. The Anthropology (AJPA) in terms of publication differences between left and right sides of the burials at Mesa Verde tell a more nuanced story counts by each figure and their students’, average same individual. Furthermore, femora of different about the period leading up to the mass migra- citation counts, and research foci. individuals occasionally plot within the degree of tions. This study integrates skeletal material Students of each figure were identified through error or asymmetry of the same individual. Thus, from Pueblo II and III sites on Wetherill Mesa with the Academic Phylogeny website and AJPA article the degree of error and asymmetry may obviate archaeological contexts. Skeletal trauma data data (e.g., titles, abstracts) were web scraped in R one’s ability to identify femora of the same indi- was collected from burials (n=157) using stand- using the “rvest” package. Article data underwent vidual, while error potentially inflates estimates ardized methods. Cranial and post-cranial trauma text analysis in R using the “tidytext” package to of sample variation. This underscores a lack of decreased temporally from 36% to 21%, contra- obtain word frequency, correlations, and topic appreciation for error in the literature and the dicting theories that violence escalated prior predictors (via term frequency-inverse document potential lack of discriminatory power of 3DGM. to depopulation. Pueblo III males and females frequency (tf-idf) scores). These issues may be alleviated by using more experienced violence differently. Females experi- advanced techniques that capture more copious enced a temporal increase in cranial trauma (from Articles related to the three figures comprise amounts of data and rely on computer automa- 40% to 75%) and higher Pueblo III frequencies of approximately 3% of all AJPA articles. Dr. tion, rather than observer repeatability. cranial trauma (75%) than males (31%). Females Armelagos’ articles achieved the highest average also experienced more lethal trauma (40%) citation count (53.7), followed by Larsen (29.5), than males (13%), who experienced repeated and Buikstra (29.4). When clustered by natural Our shared genetic mosaic and its implica- nonlethal trauma. Although not statistically signif- topics, articles could not be accurately classified tions for privacy icant, these differences suggest variability in into their associated lineage, which indicates MICHAEL EDGE violence-related trauma by sex and time period. overlap in article foci. Using tf-idf scores, topic Biological Sciences, University of Southern Further, 6 individuals at Long House, a Pueblo predictors were established for Dr. Armelagos California III cliff dwelling, exhibited perimortem fractures (e.g., “Australopithecus”), Dr. Buikstra (e.g., “herita- and post-mortem manipulation of bodies in cere- bility“) and Dr. Larsen (e.g., “Jomon”). These unique Over the last twenty years, large genetic databases monial kiva spaces. The ritualistic nature of the words illustrate different foci that are associated have become common, and genetic information post-mortem processing and burial locations with each figure, highlighting potential research from millions of people is retained by recreational of these individuals fits the pattern of execution influences. Although these articles cannot be genomics services, by researchers, and by law and body annihilation. Previous studies have naturally classified by figure, this study aided in enforcement. Often, even small sets of genetic suggested warfare as a migratory push factor, understanding how each figure influenced the markers are more informative than is typically but this is not supported by the data. Instead, dissemination and focus of research in the AJPA. appreciated, revealing information both about the person who is the source of the genetic data and the burial data demonstrates a more complex This work was supported by the Early Start Research about their biological relatives. This extra infor- pattern of violent behaviors, including lethal and Fellowship, College of Social Sciences, Michigan State nonlethal violence and executions, suggesting University mation often results from the fact that a person's genome is inherited in large pieces, effectively Ancestral Puebloans utilized a variety of culturally creating a mosaic of genetic tiles that is broadly embedded systems of violence. shared. I will give some examples focusing on

28 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Use of contact calls by wild woolly a priori assumptions about the causes of FA and his OMU (which previous studies have shown is monkeys in Amazonian Ecuador tend to focus on single skeletal elements, thereby predictive of leader male fitness). We also found KELSEY M. ELLIS1,2 and ANTHONY DI FIORE2,3 limiting the ability to understand the true source(s) negative relationships between a leader male’s of asymmetry. Here, we make comparisons average intensity of aggression toward other 1Department of Anthropology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 2Department of Anthropology across body regions, utilizing a sample of 114 indi- males during takeovers and both his presumed and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution viduals (59 males, 55 females) each consisting of number of infants sired (F(1,18)=6.25, p=0.022) Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, a cranium, mandible, sacrum and the right and and his total number of followers (F(1,18)=4.81, TX, 3College of Biological and Environmental left os coxa, humerus, radius, femur, and tibia. FA p=0.042). Lastly, we found that leader male Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, was quantified using landmark configurations aggression was more intense toward females Cumbay†, Ecuador, on 3D bone models to explore whether magni- (F(2,20)=7.97, p=0.003) but not toward other Primates characterized by high degrees of tudes of FA (1) correlate between bone regions males in interband, compared to intraband, take- fission-fusion dynamics often use vocalizations and (2) vary between sexes. Results indicate overs, reflecting the importance of male-male to coordinate travel, locate and maintain contact FA is statistically significant and represents the “respect” for “possession”. Our findings suggest with groupmates, recruit new party members, highest asymmetric component of variation for that hamadryas leader males selectively use regulate spatial cohesion, and avoid extra-group the entire sample. The most notable difference is aggression, that those who limit aggression conspecifics. In this study, we investigated observed in males who display higher FA variation toward other males may have greater success the use of contact vocalizations in wild woolly among the upper limb bones. However, no corre- in attracting followers, and that aggressive monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) - a taxon lations are observed between any bone pairing in takeovers may lead to fewer births via female recognized as having fluid and flexible association males. In contrast, females exhibit a significant, reproductive suppression. patterns within and sometimes between groups albeit relatively weak, correlation between the Funding was provided by The Leakey Foundation, the - at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Amazonian cranium and tibia (r=0.31, p =0.02). Males and Wenner-Gren Foundation, the National Geographic Ecuador. During full-day focal follows of recog- females exhibit similar patterns of variation, with Society (6468-99 and 8309-07), the CUNY Graduate nized individuals, we recorded all instances of the highest levels observed in upper limb bones Center, the PSC-CUNY Award Program, and NYCEP. vocalizations emitted by our focal animal and and the lowest variation found in the cranium used one-zero sampling to record group-wide and sacrum. As a whole, these results suggest Are linear measurements or areas of birth vocalizations in 5-minute windows throughout that the magnitude of FA varies across different canal planes more relevant to obstetric the day. In 2,220 hours of focal animal follows, we parts of the skeleton and therefore illustrates that studies? recorded nearly 10,000 vocalizations. A majority caution should be exercised when only examining of these vocalizations (92.8%) were classified one region of the body. JENNIFER EYRE as short to medium distance contact calls (e.g., This research was supported by funding from the Anthopology, Bryn Mawr College chirps and trills). Large adult males called the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (Grant #9641), The linear dimensions of the three major birth most out of any age-sex category, but not signif- and the Mark Diamond Research Fund (SP-18-19). canal planes are frequently measured in studies icantly more than adult or subadult females, concerning obstetrics in hominins and modern while small adult and subadult males called humans. However, the skeletal birth canal The benefits of selective use of aggres- significantly less (Χ2= 92.66, df = 3, N = 27347, p < planes are not regular in shape and simple linear sion by male hamadryas baboons 0.001). Given that young males are often found at measurements may not accurately capture the 1,2 1,2,3 the periphery of the group, limiting call production KATARINA D. EVANS , LARISSA SWEDELL and two-dimensional area of each plane. In this study SHAHRINA CHOWDHURY1,2,4 and/or participation in vocal exchanges may aid I created three-dimensional scans of ecogeo- 1 in reducing their exposure to predators or extra- Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, City graphically varied modern human female pelves University of New York (CUNY), 2New York group conspecifics. We also found that larger (N=128). For each pelvis one innominate and the Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), groups vocalized significantly more often than sacrum was scanned, and the innominate was 3Anthropology, Queens College, City University of smaller groups (Χ2 = 240.84, df = 3, N = 25850, p New York (CUNY), 4Anthropology, Brooklyn College, mirror-imaged in Geomagic to create a full pelvis. < 0.001), perhaps due to increased subgrouping City University of New York (CUNY) Anteroposterior and mediolateral measurements behavior and the difficulty of coordinating group were taken in Geomagic following Tague and Understanding the evolution of behavior in members at larger group sizes. Lovejoy (1986). A novel method was utilized to multilevel societies, such as that of hamadryas measure the area of each plane. The 3D scan Funded by NSF BCS-1540403, the Leakey and Wenner- baboons, can offer valuable insights into human Gren Foundations, the National Geographic Society/Waitt was exported as a 2D image into ImageJ where evolution. Hamadryas one-male units (OMUs), Grants Program, and the University of Texas at Austin each plane was outlined based on landmarks and comprising a “leader” male, females, and some- semilandmarks on the pelvis and sacrum. The times “follower” males, are formed via successive area enclosed in each outline was then measured. female takeovers, either aggressive or non-ag- A Comparison of Fluctuating Asymmetry The inlet was outlined in superior view; for the gressive, and male coercion after takeovers is Across the Human Skeleton midplane the pelvis was removed superior to the important in maintaining OMUs. Here we use AMANDINE ERIKSEN1,2 and NOREEN VON ischial spines laterally, the inferior pubic symph- 2 data from Filoha, Ethiopia to examine corre- CRAMON-TAUBADEL ysis anteriorly, and the articulation between the lates of aggression during takeovers. We found 1Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University fourth and fifth sacral vertebrae posteriorly; the 2 that a male’s presumed number of infants sired of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Buffalo outlet was outlined in inferior view. Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department increased with his number of non-aggressive of Anthropology, University at Buffalo-SUNY (F(1,39)=14.39, p=0.0005) but not aggressive Linear dimensions correlated highly and takeovers. Additionally, we found positive relation- significantly with measured areas (r>0.8, Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) offers insight into the ships between a male’s number of both aggressive p<3x10-32). However, a Student’s t-test identified genetic and environmental factors that disrupt (F(1,43)=6.54, p=0.014) and non-aggressive take- significant differences between the linear dimen- growth and is a widely used measure of early life overs (F(1,43)=12.95, p=0.0008) and his number sions and area of the inlet (p=0.00075) and outlet stress, reproductive fitness, and attractiveness. of females but not the number of followers in However, previous studies have made different

Abstract Book 29 ABSTRACTS

(p=9.3x10-14). I conclude that while the measured CE), Middle Horizon (ca. 500 -1100 CE), Late selective pressures acting on tooth size. Here, we areas may be more accurate, they may be less Intermediate Period (ca. 1100 - 1450 CE, and Late test the cyclical loading hypothesis as it pertains relevant because the perinate may be unable to Horizon (ca. 1450 - 1532 CE). Bioarchaeologists to premolars in eight cercopithecoids for whom take advantage of the entire area of each plane. typically consider postcranial fractures indica- oral processing profiles are known. Premolar size tors of accidental and/or occupational injuries, variation in folivorous and frugivorous cercopithe- excepting a few specific fracture types, including coids was more strongly and positively correlated “When the voices of children are heard”: parry fractures. Most commonly, bioarchaeol- with the number of postcanine mastications Evaluating the biological effects of ogists use postcranial fractures to characterize per ingestive event than either percent leaves socioeconomic status on children in the risks associated with a specific environment consumed or time spent feeding, thus supporting postmedieval london or means of subsistence. This study compares cyclical loading hypotheses. A notable outlier was ASHLEY EZZO coastal to highland populations (as a proxy the papionin Cercocebus atys: sooty mangabey Anthropology, University of Louisville for environment) and populations across time premolar dimensions, scaled to both palate area Socioeconomic status (SES) is critical to under- periods (as a proxy for changing subsistence and mandibular length, are the highest in the standing health and disease. Limited access and/or sociopolitical complexity) to assess the sample despite this monkey’s comparatively low to resources, for example, has been shown to impact of these factors on postcranial fracture level of postcanine mastication. Premolar area contribute to heightened levels of stress. While frequency. The difference between rates of all scaled isometrically with mandibular length in all the impacts of SES are frequently studied among postcranial fractures among coastal (2.9%) and species except C. atys, which exhibited positive adults in archaeological samples, this focus highland (3.0%) populations was not statistically allometry. We posit this size-shape relationship negates an especially important and vulnerable significant (p=0.6721). This suggests that these is attributable to the unique postcanine crushing sample of populations, children. Previous pale- environments did not pose markedly different behavior exhibited by C. atys during durophagous odemographic work has shown higher mortality quotidian hazards to their residents, perhaps due feeding. Our study highlights how oral processing rates in Postmedieval London among low-SES to cultural adaptations. Comparison between the profiles can aid in illuminating the different selec- non-adults without consideration of paleopatho- Early Intermediate Period (4.6%), Middle Horizon tive forces acting on dental morphology during logical profiles. In this preliminary research, the (1.7%), and Late Intermediate Period/Late Horizon primate evolution. effects of SES on biological health are considered (4.8%) found that the Middle Horizon had signif- Fieldwork in Taï was supported by National Science in non-adults (under 18 years) from two Post- icantly lower postcranial fracture rates than the Foundation (BCS 0840110, 0921770, 0922429) and the medieval London cemeteries: high-SES St. Bride’s surrounding time periods (p<0.00001 in both Yerkes National Primate Research Center. Crypt (SBC; N=14) and low-SES St. Bride’s Lower cases), suggesting lower participation in risky activities during this period of political central- (SBL; N=166). Individuals were classified into Intrauterine hormone effects on tooth three developmental age groups (1-5 years/6-10 ization. Though several confounding factors, including differential preservation, demography of morphology in dizygotic opposite-sex years/12-17 years) and recorded (presence/ twins absence) for skeletal and dento-alveolar evidence burial populations, and differing regional chronol- 1 1 of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), carious lesions, ogies make a comparative approach challenging, RANDALL FEEZELL , KATHLEEN S. PAUL , TOBY HUGHES2 and ALAN BROOK2 antemortem trauma, rickets, scurvy, and cribra these results demonstrate the benefits of a 1 2 orbitalia. Crude prevalence rates (CPR) for all large-scale, diachronic perspective for bioarchae- Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide conditions and true prevalence rates (TPR) for ological data. LEH, caries, and cribra orbitalia were compared Biological anthropologists use dental morphology to study human migration patterns, family rela- through Fisher’s Exact tests between cemeteries Oral processing, folivory, and premolar tionships, and morphologic trait expression and age groups within cemeteries. Results indi- size in eight cercopithecoid monkeys cated only significant differences (p-value<0.05) genetics. Studies have identified canine and molar LUKE D. FANNIN1,2, DEBBIE GUATELLI-STEINBERG3, in LEH between SBC (TPR: 23.4%; CPR: 50%) and characters as sexually dimorphic. By testing JAKE ARFT-GUATELLI4, NOAH T. DUNHAM5, SBL (TPR: 7.74%; CPR: 17%). Although there are the twin testosterone transfer (TTT) hypoth- JORDAN E. TRAFF6, TAYLOR PALVADORE6, ANDREA esis, this study examines a potential biological individual cases of deliberate antemortem trauma DONALDSON7, PAMELA CUNNEYWORTH7, DAVID J. and higher rates of trauma within SBL, there DAEGLING6 and W SCOTT. MCGRAW3 basis of sexual dimorphism in canine and molar morphology. This hypothesis posits that females were no significant differences between the two 1Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 2Program samples. While these individuals represent the in Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems, and Society, gestated with male co-twins develop more frailest children of their communities, they none- Dartmouth College, 3Anthropology, The Ohio State masculine phenotypes due to androgen expo- theless demonstrate the complexities of SES and University, 4University of California, Berkeley, sure in-utero. Studies have shown that hormone the possible indiscriminate health, environmental, 5Conservation and Science, Cleveland Metroparks levels and Y-chromosome effects lead to signif- and social conditions affecting all Postmedieval Zoo, 6Department of Anthropology, University of icantly larger tooth crowns in human females 7 children. Florida, Colobus Conservation Limited belonging to opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs The ecological correlates of premolar size in (OSDZ) as compared with females belonging to primates continue to be debated. One explanatory same-sex monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) Metanalysis of Postcranial Fractures in framework – the cyclical loading hypothesis – twin pairs. Here, we expand the TTT hypothesis Ancient Andean Populations (400 BCE - posits that species who more frequently load their to dental morphology in a longitudinal sample 1532 CE) teeth have relatively larger premolars (e.g., P3, P4, of Australian twins (OSDZ females: n=12; MZ/

ANNA FANCHER and P4) in response to greater cyclical chewing DZ females: n=109). Data for 16 deciduous and Anthropology, Cornell University activity. Previous tests of this hypothesis have 17 permanent crown characters were collected from stone casts following Arizona State Dental This study analyzes previously published data used (a) time spent feeding or (b) degree of folivory Anthropology System standards. Non-parametric on postcranial fractures from 9 skeletal popula- as proxies for cyclical chewing loads; however, mean comparisons and bootstrap resampling tions in the prehistoric Andean region, dating to recent studies suggest oral processing data revealed significantly elevated character expres- the Early Intermediate Period (ca. 200 BCE - 500 – including number of masticatory cycles associ- ated with each ingestive event, better model the sion in OSDZ females compared with MZ/DZ

30 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS females for six deciduous traits (two canine traits, lived experience. Further investigation will vastly Characterization of genetic variants in six four molar traits) and four permanent molar traits. improve forensic and archaeological procedures individuals from the population of Lagoa Males trend toward increased crown elaboration; producing more accurate, population specific, Santa, MG, Brazil: contributions to the these results suggest in-utero effects lead to more skeletal assessments. biocultural understanding of the peopling masculine dental morphology in female members of America of opposite-sex twin pairs. 1,2 Does Variation in Quilombos’ Diets TATIANA FERREIRA DE ALMEIDA , LORENA DA CRUZ AMARAL2, ANDRÊ STRAUSS3 and DANILO Data collected under NSF 2015 GROW, NSF DDRI Grant Influence the Hemogram Profile? 1540313, Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant VICENSOTTO BERNARDO2,4 1 2 (KSP) FIONA FELKER , SABRINA GUIMARAES-PAIVA , 1Laboratório Clínico, Hospital Israelita Albert 3 MARIA DE NAZARÊ KLAUTAU-GUIMARAES , Einstein, 2Laboratório de Estudos em Antropologia 3 SILVIENE FABIANA DE OLIVEIRA and LORENA Biológica, Bioarqueologia e Evolução Humana, 1 Variation in the sexual dimorphism of MADRIGAL Instituto de Ciàncias Humanas e da Informação, nonmetric skeletal traits due to settlement 1Anthropology, University of South Florida, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 3Laboratório style: A study of hunter-gatherer, rural, and 2Educacion, Instituto Federal de Educaão, Ciància de Arqueologia e Antropologia Ambiental e urban populations e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Araguaína, 3Institito de Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, 4Programa Ciéncias BIológicas, Universidade de Brasília. de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia - PPGAnt, MARIA E. FEILER1,2,3, ERIN B. WAXENBAUM3, SARAH Instituto de Ciàncias Humanas. Universidade A. SCHRADER2, CARLA L. BURRELL2,4 and MENNO Previous research demonstrates that the geno- Federal de Pelotas HOOGLAND2 types, HbAA, HbAA+HbF, HbAS, and HbAC 1Division of Anthropology, American Museum influences the value of four hemogram profile Lagoa Santa is a karst region with unusual of Natural History, 2Laboratory for Human tests, heatocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, in three archaeological preservation conditions in the Osteoarchaeology, Leiden University, 3Department Quilombos in the Central Brazilian states of Goías American continent. For this reason, the contribu- of Anthropology, Northwestern University, and Tocantins. In addition to genotype, diet is tions of this region to Bioarcheology and studies 4 Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and known to influence the outcome of these hemo- on the settlement of the New World occupy a Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University gram profile tests (Billett, 1990; Maner & Moosavi, position of recognized prominence in the debates Human skeletal sexual dimorphism in the 2019). The purpose of this project is to deter- on this theme. In the last decades, a large number cranium and pelvis is inconsistent across popu- mine if the variation in diet between these three of works based on biological anthropology lations, resulting in recalibration of nonmetric sex Quilombos has also influenced hemogram profile markers, such as analyzes of biodistances, vari- estimation methods for modern samples. Little tests’ values. Population 1 is a rural/semi-urban ation and adaptability and style and quality of research has sought the underlying, biological community, Population 2 is an urban community, life, for example, were produced on the skeletons etiology of this inconsistency. Settlement style and Population 3 is a rural/semi-isolated commu- of Lagoa Santa, keeping the emphasis on the presents differences in nutrition, disease, and nity. Those in the rural/semi-urban community studies carried out on the region. Recently, molec- pollution, which could influence the morphology have a relatively more plant-based diet, whereas ular markers have also started to be used in these of nonmetric cranial and pelvic traits. Therefore, those in the urban community have a diet with studies, initiating the exploration of a new source an analysis of trait expression between differing greater meat consumption. We found signifi- of information for the investigation of the biocul- settlement styles could illuminate patterns of cant variation in the hemogram profile values of tural interactions of past populations, discussing sexual dimorphic variation in humans. hematocrit, MCV, and MCHC, between the three the origin, dispersion and chronologies of Native populations. Results of a Kruskal-Wallis test indi- Americans. Here, we present a preliminary study This cross population, comparative study exam- cate that there were significant differences in based on the genetic data of six individuals from ines sex-balanced archaeological samples the hematocrit values (X2=15.08,df=2,p<0.0005), the Lapa do Santo site, with approximate dates of Native Alaskan hunter-gatherers (n=105), MCV (X2=20.1169,df=2,p<0.0001), and MCHC of 8500 years BP, in order to characterize their post-Medieval rural Dutch (n=118), and post-Me- (X2=22.6884,df=2, p<0.0001). Population 2’s genetic profile in terms of ancestry, kinship and dieval urban Dutch (n=91) to investigate the any higher hematocrit value of 44.81% compared to related variants to diseases. Illumina's SNP matrix statistically significant variation between varying Population 1’s 42.01% and Population 3’s 42.43%, fastq files were aligned to the human reference settlement lifestyles. Via one-way ANOVAs, Tukey- is not surprising, due to the higher consumption build hg38 with BWA-MEM, following the variant Kramer post-hoc tests, and Greene’s t-tests, the of beef in Population 2’s diet. We demonstrate call with GATK 4.0 and annotation with VEP rural Dutch population showed a marked increase that dietary differences between Quilombos (Variant Effect Predictor). Our results did not indi- in dimorphism compared to the Alaskan hunt- does influence the hemogram profile. The meat cate the occurrence of any variant with a certain er-gatherer and Dutch urban populations for the consumption associated with Population 2 maybe clinical interest, but, nonetheless, they present supraorbital margin (p=0.016 versus p=0.014) what is causing the higher hematocrit values. a new approach to population studies with the and the glabella (p=0.0040 versus p=0.048), The greater consumption of beef by individuals potential to better understand the biocultural rela- suggesting that rural lifestyles is correlated with residing in Population 2 could possibly provide tionships presented by the pristine populations of an increased sexual dimorphism in these traits. protection against anemia, especially important the region. The greater sciatic notch proved to be the most for individuals who have genotype HbAS. consistent trait across settlement styles, which could have implications for the evolutionary plas- Testing isolation by distance among ticity of the pelvis. Brazilian shellmound builders using dental Despite ancestral and climatic differences morphology between these populations, the variation of these DANIEL FIDALGO1,2, VERONICA WESOLOWSKI1 and standard nonmetric traits implies that anthropol- MARK HUBBE3,4 ogists need to further explore the relationship 1Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade between skeletal morphology and an individual’s de Sao Paulo, 2CIAS: Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Universidade de Coimbra, 3Department of Anthropology, Ohio State

Abstract Book 31 ABSTRACTS

University, 4Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, We present the results to date on three ancient Seminar, entitled “From Fieldwork to the Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte and 37 present-day mitochondrial genomes from World”, was held in October completely online, The Brazilian coast was inhabited by distinct Uruguay, 32 of them unpublished, belonging to with 34 lectures, and 38 national and interna- groups of shellmound builders between approx- Native American founding haplogroups A2, B2, tional speakers (USA, Europe, Latin America, and imately 8,000 BP and 1,000 BP. In the South C1, and D1. The ancient samples were selected Brazil). Even though facing considerable technical coast, populations were sedentary, highly from archaeological sites in eastern Uruguay, difficulties due to limited access to internet in the adapted to local environments, and built monu- and the modern samples were selected based on Amazon, the event provided increased visibility as mental shellmounds over thousands of years. their previously known control region sequence: all lectures were made available on the group’s In the Southeast, shellmound builders occu- Sequences showing motifs that were either unique YouTube channel. Despite the attacks on Brazilian pied not only the Atlantic coast, but also riverine (i.e. not shared) or clearly shared with other South science, and particularly on the Social Sciences, by areas within the Atlantic Forest, with possible American populations were picked for mitoge- the current government, this is the first research geneflow between these two environments. nome sequencing. Similarities and evolutionary group in the field of Biological Anthropology of this Although South and Southeast groups shared relationships to other South American ancient and State university, and it is only the second in exist- many cultural and biological similarities, regional modern mitochondrial sequences were analyzed ence in the North of Brazil. In these three years, differences challenge the idea of a culturally through the construction of two successive medi- this pioneer effort has produced a vast material and biologically homogenous population, and an-joining networks and an intermediate filtering about Bioanthropology in the region, helped to the degree of contact between them has been step of sequences with distant or no relationship disseminate and strengthen science education, highly debated by previous archaeological and with the Uruguayan sequences. and promoted research in human evolution, vari- ation and adaptation in the Amazon, and in Brazil. bio-anthropological studies. To contribute to this More than one-third of the sequences (n=15) discussion, we analyzed the dental morphology showed no affinity with known South American of 385 individuals from 14 archaeological sites, sequences, whether due to sampling or genetic Patterns of local paleoenvironmental using 18 traits from the Arizona State University drift. Of the remaining 25 sequences, affinities change and bovid turnover during the Dental Anthropological System. Multidimensional were found with samples in the southern, western, emergence of Paranthropus and Homo in scaling of biological distances was used to explore and northern parts of the continent, with D1j1 and eastern Africa series similarities, and Mantel matrix correlation C1d1 sequences showing strong similarities, and ELIZABETH N. FILLION1,2 and TERRY HARRISON1 and partial correlation tests were used to test the A2 and D1g5 sequences showing more deep- 1 hypothesis that regions were biologically isolated rooted relationships. These results taken as a Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, from each other. Results show that South shell- whole point to a complex panorama of population 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology mound builders were more biologically similar movements throughout the Holocene. than Southeast series, suggesting that the cultural The hominin lineages Paranthropus and Homo Funding: Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, differences in this region are reflected in biological emerged in eastern Africa during an impor- Uruguay (FCE_1_2017_1_136699) differentiation during the Holocene. Mantel tests tant period of global climate change in the Late show a significant correlation between biodis- Pliocene. Teasing apart the complex relationship tances and geography (r= 0.3926, p= 0.031), even The Bioanthropology Study and between global climate and local environmental when correcting for chronological differences Research Group of the State University change and understanding its impact on mammal (r= 0.4049, p= 0.039). These results support that of Pará, GEB/UEPA, Brazil: Education in communities is crucial for uncovering the under- shellmound builders were low-mobility groups, Biological Anthropology in the Amazon, lying environmental forces that may have played with geneflow mediated by geographic distances, Achievements and Challenges a role in the divergence of these lineages. We favoring neighboring populations, while still main- used hierarchical linear models of published LIGIA A. FILGUEIRAS1,2,3,4, ROSEANE B.T. OLIVEIRA3,4, taining limited contact with others from distant ARIANA K L S. DA SILVA2,3,4,5, HILTON P. SILVA3,4 and stable carbon isotope data derived from pale- geographic areas. EDSON M L S. RAMOS3,6 osol carbonates to determine the extent to which Project funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa 1Natural Sciences, Par† State University - UEPA, local vegetation change at paleoanthropological do Estado de São Paulo (Grants 2019/18289-3 and 2Education, Par† State Education Secretary - sites across eastern Africa conforms to region- 2017/20637-4), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento SEDUC, 3Study and Research Bioanthropology wide patterns between 3.5 – 2.5 Ma. We find that de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Code 001). Group, GEB/UEPA, 4Anthropology Department, most sites follow similar trends of increasing Par† Federal University - UFPA, 5Social Sciences C4 vegetation, suggesting that climate change Department, Par† State University - UEPA, contributed to shared patterns of local vegetation 6 A land of confluence: identifying pre-His- Statistics Department, Par† Federal University change across the region. However, exceptions to panic migrations in Uruguay through - UFPA this pattern in the Turkana Basin suggest that for mitogenomes In October of 2018 the I Seminar of the some sites, factors such as topography, hydrology, GONZALO FIGUEIRO and MÓNICA SANS Bioanthropology Study and Research Group of or community resilience may have acted to buffer Departamento de Antropología Biológica, the State University of Pará (GEB/UEPA) was held local ecosystems against global climate change. Universidad de la Rep£blica with the theme “The Biocultural Perspective of To assess the impact of local vegetation change The middle and late Holocene archaeological Anthropology”, including 12 lectures, an exhibition on mammal communities, we compared changes record of Uruguay is similar to the record found on Human Evolution, scientific poster sessions in the taxonomic diversity of bovids—a group in two adjacent territories (southern Brazil and with national and international participants, film considered to be sensitive ecological indicators— the Paraná River delta in Argentina). However, the sessions related to the theme, and gathered over between sites. We find that species turnover is not extent to which these archaeological similarities 100 participants. In 2019, the II Seminar, enti- consistently correlated with vegetation change, have a genetic correlate is only recently beginning tled “Research in Focus: The Importance of the indicating that changes in bovid diversity may be to be addressed, through the analysis of mito- Consolidation of Bioanthropological Science in driven by broader regional environmental patterns chondrial DNA data. the Amazon” was held with 16 lectures, a Forensic rather than by local conditions. These findings Anthropology mini-course and 98 participants. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the III

32 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS have important implications for understanding Paleodietary Reconstruction through dimorphism is pronounced in the hipbone, with the environmental factors driving mammal extinc- a Modern Food Science Lens – A Big females having an elongated pubic ramus, tion and speciation in the Late Pliocene, including Data Modeling Approach to Calculating outwardly rotated ischium, and wider greater the emergence of Paranthropus and Homo. δ15N Shifts Using Protein Breakdown sciatic notch than males. These traits have been National Science Foundation (BCS-2018563, Sequences extensively investigated using various morpho- BCS-0309513, BCS-0216683 and BSC-1350023) KIMBERLY K. FOECKE and ALISON S. BROOKS metric approaches, although the variation of the hipbone as a whole is less studied. Therefore, Anthropology, George Washington University we assessed modern human hipbone variation Automation: a path to standardisation Paleodietary reconstruction using the nitrogen by applying a novel, deformation-based morpho- and quantification of taphonomic data isotope system is commonly applied to human metric technique using surfaces, thus overcoming collection skeletal remains with the goal of determining drawbacks associated with landmark point collec- trophic position and/or aquatic resource DEVIN A. FINAUGHTY1, MAXIMILIAN J. SPIES2,3, tion. The hipbone is particularly suited for testing JUSTIN PEAD3 and VICTORIA E. GIBBON2 consumption. However, there is limited informa- this method on complex shapes and permits 1School of Anthropology and Conservation, tion about how complex food behaviors affect useful methodological comparisons. 2 this system. We focus on assessing the impact of University of Kent, Department of Human Biology, 3D surface models of modern human hipbones University of Cape Town, 3Department of Electrical cultural food modification behaviors (e.g. cooking, 15 from Central Europe, Africa, and Asia, including Engineering, University of Cape Town smoking, preservation) on food item δ N base- lines and how these shifts may be passed into 78 males and 71 females, of which 48 are 15 to Forensic taphonomy has long-suffered from the the consumer. A potentially broadly applicable 18-years-old juveniles, were registered, uniformly “Five Hindrances” first articulated by Marshall in way to address these questions is to use a mode- scaled and then analyzed using Deformetrica 4 1989, and such remain unsolved. At the root of ling approach that builds bulk predictions for (deformetrica.org). Deformation fields reflecting this widely acknowledged failure are narrowly δ15N shifts in food items based on amino-acid orientation and amplitude of deviations from the scoped, variably resourced, and biogeographi- level changes in response to stimuli. The field of mean were analyzed via Principal Component cally uncoordinated taphonomic investigations food science has been generating experimental Analysis. hindered by a lack of standardisation in investi- and observational data on protein breakdown gative methodology, producing oft low-resolution Our results successfully captured the expected sequences at the amino acid level for many data across a limited array of variables implicit distribution of the hipbone's sexually diagnostic years. This study has compiled a large database in the decomposition ecosystem. We believe a characteristics along PC1 (ischio-pubic relative from the food science literature, and combines solution to overcoming these challenges lies in length, shape of the greater sciatic notch, relative it with novel experimental δ15N data in order to automation of taphonomic data collection. To this acetabulum size) and PC3 (relative ilium height). test whether a big data modeling approach can end, we wish to present our automated tapho- The analysis further allowed identification of be a viable tool for assessing the effect of food nomic data collection system. We will share the an ontogenetic trend, where, differently from processing on human δ15N values. We apply technical specifications of the current iteration males, female adult hipbones differentiated from this approach to one cultural behavior: cooking. of the device: a modular, scalable, independent- juveniles along PC2 for ilium orientation. This Using a model of amino acid profile changes ly-powered platform linking remotely to a central demonstrates the successful application of a during protein breakdown in meat cooking, we online data handling and systems monitoring time-efficient, deformation-based morphometric test whether the molecular model can accurately interface facilitating real-time monitoring of method, which offers the operative advantage of a predict measured bulk δ15N shifts in cooked meat. decomposition. Alongside an 85% reduction in landmark-free approach while highlighting impor- The results of this study are a first step in a larger research operating costs, the device has greatly tant shape patterning. effort to use this type of modeling to predict δ15N reduced the missing data rate. Manual weight The analyses were performed using High Performance shifts from food processing through consumption measurements from previous research had, on Computing resources from Barcelona Supercomputing to the final isotopic measurement of human skel- average, 38.41% missing recordings across four Center (BCV-2020-1-0008). This research was funded etal remains. seasonal deployments. The current iteration of by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant No 31003A_176319. the automated device has reduced the missing Funding provided in part by The Leakey Foundation, data rate to just 7.14%. We will also present plans The Wenner Gren Foundation, and the National Science Foundation for future improvements to the device and a Microstructure and Fracture Strength in proposal for the establishment of much called-for Primate Tooth Enamel large, coordinated multi-biogeographical tapho- Deformation-based geometric morpho- FREDERICK R. FOSTER nomic studies based upon deployment of the new metrics captures the morphology of the Anthropology, Rutgers, the State University of New technology. We believe this platform can help the modern human hipbone Jersey discipline achieve the sorely needed standardisa- CINZIA FORNAI1,2, ALESSANDRO URCIUOLI3, Changes in relative enamel thickness constitute tion of data collection and increased statistical 1,2 1 VIKTORIA A. KRENN , MARTIN HAEUSLER and major patterns in hominin and primate evolution. rigor, quantitative measurement and mathemat- 1,4 NICOLE M. WEBB Recent work has drawn attention to the role of ical description of results demanded by science 1 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University thick enamel as a stress shielding adaptation in and the courts – a boon for forensic taphonomy 2 of Zurich, Department of Evolutionary teeth, using predictive equations that relate the and justice efforts worldwide. Anthropology, University of Vienna, 3Institut force required to propagate cracks within enamel The University of Cape Town’s Research Contracts & IP CatalÖ de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, 4 to the thickness and geometry of molar cusps. Office and Faculty of Health Sciences; The South African Universitat Autïnoma de Barcelona, Department National Research Foundation (Grant 115357). of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research These equations use simplifying assumptions, Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt that enamel has a homogenous internal struc- ture and is isotropic in its mechanical properties. The human pelvis shows clear sexual varia- However, enamel is composed of a hierarchically tion, where the female birth canal has evolved organized microstructure with mechanical prop- to accommodate large babies while main- erties that vary throughout the cusp, both of which taining bipedal locomotor efficiency. This sexual

Abstract Book 33 ABSTRACTS

have been linked to tooth resilience and enhanced full extent of women’s bonds across different Estimation of sex from the patella in fracture strength. Here, I characterize the mechan- domains of life. Further, we lack documentation European Americans ical properties and microstructure in primate on the stability of relationships, whether relation- ERIC FRAUENHOFER molar enamel and integrate these features with ships with kin and non-kin have unique functions, Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo State our broader understanding of enamel thickness and how relationships change across life history as a stress shielding adaptation. Nanoindentation stages. Finally, where women’s friendships are Sex is an important aspect of the biological profile is used to determine how the stiffness and hard- mentioned in ethnographic literature, these rela- used to identify unknown human skeletal remains. ness of enamel changes throughout the cusp. tionships are often reported as peripheral to the Although sex is commonly estimated from the Microindentation and tensile testing are used to community’s social activities, leaving it unclear skull or pelvis, forensic anthropologists must assess the relative toughness of different types of whether women’s social lives have historically routinely assess sex from other skeletal elements. enamel within the cusp. Scanning electron micros- been under documented due to their occurrence It is therefore useful to develop methods for esti- copy is used to image the microstructural features outside the public sphere. mating sex from bones other than those of the that are important for enhancing fracture strength skull or pelvis in case of the absence of these throughout the thickness of enamel. The sample elements. One of the most commonly used includes nine individuals from Macaca mulatta, Secular trend in body weight of Rhesus metric sex estimation methods is discriminant allowing for the characterization of within-spe- macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Cayo function analysis (DFA), which has been applied cies variation in microstructure and properties. Santiago to many bones, including the patella. A limitation The results highlight the important contributions GEORGE N. FRANCIS and QIAN WANG of DFA, however, is that it is population specific. that microstructural adaptations make to the Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Therefore, the purpose of this research was to toughness of teeth within the context of changing Dentistry derive discriminant functions from patellar meas- urements for estimating the sex of European relative enamel thickness. The findings have impli- Secular trend in body weight is an indicator Americans, which, to the author’s best knowledge, cations for how we interpret changing relative of environmental adaptation and changes in has not yet been reported. The sample consisted enamel thickness within the hominin lineage and nutrition and health over time. In this study, we of 200 European American individuals (100 primate dietary ecology more broadly. examined body weight of Macaca mulatta from females and 100 males) from the Hamann-Todd This project was funded by the National Science Cayo Santiago to investigate body weight change Osteological Collection. Seven measurements Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement in the past 80 years. Rhesus macaques were were taken of each individual’s left patella. SPSS Grant (NSF BSC-1847941) and the Rutgers University, introduced from India to the Caribbean island in was used for discriminant function analysis. The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies Albert Fellows 1938, and the colony history was characterized Award. overall accuracy of sex classification ranged from by fluctuations in resource provisioning, popu- 81.0% to 84.0% and 81.0% to 84.0% for the direct lation dynamics, and medical care, in addition and stepwise methods, respectively, indicating to acclimation. We collated body weight data Patterns of same-sex relationships in the patella is useful for estimating the sex of of 921 females and 1202 males born between women across the globe: what do we European Americans. However, the patella should 1938 and 2009, collected by researchers between know? only be used to estimate sex when more accurate 1956 and 2014. All subjects were categorised by STEPHANIE A. FOX bones, such as those of the skull or pelvis, are sex, partitioned into five period cohorts based on Department of Anthropology, University of New unavailable. This study will impact the forensic colony conditions at the time of their birth (1938- Mexico anthropology field by establishing an accurate 55, 1956-68, 1969-74, 1975-83, 1984-2009), and method for estimating the sex of European The formation of social bonds between unrelated body weights for each cohort were calculated at Americans from patellar measurements. individuals is considered a hallmark of human different age-intervals (yearly from 0-1 to 5-6, then behavior and research in humans as well as 6-10 and 11-15). Results revealed that overall, This research was partially funded by the Office of several other social animals has indicated the males and females alike, in early age-intervals (0-4 Undergraduate Research at SUNY Buffalo State. importance of social ties for health, survival and years), the 1938-55 cohort had the lightest body fitness. While kin selection theory predicts that weight, while in the young adulthood age-intervals A validation study of the Albanese metric individuals will form stronger social bonds with kin, (6-10 years) the 1969-74 cohort had the heav- sex estimation method for the proximal individuals may also invest in social relationships iest body weight. This latter cohort experienced femur on a modern North American with non-kin when these ties confer fitness gains. low population densities, unlike subsequent population Here, I summarize our current understanding of generations (1975-83), and a protein increase women’s same-sex relationships, highlight limita- in provisioning relative to previous generations KATELYN I. FREDERICK tions and suggest research priorities. (1956-68). However, the most recent cohort Anthropology, Texas State University Previous research on women’s cooperation and (1984-2009) displayed the lowest mean body When estimating the sex of a skeletonized social networks is skewed toward the cooper- weights across almost all age-intervals, despite individual, the pubic bone of the os coxae is ative childcare observed within kin-networks, them receiving a tetanus vaccine (hence longer considered the best source of information due to while relationships among non-kin are painted as expectancy), annual population culling and regular its sexually dimorphic traits. However, as the pubic rare, less cooperative and ephemeral. However, provisioning. Further investigation is warranted to bone can be easily damaged during excavation in these data come from few populations, making differentiate the effects of different environmental both bioarchaeological and forensic anthropolog- generalizations about women’s social ties prema- factors on the Cayo Santiago colony. ical contexts, the development of non-pelvic sex ture. For example, where cross cultural data are Funding Sources: The Cayo Santiago colony is supported estimation methods has become crucial. available, women are reported to regularly form by NIH 5P40OD012217. This project is supported by NSF Albanese (2008) introduced an alternative grant #1926601. social relationships with non-kin, even when method of sex estimation that implements kin are accessible. Additionally, while ethno- measurements between three newly defined land- graphic reports suggest that ties can be helpful marks on the proximal femur. These landmarks for subsistence work in additional to childcare, create a triangle which reflects both the angle of we have no systematic studies examining the

34 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS the femoral neck and the concomitant adapta- and continuing education about bioarchaeolog- Isotopic evidence of diet and mobility is well tions from the female pelvis. The original study ical methods and usefulness. The project aims to documented in Early Medieval Britain; however, generated logistic regression equations for sex encourage the largely BIPOC local school children the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey has been estimation from these three measurements that to consider a career in bioarchaeology. largely overlooked. Historical records written are not population specific and have achieved a American Association of University Women (AAUW)- after Lindsey was absorbed by Merica indicate 95-97% allocation accuracy. Community Action Grant "Archaeology Girls! Excavating it was an independent kingdom until AD 620, but during its short tenure the region underwent In this validation study, Albanese’s method was Belen, New Mexico's History." many sociopolitical changes which directly applied to samples from the Texas State University affected the daily lives of Lindsey’s inhabitants, Donated Skeletal Collection (n = 100) and the PMI Problems: a first insight into quan- leaving traces in the skeleton. Six sites within the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection (n = tifying the effects of scavenging by the boundaries of Lindsey were surveyed for skeletal 50) and achieved an allocation accuracy of 89% Cape grey mongoose (Galerella pulveru- markers of malnutrition and demographic factors, and 92%, respectively. I conducted an intra-ob- lenta) in South Africa. which were paired with radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr, server error assessment (n = 20) and obtained an 1 2 208 204 18 Pb/ Pb) and light isotope data (δ Oap, error margin of less than 1%. Considering these GABRIELLE M. FRENCH , MAXIMILIAN J. SPIES , 2 1 13 15 13 13 VICTORIA E. GIBBON and DEVIN A. FINAUGHTY δ Cen,δ Nco, δ Cco,and δ Cap). Significant trends results, the Albanese (2008) method of sex esti- 1School of Anthropology and Conservation, have been identified between isotopic signatures mation is an exceptionally reliable method thus far 2 13 University of Kent, Division of Clinical Anatomy of δ Cco and sex (p=0.02465) as well as status and would benefit strongly from other studies to and Biological Anthropology, Department of (p=0.03415). One individual from Fonaby, had further validate or negate it as a universally appli- Human Biology, University of Cape Town 13 low δ Cco (-23.3‰) which varied greatly from the cable approach. This research provides the first phase in identi- overall mean of -20.5‰ for n=31. Further, rates of fying significant markers of scavenging by the malnutrition (linear enamel hypoplasia and cribra Collaborating with Local Communities in Cape grey mongoose (Galerella pulverulenta) orbitalia) were much higher in females than males Developing Conservation Bioarchaeology (CGM) – a key element in accounting for potential in Lindsey. To assess these trends, we contrast Projects: The Historic Belen acceleration of decomposition when estimating these new data from Lindsey to published data, Bioarchaeology Project the post-mortem interval (PMI). Currently, which permits spatial and temporal comparisons between Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms allowing for J. CRISTINA FREIBERGER1, DEBRA L. MARTIN1, forensic death investigations in South Africa do PAMELA K. STONE2 and CLAIRA RALSTON1 not account for the scavenging activity of this broader discussions of inter-settlement relation- ships, mobility, and independent identity. Rates 1Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, species. Conducted in a forensically significant 2Anthropology, Hampshire College location, carcass feeding sites and manoeuvres of nutritional insult occurred at similar rates in were examined. CGM carrion feeding behaviours Lindsey (13.75%) compared to Mercia (13.4%) but Community-based bioarchaeology projects are have not yet been distinguished, this paper being much higher rates than East Anglia (5%). These far fewer than archaeological projects. Planning the first to outline and define these characteristics. analyses demonstrate that although isotopic for these projects and negotiating state permits A Kruskal-Wallis test determined certain feeding evidence indicates similarity in dietary patterns along with community participation takes coordi- behaviours were more common at specific overall, nuanced variation can be identified, espe- nation, collaboration and attention to detail. This decomposition stages. Scratching behaviours cially when considered with demography and presentation provides an overview of the steps were more common in the early, ‘fresh’ stages, mobility. involved in establishing a successful communi- whereas twisting flesh was seen almost exclu- ty-based bioarchaeology project. In New Mexico, Funding for this research was provided by the Elizabeth sively in the lattermost stages. This suggests Eddy Summer New Graduate Student Grant from the the Historic Belen Archaeology Project was that the desiccated tissue in later stages is more University of Florida Department of Anthropology. conceived through outreach by a local archivist. A difficult to tear away, leading to a need for higher 19th century church and cemetery on private land tension manoeuvres. Scratching is used to create was a target for vandalism and property damage, an opening in the flesh, which has been observed Microbiome diversity in Kinda baboons in addition to continuously having human remains anecdotally in previous studies. This study used and their water resources exposed on the surface. We visited with the land- a single carcass, whereas previous research used AMANDA J. FUCHS1 and JASON M. KAMILAR1,2 owners, local political and social leaders who multiple. It is likely that the CGM will spend more 1Department of Anthropology, University of collectively decided to have the burials excavated, time trying to access the tougher areas on the Massachusetts, Amherst, 2Organismic and analyzed and reinterred in the current Catholic carcass when there are less resources in the area, Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University cemetery. Additionally, the landowners desired suggesting a likelihood that this would be seen of Massachusetts, Amherst that the land be developed into a permanent in death investigations where a single body has Primate gut microbiomes are known to be influ- heritage site, as the historic church played an been found. This study is the first to establish a enced by environmental factors, such as diet important role in the town’s unique social heritage. methodology for quantifying the effects of scav- and social interactions. Although we are gaining Over the past three field seasons, the excavation enging and advances knowledge of the impact a greater understanding on how these factors and recovery project included the integration of of scavenging on PMI estimation, providing local affect the gut microbiome, little is known about volunteers from varied groups within the town, and global significance. how water influences primate gut microbiomes. from school children, church members, fire- This is critical to consider for primates that fighters, boy scouts and local teachers. A small inhabit relatively dry environments with seasonal grant provided the opportunity for local middle Social Differentiation and Identity in the rainfall because water is known to be one of the school girls to participate in immersive learning Kingdom of Lindsey richest natural habitats for bacteria. It has been at the site as part of STEM outreach. As human MEGAN HANNA. FRY1, GEORGE D. KAMENOV2 and suggested, however, that primates avoid fecally remains were excavated, they were shown to 1 JOHN KRIGBAUM contaminated water and that the microbial visitors and volunteers accompanied with bioar- 1Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, composition of water could impact primate gut chaeological interpretations. On-going activities 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of microbiomes, but no studies have directly meas- provided pathways for community engagement Florida ured water microbiomes. Therefore, we examined

Abstract Book 35 ABSTRACTS

how diet and water impact Kinda baboon (Papio 30-minute intervals in addition to temperature and differently-acquired models were within accept- kindae) gut microbiomes in Kasanka National humidity readings taken at 10-minute intervals. able levels. Paired t-tests comparing the surface Park, Zambia. We collected 33 fecal samples The results of this study suggest that differences deviation between each set of mesh pairs show from eight adult female baboons and 18 samples in UV light exposure alters both internal and no significant difference in the level of deviation from water sources used by the baboons. We external processes of decomposition, as well as within the archaeological and contemporary successfully extracted microbial DNA from all the timeline of taphonomic change. molar samples. A threshold range of acceptable samples and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene on surface difference was devised and applied to an Illumina MiSeq using a Nano reagent kit. Fecal the H. naledi sample, which did not have pre-pro- samples contained relatively high amounts of Recent Local Adaptation in Worldwide cessed CT meshes available. A total of 73% of bacteria from the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Human Populations the H. naledi teeth provided photogrammetric Spirochaetes phyla. Water samples were relatively ALYSSA FUNK1,2 and EMILIA HUERTA-SÁNCHEZ2,3 meshes that fell into this range of acceptable high in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes taxa. 1Molecular and Cellular Biology, Brown University, difference. The meshes that fell outside the estab- Many of these phyla are typically found in gut 2Center for Computational and Molecular Biology, lished range had higher surface deviation on their microbiomes, including the gut microbiomes of Brown University, 3Ecology and Evolutionary non-occlusal surfaces compared to their occlusal other baboon and primate species. Future work Biology, Brown University surfaces. This result is likely due to the lack of will focus on how water microbiota influences the Since expanding out of Africa, humans have been staining and the glossy texture of said molars. gut microbiome of Kinda baboons across the year exposed to a diverse array of environments with The results therefore suggest that, provided and from water sources with varying E. coli and different climates, food sources, and diseases. In sufficient texture and color contrast data, close Giardia abundances. response, genetic variants have evolved that are range-photogrammetry can provide an accessible This research was supported by the Natural History specific to certain populations, which may repre- alternative to microCT scanning for generating 3D Collections and the Department of Anthropology at the sent local adaptation to different environments. models of isolated teeth. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. We use whole genome sequences from the 1000 This research was funded by the R.J. Russell Graduate Genomes Project to examine variants rare in Student Research Award and the G&A Graduate Research African populations but common in other popu- Materials Award through the Department of Geography & Changes in Decompositional Processes in lations to identify “local variants”. We annotate Anthropology at Louisiana State University. a Desert Environment the genomic location of local variants and deter- KAITLYN J. FULP1, MEGHAN M. GAST2, JACOB A. mine allele-specific effects on gene expression, 3 2 Preliminary Relationships of Cross- HARRIS and KATELYN L. BOLHOFNER and we test for positive selection acting on these 1 Sectional Geometry in Human Clavicles Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, variants. We find that the majority of local vari- 2 with Sex and Age Texas Tech University, School of Mathematics ants are in non-coding regions, with the highest and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, percentage in introns, which suggests that alter- NICOLE M. FYE1, ANGELA L. HARDEN1 and 3 1,2 Institute of Human Origins, School of Human ations in gene expression may be a potential AMANDA M. AGNEW Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State 1 route for local adaptation. When examining local Skeletal Biology Research Lab, Injury University variants that are unique to a single population, Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State 2 Reconstructing the taphonomic history of a we find that Peruvians, Japanese, and Finnish University, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University skeletal assemblage is a critical component have significantly more variants, suggesting that of research in a broad range of fields including demographic factors like bottlenecks and isola- Relationships between cross-sectional geometry archaeology, bioarchaeology, paleoanthropology, tion contribute to population-specific variants. and sex and age have been studied extensively in and forensic science. Numerous post-deposi- numerous long bones, but research in the clavicle tional forces can act upon a skeleton and affect is limited. Functional adaptation to varied loading both the physical appearance and the dispersion Assessing the similarities between photo- is expected to create differences in clavicular of skeletal elements. The taphonomic process grammetric and microCT scanning of 3D cross-sectional geometry between individuals. begins with the decomposition of soft tissue, the models of hominin molars Therefore, the objective of this study was to deter- rate of which is largely dependent on the depo- MARGARET J. FURTNER1 and JULIET K. BROPHY1,2 mine whether sex and age differences exist in sitional environment. In extreme climates, the 1Department of Geography & Anthropology, clavicular cross-sectional geometry. Histological ways in which organisms decay and the dispo- Louisiana State University, 2Evolutionary Studies sections were obtained from the left clavicles of sition of their final state can deviate from the Institute, University of the Witwatersrand 32 post-mortem human subjects (females=16, “standard progression”. These differences are not Photogrammetry is an under-utilized, yet cost- males=16; 23–98 years) and were age-matched fully understood. The Sonoran Desert in Arizona and time-effective scanning methodology that across decades. Midshaft clavicular sections were possesses an extreme climate characterized by does not expose fossils to doses of radiation prepared following standard hard tissue histology large diurnal temperature changes, low humidity that affect ESR dating. This study expands upon procedures. All slides were imaged at 40x levels, and intense ultraviolet (UV) exposure. We previous work and examines the viability of close- magnification and the following cross-sectional present a pilot study examining the effects of this range photogrammetry as an alternative scanning geometric variables were quantified using ImageJ extreme climate on the process of decomposition. methodology on isolated teeth using samples of software: cortical area, total area, relative cortical Two adult domestic pig carcasses were clothed fossil (Homo naledi), archaeological, and contem- area, endosteal area, area moments of inertia, and placed in a region of native Sonoran Desert in porary human molars. The photogrammetric and section modulus. All variables demonstrated July, when daytime temperatures can exceed 120 scans included 96 digital images per tooth and the statistically significant differences between sexes degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity can drop resulting models were compared to their corre- (p<0.004), except for relative cortical area (p=0.19; below 10%. To examine the effects of differential sponding CT mesh models using point-to-point Kruskal-Wallis tests). These results suggest that UV exposure, one carcass was placed in direct surface deviation analysis. The surface differ- males have larger clavicles with greater resist- sunlight and the other in the shade of a Palo Verde ence between the CT models before and after ance to bending and torsion than females, but not tree. For 25 days, the rate of decomposition was processing were subsequently assessed in order a greater proportion of cortical bone. Males and monitored using time-lapse photography taken at to determine if the surface deviation between the females demonstrated similar trends of increases

36 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS with age, although statistically insignificant (linear (ca. 5,500 BC). The knowledge about the growth and pedagogy are essential during these remote regression, p>0.09), for every variable except and fertility changes in the following periods is, times, and publishing complimentary outreach endosteal area in males (decrease, p=0.02) and however, limited. In this paper, we reconstructed journals to your research articles is a long-lasting total area (no change, p>0.36).This suggests growth rate changes during the Middle Ages in way to make your research accessible that clavicles may infill with age, with associated Central Europe (ca. 500–1500 AD). We collected This material is based upon work supported by the changes in cross-sectional geometry. These age-at-death data for 9,500 individuals of 44 National Science Foundation Graduate Research preliminary findings imply that the clavicle may medieval Central European skeletal samples and Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE1255832. adapt differently than other long bones due to its estimated their growth rates. The growth rate esti- unique functional position. Therefore, it is impor- mations were done using regression equations tant to continue exploring intra-skeletal variation with D5+/D20+ age-at-death index (the number of Different patterns of integration of the and inter-skeletal variation in long bone geometry. deceased older than 5 years to those older than hyoid, mandible and tongue size in 20 years) as predictor. The growth rate of each Hominoidea – Implications for recon- skeletal sample were estimated using a unique structing the tongue size in fossil Phylogenetic analysis of the UCP1 gene in set of 1000 simulated skeletal samples with the hominins primates reveals clade-specific structural same number of adults as in the corresponding XIUYAN GAO1 and SANDRA A. MARTELLI2 variation real sample to take into account the stochastic 1Institute of Archaeology, University College CHRISTIAN M. GAGNON and CHRISTOPHER A. variation due to different sample sizes. The results London, 2UCL Centre for Integrative Anatomy (CIA), SCHMITT suggest that growth rate gradually decreased Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Anthropology, Boston University during the period from ca 2 % to almost zero with Division of Life Sciences, University College London The UCP1 gene plays an important role in non-shiv- a maximum observed around 900 AD. The growth Information extracted from the hominoid ering thermogenesis by providing the mechanism rate peak correspond to the formation of Great hyo-mandibular morphology could predict for heat generation in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Moravia, which was the first politically relevant tongue-size of the fossil hominin vocal tract. This unique mammalian trait is viewed as a crit- power of the Slavs in Central Europe and which We assume that hyoid, mandible and tongue ical adaptation which contributed to their adaptive experienced significant cultural and political devel- morphology reflect phylogeny, body size and radiation, particularly into colder climates. Most opment including the recognition of Christianity breathing, feeding and vocalising functions, then primates are considered tropical species, yet as an official ideology. investigate whether representative hominoid taxa BAT and UCP1 function are conserved, with few This research was supported by the project share patterns of relationships of these structures investigations into variation in this important gene GA19-17810S. during postnatal ontogeny and the resulting adult region. In this study, we examine the phyloge- morphology. netic history of the UCP1 gene in primates using We used One-way ANOVA and multivariate publicly available genomes from 28 primate Adaptive Utilization of Digital Forums for Bioanthropological Outreach correlations to analyse inter-and intraspecific vari- species, using the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) ation of volumetric tongue, hyoid and mandible ABIGAIL S. GANCZ and MAKENNA B. LENOVER as an outgroup. Strepsirrhines and haplorhines size of cross-sectional ontogenetic samples show major structural variants not found in tree Anthropology, Penn State (neonates-adult) of Homo sapiens (N=56) and shrews, including large clade-specific intronic Pedagogy and outreach are as important as Pan troglodytes (N=41) and a partial ontogenetic insertion and duplication elements. The tarsier research to the longevity and goals of anthro- sample (infant-adult) of Hylobatidae (N=11). showed a significantly higher number of unique pology. Specifically, engaging young children Homo and Pan ontogenetic growth patterns differ intronic insertions including the expansion of a is critical as it provides extracurricular scien- as follows: the human tongue, hyoid and mandible 241 b.p. CpG island following the first exon. We tific content and promotes diversity within the volumes increase steadily, with a growth spurt at identify two separate codon deletions, in amino field. Typical bioanthropological outreach often subadult stage. Pan volumes increase rapidly acid positions 104 in tarsiers, and 111 in lemurs, involves visits to schools, guest lectures, or from late juvenile and overtake Homo from respectively. Maximum-likelihood analyses one time programming. In the age of Covid-19, subadult stage onward. The gibbon sample is too using a clade model suggest that strepsirrhines sustainable and long term outreach avenues are small for secure observations but tends to follow and haplorhines have experienced a functional critical, and this requires a shift in pedagogical the human pattern. divergence in UCP1 (strepsirrhines: 2δLnL = approach. Anthropological outreach can be made 19.468, P-value = 0.00001; haplorhines: 2δLnL = sustainable through accessible, child-focused Human and gibbon adult hyoid, mandible and 17.446, P-value = 0.00003). Overall, these results publications. However, there is a systemic under- tongue volumes correlate strongly (p<0.01, all suggest that UCP1 has been subject to differ- representation of anthropological content in such comparisons) whereas Pan volumes are non-sig- ential selection across major primate lineages, formats, suggesting a need for a shift in pedagog- nificant (exception: hyoid-mandible correlation, most likely reflecting the need to adapt to differing ical training and approach. Through review of the p<0.01). All human volumes are significantly thermoregulatory needs, particularly for some Frontiers for Young Minds journal, we found that correlated with bodymass, while all ape volumes, smaller-bodied taxa such as the tarsiiformes and representation of biological anthropology topics with the exception of mandibular volume in Pan, some members of the order strepsirrhini. was low. By drafting our own outreach article, we are non-significantly correlated. created a guide of effective pedagogical strate- Tongue, hyoid and mandible-size correla- Growth rate changes during the Middle gies for engaging in this form of crisis-resilient tion patterns seem not to follow Hominoidea Ages (ca. 500–1500 AD) in Central Europe outreach. When writing, it is critical to remember phylogeny, with humans and Hylobatidae having the age group of the readership and to select topics PATRIK GALETA and ANNA PANKOWSKI tighter relationships than Pan. However, body- of interest to the audience. For example, even mass correlations with hyoid, mandible and Department of Anthropology, University of West though we are biological anthropologists studying Bohemia tongue are strong in humans and might be so development and health, we focused our paper in close-related fossil hominins too – further The previous research on growth and fertility rates on broader and interesting information about our research on functional adaptations on these sizes in the region of Central Europe detected a major study topic, the skull. CONC: Sustainable outreach is needed. shift during the transition from foraging to farming

Abstract Book 37 ABSTRACTS

Using a multi-level systems approach to to urban communities may place them at greater with limited methods. We present the nutritional address structural violence in COVID-19 risk for developing metabolic diseases due to content of 10 dry season foods consumed by H. and other health inequities changes in diet and lifestyle. Here we examine griseus at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar, measuring ANGELA R. GARCIA the effects of human migration on metabolic crude protein, available protein, simple sugars, markers of NIDDM among those who migrated fat, and fiber. Kruskal-Wallis comparisons with Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology, Emory to the Amazonian port town of Yurimaguas, two sympatric lemurs (Propithecus diadema and College Peru, and those born there. We collected demo- Eulemur fulvus) showed significant differences in graphic/health questioners, anthropometric all variables except for lignin. Foods of H. griseus The contemporaneity of the COVID-19 pandemic measurements, blood lipids panels (HDL, LDL, had high available protein (11.8% vs 5.2% for both alongside months of civil unrest that erupted total cholesterol, and blood triglycerides), systolic other species), consistent with the detoxification in response to the murders of George Floyd, and diastolic blood pressure, and A1c levels from limitation hypothesis and a higher protein need. Breonna Taylor, and so many others, focused 168 individuals (113 females, 55 males) residing H. griseus foods were the highest in neutral deter- attention on the abject racism and legacy of in and around Yurimaguas. Log-linear models gent fiber (70.5%), but lowest in lignin (10.9%); unequal treatment of Blacks in the U.S., and high- were used to fit multidimensional categorical data much of the diet consists of partly digestible fiber. lights a complex relationship between structural using iterative proportional fitting. Linear regres- Future studies should calculate total energy and violence and health inequity. For example, Black sion models were used to fit categorical and examine daily intakes alongside food composi- Americans experience the highest COVID-19 continuous variables. Individuals born and raised tion. Further research would be needed to answer mortality rates nationwide—more than twice that in Yurimaguas had lower A1c levels, lower blood more specific questions, such as whether foods of Whites. Genetic anthropology is uniquely situ- glucose, lower waist-to-hip ratios, and lower inci- are targeted for sulfur-containing amino acids, ated to address inequities in diseases including dence of NIDDM than individuals who migrated or other compounds linked to detoxification. COVID-19. However, to progress in this space, we to the city. No significant difference was noted Ongoing efforts to understand divergent primate need to advance research on gene–environment between these two groups in their incidence feeding strategies and macronutrient profiles will interactions and multiple determinants of health. hypertension, elevated triglycerides levels, LDL/ help in understanding nutritional requirements, This talk focuses on using a "systems approach" HDL ratios, or total cholesterol. These finding food choices and limits to survival, and will aid in to address COVID-19, which recognizes and suggest as Amazonians migrate into more urban- managing wild and captive primate habitats in the integrates the interconnectedness between deter- ized settings, A1c levels and central obesity are face of climate and habitat change. minants and outcomes at various levels: from important biomarkers for the onset of NIDDM. Funded by National Geographic Society, Eppley heritable, genetic components, to how genes are We conclude with factors such as socioeconomic Foundation for Research, and Northern Illinois University. influenced by processes at individual, ecological, status, endocrine disrupting toxins, diet, and life- and structural levels. style changes that may play a pivotal role in the onset NIDDM amongst Amazonian migrants as Sexual orientation-based disparities in Structural inequities (discrimination, crowded they adapt to their new urban surroundings. food security among American adults housing, non-remote jobs) influence individ- 1 2 uals directly (e.g. likelihood of infection, access Funded by: Diabetes Institue of the University of Kansas JAMES K. GIBB , MOSTAFA SHOKOOHI , TRAVIS 3,4,5 2 to medical care) and indirectly (e.g. disruption Medical Center Pilot Funding for Research into Diabetes. SALWAY and LORI E. ROSS 1 2 of endocrine-immune functions and metabolic Health and Society, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of processes that cause co-morbidities). Localized The nutritional chemistry of bamboo lemur Toronto, 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser factors interact with genomic features (e.g. (Hapalemur griseus) foods and niche University, 4British Columbia Centre for Disease genetic variation and expression) to create a 5 separation among sympatric lemurs in Control, Centre for Gender and Sexual Health complex network of risk. Most genome-wide Madagascar rainforests Equity association studies (GWAS) fail to consider how 1 2 Access to sufficient, safe, culturally-appropriate local-level variation influences gene expres- CHLOÊ N. GHERARDI , SARAH NAUGHTON , MOLLY 3 4 and nutritious food is essential for maintaining sion, and rarely focus on differences in disease C. FITZPATRICK , VOLOLONIRINA RAHALINARIVO , JEAN-FREDDY RANAIVOARISOA4, JEANNOT both physical and mental health. Despite a growing etiology, potentially driven by structural violence. RANDRIANASY4, JEAN-LUC RAHARISON5, BRUNO body of evidence suggesting that sexual minority Using systems-based analytical tools, genetic 5 6,7 RAMORASATA , JESSICA M. ROTHMAN and (SM) people experience significant disparities in anthropologists can leverage existing GWAS data, 3,5 MITCHELL T. IRWIN socioeconomic and material resource security, alongside diagnostics and multi-leveled data, to 1 Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, there remains a paucity of empirical studies exam- investigate unique disease pathways, and aid in 2 Institute for the Study of Environment, ining food insecurity among SM people relative the development of interventions for COVID-19. Sustainability and Energy, Northern Illinois to their heterosexual peers. This study exam- University, 3Anthropology, Northern Illinois ined the extent of food insecurity among sexual University, 4Mention Anthropobiologie et The influence of migration and urbani- Développment Durable, University of Antananarivo, minority (SM) people. We combined five cycles zation on the metabolic health of mobile 5ONG, SADABE, 6Anthropology, Hunter College, of US National Health and Nutrition Examination Amazonian people residing in Yurimaguas 7Graduate Center, CUNY Survey, 2005-2016 (Total N = 19,447) to examine sexual orientation-based differences in adult food Peru— a pilot study Bamboo lemurs show an unusual evolutionary security among Lesbian/Gay (n= 341), Bisexual J. CHADWICK GERHOLD1 and MJ MOSHER1,2 innovation, foraging on one of the primate order’s (n= 582), Same-Sex Experienced (n=651), and 1Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University most specialized diets: bamboo. This is rare Heterosexual (n= 17,873) adults. Multivariable of Kansas, 2Department of Anthropology, Western among vertebrates, and requires large amounts of multinomial logistic regression analysis was Washington University the enzyme rhodanese, the amino acids cysteine used to examine the association of sexual orien- and methionine (obtained mainly from dietary Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) tation and food insecurity adjusted for multiple protein), and readily available energy to detoxify is a global metabolic disease assumed to be rare socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural cyanide. Many studies have documented bamboo among Amazonian peoples due to their mixed factors. Associations were examined separately lemurs’ diet, but only one has analyzed the nutri- subsistence pattern integrating hunter gathering for males and females. Sexual orientation-based with subsistence farming. Migration from rural tional components of Hapalemur griseus foods,

38 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS disparities in adult food insecurity were observed how the pandemic has potentially influenced care Sex-specific adaptive effects of an ancient across all SM groups relative to heterosexual indi- preferences, with implications for how providers deletion polymorphism of the human viduals. Estimates of severe food insecurity was and policy makers should anticipate and respond growth hormone receptor nearly double among bisexuals (13.1%), same-sex to future care needs. OMER GOKCUMEN experienced (12.0%) and lesbians/gays (11.7%) Support: Wenner-Gren Hunt Fellowship (grant #9687); Biology, University at Buffalo compared to heterosexuals (6.6%). Regression Claire Garber Goodman Fund in the Department of analysis showed that bisexuals, same-sex expe- Anthropology at Dartmouth College The deletion of the third exon of the growth rienced, and lesbians/gays were more likely to hormone receptor (GHRd3) is one of the most experience moderate-to-severe food insecurity in common genomic structural variants in the the entire sample, as well as separately among Investigating signatures of selection and human genome. This deletion has been linked to males and females. Our analysis suggests that morphological diversity in the extant great response to growth hormone, placenta size, birth SM people experience increased rates of food ape face weight, growth after birth, time of menarche, adult insecurity relative to heterosexuals, and that ALFIE GLEESON1,2, AIDA ANDRÊS2 and AIDA height, and longevity. However, its evolutionary broader structural, socioeconomic and biocultural GOMEZ-ROBLES1 history and the exact mechanisms through which factors intersect with sexual orientation to differ- 1Anthropology, University College London, it affects phenotypes remain unresolved. While entially influence resource security. 2Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University the analysis of thousands of genomes suggests College London that this deletion was nearly fixed in the ances- tral population of anatomically modern humans Facial morphology is a diverse phenotype in The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and Neanderthals, it underwent a paradoxical humans that is crucial for signalling individual on maternity care preferences for future adaptive reduction in frequency approximately identity. Evolutionary processes that generate pregnancies among women living in the 30 thousand years ago, a demographic signature facial diversity are not fully understood. It’s United States that roughly corresponds with the emergence of thought that neutral processes generate the 1,2 2,3 multiple modern human behaviors and a concur- THERESA E. GILDNER and ZANETA M. THAYER majority of this diversity, although it's been 1 rent population expansion. Using a mouse line Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, suggested that selective pressures contribute 2 3 engineered to contain the deletion, pleiotropic Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Ecology, to some extent. Different facial regions could be and sex-specific effects on organismal growth, Evolution, Environment & Society Program, constrained by different processes, particularly if Dartmouth College the expression levels of hundreds of genes, and signalling identity via the face imposes a strong serum lipid composition were documented, The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mater- selective pressure. By combining genomic and potentially involving the nutrient-dependent nity care decisions, including plans to change morphological techniques we aim to explore mTORC1 pathway. These growth and metabolic providers or delivery location due to pandemic-re- whether signatures of selection are evidenced in effects are consistent with a model in which the lated restrictions and fears. A relatively unexplored genes associated with facial morphology, and if allele frequency of GHRd3 varies throughout question, however, is how the pandemic may this is reflected in anatomical diversity of the skull. shape future maternity care preferences human evolution as a response to fluctuations in Signatures of selection were investigated by post-pandemic. Here, we use data collected from resource availability. The last distinctive prehis- combining two datasets obtained from published an online survey of 498 women living in the United toric shift in allele frequency might be related to population genomic studies; 1) collated set of States to evaluate how and why the pandemic newly developed technological buffers against the genomic regions identified as associated with has affected women’s future care preferences. effects of oscillating resource levels. diversity in human facial morphology via GWAS We hypothesize that while the majority of women The work was financially supported by the National (Genome-Wide Association Studies), and 2) great will express a continued interest in hospital birth Science Foundation (no. 1714867). ape genomes with a calculated statistic, NCD and OB/GYN care due to perceived safety of (Non-central deviation), which identifies genomic medicalized birth, a subset of women will express signatures of balancing selection. Preliminary An Alternative to the Mandibulometer: a new interest in out-of-hospital or “community” results showed some genes contain nominal Testing the Replicability of a New Method care in future pregnancies. However, factors signatures of balancing selection across species, such as local provider and facility availability, LESLIE GOLDMANN, ANASTASIA TEMKINA and suggesting that some aspects of face diversity insurance coverage, and out-of-pocket cost could JONATHAN D. BETHARD may be actively maintained by selection. limit access to future preferred care options. A Anthropology, University of South Florida total of 29 participants (5.82% of the sample) Morphological diversity of the great ape skull was Mandibular measurements are an essential part of reported a novel preference for community care measured using geometric morphometrics incor- bioanthropological investigations of the skeleton. during future pregnancies. Several participants porating dense 3D configurations of landmarks. However, traditional mandibulometers are costly described how the pandemic led them to learn Diversity was variable by region, e.g. gorillas and instruments not accessible to every biological more about community care options. Common orangutans showed high levels of intraspecific anthropologist or laboratory. Recently, Garvin and reasons given for now favoring community care diversity in upper craniofacial regions, but low Severa (2019) developed an alternative method included a preference for a natural birth model, a variation in mid-face regions when compared to for measuring human mandibles with freely avail- desire for more person-centered care, and a belief humans and chimpanzees. able computer software. This approach requires that community births are safer. However, a rela- Comparing these interdisciplinary datasets a digital camera, scale, and the software package tively high percentage (29.2%) of participants with across great apes provides a powerful tool for ImageJ to reconstruct mandibular length, ramus novel preference for community care indicated better understanding the evolution of the face. height, and mandibular angle from photographs. that they expected limitations in their ability to The purpose of this study was to examine if the access these services. These findings highlight AG supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [grant number BB/ new alternative method equals data collection M009513/1], AGR supported by UCL-Excellence protocols requiring the mandibulometer. Human programme. mandibles (n = 35) from the Human Osteology Laboratory at the University of South Florida were

Abstract Book 39 ABSTRACTS

photographed and measured in ImageJ following impacted underrepresented trainees, what we Practices within bioarchaeology have been largely the protocol of Garvin and Severa (2019). Data have learned throughout our platform develop- shaped by Western and Christian ideologies. were also recorded with the mandibulometer for ment, and our efforts to continue community However little research has been conducted to comparative purposes. Reconstructed mandib- building while confined to virtual spaces. understand how religious social frameworks ular measurements were analyzed in R. Results shaped and continue to regulate the archaeolog- demonstrated that inter-observer agreement is ical disturbance of human remains. This paper higher when using a traditional mandibulometer Parasitic load in grey-bellied owl monkeys examines Catholic and Protestant perspectives than when using the digital method. Intra-observer (Aotus lemurinus) living within city limits on death and burial to understand how they have error using the digital method was low, meaning of Manizales, Colombia influenced the study of human remains in bioar- the observers followed the method consistently. PAMELA GONZALEZ VANEGAS1,2, MAJA ŠEŠELJ1 chaeology. This analysis was conducted to bridge Mandibular height and angle assessed using the and WILLIAM A. CAÁN-FRANCO3 the knowledge gap between the work bioarchae- digital method agree with the traditional meas- 1Anthropology, Bryn Mawr College, 2Biology, Bryn ologists do and the underlying social context. For 3 urement, while ramus height measured from a Mawr College, Departamento de Salud Animal, this, an extensive review of professional codes photograph deviates from its mandibulometer Universidad de Caldas of conduct, professionally and nationally regu- counterpart. All technical error of measurement Anthropogenic activities including habitat frag- lated ethics, and national law was undertaken to (TEM) values are less than 3 mm regardless of mentation, urbanization, and pollution not only understand how each of these shape practices observer or method. TEM values were higher have direct adverse impacts on biodiversity, but within bioarchaeology. These practices were then for ramus height measurements. Our results also contribute to parasite transmission to and meta-analyzed to understand how and where demonstrate that the alternate digital method from wildlife. Given our close evolutionary rela- Catholic and Protestant ideologies have influ- could be a viable alternative to the traditional tionship, primates are vulnerable to many of the enced them. Results showed that while there is mandibulometer in bioanthropological research; same parasitic infections as humans. While there a trend in science towards secularization, often however, slight improvements to its instructions is a relative paucity of research into parasites deeply entrenched religious perspectives remain. are suggested. affecting platyrrhines in general, there is even less We conclude that differences in bioarchaeology research into parasites affecting the species of the are often due to how public attitudes shape genus Aotus, despite their wide geographic distri- professional practice. The social context of bioar- Supporting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion bution across Central and South America. This is chaeology is largely shaped by each country’s During Civil Unrest and a Global Pandemic the first report of parasites affecting wild grey-bel- history of religion and colonization. FELICIA GOMEZ, JESSICA SILVA-FISHER, DAVID M. lied owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus) in Manizales, MITACS Research Training Award ALVARADO, AMANDA SMITH, AMBER GRIFFITH, Colombia. The monkeys live in a fragmented GABRIEL MBALAVIELE and JOSEPH PANGELINAN semi-arid, premontane forest trail encircling Medicine, Washington University School of approximately two hectares of hilly terrain on the Snapshots of Representation in Medicine edge of a densely populated neighborhood. Out Bioanthropology Textbooks We find ourselves in a moment in history that of 16 fecal samples, six (37.5%) were positive ELLISON J. GOODRICH1 and MELISSA S. is unlike any other. The global pandemic has for at least one parasite; three of these showed SEABOCH1,2 reshaped how we live, work, and play. We are evidence of multiple infections. The five identified 1Anthropology, University of Utah, 2Anthropology, also in a new chapter of our national struggle with parasite genera include protozoa Cryptosporidium Salt Lake Community College the social construction of race and the inequality (n=3) and Eimeria (n=1), and nematodes Representation matters and diversity in research that persists because of this flawed idea. Those Trypanoxyuris (n=2), Ancylostoma (n=1), and teams fosters better science. A 2014 survey of us who work to improve diversity in academia Physaloptera (n=1). Of these, Cryptosporidium, showed that 86.9% of AAPA members identified are in a challenged situation, but we are rising Physaloptera, and Ancylostoma could have as “white”. The percentage is higher in AAPA to meet this challenge. In 2016, the Trainee potentially been introduced into the owl monkey compared to AAA and to other STEM fields. The Inclusion and Cultural Awareness Task Force at population from infected humans and/or house- goal of this project was to assess representa- Washington University School of Medicine asked hold animals. Interestingly, only Trypanoxyuris tion in textbook images. We predicted that trainees who are underrepresented in medicine has been previously reported in wild Aotus azarai male researchers would be represented more what, if any, institutional barriers are impacting azarai in Argentina and free-ranging Aotus nigri- frequently than female researchers, and that their ability to achieve their career goals. The ceps in Peru; Cryptosporidium was detected in “white” researchers would be represented more task force identified a deficit in quality mentor- captive Aotus nigriceps in Brazil. Further research frequently than people of color (POC) researchers. ship as the most salient barrier. To address this is needed to elucidate the relative contributions of We also predicted that representation of both need we are creating a platform, geared toward natural versus anthropogenic factors impacting women and POC researchers would increase underrepresented trainees, that consists of online parasite loads and transmission in the Colombian from the first to the current editions. For images and in-person opportunities to identify mentors, owl monkeys. in first and current editions of six introductory colleagues, and sponsors; it will be the first of its bioanthropology textbooks, we recorded role kind in our department. We will build a commu- (researcher or subject), sex, and “ancestry” (“white” nity that provides support and guidance to propel The role of Christian traditions in bioar- or POC). We compared representation in current trainees toward their career goals. The pandemic chaeological practice: how public, textbooks with binomial tests and representa- has derailed our progress. This is especially diffi- professional, and ethical attitudes impact tion over time with Z-tests (alpha=0.01). Of 199 cult because we are in a watershed moment in the archaeological disturbance of human researchers depicted in the current textbooks, history when communities like the one we are remains more males (N=144, 72.4%) were represented building are needed the most. Nonetheless, we ELLIE GOODERHAM and HUGO FV. CARDOSO than females (binomial test p<0.001) and fewer are creating solutions and moving forward. We Department of Archaeology and Centre for POC researchers (N=32, 16.1%) were depicted will discuss how the pandemic has uniquely Forensic Research, Simon Fraser University (binomial test p<0.001) supporting our hypoth- eses. Representation of female researchers increased from the first to the current editions

40 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS by 20.9% (Z=-4.3267, p<0.00001), but POC necessary for human bipedalism evolved within Residential Mobility, Pastoralism, and representation did not significantly change (Z= the hominoid clade. Future research will focus Community in Ancient Kush -1.383, p=0.16758). When POC were depicted on how activation patterns influence locomotor LESLEY A. GREGORICKA1 and BRENDA J. BAKER2 (N=161 photos), they were more frequently as kinematics. 1Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Social subjects (80.1%, N=129,) than as researchers This research was supported through the Japan Society Work, University of South Alabama, 2School of (binomial test p<0.001). These results illustrate for the Promotion of Science’s Grant-in-Aid for Early- Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State the underrepresentation of women and POC in Career Scientists (JP18K14804). University bioanthropology textbooks. To increase the diver- The Kingdom of Kush in what is now northern sity of bioanthropologists, students must see Sudan and southern Egypt is often depicted as themselves represented in their bioanthropology Interpreting kinship, relatedness, and a secondary state relative to ancient Egypt. More classes, including in the textbook. biological health in historic Oymaağaç, Turkey via os acetabuli and os naviculare: recent investigations have set aside Egyptocentric An analysis and critique of the use of bony and colonialist perspectives of state develop- Paraspinal muscle activation during ossicles in bioarchaeology ment focused on control of land and agricultural surplus. Instead, Kushites from ancient Nubia bipedal walking in orthograde primates MADELYN K. GREEN1 and KATHRYN E. are examined through the lens of African-based and its implications for the evolution of MARKLEIN2,3 models of mobile pastoralism in which power trunk balance 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State and authority were achieved through control of RYOSUKE GOTO1, NEYSA GRIDER-POTTER2, YUKI University, 2Department of Anthropology, University herds and alliance-building. From Kerma period KINOSHITA3, KENJI OKA4, TETSUYA SHITARA5 and of Louisville, 3Center for Archaeology and Cultural YOSHIHIKO NAKANO5 Heritage, University of Louisville cemetery sites around al-Qinifab, Sudan, located 1 between the fourth and fifth cataracts of the Nile Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, In modern populations, some accessory bones 2 River, we analyzed the strontium isotope ratios Department of Clinical Anatomy and Osteopathic (“os”' bones) have been shown to exhibit high Practices and Principals, Rocky Vista University, of 27 individuals dating from the Early through heritability. Despite implications for kinship anal- 3Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Late Kerma/New Kingdom phases (ca. 2500- ysis, bony ossicles oftentimes go undetected 4Faculty of Rehabilitation, saka Kawasaki 1100 BCE) to investigate diachronic shifts in 5 and under-examined in bioarchaeology. Os Rehabilitation University, Graduate School of mobility patterns linked to pastoralism and state acetabuli and os naviculare were recovered from Human Sciences, Osaka University development. Oymaağaç, Turkey, in both Hellenistic-Roman (1st To maintain balance during bipedal walking, the c. BCE-4th c. CE) and Roman-Byzantine (5th c.-9th Individuals from the Early and Middle Kerma human spine must attenuate the antero-pos- 87 86 c. CE) periods. Mass and multigenerational burial phases demonstrated considerable Sr/ Sr terior acceleration of upper body. Previous circumstances, presence or absence of grave ratio variability (mean = 0.7085 ± 0.0012), while research has shown that humans stabilize the goods, and temporal periods were investigated later Classic (0.7075 ± 0.0005) and Late Kerma/ trunk via a ‘top-down’ activation of paraspinal for differences in ossicle prevalence. Any occur- New Kingdom (0.7075 ± 0.0004) ratios largely muscles, in which cranial muscle fascicles acti- rences of the two ossicle types were noted; while fell within locally bioavailable strontium ranges vated earlier than caudal fascicles. We expect os acetabuli was only observed in one individual, produced by modern fauna (0.7062-0.7084). that similar mechanisms exist in other primates multiple occurrences of os naviculare allowed for These changes indicate a potential transforma- that use orthograde bipedal walking under statistical analysis based on burial circumstances tion in social organization as early communities natural conditions. Here we hypothesize that (n=222), grave good presence (n=238), and time engaged in a more mobile lifestyle than later ‘top-down’ activation of paraspinal muscles facil- period (n=238). Total prevalence rates (TPR) for groups, perhaps reflecting a greater degree of itates balance during hominoid bipedalism using right, left, and total os naviculare were compared pastoralism followed by increased linkage to the humans (n=5), a gibbon (n=1), and Japanese using parametric Pearson’s Χ2 tests.Comparisons Kerma core area and declining mobility with state macaque (n=1). We simultaneously recorded showed overall higher TPR of os naviculare coalescence. Females and males from all periods activations of paraspinal muscles at multiple in mass burial circumstances (18.6%), within exhibited non-local ratios in equal numbers. vertebral levels (C7, T1, T4, T8, T12, and L4 during 87 86 Hellenistic-Roman contexts (6.60%), and among Because Sr/ Sr ratios from enamel reflect bipedal walking using electromyography. Cross- burials with associated grave goods (7.93%). childhood geographic residence, this observation correlation coefficients were computed between Significant differences (p-value ≤ 0.05) were only suggests that mobility involved the entire commu- the activation signals at each vertebral level and observed between mass and multigenerational nity and not just transhumant adults. L4 to understand shifts in activation patterns burial contexts: 17.4% and 4.21% (right), 20% and among species Funding was provided by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological 3.57% (left), and 18.6% and 3.91% (total), respec- Project, the Center for Bioarchaeological Research Our preliminary results showed the ‘top-down’ acti- tively. The differences of os naviculare between at ASU, and the University of South Alabama Faculty vations in the gibbon and human thoracolumbar mass and multigenerational burial contexts illus- Development Council Grant. region, but not in the macaque. Both the gibbon trate how bony ossicles, as proxies for kinship and and human paraspinal muscles activate incre- relatedness, can contribute to interpretations of The influence of locomotor mode on mentally along the spine (e.g. T4 fascicles activate biological health and mortality risk factors. Overall, nuchal muscle activity in Macaca fuscata before T8 and so on). Although the macaque there is a need for more critical methods of exca- and Hylobates lar shows a similar pattern at T4 and T8, the T12 vation and analysis to identify accessory ossicles, 1 2 fascicles activate after those at L4. These results as they can bolster inferences of past lifeways, NEYSA GRIDER-POTTER , RYOSUKE GOTO , 3 3 may imply that the torso-balancing mechanism especially regarding relatedness and health. TETSUYA SHITARA and YOSHIHIKO NAKANO 1Department of Clinical Anatomy and Osteopathic Practices and Principals, Rocky Vista University, 2Department of Physical Therapy, Gunma Paz University, 3Department of Human Sciences, Osaka University

Abstract Book 41 ABSTRACTS

Nuchal muscles maintain head stability during a more spacious birth canal in women, whereas males of larger body mass would exhibit greater locomotion in order facilitate visual and vestibular the source for opposing selection favoring a small wear than males of smaller body mass. Finally, feedback necessary to navigate the environment. birth canal remains hotly debated. One explana- because many of the females were pregnant or However, extrinsic nuchal muscles also move tion is that a more expansive birth canal results in lactating at the time of dental examination, we the forelimb when the head and neck are stable. the soft tissue of the pelvic floor being suspended hypothesized that there would be no relationship How do nuchal muscles function during loco- across a larger area, which is disadvantageous between body mass and wear in females. We motion to both maintain head stability and move for supporting the weight of the inner organs found that with age included in ordinal logistic the forelimb? We hypothesize that 1) locomotor and fetus and for maintaining continence. To test regression models, males had significantly more modes relying on forelimb activity will require this “pelvic floor hypothesis”, we varied a three-di- worn molars than females, larger males had more greater muscular effort on the part of the extrinsic mensional finite element model of the human worn molars than smaller males, and that for nuchal muscles and 2) intrinsic nuchal muscle pelvic floor in size (expressed as the square root females, molar wear was not significantly related activity will correspond to extrinsic activity in of the surface area) and thickness and studied to body mass. These results suggest that over the order to maintain both head stability and provide the effects on pelvic floor deflection (downward life course, animals with larger body sizes (males an anchor for the forelimb muscles. To test these deformation). Our results showed that deflection vs. females and larger vs. smaller males) may hypotheses, we collected fine wire electromy- increased disproportionately with pelvic floor size accumulate more wear than those with smaller ographic data during locomotor experiments and that it was mitigated by increasing thickness. body sizes. Future analyses to be conducted on using Macaca fuscata and Hylobates lar. Data Nonetheless, even when thickness was varied the Cayo Santiago monkeys’ skeletal remains will were collected from two extrinsic nuchal muscles proportionately to pelvic floor size, deflection further evaluate this possibility. (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid) and two increased disproportionately fast for models at, The Cayo Santiago colony is supported by NIH intrinsic muscles (splenius capitis and rectus or larger than, the mean modern human female 5P40OD012217. This project is supported by NSF grants capitis posterior minor). For each species, muscle size. Thus, larger pelvic floors deflect relatively to DG-S., LK., MZ, and QW (NSF #1926528, 1926481, activity was compared between forelimb-assisted more than smaller pelvic floors, which supports 1926402, and 1926601).

locomotion (terrestrial quadrupedalism, nm=131, the pelvic floor hypothesis. Increased pelvic floor

and brachiation, nh=55) and hindlimb-dominate thickness considerably reduced deflection, but as Envisioning an anti-racist anthropological locomotion (bipedalism, nm=71 and nh=143) using a side effect it also increases the intra-abdominal linear mixed models. pressure necessary for successful childbirth. Our genetics: Using our power as schol- results thus highlight functional trade-offs not ar-teachers for transformative change Locomotor mode significantly influences muscle only in the size of the birth canal but also in the within our institutions activity across all muscles in both species. As thickness and stiffness of the pelvic floor. ELAINE E. GUEVARA expected, extrinsic muscle activity is greater Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University during forelimb-assisted gait cycles (p<0.001). This work was made possible thanks to the Austrian Further, in both Macaca and Hylobates sterno- Science Fund (FWF), project number M 2772-B (to ES). The civil rights movement of 2020 has called for cleidomastoid activity correlates positively with academics to dismantle white supremacy within that of splenius capitis indicating that increases and beyond our institutions. Many anthropological Relationships between sex, body mass in extrinsic muscle activity necessitates a corre- geneticists have long been vocal in condemning and tooth wear in Cayo Santiago rhesus sponding increase in intrinsic muscle activity the central roles of both anthropology and 2 2 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (r m=0.91, r h=0.51). This pattern has implications genetics in essentializing white supremacy. We 1 for understanding the mechanics of locomotor DEBBIE GUATELLI-STEINBERG , ELIZABETH must continue and prioritize these efforts within 2 2 head stability and how locomotion may influ- MALDONADO , TERRY B. KENSLER , LUCI A.P. our classrooms and the public sphere. However, KOHN3, MARTIN Q. ZHAO4 and QIAN WANG5 ence the evolution of primate musculoskeletal this work is insufficient without seriously working 1 Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State for inclusivity and diversity within our field. Doing morphology. 2 University, Caribbean Primate Research Center, so will require examining how we perpetuate This research was supported through the Japan Society University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences inequity in our profession. I urge us to see this for the Promotion of Science’s Postdoctoral Fellowship Campus, 3Department of Biological Sciences, (PE18761) and Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists Southern Illinois University, 4Department of challenging moment as an opportunity to begin (JP18K14804). Computer Science, Mercer University, 5Department conversations about how to make transforma- of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University tive change within our institutions. I offer a few College of Dentistry specific challenges, starting with counteracting Trade-offs in the pelvic floor constrain Understanding factors affecting tooth wear in the harmful, persistent myth of the meritocracy human pelvic evolution: A finite element in science by acknowledging that access to doing approach primates is of interest because as teeth wear, their chewing efficiency can change—in some the undeniably hard work of science itself is a 1,2,3 4 NICOLE D.S. GRUNSTRA , KRISHNA KUMAR , species positively and in others negatively. It is privilege available to very few. I advocate aban- PHILIPP MITTEROECKER2 and EKATERINA well known that teeth wear with age, but relation- doning assimilationist approaches to diversity STANSFIELD2 ships between sex and tooth wear and between initiatives and teaching, which can re-enact rather 1KLI, Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and body size and tooth wear are less well under- than redress injustice, as well as dampen the Cognition Research, 2Department of Evolutionary positive impact of diversity on science. I suggest 3 stood. Here we analyze molar wear scores from Biology, University of Vienna, Mammal Collection, rethinking classroom practices like presenting a 4 a cross-sectional sample of 212 Cayo Santiago Natural History Museum Vienna, Department of procession of Western geniuses as the engine of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) adults exam- scientific advancement, which promote incom- Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas ined in 1985. Because males are generally larger at Austin than females—potentially processing more food plete and exclusionary understandings of how knowledge builds. Additionally, I make the case Humans are characterized by a tight fetopelvic over their lifetimes—we hypothesized that with age included in an ordinal logistic regression that true inclusivity will require envisioning a more fit, with the relatively small birth canal a “compro- humane work environment where those with a mise” between multiple antagonistic selection model, males would exhibit significantly greater wear than females. We further hypothesized that broader range of life responsibilities and priorities pressures. Obstetric selection is assumed to favor can truly thrive. Ultimately, effecting meaningful

42 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS change will require resisting quick fixes and Which came first: the pelvis or the EGG? Ancient perspectives on pandemics, instead a commitment to critical reflection, chal- Energetics of Gestation and Growth versus prenatal health, and pregnancy loss lenging conversations, collaborative action, and Obstetrical Dilemma SIÁN E. HALCROW1 and GWEN ROBBINS SCHUG2,3 courage. MARTIN HAEUSLER1, NICOLE D.S. GRUNSTRA2,3,4, 1Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, CINZIA FORNAI1,5, VIKTORIA A. KRENN1,5, ROBERT 2Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State D. MARTIN1,6 and NICOLE M. WEBB1,7 University, 3Department of Anthropology, The What accentuated striae in tooth enamel 1Institut of Evolutionary Medicine, University of University of North Carolina reveal about physiological stress differ- 2 Zuerich, Switzerland, Konrad Lorenz Institute for There have been recent calls for research on the ences in two Ohio populations of disparate Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, effects of COVID-19 on prenatal stressors, birth socioeconomic status Austria, 3Department of Evolutionary Biology, outcomes, developmental patterns, and assess- KAITA N. GURIAN1, SARAH HOLT1, LEIGH University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 4Mammal ment of the effects of the pandemic on later OLDERSHAW1, MARK HUBBE1,2 and DEBBIE Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, GUATELLI-STEINBERG1 Austria, 5Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, health. The psychosocial effects for the mother 6 1Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 2Instituto University of Vienna, Austria, Negaunee Integrative in the COVID environment are becoming apparent de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA, and there is clinical evidence for placental injury 7 Católice del Norte, Chile Palaeoanthropology Department, Senckenberg and neurological damage in children. The current Research Institute and Natural History Museum global COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportu- Accentuated Striae (AS) are enamel disruptions Frankfurt, Germany nity for bioarchaeologists to contribute long-term visible as thick dark lines in histological slides of The “Energetics of Gestation and Growth” (EGG) perspectives and interpretive models towards enamel, paralleling normal growth lines known hypothesis posits that labour is initiated when understanding and responding to the current-day as brown striae of Retzius. They have been used the energetic demands of the fetus surpass the global crisis in health. The investigation of the as indicators of stress in archaeological, forensic, mother’s sustained metabolic capacity. Thus, maternal-infant nexus is a nascent field in bioar- and primate studies in biological anthropology. human neonates are neurologically and physically chaeology, which is particularly informative for Previous studies have suggested a link between more immature than non-human primates, i.e., understanding past population health, healthcare, specific stressors, the formation of AS, and future “secondarily altricial”, because gestation length is and disparities imposed by structural inequalities mental and physical health risks. This research capped by supposedly exponentially increasing based on factors such as ethnic identity, caste, investigates whether there is a relationship energetic demands of the developing fetus. This class, and/or socioeconomic status. We present between the manifestation of AS and (1) socio- contrasts with the assumption of the “Obstetrical case studies from South and Southeast Asia economic status (SES) differences between two Dilemma” hypothesis that maternal pelvic dimen- that highlight a bioarchaeological approach for Ohio populations, and (2) several biological attrib- sions constrain neonatal size and thus gestation assessing the burden of epidemics on the mater- utes of the sample. length. Our analysis of nearly continuous data of nal-fetal pair. We find that during epidemics that Deciduous teeth were collected from 48 individ- fetal growth showed a decline in energy require- the greatest burden of mortality and morbidity uals representing two populations with known ments for the offspring between gestation week is found in the remains of women and babies, disparities in overall stress level (Population A: 36 and shortly after birth. Thereafter, the same including substantial evidence for prenatal stress high-income population from affluent neighbor- growth rate is resumed as prior to gestation week in the form of nutritional insufficiencies and hoods in Central Ohio; Population B: low-income 36, before it again slows down and exceeds the growth disruption. We demonstrate that the expe- population from primarily rural Appalachian Ohio). mother’s alleged metabolic ceiling only about rience of pregnancy loss and stress during these Histological slides of enamel were created, and 6 months after birth. These findings contradict epidemics are shaped by structural inequalities, the presence of AS was observed in each tooth previous extrapolations implying an energetic comorbidities and biocultural frailty, and changes using a Nikon polarizing transmitted light micro- demand that exponentially increases prenatally, in human-animal interactions, paleodemography, scope with Cannon digital camera. AS prevalence thus challenging the EGG hypothesis. Moreover, migration and the environment. was compared between samples and contrasted the metabolic ceiling of the expectant mother is with several demographic and biological health assumed to be around 2.1×basal metabolic rate variables (gestation length, birth mode, sex of the (BMR), corresponding to only 628 kcal above the Utilizing local corporate partnerships to infant, gestational diabetes). energy requirements of non-pregnant, non-lac- aid in conservation at a small chimpanzee tating women. However, this proposed metabolic (Pan troglodytes verus) conservation site AS were only observed among the low-income in Sierra Leone population (31%) and this prevalence is signif- threshold has yet to be directly tested. Further, ANDREW R. HALLORAN1 and CHRISTINA T. icantly higher than that observed among the data derived from endurance athletes suggest CLOUTIER BARBOUR2 high-income population (0%) (chi-square test; that the maximum sustained metabolic scope 1Chimpanzee Behavior & Care, Save the Chimps, p=0.007). There are no associations between AS plateaus around 2.5×BMR, making it increasingly 2Primates, Lion Country Safari and any other variable (p>0.05 for all compar- unlikely that pregnant women approach this level isons). This result supports the link between AS by the end of pregnancy and that it is crossed The Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project is a small and non-specific population stress, reinforcing the by the fetus before birth. These findings warrant community-based conservation project focused validity of this indicator for studies reconstructing reservations regarding an energetic basis as the on 15 km2 in central Sierra Leone. The chief aim of population health in the past. sole determinant to human birth timing. the project is to mitigate conflict between the local This research was funded by Swiss National Science humans and the wild chimpanzee populations in Foundation grant No 31003A_176319. the region, which may manifest as chimpanzee crop raiding, habitat destruction and degradation, and poaching events. Mitigation strategies have been targeted, and have included policies such as agricultural intensification of land deemed to be undesirable chimpanzee habitat. Historically, the project has subsisted off small grants and

Abstract Book 43 ABSTRACTS

private donations, but we have recently engaged sexes. Overall, trends in It.OPD and Fg.OPD were Genetically Determined Strength of Natural local companies in Sierra Leone to assist with our similar, with comparable means at the anterior Killer Cells is 1 Enhanced by Adaptive HLA initiatives. The engagement has resulted in more and midshaft locations and decreasing posteri- class I Admixture in East Asians initiatives as well as greater in-situ visibility. In the orly. However, when comparing sexes, significant GENELLE F. HARRISON past year, we have partnered with a Sierra Leonean differences were found at all locations. These Division of Personalized Medicine, University of subsidiary of an international brewery to plant over observed differences in both It.OPD and Fg.OPD Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus 50 hectares of sorghum, which the brewery will, in suggest that further investigation into the roles turn, purchase from the local communities once of these individual variables and their individual Human natural killer (NK) cells are essential harvested. Somewhat more controversially, the contributions to OPD in age-at-death estimation for controlling infection, cancer and fetal devel- project has engaged with a local biofuel company methods is warranted. opment. NK cell functions are modulated by in order to provide agricultural equipment that interactions between polymorphic inhibitory killer can be used to transform desertified seasonal cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and poly- floodplains into agricultural fields. We contend Incongruence between self-reported morphic HLA-A, -B and -C ligands expressed on that small community-based conservation efforts health and chronic disease risk amongst tissue cells. All HLA-C alleles encode a KIR ligand are crucial to the preservation of wild chimpan- rural Nicaraguan women experiencing an and contribute to reproduction and immunity. In zees across Africa, but especially for the critically epidemiological transition contrast, only some HLA-A and -B alleles encode endangered western subspecies, where suitable DREW HARDIN1, BARBARA A. PIPERATA1, JASON KIR ligands and they focus on immunity. By habitat has declined by over 80% in just the past DE CARO2, NATASHA HOEHN3, GARIEL E. BROWN3, high-resolution analysis of KIR and HLA-A, -B and 4 3 few decades. Without large swaths of protected KAMMI K. SCHMEER and WARREN WILSON -C genes, we show that the Chinese Southern Han forests, conservation of this particular population 1Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State are significantly enriched for interactions between 2 requires a targeted, community-based approach. University, Department of Anthropology, University inhibitory KIR and HLA-A and -B. This enrichment 3 In the absence of large grants, novel approaches of Alabama, Department of Anthropology and has had substantial input through population Archeology, University of Calgary, 4Department of to project sustainability are necessary. admixture with neighboring populations, who Sociology, The Ohio State University contributed HLA class I haplotypes expressing the Self-rated health (SRH), a subjective measure of KIR ligands B*46:01 and B*58:01, which subse- Examining the relationships of intact and health status, is used in national health surveys, quently rose to high frequency by natural selection. fragmentary osteons in human ribs at including in low- and middle-income countries Consequently, over 80% of Southern Han HLA multiple locations experiencing epidemiological transitions, as a haplotypes encode more than one KIR ligand. ANGELA L. HARDEN1, VICTORIA M. DOMINGUEZ2,3,4 proxy for overall health. However, the extent to Complementing the high number of KIR ligands, and AMANDA M. AGNEW1,5 which SRH reflects risk of emerging chronic the Chinese Southern Han KIR locus combines a 1Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio disease in such settings remains unclear. We high frequency of genes expressing potent inhibi- State University, 2Department of Anthropology, test the relationship between SRH and objective tory KIR, with a low frequency of those expressing Lehman College, City University of New York, measures of risk for cardiometabolic diseases activating KIR. The Southern Han centromeric 3Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, among 200 rural Nicaraguan women, where the KIR region encodes strong conserved, inhibi- 4 City University of New York, New York Consortium rate of these diseases is on the rise. SRH was tory HLA-C specific receptors, and the telomeric 5 of Evolutionary Primatology, Department of measured with a Likert scale (bad to excellent). region provides a high number and diversity of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Measures of chronic disease risk included BMI, inhibitory HLA-A and -B specific receptors. In all Osteon population density (OPD) is a common waist-to-height ratio, blood pressure, and blood these characteristics, the Southern Han represent variable utilized in histological age-at-death glucose. Using international cut-offs, women other East Asians, whose NK cell repertoires are methods. OPD is determined by combining the were categorized as within the normal range (0) or thus enhanced in quantity, diversity and effector total number of intact (It.On) and fragmentary (Fg. above it (1). These data were combined to create strength, likely through natural selection for resist- On) osteons over a given surface area. However, a chronic disease risk index (CDRI) (range 0-4). ance to endemic viral infections. research analyzing the constituent variables on For SRH, responses were 7.5% bad, 61% regular, 1) Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of their own is lacking. It has been suggested that 24.5% good, 4% very good, 3% excellent. For CDRI, Shenzhen; 2) the National Natural Science Foundation of pooling these data may obscure relevant infor- 4.5% scored a 0, 39.5% scored a 1, 35.5% scored China; 3) the National Institutes of Health of the USA mation. The aim of this research is to evaluate a 2, 17% scored a 3, 3.5% scored a 4. Using an the differences in It.On and Fg.On at multiple OLS regression that included potential correlates locations to provide additional data on rib histo- of SRH and chronic disease risk, we found no Collecting Bodies Down La Plata: morphometry both along the length of the rib association between SRH and CDRI (beta=0.057, Bioarchaeology of three sites along the La and between sexes. Sixth level human ribs were p=0.48). Of the additional correlates considered, Plata River in southern Colorado occupied ethically obtained from ten post-mortem human only mental health status (SRQ-20), was signifi- during the Basketmaker III and Pueblo I subjects (females=5, males=5) at three specific cantly associated with SRH (beta=.27, p=0.001). transition sampling locations (posterior [25%], midshaft Results indicate that SRH was a poor predictor RYAN P. HARROD [50%], and anterior [75%]). Nine sections from of cardiometabolic disease risk in this setting and Anthropology, University of Alaska Anchorage each rib were analyzed (three seriated sections at raise questions as to the use of SRH as proxy for From 1913 to 1927, human skeletal remains each location), for a total sample of 90 sections. overall health in contexts experiencing epidemio- were recovered from three sites in La Plata The number of It.On and Fg.On were counted and logical transitions. River drainage at Site 19, Site 22, and Site 23. cortical area (Ct.Ar) was calculated, which was Funding for this work comes from The University The remains were excavated by Earl Morris and used to calculate It.OPD and Fg.OPD. Analysis of Calgary and The Ohio State University, Office of Harry Shapiro and some of them were sent to of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine International Affairs. the American Museum of Natural History in New the relationships between section location York. In prior analyses of these collections of (posterior, midshaft, or anterior) within the entire human skeletal remains, I focused on comparing sample, females only, males only, and between them to other larger, more notable sites in the

44 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS region like Chaco Canyon or Aztec Ruins. This not reflect plantar pressure distributions due to In many primate species, males are expected to approach was problematic because it revealed substantial fore-aft and medial-lateral particle face trade-offs between mating and parenting relatively little about the people living at La Plata. dispersions. The “plantar anatomy” evidenced effort due to constraints on males’ time and Additionally, there is question of how representa- in the floor of a track does not mirror the foot energy. Most evidence to date on male reproduc- tive is this collection of the region and time period. anatomy that created it, and is instead largely tive trade-offs has focused on mechanisms that The intent of this research was to conducting a influenced by foot motion and substrate flow, underline trade-offs but have not looked purely at thorough review of the literature to better under- even in relatively shallow, foot-like tracks. Using behavior. Baboons (Papio spp) are an ideal taxa stand the motivation behind the collection of the fossil examples, we demonstrate why the frame- to examine behavioral trade-offs because males skeletal remains, and highlight some of the pitfalls work of track ontogeny is essential for interpreting mate with multiple females but also form primary of period-specific methodological and theoret- hominin tracks, and how this unique toolkit can be associations. Primary associations function as a ical approaches. I also created what Frank Saul used to accurately infer anatomical and functional form of parenting effort, where males maintain called osteobiographies for each set of remains signals. bonds to mothers of dependent offspring and to reconstruct demography and determine who This work was supported by the National Science protect mothers and offspring from harassment. was missing and why. Analysis of the collection Foundation (BCS-1825403 to KGH and PLF; Using 4 years of data on wild olive baboons (Papio reveals that 49 of the 57 individuals could be BCS-1824821 to SMG) and Chatham University. anubis), we ask whether males face a trade-off identified, of these the majority were adults with between forming additional primary associa- relatively few non-adults despite the mention of tions and approaching fully swollen females. We more in the original field reports. Only about half An extinction-oriented perspective on used zero-inflated negative binomial mixed-ef- of the remains included both cranial and postcra- genealogical networks fects models to demonstrate that males with nial elements, so many of the osteobiographies JOHN HAWKS more primary associates approach fully swollen were incomplete. The missing non-adults and Department of Anthropology, University of females less, controlling for rank and number of isolated crania and postcranial remains, highlight Wisconsin-Madison fully swollen females available. We also found that the importance of understanding the collection Genomic data has transformed the way we look males with more primary associates played a less limitations of prior comparative research. at the relationships of living and past humans. active role in establishing proximity to their female A portion of the data was collected with funding through However, the nature of ancient genome samples partners than males with fewer primary associ- the Barrick Graduate Fellowship from the University of tends to skew analytical approaches toward ates. Our results suggest that maintaining bonds Nevada, Las Vegas. those that build from the higher-quality data with primary associates (a form of parenting found in samples of living people. Beginning in effort) inhibits males in their behavior towards the 1980s, many researchers have relied upon sexually receptive females and towards additional A new ontogenetic framework for primary associates. We argue that constraints on analyzing fossil hominin tracks coalescent approaches, which considers gene genealogies in a backward-time perspective, time or energy force males to make reproductive 1 2 KEVIN G. HATALA , PETER L. FALKINGHAM and tracing a decreasing number of ancestors of pres- decisions in a polygynandrous mating system. STEPHEN M. GATESY3 ent-day lineages back to the common ancestor This research was supported by Arizona State University, 1 Department of Biology, Chatham University, of a sample. This perspective tends to miss the Max Plank Society, African Conservation Centre, and 2School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, what happens to extinct gene lineages, which do the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Liverpool John Moores University, 3Department of not survive into living samples. Here, I develop Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University methods of visualizing gene networks across Ethics of engaging in genetic research Skeletal fossils have been the predominant focus generations, focusing on extinction and decline of most studies that investigate the evolution of with underrepresented populations: of genealogical lineages. I apply this approach to progress and pitfalls human locomotion. Experiments have demon- consider the dynamics of Neandertal gene line- strated how cortical and trabecular bone adapt ages prior to their extinction. The examination NICOLA L. HAWLEY to mechanical stresses, and these results have of extinction processes in genealogies provides Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of equipped paleoanthropologists with toolkits for a different perspective than survival-centric Public Health, Anthropology, Yale University detecting functional signals from hominin skel- traditional approaches. Visualization of extinct Despite a numeric increase in the number of etal fossils. Fossil tracks offer perhaps more gene lineages found within three high-coverage minority participants engaging in genetic research direct evidence of hominin locomotion, with the Neandertal genomes (Chagyrskaya 8, Vindija globally, the percentage of indigenous people potential to substantially augment information 33.19, and Denisova 5) suggests greater spatial represented in genome-wide association studies gleaned from skeletal analyses. However, their or temporal heterogeneity than surviving line- worldwide decreased from 0.06% to 0.05% mechanistic origins are complex, and a nascent ages. Visualization of Neandertal haplotypes in between 2009 and 2016. Many such commu- understanding of these data has hindered their these genomes that are inferred to reflect gene nities have expressed concern that they do not utility and prominence in paleoanthropology. flow from ancient Africans shows that these do sufficiently benefit from genetic research, that a Here we present results that open the black box not deviate significantly from other gene lineages focus on genetics diverts attention and resources of the mechanics of human track formation, and in extinction probability, but the extinct subset of away from non-genetic, social, and economic allow us to directly observe and understand how these lineages does deviate from the heteroge- causes of health disparities, including racism, anatomical and functional signals are recorded in neity among other extinct lineages. and that genetic research could actually reinforce track morphology. By integrating biplanar X-ray racism by implying that indigenous people have experiments, 3-D animation, and particle simu- specific genetic susceptibilities to disease and are lation, we developed techniques to accurately Evidence of a behavioral tradeoff between therefore inherently unhealthy. Another troubling simulate the surface and sub-surface substrate parenting effort and mating effort in a issue is that many diverse ancestry populations deformations that occur during track formation. polygynandrous primate are located in low- and middle-income countries Through this lens we can observe and quan- CAITLIN R. HAWLEY1,2 and JOAN B. SILK1,2 (LMICs) or low resource settings. It is difficult tify foot-substrate mechanics throughout "track 1Anthropology, Arizona State University, 2Institute to discuss genetic research in the usual context ontogeny". This window reveals that tracks do of Human Origins, Arizona State University of reciprocity when the benefits of the genetic

Abstract Book 45 ABSTRACTS

research are, for the time being, unlikely to benefit Birth weight, a reflection of developmental pertur- Conservation Impact and Implications of participants and their communities. Finally, there bations and prenatal stress during pregnancy, Orangutan Rehabilitation Youtube Videos are concerns that potential commercial value was not reflected in the development of Carabelli’s ERIN G. HEANING1, IMANI R. MULRAIN2, CATHRYN from genetic research is not explicitly identified trait or the hypocone. A. FREUND3, ANDREA L. DIGIORGIO4 and JESSE B. in discussions with local leadership or formally MCCANN5 agreed to in pre-revenue agreements. This raises 1Psychology, Princeton University, 2Chemistry, Mixed-economic strategies in an arid fears that genetic researchers are bioprospecting, Princeton University, 3Biology, Wake Forest whether actively or passively. subsistence context: Sub-Saharan hunt- University, 4Writing Program, Princeton Univeristy, er-gatherers facing climate change 5Technology Support, Independent This presentation will speak to my experience with ASHLEY HAZEL a decade long collaboration on genetic research All three species of orangutan, endemic to in Samoa. I will describe some of the progress Earth System Science, Stanford University Malaysia and Indonesia, are critically endangered toward establishing equitable partnerships and Climate change is already affecting subsist- due to large-scale deforestation, hunting and building community capacity in Samoa, but also ence-living communities. Arid-living people are poaching, and wildlife trade. Orangutan rescue the pitfalls, challenges, and considerations associ- among the earliest and most severely impacted and rehabilitation centers are a central conser- ated with working in a community and publishing by increasing environmental unpredictability, vation tool to combat this species decline. These genetic research on a community that is not my drought intensification, and food insecurity. centers connect with funders and supporters own. Livelihood diversification will likely be crucial to through social media, but this is a double-edged sword: it can be an effective tool for education This work was supported by NIH grants R01-HL133040, navigate increasing unpredictability. Also, support R01-HL093093 and R01-HL140570 networks will have amplified value during scar- and fundraising, but can also have counter-pro- city. Herein, we describe livelihood options, food ductive impacts on public understanding of availability, and social ties among Ju|’hoansi San wildlife conservation. Previous research shows Asymmetry and discordance in carabelli’s hunter-gatherers in the Nyae Nyae Conservancy, that increasing human-animal interaction in trait and the hypocone: Do monozygotic eastern Namibia to ask the following questions: media may increase video popularity, but animals and dizygotic twins point to common shown in anthropogenic contexts are also viewed 1) What subsistence strategies are available to underlying epigenetic factors? as less endangered and as appealing pets. Here rural Ju|’hoansi? SAVANNAH HAY1 and G. RICHARD SCOTT2 we explore how the characteristics of social 2) Are monetary/market strategies preferred to 1 2 media posts (YouTube videos) from orangutan Anthropology, University of Kansas, Anthropology, subsistence? University of Nevada, Reno rescue organizations relate to viewers’ reactions 3) Are households that engage most intensely in to the posts. Specifically, using YouTube analytics Family and twin studies show a strong genetic hunting-gathering more or less food secure? and sentiment analysis of video comments, we component underlying the development of 4) Are people with more and stronger network ask how viewer responses to 23 videos, including nonmetric tooth crown traits. If these traits are ties able to access more livelihood strategies? a total of 7012 comments, correlate with 1) the controlled by genes alone, then (1) left and right amount of human-orangutan interaction depicted antimeres should exhibit identical trait expres- In this preliminary study, we collected household and 2) the ages of the orangutans featured. We sions, and (2) MZ twins, with identical genotypes, census, economic and subsistence surveys, and found no clear relationships between the amount should display identical phenotypes. However, name-generator network data among 37 house- of human-orangutan interaction in the videos antimeres exhibit some asymmetry in trait expres- hold heads (women=20; men=17) in four villages. and viewer responses, and that videos that only sion and MZ twins exhibit some discordant trait We found that while several subsistence prac- showed adult orangutans elicited a significantly expression. Antimere asymmetry and MZ twin tices are present, very few households access higher proportion of comments with positive discordance suggest factors at work beyond all. Also, although paid labor is increasingly conservation impact than did videos with infants genes that moderate crown trait expression, common, people report that government subsi- only (p = 0.02) or multiple age groups (p = 0.005). possibly common epigenetic mechanisms. dies (pension) are most critical because they are This study is a pilot for a larger ongoing project, frequent (monthly) and dependable. Furthermore, This study looks beyond the “genetically the results of which will be used to develop a set although the most diversified households were controlled” paradigm of nonmetric crown tooth of social media guidelines for primate rescue the most food secure, 100% of interviewees traits by examining the asymmetry and discord- centers. report being able to eat daily because of gathered ance in Carabelli’s cusp and hypocone of 288 food. Finally, the majority of social ties are among This project was graciously funded by the Princeton Australian monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) family, but people with broader networks beyond University Committee on Research in the Humanities twin pairs. The asymmetry between antimeres the close family reported more diverse resource and Social Sciences (A. L. DiGiorgio) and the Princeton is almost identical for MZ and DZ twins. Scores University Office of Undergraduate Research (E. Heaning). bases and greater food security. These findings for discordance were similar for MZ twins but offer insights into how economically vulnerable consistently lower for DZ twins. Measures of communities might manage increasing environ- asymmetry in both twin types and discordance Evolutionary pressures diversifying mental insecurity wrought by climate change. in MZ twins are almost identical, suggesting both Paranthropus teeth are likely caused by epigenetic factors operating This research was funded by an Environmental Ventures NOMAETHU HLAZO1,2, LAUREN DR. SCHROEDER2,3 1,2 at the same magnitude. However, these factors Program grant from Stanford University and the Max and REBECCA R PROF. ACKERMANN Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. may work independently on asymmetry and 1Department of Archaeology, University of Cape 2 discordance as they do not covary in twins. As an Town, Human Evolution Research Institute, 3 ancillary test, birth weight data were compared to University of Cape Town, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga asymmetry and discordance scores in both twin types. Neither absolute birth weights nor birth Robust “hyper megadont” morphology across weight differences between twins were associ- the genus Paranthropus has traditionally been ated with levels of asymmetry or discordance. interpreted as resulting from shared dietary adaptations. However, recent studies of the

46 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS cranium and mandible suggest that divergent, skeletal indicators of anemia. All 89 individuals (β=-0.007, p=0.038) and 157 weeks-5 years of species-specific adaptations do occur. Moreover, were excavated from the mass gravesite of age (β=-0.004, p=0.048), controlling for maternal our previous research suggests that non-adaptive šiaurės miestelisassociated with Napoleon’s leg length. These results indicate that NR3C1 processes play much more of a role than previ- Grand Army, located in Vilnius, Lithuania. Mean methylation can influence linear growth in early 13 15 ously appreciated in shaping the highly variable δ Ccoll are -18.9‰ ± 1.2‰, δ N are 10.6‰ ± 1.1‰, childhood, with possible downstream effects on 13 18 Paranthropus morphology. This study expands δ Ccarb are -12.9‰ ± 1.0‰, and δ O are -5.8‰ ± other life history traits. This suggests that the 13 on previous work by first investigating inter and 1.2‰ for individuals with anemia. Mean δ Ccoll are social-emotional environment influences growth 15 13 intra-specific variation in the teeth ofParanthropus -19.4‰ ± 0.7‰, δ N are 10.9‰ ± 1.0‰, δ Ccarb through epigenetic programming of the HPA-axis. 18 using Elliptical Fourier Analysis. Following this, a are -13.3‰ ± 1.0‰, and δ O are -6.1‰ ± 1.3‰ for This research was supported by a National Science hypothesis testing framework developed from individuals without skeletal indicators of anemia. Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant Lande’s neutral theory of evolution is used to There are no statistically significant differences (NSF BCS-1729258) and the University at Albany. 13 test whether this variation is a result of selection between groups for δ Ccoll (W=325.5, p=0.197), 15 13 versus genetic drift. This study includes fossil δ N (W=506.5, p=0.337), δ Ccarb (W=299, samples of Paranthropus (P. robustus, P. boisei, P. p=0.106), or δ18O (W=297, p=0.646). These results Change in Cuisine: A First Look at the Shift aethiopicus, Paranthropus sp.; n=21), and compar- indicate that anemia did not significantly impact in Childhood and Adult Diet at Saint-Jean ative samples of Australopithecus africanus (n=7), bone stable isotope ratios in this sample. This de Todon A. sediba (n=1), Australopithecus sp. (n=3), A. research contributes to the growing body of liter- JANE HOLMSTROM1, TOSHA DUPRAS1, YANN prometheus (n=1), and early Homo (n=1). Extant ature that examines the complex relationship ARDAGNA2 and LAURENT VIDAL3 taxa (Homo sapiens (n=50), Pan troglodytes between disease etiology and processes, diet, and 1Anthropology, University of Central Florida, (n=50) and Gorilla gorilla (n=50)) serve as models stable isotope ratios in tissues with long turnover 2Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, of within species variation for the fossil samples. times (i.e., the skeleton). Aix-Marseille Université, 3Centre de Recherches Results are roughly consistent with previous Archéologiques, Institut National de Recherches This research was supported by the University of Archéologiques Préventives analyses on the face, and indicate that both selec- Georgia’s Innovative and Interdisciplinary Research Grant, tion and drift play roles in shaping Paranthropus Dean’s Award, and Melissa Hague Field Study Award, and The Medieval Christian cemetery (9th to 13thAD) dental morphology. Moreover, dental morphology Sigma Xi’s Grants-in-Aid-of-Research. site of Saint-Jean de Todon, located on a plateau is variable in ways that do not consistently map in southern France near Laudun l’Ardoise, held the with current taxonomic affiliations. The Gondolin remains of 226 high status adult males, females, molar appears to be adaptively different from the NR3C1 methylation changes are associ- and non-adults. Stable carbon and nitrogen rest of the P. robustus sample, in addition to being ated with early childhood height growth isotope analyses were employed on bone and distinct in both size and shape, possibly lending trajectories tooth collagen from a sample of 50 individuals credence to suggestions that this represents a ELIZABETH A. HOLDSWORTH to investigate preservation and diet. All samples second Paranthropus species in South Africa. Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, were found to be well preserved. The childhood State University of New York Funded by the University of Cape Town, the National values for nitrogen and carbon from tooth dentin 15 Research Foundation, the Centre of Excellence in The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (n=46) range from 9.1‰ to 12.7‰ for δ N, and 13 Palaeosciences (CoE-Pal), and the Australian Research may be a pathway to allocate energy across life -19.9‰ to -17.4‰ for δ C. The adult values for Council Future Fellowship hosted by LaTrobe University, history traits in response to the environment. The bone collagen for nitrogen and carbon (n=50) Australia. 15 life history domain of linear growth responds to range from 8.5‰ to 11.7‰ for δ N, and -21.6‰ 13 the social-emotional environment, indicating that to -17.9‰ for δ C. Although these individuals held a higher status, carbon and nitrogen isotope data Exploring the impact of anemia on bone the HPA-axis may be the pathway by which the indicate a differentiated diet, possibly suggesting a collagen and carbonate stable isotope social-emotional environment stimulates alloca- hierarchy within the elite group. Especially notable ratios among soldiers in Napoleon’s Grand tion of energetic resources away from growth. is that the female diet was likely restricted in Army If the HPA-axis is involved in allocating energetic resources across life history traits, then postnatal access to certain foods (female childhood values, SAMMANTHA HOLDER1, LAURIE J. REITSEMA1, δ15N= 9.5‰ to 11.7‰, δ13C= -19.4‰ to -18.1‰; 2 3 epigenetic programming of HPA-axis reactivity TOSHA L. DUPRAS and RIMANTAS JANKAUSKAS 15 13 (changes in NR3C1 methylation, which is similarly female adult values, δ N=9.5‰ to 10.8‰, δ C= 1Anthropology, University of Georgia, -20.7‰ to -19.3‰), when compared with the male 2 sensitive to the social-emotional environment) Anthropology, University of Central Florida, diet (male childhood values, δ15N= 9.1‰ to 12.2‰, 3 should predict reduced height growth rates in Anatomy, Histology, and Anthropology, Vilnius δ13C= -19.9‰ to -17.4‰; male adult values, University childhood, a previously unexplored hypothesis. δ15N= 9.5‰ to 11.7‰, δ13C= -21.6‰ to -17.9‰). Anemia can have variable impacts on stable This hypothesis was tested using the Avon Although the study is limited to a randomized isotope ratios in human tissues depending on Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, selection of the cemetery population, it illustrates etiology, with some studies finding significantly which is rare in its repeated clinical measures a differentiated diet during breastfeeding as well of childhood growth and repeated methylation higher isotope ratios in individuals diagnosed with as a dietary shift from more C4 foods in childhood measures. Individual growth trajectories were anemia and other studies finding no difference. to mainly C3 foods during adulthood. The purpose of this research is to explore the derived from a piecewise mixed effects growth linear model of clinically-measured height in Research funding for this project came from the relationship between anemia and stable carbon Trevor Colbourn Anthropology Endowment Fund, the children from birth to 5 years of age. Change in and nitrogen isotope ratios in bone collagen University of Central Florida Doctoral Support Award, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in NR3C1 methylation principal components score and the University of Central Florida’s Department of bone carbonate among Napoleonic soldiers. from birth to 7 years of age was included as a Anthropology. Anemia was differentially diagnosed through variable in multiple linear regression models for the presence of orbital, humeral, or femoral each growth spline. The lowest tertile of NR3C1 cribra. A total of 11 individuals diagnosed with methylation change significantly predicted lower anemia were compared to 78 individuals without rates of height growth from 51-157 weeks of age

Abstract Book 47 ABSTRACTS

Chimpanzee and human foot strike forces are not well characterized. Evaluating gene new villages. Moreover, women migrating to new and the evolution of heel strike walking in expression in primate skeletal tissues is particu- villages ultimately achieve networks of compa- hominins larly challenging because samples are difficult rable sizes and composition with those remaining NICHOLAS B. HOLOWKA1, VINCENT BHANDAL2, to obtain, often have preservation issues, and in their home village. OTTO LAM2, MATTHEW C. O'NEILL3, NATHAN E. contain heterogenous populations of cells. As a NSF BCS-1150813, funded by Programs in Cultural THOMPSON4 and BRIGITTE DEMES2 more accessible way of evaluating gene expres- Anthropology, Social Psychology Program and Decision, 1Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, sion in the skeleton, we established a comparative Risk, and Management Sciences; BCS-1658766, funded 2Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony primate skeletal cell culture model and charac- by Programs in Cultural Anthropology and Methodology, Brook University Medical Center, 3Department of terized gene expression patterns in this system. Measurement and Statistics Anatomy, Midwestern University, 4Department of We optimized protocols to differentiate six human Anatomy, New York Institue of Technology and six chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem Gene expression in placental tissue cell lines (iPSCs) into mesenchymal stem cells When humans walk, their feet contact the ground compared with gene expression in venous (MSCs) and subsequently into osteogenic cells. heel first, resulting in high, rapid impact forces that blood from mothers and newborns in the Single-cell RNA-seq data were collected from over have been implicated in long-term joint damage. Democratic Republic of Congo It has long been argued that chimpanzees and 100,000 cells that represent samples and repli- CHU J. HSIAO1,2,3, ANNA C. WALTERS4, EDWARD other African apes also walk with a heel strike, cates at each stage of differentiation. Technical B. QUINN1,2, FELICIEN MAISHA1 and CONNIE J. implying that heel striking is plesiomorphic in replicates collected from each species and stage MULLIGAN1,2 hominins. Recent studies suggest that the human of differentiation show strong correlations of 1Anthropology, University of Florida, 2Genetics heel strike is kinematically distinct, but no study average gene expression patterns (r>0.95), vali- Institute, University of Florida, 3MD-PhD Program, dating the reproducibility of our differentiations. has investigated how differences in foot strike University of Florida, 4Digital Worlds Institute, Data recovery was also similar across species. kinematics affect impact forces in humans and University of Florida chimpanzees. While most genes display conserved patterns of expression across species, hundreds of genes The placenta is one of the earliest pathways We measured ground reaction forces and hind are differentially expressed (DE) between humans through which a new fetus interacts with the limb kinematics in three male chimpanzees and chimpanzees within and across stages world. This organ plays an instrumental role in walking bipedally (n = 108 steps) and quadruped- of differentiation. Significantly higher levels of fetal development, serving respiratory, circulatory, ally (n = 54 steps), and quantified the magnitude gene expression variation in osteogenic cells as excretory, and endocrine functions. We investigate and rate of impact forces at foot strike, as well compared to iPSCs and MSCs hinted at increased the role that the placenta may play in mediating as foot contact and joint angles. Chimpanzees cellular heterogeneity. Thus, more detailed clas- the impact of maternal psychosocial stress on used a wide range of foot contact angles in sifications of cells across osteogenesis were newborn health outcomes (i.e. birthweight). both quadrupedal and bipedal walking, variably identified, revealing additional species-specific DE Using a biocultural approach, we integrate cultur- contacting the ground with the heel (‘heel strikes’) genes. Altogether, the gene expression patterns ally-derived measures of maternal stress with or more distal parts of the foot (‘midfoot strikes’). identified during primate skeletal cell develop- transcriptomic signatures in the placenta to inves- Midfoot strikes were associated with significantly ment hint at possible evolutionarily divergent tigate impacts on newborn birthweight in a set of lower rates of loading at impact than heel strikes. mechanisms that may contribute to skeletal trait mother-placenta-baby triads recruited from the Additionally, we compared these data to steps differences between species. eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (n=100). from a human sample (6 subjects, 38 steps), Blood samples from mothers and newborns and and found that chimpanzees have similar impact tissue samples from placentas were stabilized in forces to humans when walking bipedally with a Starting from scratch in a patrilocal RNAlater. Total RNA was extracted using a modi- heel strike. society: how women make friends after fied TRIzol and RNeasy protocol (placenta) and These results indicate that chimpanzees are marriage in rural Bangladesh RiboPure kits (blood). RNA quantity and quality distinct from humans in having more variable DANIEL J. HRUSCHKA were assessed using Qubit and Tapestation, impact forces and foot strike postures. Further, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, respectively. Samples were hybridized on the our findings suggest that the human ‘heel strike’ Arizona State University Human ClariomD microarray, which queries over 540,000 transcripts. The RNA Integrity Numbers is a uniquely derived aspect of hominin walking, Humans rely on social ties with both kin and (RIN) differed significantly by tissue origin selected for despite its associated high impact non-kin for a wide range of support. In patrilocal (median RIN 8.4 for moms, 9.0 for babies, 7.3 forces. societies that practice village exogamy, women for placentas). Samples passed QC metrics with can become disconnected from their established Funding provided by the National Science Foundation a minimum positive versus negative area under (NSF BCS-0935321) and the Leakey Foundation. networks when they move to their husband’s curve threshold of 0.88. Genes in the placenta household. Starting from scratch in a new village involved in newborn birthweight and placental creates a crucial challenge as women seek to culti- genes responsive to maternal stress were identi- Characterizing evolutionarily divergent vate new supportive relationships. In this paper, fied by comparing to gene expression patterns in patterns of gene expression during oste- we track how women in four Bengali communi- maternal and infant venous blood. By contrasting ogenesis using a comparative primate ties in rural Bangladesh grow new networks of gene expression among three different biological skeletal cell culture model support after migrating (n=573). Furthermore, sources (mom, baby, placenta), we provide a more GENEVIEVE HOUSMAN1 and YOAV GILAD1,2 we compare this with neighboring Santal (n=92) 1Section of Genetic Medicine, University of and Mandi (n=70) communities where matrilocal Chicago, 2Department of Human Genetics, residence is more common. Although facing a University of Chicago common challenge, we find women follow diverse Comparative skeletal anatomy is integral in trajectories in building social networks in their anthropological research, but the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive the develop- ment and evolution of complex skeletal traits

48 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS comprehensive understanding of the placenta’s Identifying candidates for adaptive intro- of the history of slavery and colonial disposses- influence on newborn birthweight, which expands gression in admixed individuals from the sion of indigenous Khoe and San. The Ossuary anthropological understanding of early-life human Americas remains a static memorial, with a coffee shop. In adaptations. EMILIA HUERTA-SANCHEZ, KELSEY WITT, attempts to do research with the human remains NSF BCS-1231264, BCS-1540372, BCS-1719866; NIH/ FERNANDO VILLANEA and ALYSSA FUNK from the site, one of us (Humphreys) reconnected NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards to the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University with descendent communities, including through University of Florida (UF) UL1TR001427, KL2TR001429 a facilitated workshop on human remains. These and TL1TR001428; UF Informatics Institute SEED Grant; It has been shown that archaic introgression has interactions necessitated deep reflection into the NICHD F30HD097935 facilitated adaptations in European and Asian meaning of ethical practice on human remains, populations, but much less is known about the given the racist history of biological anthropology role of archaic variation in facilitating adaptation in South Africa and the slow process of repa- The biological diversity of early Americans to environments in the Americas. Using the 1000 triation. This involved confronting the history as seen through cranial morphology: Genomes Project’s admixed populations from of biological anthropology practice and how comparisons between Lagoa Santa, Brazil, the Americas, and methods to scan genomes it has marginalized communities. New priori- and Quintana Roo, Mexico for adaptive introgression, we identify several ties are required as we forge relationships with MARK HUBBE1,2, ALEJANDRO TERRAZAS candidate genes in these populations. Since these descendent communities that center their needs, 3 1 MATA , BRIANNE HERRERA and NOREEN VON admixed individuals exhibit Native American, and look beyond the scientific value of the human CRAMON-TAUBADEL4 European and African ancestry, we identify remains, shifting priorities from getting consent to 1 Department of Anthropology, Ohio State whether the adaptively introgressed haplotypes centering healing and justice. University, 2Intituto de Arqueología y are on European, African or Native American Antropolología, Universidad Católica del Norte, tracts. We find that several candidate genes for This research was funded by the National Research 3 Foundation South Africa, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, adaptive introgression are on Native American in Palaeosciences South Africa and the National Institute Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, tracts, and that the archaic alleles at these loci 4Department of Anthropology, State University of of Humanities and Social Sciences South Africa exhibit larger frequencies in admixed Americans New York – Buffalo than in East Asians, suggesting perhaps adap- In the past decades, several studies have tations to new environments in the Americas. Interspecific variation in extant primate defended a wide range of scenarios to explain We also leverage DNA from published ancient and fossil hominin calcaneal articular the initial settlement of the Americas, which tend American genomes (from Scheib et al. 2018 facet curvature to oversimplify the diversity observed across the Science), and confirm the presence of some puta- ALEXANDRA C. IDSO1,2, CHRISTOPHE SOLIGO3 and continent and associate the process with a vari- tive adaptively introgressed haplotypes in these WILLIAM CH. PARR4 able number of discrete population dispersion ancient individuals at the candidate loci. 1Department of Anthropology, CUNY Graduate events. While these scenarios have contributed 2 NIH 1R35GM128946-01 and Human Frontiers Science Center, New York Consortium in Evolutionary immensely to the understanding of the origins of 3 Program (HFSP) Primatology (NYCEP), Department of Native American populations, they disregard the Anthropology, University College London (UCL), importance of local population dynamics in the 4Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory continent and their role in shaping the biological What does it mean to practice decolonial (SORL), University of New South Wales (UNSW) variance in the American continents across space biological anthropological research?: A Calcaneal joint surfaces are of particular interest and time. In this study, we use geometric morpho- case study from Cape Town, South Africa in understanding adaptations to hominin biped- metric techniques to analyze the morphology ROBYN A. HUMPHREYS1,2, WENDY BLACK2,3, alism. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in of early remains from Quintana Roo, Mexico, JUNE BAM HUTCHISON4 and REBECCA ROGERS transmitting weight-bearing forces during loco- and from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, in the context ACKERMANN1,2 motion, heel strike patterns, inversion-eversion of other modern human worldwide reference 1Archaeology, University of Cape Town, 2Human of the foot, pronation-supination of the forefoot, series. Morphological data for 13 3D craniofacial Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape midfoot stability, and the formation of the longitu- 3 landmarks were analyzed through exploratory Town, Archaeology, Iziko Museums of South dinal arch. Technological innovations, such as 3D 4 visual multivariate analyses, multivariate classi- Africa, Centre for African Studies, University of laser surface scanning, have made the accurate Cape Town fication based on Mahalanobis distances, and quantitative statistical analysis of characteristics within-group variance estimates. The results There is an urgent global need to reconsider such as articular facet curvature possible. This show very different patterns of morphological biological anthropology through a decolonized study uses three-dimensional models of 63 affinities between the Quintana Roo and the lens. Here we use a case study from Cape Town extant primate species calcanei (N=323) and a Lagoa Santa samples. While Quintana Roo shows to explore what it means to have a decolonial range of fossil hominin calcanei including OH8, high morphological diversity and individual clas- practice in bioanthropology research. This is done U.W. 88-99, and U.W. 101-1322 to test a novel sifications with different reference series, Lagoa by reflecting on the experience of attempting to approach of quantifying articular facet curvature Santa has smaller within group variance and a connect with the descendent communities of as a means of distinguishing between forms of more homogeneous classification pattern for those buried at Prestwich Place Burial Ground primate locomotion. This novel approach uses its individuals. This reinforces previous results who have now found rest in the Prestwich Place 25 radii of curvature measurements across all that the initial populations of North America had Ossuary. This significant colonial-era burial articular surfaces of the calcaneus. The data were a high level of morphological diversity, which ground was discovered in 2003 with >2500 analyzed using phylogenetic regressions against was reduced as populations dispersed into the human remains. The exhumation process and the body mass and principal component analysis. southern continent. As such, they reinforce the subsequent development of a hotel on the burial The results show curvature-reflected locomotor importance of incorporating regional and conti- ground was deeply contested. Neither descendent categories by distinguishing modern human nental realities in the reconstruction of past communities nor archaeologists/biological bipeds from other locomotor specializations in population dynamics in the American continents. anthropologists saw the full potential of this some facet metrics, thereby confirming the meth- discovery realized in terms of making meaning od's potential to interpret joint movement and infer

Abstract Book 49 ABSTRACTS

locomotor classification in fossil species. Overall, ESTEBAN RODRIGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ2, CONSUELO School of Geology, Aristotle University of the OH8 and U.W. 101-1322 fossils' articular D. QUINTO-CORTES2, RICARDO A. VERDUGO6, Thessaloniki, 3Laboratoire de Paléontologie, 6 7 facet curvature most closely resembles bipedal MAURICIO MORAGA , ALEXANDER J. MENTZER , Evolution, Paléoécosystämes, Paléoprimatologie 1 modern humans. However, the results also indi- CARLOS D. BUSTAMANTE and ANDRES (PALEVOPRIM), Université des Poitiers MORENO-ESTRADA2 cate locomotor diversity in the hominin fossil Material belonging to the Late Miocene homi- 1 record. U.W. 88-99 exhibits a morphology similar Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, noid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis has been 2National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity to that of African apes with a flexible medial side poorly analyzed using advanced techniques. (LANGEBIO), Cinvestav, Mexico, 3Department of the foot that would allow for hyper-pronation of Biology, University of Oslo, 4Facultad de This study aims to explore mandibular shape of the foot beneficial for vertical climbing, and a Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, variation among Ouranopithecus macedoniensis posterior talar facet reflective of bipedalism. 5Computational Genomics, National Institute and a comparative sample of extant great apes, of Genomic Medicine, 6Facultad de Medicina, using three-dimensional (3D) geometric morpho- University of Chile, 7Wellcome Centre for Human metrics. Additional aims include the examination Survival Knowledge in a Two-year Old Genetics, University of Oxford of homogeneity within Ouranopithecus and the Orangutan Infant (Pongo pygmaeus morio) The possibility of voyaging contact between exploration of sexual dimorphism in its mandibles in the Wild prehistoric Polynesians and Native Americans and in comparison to the extant great apes. Apart 1 2 ELLEN J. INGMANSON and DINDA PRAYUNITA has long intrigued researchers. Proponents have from the four Ouranopithecus mandibular bodies 1Anthropology, Bridgewater State University, pointed to New World crops, such as the sweet (two female and two male), the comparative 2 Research, Kutai Orangutan Project potato and bottle gourd, found in the Polynesian sample consists of digitized mandibles from adult Orangutans are among the most endangered archaeological record, but nowhere else outside extant great apes (Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo). The primates. With long interbirth intervals of 6-8 the pre-Columbian Americas, while critics have analysis includes the registration of 3D landmarks years, the likelihood is high that mothers will leave argued that these botanical dispersals need not on the mandibular body and the hemimandible. an orphaned immature offspring at death. Crucial have been human mediated. The Norwegian Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted, to aiding their survival is understanding when explorer Thor Heyerdahl controversially suggested including ordination, Procrustes distances pairs, young orangutans learn survival skills. The Kutai that prehistoric South Americans played an and correlation analyses. Our results showed that Orangutan Project in Borneo has collected data on important role in the settlement of east Polynesia the mandibular shapes of the male and female mothers and offspring in relation to the long birth and particularly Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Several specimens of Ouranopithecus are quite similar, intervals since January 2010. In April 2018, staff limited molecular genetic studies have reached although they differ in size. Ouranopithecus also reported sighting a known adult female orangutan opposing conclusions, and the possibility showed some similarities in mandibular shape with a male infant estimated to be 2-3 years old. In continues to be hotly contested as new genomic to the larger great apes, Gorilla, and Pongo. May they found an emaciated adult female oran- evidence accumulates. Here we analyzed Additionally, Ouranopithecus displays a similar gutan, tentatively identified as the same female, genome-wide variation in individuals from islands – and possibly even greater – degree of sexual dead on the ground below a nest near a large fig spanning Polynesia for signs of Native American dimorphism to that of Pongo. Lastly, the results tree. Indications of scavenging on the body were admixture, analyzing 807 individuals from 17 of our correlation analyses indicated that some present. Approximately 3 days after her death, a island populations and 15 Pacific coast Native PCs were significantly correlated with size, while lone male infant was found nearby. His survival American groups. We found conclusive evidence the degree of correlation varied from moderate to was unlikely, so arrangements were made to for prehistoric contact of Polynesians with Native substantial. This study suggests that the mandib- move him to an orangutan rehabilitation facility Americans (ca. 1200 CE) contemporaneous ular morphological similarities of Ouranopithecus for care and eventual release to free forest life. with the settlement of remote Oceania. Our to the larger great apes may reflect similarities During the 3 days prior to this move, both authors analyses suggest strongly that a single contact in size. Despite the presence of sexual dimor- and additional project staff observed him. Due to event occurred in eastern Polynesia, prior to the phism in size, the shape of the mandibular body his young age, it was expected his independence settlement of Easter Island (Rapa Nui), between is homogenous between male and female O. skills would be limited and might compromise his Polynesians and a Native American group most macedoniensis. health. Instead this infant was observed making closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of This work was supported by the Senckenberg nests in trees, feeding on figs and herbs, and present-day Colombia. Our results are consistent Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, the Leventis Foundation, using complex climbing techniques. Observers with either Native Americans drifting west, or and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG INST characterized his demeanor as “determined,” not Polynesians sailing east to the Americas and 37/706-1). despondent. Importantly, he knew what to eat and returning before Europeans made contact centu- where to sleep. These opportunistic observations ries later. Our genetic data cannot pinpoint these Human infrastructure affects the occu- contribute important understanding about the dynamics but the current archaeological and pancy of lemurs living in a fragmented development of infant orangutan knowledge and anthropological evidence favors the latter given landscape in southeastern Madagascar survival skills. the prominent voyaging culture of Polynesians. ZACHARY S. JACOBSON1, PAMELA NARVÁEZ- 1 Funding for authors provided by Center for Advancement TORRES1, DEVIN M. CHEN2, OLIVIA TIAFINJAKA3, of Research and Scholarship, Bridgewater State Ouranopithecus macedoniensis: 3D EDWARD E. LOUIS JR.4 and STEIG E. JOHNSON1 University, and 2Kutai Orangutan Project. geometric morphometrics analysis of 1Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, mandibular fragments (Late Miocene, University of Calgary, 2Department of Wildlife, Reconstructing ancient migrations from Greece) Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, 3Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies 1 2 modern genomes across Latin America MELANIA IOANNIDOU , GEORGE KOUFOS , LOUIS et de l’environnement, Université de Mahajanga, 3 1 and the Pacific DE BONIS and KATERINA HARVATI 4Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha’s ALEXANDER G. IOANNIDIS1,2, JAVIER BLANCO- 1Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium 2 2 Sciences Senckenberg Center for Human PORTILLO , KARLA SANDOVAL , ERIKA Habitat fragmentation and habitat disturbance HAGELBERG3, JUAN FRANCISCO MIQUEL- Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of 2 are critical threats to tropical forests globally, POBLETE4, VICTOR MORENO-MAYAR5, JUAN Tübingen, Laboratory of Geology & Paleontology, contributing to species extinction and ecosystem

50 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS collapse. These anthropogenic processes are scoreable characters from a cladistic dataset) a statistically significant decrease in the use especially prevalent in Madagascar, where nearly and plotted these metrics against time, geog- of “race” and increase in the use of “ancestry” all lemur species are threatened with extinc- raphy, and body size. The results show strong during the study period. Some current scholars tion due to extensive forest loss. To investigate positive correlations between SCM and CCM, employ an evolutionary population approach, the effects of habitat fragmentation and distur- suggesting that the two metrics record the same more diverse samples, and careful use of termi- bance, we integrated camera traps with remotely signal. Average catarrhine completeness for nology. However, the continued use of racialized sensed satellite imagery to quantify the occu- both metrics improves through time from the classification categories (e.g., “White” and “Black”) pancy of two lemur species, the greater dwarf late Oligocene to the late Miocene, but this slope suggests there has been minimal change in prac- lemur (Cheirogaleus major) and the red-fronted is steeper for CCM than for SCM. Unexpectedly, tice. Overall, there is an overreliance on racialized lemur (Eulemur rufifrons). We hypothesized that neither geography nor body size correlates signif- samples and analytical methods that maximize increased distance to forest edge, increased icantly with fossil completeness, indicating that differences between predefined samples (e.g., distance to roads, and a higher Normalized the preservation in this sample is fairly uniform discriminant function analysis). Ultimately, the Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)—a measure in these aspects. Application of a hypothetical study of human biological variation remains of vegetation quality—would be positively asso- fossilization filter to Gorilla using four different undertheorized in U.S. forensic anthropology. ciated with occupancy for both lemur species. CCM profiles (Oreopithecus, Nacholapithecus, From May-August 2019, we used arboreal and Dendropithecus, and Gigantopithecus) in a new ground camera traps to sample 30 sites within phylogenetic dataset consistently recovers the Incorporating DNA-centered activities in fragmented forests in Kianjavato, southeastern hominoid molecular tree topology, suggesting an introductory biological anthropology Madagascar. Following data collection, we quan- that the affinities of highly incomplete taxa can laboratory curriculum is linked with greater tified distance to forest edge, distance to roads, be accurately resolved when character sampling student understanding of evolution and and NDVI values for each camera site using is sufficiently dense. This study highlights the variation Google Earth and Sentinel-2 datasets. We found importance of assessing taphonomic controls SUSAN L. JOHNSTON1, MAUREEN KNABB2, JOSH that distance to roads was an important covar- on fossil record quality through geological time. AULD2 and LORETTA RIESER-DANNER3 iate for C. major occupancy (occupancy=0.26, Furthermore, it suggests that differences between 1Anthropology & Sociology, West Chester detection=0.46), with increased distance to roads phylogenetic analyses may stem from surmount- University, 2Biology, West Chester University, 3 correlating with increased occupancy. However, able differences in either taxonomic or character Psychology, West Chester University distance to edge and NDVI did not improve model sampling rather than missing data. College students demonstrate persistent miscon- performance for C. major. No covariates were Support for this project was received from the Leakey ceptions about evolution even after completion of important for predicting E. rufifrons occupancy Foundation and the University of Minnesota Department life science courses. It has been suggested that in (occupancy=0.57, detection=0.41). Our results of Anthropology. order for students to fully comprehend evolution, indicate that roads, which are associated with they need to understand that it is fundamentally increased human presence and hunting pressure, about genetic change. Typical lab curricula in are an important determinant of C. major occu- Race/ism in U.S. forensic anthropology: A introductory biological anthropology focus largely pancy. These findings highlight the differential literature review on phenotypic phenomena, e.g., morphology and ability of lemur species to persist in fragmented KENT M. JOHNSON1,2, RENEE HEBERT1 and function; hands-on opportunities for students human-modified habitats. COLLEEN PASTORE1 to link phenotypic with genetic variation are 1 Research was supported by Alberta Innovates, the Sociology/Anthropology Department, SUNY not standard. From 2013-2016, faculty at West 2 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Cortland, Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Chester University (WCU) developed an inquiry- Canada, Global Wildlife Conservation, American Society Arizona State University based laboratory curriculum for introductory of Primatologists, Primate Conservation Inc., and the Research in critical race studies highlights the role biological anthropology. As reported previously, Animal Behavior Society. of scientific research in supporting a biologically students taking this curriculum demonstrated essentialist worldview in which human biolog- greater improvement in their understanding of evolution, as assessed via an evolution concepts Skeletal completeness of the catarrhine ical variation patterns along racial lines. In recent survey, over the period of instruction compared fossil record and the importance of decades, there has been a shift away from the with students enrolled in introductory biological dense character sampling in phylogenetic use of “race” in U.S. forensic anthropology in favor anthropology courses with standard lab curricula reconstruction of “ancestry” (or ancestral geographic origin). However, some scholars question whether this at other institutions. A unique facet of the WCU RUTGER J. W. JANSMA shift in terminology has resulted in meaningful curriculum was the incorporation of exercises School of Human Evolution and Social Change, change in practice, or if analysis of ancestry in engaging students directly with genetic evidence Arizona State University, Institute of Human forensic contexts remains embedded within a of evolution linked to phenotypic variation at Origins, Arizona State University racialized framework. This study uses a quantita- several points in the semester (e.g., comparison Fossils provide critical information for resolving tive and qualitative literature review to investigate of DNA sequences between multiple primate patterns of morphological change and speciation the prevalence of a racialized framework within species in order to test a morphology-based through time that cannot be precisely recon- the forensic anthropology literature. hypothesis about phylogeny; DNA fingerprinting structed from living species alone. However, the to help ‘identify’ a fossil species). Notably, the We surveyed articles published between 2001 quality of the fossil record affects our under- particular evolution concept survey items that and 2020 in ten journals that publish forensic standing of these macroevolutionary patterns. more WCU students answered correctly at the anthropological research. We performed keyword This study quantifies the catarrhine fossil record end of the course than students at the compar- searches to identify relevant articles. We used using 65 species to explore how taphonomic ison institutions (p<.05 to p<.001) were addressed quantitative and qualitative content analysis to factors impact our phylogenetic inferences. For by these DNA-based lab activities; the labs that analyze the terms, data types, samples, analyt- each species, I calculated a skeletal complete- students subjectively rated as most effective in ical methods, and analytical frameworks for ness metric (SCM: % skeletal elements available) describing and classifying human biological vari- and a character completeness metric (CCM: % ation within forensic contexts. Results indicate

Abstract Book 51 ABSTRACTS

helping them learn about evolution and human With few local food sources available, potatoes .62, p’s <.001) and backward digit span or verbal variation incorporated DNA. We present these are a highly significant crop in the Andes and recall predicted depression in China, Ghana, data and provide examples of the relevant lab were cultivated as early as 8,000 years ago. and South Africa (ORs = .43 to .49, p’s<.01). Our activities. Ancient populations that primarily relied upon results demonstrate a close association between Supported by an NSF TUES Award (DUE-1245013) and high-starch foods to survive may have developed poor memory and depression in middle-income West Chester University. genetic adaptations to digest starch more effi- countries. Here, we examine this and discuss ciently, and these adaptations may still be present its implications for the potential misdiagnosis of in modern-day descendant populations. Here, early-stage dementia globally. Time Preferences, Risk Preferences, and we analyzed genomic data from two candidate Support: NIH NIA Interagency Agreement YA1323- Climate Change Adaptation genes associated with starch-digestion, AMY1 08-CN-0020; NIH R01-AG034479; Ministry of Health in JAMES HOLLAND JONES and MGAM, in Peruvian populations. Peruvian Mexico. Earth System Science, Stanford University populations were derived from both highland Quechua individuals (n=580) and 1000 Genomes Human livelihood adaptations involve invest- Peruvians from Lima (n=40). Control populations Examination of magnitudes of integration ments in the present that yield payoffs in the from the 1000 Genomes project included: Han in the catarrhine axial skeleton future. Food production, for example, involves Chinese (CHS, n=63), Mende in Sierra Leone (MSL, HYUNWOO JUNG and NOREEN VON substantial delay from the time of investment n=87), and Gambian Mandinkas (GWD, n=60). CRAMON-TAUBADEL to consumption. Delayed payoffs entail both Although these control populations consume Anthropology, University at Buffalo (SUNY) opportunity costs and risk. Understanding adap- starch, potatoes were more recently introduced tation therefore requires that we consider people's This study examines the magnitude of inte- to their diets (>500 years), with MSL/GWD popu- preferences for both time and risk. However, gration in the axial skeleton in catarrhines. It is lations among the lowest consumers of potatoes a growing literature in behavioral econom- hypothesized that hominoids will show relatively worldwide. Therefore, we hypothesized that these mics suggests that people aren't very good at lower magnitudes of integration than cerco- populations will not have developed the same managing either, presenting a paradox: How is it pithecoids, and that the evolution of 'novel' axial starch-digestive genetic adaptations present that Homo sapiens emerged as a globally domi- skeletal morphology in hominoids may have been in highland Peruvians. We calculated LSBL and nant species when our capacity to manage these facilitated by the reduced constraint of lower Tajima’s D to identify selection, as well as an odds two crucial features of adaptation is apparently magnitudes of integration. ratio measure as a proxy for starch digestion. faulty? Using novel models that combine fitness Our results indicate that MGAM, (rs10246939, For this, 3D scans of the cranium, mandible, maximization and economic preferences, I show OR=15.29, p<0.01), shows the strongest signature vertebrae (13 elements), and sacrum of 30 that both the observed inconsistencies in time of selection in Peruvian populations, which may Cercopithecus, 32 Chlorocebus, 39 Macaca fascic- and risk preferences have been mis-interpreted have aided with starch digestion in this popu- ularis, 45 Hylobates lar, 31 Pan troglodyes, and 86 and that this evolutionary approach helps resolve lation. Given that potatoes are one of the most Homo sapiens were used. Variation attributable the paradox. With a simple Bayesian learning important domesticated crops in the world, these to sex, species, identity of the last thoracic or model I show that present bias arises in people results indicate there is global variation in human lumbar vertebrae, and/or the number of sacral with otherwise time-consistent preferences in the ability to digest this high-starch food, adding vertebrae was controlled by mean-standardi- presence of uncertainty. With a hierarchical evolu- further support to diet being a driver of human zation within genera. Magnitudes of integration tionary model of preferences, I show distortions evolutionary change. were calculated using the integration coefficient in people's risk preferences arise from selection of variation (ICV) from inter-landmark distances. acting indirectly on economic preferences by way A resampling method was applied for gener- of their effect on fitness. I discuss these results Poor Memory and Depression in Older ating distributions of ICV for each axial skeletal in light of livelihood adaptations to anthropogenic Adults: Results from the Study on global element. Comparison of ICV scores of axial climate change. The evolutionary perspective on AGEing and adult health (SAGE) skeletal element (i.e., combination of cranium, human time and risk preferences turns several TYRA R. JUDGE1, ALICIA M. DELOUIZE1, PAUL mandible, vertebrae, and sacrum) between taxa pieces of conventional policy wisdom on their KOWAL1,2,3, NIRMALA NAIDOO2, SOMNATH were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests with head. For instance, using an expanded Ramsey CHATTERJI2 and J. JOSH SNODGRASS1 Bonferroni adjustment. equation, I show that social discount rates should 1 2 Anthropology, University of Oregon, World Health The results support the hypothesis as hominoids be far lower than they are typically set and that Organization, (Switzerland), 3University of New showed significantly lower magnitudes of inte- more aggressive mitigation policies are optimal. Castle Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, (Australia) gration than cercopithecoids (p<0.0033 for all comparisons). Mean ICV scores in the axial skel- Genetic adaptations to potato starch Worldwide, over 20% of older adults suffer from eton were 1.899 in Chlorocebus, 1.844 in Macaca, digestion in the Peruvian Andes a mental health disorder. The most common 1.7442 in Cercopithecus, 1.5298 in Hylobates, mental health disorders are dementia and depres- 1 2 1.4703 in Pan, and 1.4233 in Homo. These results KELSEY C. JORGENSEN , OBED A. GARCIA , sion, affecting 5% and 7% of the world’s older adult MELISA KIYAMU3, MARIA RIVERA-CHIRA3, FABIOLA indicate that hominoids have lower levels of inte- population, respectively. It is sometimes difficult LEON-VELARDE3, TOM D. BRUTSAERT4 and gration than cercopithecoids, which likely led to ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM5 to distinguish between the two conditions, which reduced constraints on the evolution of axial skel- leads to a misdiagnosis of early-stage dementia 1Department of Anthropology, Wayne State etal morphology in the clade. 2 as depression. In our research, using Wave 1 University, Department of Biomedical Data This material is based upon work supported by the 3 data from the World Health Organization’s Study Science, Stanford University, Facultad de Ciencias National Science Foundation under grant number on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), we y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, BCS-1830745 and the Mark Diamond Research Fund at 4 Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse found that poor memory predicted the presence the University at Buffalo (SUNY). University, 5Department of Anthropology, University of depression in every country except India. of California, Los Angeles Poor self-rated memory predicted depression in China, Ghana, Mexico, and Russia (ORs = .42 to

52 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Prevalence of periodontitis and odonto- survivorship, earlier age of menarche, and the travel independently. We also examined relation- genic abscesses in Pan paniscus timing of other developmental milestones. Here, ships between fruit availability, offspring age, and SAI KALLURI1, EMMANUEL GILISSEN2,3 and QIAN we investigated whether female rank was asso- maternal travel distance using 2065 mother-off- WANG1 ciated with infant development, defined by infant spring follows, demonstrating that females travel 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M locomotor behavior, in a group of habituated Kinda shorter distances with offspring under four, and University College of Dentistry, 2Department of baboons at Kasanka National Park, Zambia. Kinda when fruit availability is low. Thus, orangutans Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, baboons are known to have female philopatry, shift activity in response to fruit availability and Belgium, 3Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, though differ from other savanna baboons by throughout development, buffering young oran- Université Libre de Bruxelles exhibiting greater within-group social partitioning gutans against energy depletion but suppressing Periodontitis and odontogenic abscesses are and lower levels of inter-individual aggression. We developmentally important activities. common dental ailments that affect the ability to collected behavioral data from 28 infants and 19 NSF (9414388, BCS-1638823, BCS-0936199); National obtain sufficient nutrition. They thus are important mothers across three years. Our quantification Geographic; USFish/Wildlife (F18AP00898, F15AP00812, indicators of oral health and quality of life. In this of infant locomotor development was defined by F13AP00920, 96200-0-G249, 96200-9-G110); Leakey; study, oral health status was evaluated in Pan an ordinal variable with three ranks of increasing Disney Conservation Fund; Wenner-Gren; Nacey- Maggioncalda; Conservation-Food-Health; Orangutan paniscus (bonobo). In CT images of 140 bonobo independence, clinging ventrally, clinging dorsally, Conservancy; Woodland Park Zoo skulls housed in the Royal Museum for Central and moving independently. We used a generalized Africa, Belgium, odontogenic abscesses and peri- linear mixed model with female rank as a fixed odontitis (Diagnosis criteria: loss of alveolar bone effect, infant age as a covariate, and infant ID as Energetic Demands and Sexual which includes loss of interdental bone and expo- a random effect. We found that female rank was Dimorphism in Inuit Nasal Morphology sure of root furcation in multi-rooted teeth) were positively associated with infant development ALEXA P. KELLY and SCOTT D. MADDUX investigated. Male and female specimens, as while accounting for infant age. These results imply that female rank is associated with bene- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North well as specimens of unknown sex, were catego- Texas Health Science Center rized as juvenile/subadult, young adult, and adult fits to the mother as well as the infant and have depending on the dentition stage and root canal important implications for understanding Kinda As the nasal complex is primarily responsible apices closure. Results indicated that 7 speci- baboon behavior in the context of better known for heating, humidifying and filtering inspired air mens (5%) had signs of odontogenic abscesses baboon species. prior to entry into the lungs, geographically-pat- (3 males, 2 females, 2 unknown; 6 adults, and terned variation in nasal morphology has long one young adult). In addition, there was a high been attributed to climatic adaptation. However, Developmental tradeoffs: fruit availability previous studies have also demonstrated sexual prevalence of signs of periodontitis. In adults, and age influence mother and offspring the prevalence of periodontitis was 85.7% in dimorphism in overall nasal size, with larger nasal activity in Bornean Orangutans (Pongo passages in males hypothesized to reflect greater adults (males 75.0%, females 86.4%), and 53.3% pygmaeus wurmbii) in young adults (males 40.0%, females 55.6%). In volumetric demands for oxygen intake due to 1 2 juveniles/subadults, 46.2% of males and 50.0 % ERIN E. KANE , TRI WAHYU SUSANTO and higher metabolic requirements. Yet, to date, no CHERYL D. KNOTT1,3 of females were showing signs of incipient perio- study has attempted to assess adult nasal vari- 1 2 dontitis. Signs of other oral pathology or anomaly Anthropology, Boston University, Biology, National ation in conjunction with associated body mass/ University of Indonesia, 3Biology, Boston University were rare. These findings suggest that bonobos basal metabolic rate data. Here, we employ data generally had good dentition and oral health, while Bornean orangutans' extended life history may be collected from both the nasal and post-cranial periodontitis was common (biased to females) an adaptation to their forest habitat, characterized skeletons of 43 (22 female/21 male) modern and increased with age. The knowledge of oral by dramatically fluctuating fruit availability. We humans from the geographically/climatically health in bonobos, which along with chimpan- hypothesize that juveniles rest and are carried circumscribed site of Point Hope, Alaska. Twenty- zees are the closest extant relatives of humans, more when fruit availability is low, spending less seven 3D-coordinate landmarks were collected can thus provide valuable insights into the epide- time in developmentally important behavior from CT scans of the nasal skeleton, while asso- miology of the disease from an evolutionary including play and independent travel to conserve ciated postcranial data for each individual were perspective. energy. We test this using generalized linear obtained from the Goldman Dataset (Auerbach & mixed models and data derived from 976 follows Ruff 2004) and used to calculate body mass and of infant and juvenile orangutans collected during basal metabolic rate (BMR) using climate-spe- Maternal rank and infant development of periods of varying fruit availability. Age (p<0.001), cific formulae. Following theoretical expectations, Kinda baboons at Kasanka National Park, but not fruit availability (p>0.05) significantly multivariate regression results indicate that nasal Zambia affected offpsrings’ time being carried (β=-8,1) passage size is significantly correlated with both JASON M. KAMILAR1,2, ANNA H. WEYHER1, MEGAN and resting (β=-2.6, p<0.001). Younger individuals body mass (r=0.444, p=0.003) and BMR (r=0.558, PETERSDORF3, KENNETH L. CHIOU4 and INDIA spent more time clinging and resting regardless p<0.0001). Conversely, within this one sample SCHNEIDER-CREASE4 of fruit availability. Fruit availability and offspring (i.e., holding climate constant), nasal passage 1Department of Anthropology, University of age interact to affect the proportion of time juve- shape was not significantly correlated with either Massachusetts Amherst, 2Graduate Program in niles play (β=1.5, p<0.001) and travel (β=-0.8, body mass (r=0.168, p=0.261) or BMR (r=0.132, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University p<0.001). Fruit availability impacts younger juve- p=0.724). These results support previous sugges- 3 of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of niles’ play behavior more dramatically than older tions that, within geographically indigenous Anthropology, New York University, 4Center for juveniles: younger juveniles play more when fruit populations, males and females exhibit similar Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University availability is high than when it is low, while older nasal shapes due to shared climatic conditions, In philopatric primate species, high ranking juveniles exhibit little variation in time spent playing while differing in nasal size due to sexual dimor- females have been associated with better access depending on fruit availability. Juveniles aged 6-8 phism in energetic demands. to resource quantity and quality. These rank-re- travel more when fruit availability is medium and Funding for this research provided by the Wenner-Gren lated benefits to the mother have consequences high, juveniles aged 2-5 travel slightly less when Foundation (#10009) to APK. for their offspring in the form of increased fruit availability is high, and juveniles under 2 rarely

Abstract Book 53 ABSTRACTS

Canine integration and modularity in a pre- and post-Black Death populations throughout post-hoc test were conducted to test for temporal sample of pedigreed Papio hamadryas medieval Denmark by applying Kaplan-Meier differences. Due to a lack of region-specific data CHRISTA D. KELLY1, LUCAS K. DELEZENE1, analysis and Cox proportional hazard analysis to on temporal lactase persistence allele variation, KATHLEEN S. PAUL1, CHARLES C. ROSEMAN2 and nonadult and adult age estimates and controlling published data were compiled from Europe. 1 for changes in birth rates. We use skeletal J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN Genotype data show that the derived lactase 1 samples from medieval cemeteries from Jutland Department of Anthropology, University of persistence allele only becomes prevalent (~70%) 2 and Funen dated to one of three periods based Arkansas, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and in Medieval Europe and thereafter. Similarly, on arm burial position: Early Pre-Black Death (c. Behavior, University of Illinois Carabelli’s trait frequency increases during the 1050-1250), Late Pre-Black Death and Epidemic Multiple hypotheses address the selective pres- Postmedieval and Modern periods (p<0.05). Years (c. 1250-1350), and Post-Black Death (c. sures driving primate canine size evolution, as These results tentatively confirm the apparent 1350-1536). The results indicate that survivorship well as the evolution of canine size dimorphism. covariation previously highlighted by Mizoguchi for all individuals (all ages pooled) decreased prior Historically important ideas posit that canine size (1993), and suggest a complex evolutionary past to the Black Death and increased afterwards (p= should co-evolve with the size of either the inci- for dental morphological traits. Future studies will 0.06) while there were no significant differences sors or postcanine teeth. However, few studies explore the exact genetic mechanism underlying in birth rates; similar results were found for a have considered the covariance of canine size lactase persistence and Carabelli’s trait expres- subsample that included only nonadults (p= 0.02). with other dental modules within species and sion through a genome-wide association study. Male survivorship appeared to improve more none have assessed the genetic covariance than females after the Black Death. Comparison between canine height and incisor and postca- of the survivorship curves across time periods nine size. To test the hypothesis that the canine Taxonomic Efficacy of the Macaque further suggests that the Black Death may have represents a discrete dental module, 17 linear Skeleton acted selectively on frail individuals. These results measurements were collected from casted maxil- BRITTANY KENYON-FLATT1,2 and NOREEN VON support that there were significant differences in 2 lary dentitions of a Papio hamadryas sample CRAMON-TAUBADEL survival and mortality, but not birth rates, between (females, n = 321; males, n = 138) for which 1Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, time periods in medieval Denmark similar to popu- 2 pedigree information is available. Phenotypic inte- North Carolina State University, Department of lations in medieval England. gration was assessed using partial correlations, Anthropology, University at Buffalo measuring the degree of association between This research was funded by the National Science Taxonomic classification is fundamental for under- dental measurements after the effects of sex had Foundation (BCS-0406252 and DDIG-1825362), the standing the natural world, yet current methods Wenner-Gren Foundation (#s 7142 and 9604), the been removed. Genetic correlations were esti- for unknown species assessment are based on American-Scandinavian Foundation. mated using an animal model with sex as a fixed qualitative methods and focused on craniodental effect. Both phenotypic and genetic correlation morphology. It is currently unknown how much matrices show similar patterns and, corroborating Temporal variation in Carabelli’s trait variation could, or should, exist within a particular previous studies, both reveal an incisor module frequency and lactase persistence genus. Here, we tested whether taxonomy can be and a postcanine module, consisting of two accurately predicted from patterns of morpho- DORI E. KENESSEY and MARIN A. PILLOUD submodules. A semi-independent canine module logical variation in a geographically widespread Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, is also apparent, although canine height shows taxa, the macaques (H1) and whether postcranial Reno low genetic covariance with other metrics. In addi- bones reflect subgeneric taxonomy similarly, or Dental morphology is frequently utilized in biolog- tion, this sample shows the highest covariation better, than the cranium (H2). between homologous dimensions (i.e., length, ical anthropology to explore human migration and Data included 3D scans from nine species (M. breadth) among teeth within each module. These evolution as a proxy for genetic information. While arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. fuscata, M. mulatta, results indicate that canine size evolution, particu- single nucleotide polymorphisms of the EDAR and M. nemestrina, M. nigra, M. radiata, M. sylvanus, larly canine height, is relatively unconstrained WNT10A genes have been shown to influence and outgroup Trachypithecus cristatus), for a from changes to either the incisor module or the dental morphological variation, the genetic mecha- sample of 297 individuals. Macaque species were postcanine module. nisms underlying dental phenotype frequency and expression remain unknown. Mizoguchi (1993) chosen for their phylogenetic diversity and their identified an association between Carabelli’s geographic representation. 293 fixed and semi- Mortality risk and survival in pre- and post- trait expression and the consumption of milk, landmarks were applied to eight skeletal elements Black Death Denmark suggesting that common underlying genetic for each individual (crania=45; mandible=31; scapula=66; humerus=38; radius=33; os coxa=28; SAIGE KELMELIS1 and SHARON N. DEWITTE2 factors may be at play. Here, we examine whether femur=40; tibia=40). A regression analysis was 1Anthropology and Sociology, University of South temporal changes in Carabelli’s trait frequency performed to minimize the effects of sexual Dakota, 2Anthropology, University of South Carolina coincide with the prevalence of the European lactase persistence allele (-13,910*T). Since the dimorphism, making the primary input variables Previous bioarchaeological research on medi- British Isles exhibits the highest frequency of this regression residuals. eval London populations revealed declines in allele (~85-95%), we focus our analyses here. survivorship before the Black Death (c. 1347- Patterns of variation were analyzed between- and 1351), followed by improvements in survivorship Data on Carabelli’s trait were collected from the within-species via Canonical Variates Analysis following the epidemic, perhaps due to historically literature spanning nine temporal periods (Late and 2D Multidimensional Scaling. Classificatory documented improvements in standards of living. Pleistocene/Early Holocene, Neolithic, Bronze Age, ability was tested using Discriminant Function While these findings have been repeatedly demon- Iron Age, Romano-British period, Early Christian Analysis. Results suggest that different species strated among London populations, mortality period, Medieval period, Postmedieval period, and of macaque monkeys are taxonomically distinct risks and survival in pre- and post-Black Death Modern period). A Kruskal-Wallis test and a Dunn’s and that the crania and postcrania possess a populations in other medieval populations are taxonomic signal. Some bones, like the limb not well understood. This study examines differ- bones, were more useful taxonomically than ences in survivorship and mortality risk between

54 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS previously realized. Results suggest that taxo- The influence of lunar phase on circadian Age-at-death estimation of skeletal remains is a nomic assessment should be updated to reflect rhythms in a mobile, non-industrial popula- foundational procedure for reconstructing indi- newer methodologies and we argue that these tion: Sleep analysis from a community of vidual identity and mortality in past and modern results should inform future studies. BaYaka foragers from the Congo populations, and to diagnose age-specific This research is supported by the National Science ERICA KILIUS1, DAVID R. SAMSON1, SHEINA diseases. Recent efforts to mitigate the inherent Foundation Grants (BCS-1945735, BCS-1830745, LEW-LEVY2, MALLIKA S. SARMA3, LEE T. GETTLER4 subjectivity involved with macroscopic age esti- DBI-2010844), Field Museum Visiting Researcher and ADAM BOYETTE5 mation have improved the accuracy and reliability Fellowship, Primate Research Institute Cooperative 1Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto of these estimates using Geometric Morphometric Research Grant, and the Mark Diamond Research Fund Mississauga, 2Department of Psychology, Simon (GM) algorithms and digitized surfaces generated (SP-18-13). Fraser University, 3School of Medicine, Johns by widely accessible optical scanners. Prior GM Hopkins University, 4Department of Anthropology, aging methods based on (semi)landmark shape University of Notre Dame, 5Department of Human Exploring the use of portable X-ray fluo- analyses on digitized symphyses have reduced Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute within-/between-observer error and increased rescence (pXRF) for the identification of for Evolutionary Anthropology pathological archaeological bone repeatability in age estimation. Nevertheless, Background: Accounts in Western contexts have these methods suffer from decreasing age-in- 1 1 NAOMI N. KILBURN , REBECCA L. GOWLAND , linked many human behaviours to the phases of formative power past mid-life. HRAFNHILDUR H. HALLDÓRSDÓTTIR2,3, RHYS the moon, including restlessness and increased WILLIAMS2,3 and TIM J.U. THOMPSON2 This project quantifies three homology-free topo- nighttime activity. However, little research on 1Department of Archaeology, Durham University, graphic variables on the symphyseal surface whether moon phase affects sleep patterns has 2School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside of the pubis and evaluates their usefulness as been conducted in foraging populations, whose University, 3National Horizons Centre bony correlates of age-at-death. We analyzed 3D subsistence practices lead to high levels of envi- digitized surfaces of the (n=56) Suchey-Brooks The accurate identification of pathological condi- ronmental exposure. Thus, their sleep may be standard and instructional pubic symphyseal tions in human skeletal remains is crucial for more influenced by nighttime light exposure. We cast sets, and recorded three surface topography building an understanding of the past—contrib- investigated sleep in the BaYaka, a forager popu- metrics that characterize the complexity, curva- uting information about living environment, health, lation in Republic of the Congo. and societal structure. This study assesses the ture, and relief of the symphyseal face; Dirichlet utility of using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), Methods: Participants’ sleep was measured when Normal Energy (DNE), Relief Index (RFI), and a rapid and non-destructive method of trace they lived in a higher density village setting, as well rotated Orientation Patch Count (OPCr), respec- element analysis, in the investigation of patholog- as a forest camp setting. Objective actigraphy tively. Preliminary analysis using linear regression ical conditions in archaeological human skeletal devices were worn for ~7 days each setting (n=362 models suggests that statistically significant remains. The elemental distribution in the femora nights total). Lunar phase data was obtained from relationships exist between age-at-death and the of 99 individuals (34 adult; 63 non-adult) from the Astronomical Applications Department of three metrics (r≈-0.7 to 0.7; p<0.05). R-squared the Post-Medieval Coach Lane skeletal collec- the US Navy. We conducted a linear mixed-ef- values indicate that 20-50% of this topographic tion (Durham University, UK) was determined, fects model to determine if sleep variables were variation can be explained by age. However, and the results examined in relation to rickets, influenced by lunar phase. Additionally, we inves- DNE requires a drastic truncation of the young scurvy, cribra orbitalia, and pathological new bone tigated sex differences in central phase measure or old age groups (i.e., below 30 years or over formation. Scatterplots revealed no observable (CPM), the midpoint of main sleep periods, to 50 years). These results demonstrate the three patterns correlated with rickets, scurvy, or cribra assess the potential influence of gender roles in metrics' utility as non-traditional, objective, and orbitalia. Femora with pathological new bone nighttime subsistence activities. quantitative proxies of age-related change of the symphysis when used in combination with other formation had increased levels of geologically Results: A greater lunar phase predicted a later measures/age indicators. abundant elements (silicon, potassium, titanium, CPM (β estimate = 0.119, p < 0.05, CI: 0.0012, aluminum), and decreased phosphorus and 0.236). Additionally, CPM was phase delayed calcium values, relative to bones without. There in men (β = 0.112, p = 0.05), indicating a later Critical Pedagogy in the Online was a strong linear correlation between these chronotype that could suggest gendered patterns Environment elements (Si/P: r = -0.84, p < 0.05), suggesting the of nighttime hunting or social activities 1 2 post-depositional exchange of elements. Single MARC KISSEL and SUSAN BLUM Significance: These findings suggest a link 1 cases of “phossy jaw” and neoplastic disease, as Anthropology, Appalachian State University, between lunar phase and circadian sleep patterns 2 well as suspected occurrences of tuberculosis, Anthropology, University of Notre Dame in subsistence foragers, perhaps reflecting smallpox, and syphilis, were noted in the sample, Current research into pedagogy has shown that increased activities during greater lunar phases. with potential alterations in bone chemistry teaching is not just the dissemination of informa- These results provide insight into the moon’s observed for syphilis and neoplastic disease. The tion. Furthermore, we know that learning happens potential influence on human social behaviour. complexity of interconnected factors contributing best in interactions with others. At the same time, to the elemental content of bone prevents defin- This research was supported by the Social Sciences and it seems that connection with others is more itive conclusions about the sources of elemental Humanities Research Council of Canada. challenging in a totally remote digitally mediated variation. Although the results of this study do not environment. The work of critical digital peda- support adding pXRF to the current repertoire of gogy, an extension of Paulo Freire’s observations Post-impressionistic Age Estimation? palaeopathological diagnostic techniques, further that “There is no such thing as a neutral educa- Quantitative analysis of pubic symphysis research could provide greater clarity about its tional process”, can help to connect students complexity, curvature, and relief for age-at- potential use. and professors. Scholars spend countless hours death estimation critiquing our science and scholarship, but we JIEUN KIM, ANTHONY HARPER and ALEKHYA rarely examine our work In the classroom in the BOMMIREDDIPALLI same manner. Because of this, and in light of the Anatomy, Lincoln Memorial University DeBusk so-called ‘pivot’ to online learning necessitated College of Osteopathic Medicine

Abstract Book 55 ABSTRACTS

by COVID-19, we are often in the position where evolutionary and environmental factors. These changes in fisheries management systems in we feel like we don’t know how to properly teach, findings have important implications for under- smaller-scale societies over time. In this paper, I educate, and mentor students in a digital space. In standing the biology and conservation of both propose a cultural evolutionary explanation for this poster we present both principles and exam- wild and captive primates. the emergence and persistence of both crises ples of how anthropology faculty might facilitate Funded by the Leakey Foundation and Umass Amherst and solutions. Based on this framework, I provide connection in order to foster robust learning, a step-by-step process for designing studies of even in the less-than-ideal conditions of 2020-21. multi-level cultural systems of resource manage- Examples such as unessays, self-assessment, Daily Physical Activity is Associated with ment, including tradeoffs between validity and peer-assessment, and ungrading are provided to Suppressed Immune Activity in U.S. Adults control, time scale, and use of qualitative/quanti- help professors create critical learning environ- CHRIS KLASSON1, SRISHTI SADHIR1 and HERMAN tative methods data collection and analysis. This ments and to allow for real learning to emerge. PONTZER1,2 approach is open to historical data as well as new 1Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke and existing data sets, case studies, and mathe- University, 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke matical simulations. Finally, I present a tutorial Hair microbiome diversity within and University and code in the R environment that allows uses to across 12 primate species manipulate collected or simulated data in order to The Constrained Total Energy Expenditure CATHERINE E. KITRINOS1, RACHEL B. BELL2, explore the empirical implications of group-level (TEE, kcal/d) hypothesis proposes that the BRENDA J. BRADLEY3,4 and JASON M. KAMILAR1,2 sustainable cultural systems. Both the framework body responds dynamically to increased daily 1Department of Anthropology, University of and the R-based tool are published openly. physical activity by reducing other expenditure, Massachusetts Amherst, 2Graduate Program in Funded by National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University thereby maintaining TEE within a narrow range. Center, NSF DBI-1052875 and a John Templeton of Massachusetts Amherst, 3Department of Constrained TEE predicts that greater physical Foundation grant to ASU Institute of Human Origins. Anthropology, The George Washington University, activity will suppress other physiological function Opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect JTF 4Center for the Advanced Study of Human (e.g., immune activity, stress reactivity, reproduc- views. Paleobiology, The George Washington University tive investment) but most studies examining these Primate hair is an important host-pathogen relationships have compared outcomes across interface home to numerous ecto-parasites. As populations or relied on self-reported activity. These feet are made for walking: an commensal microbes provide important immune Here, we used the 2003-2005 National Health investigation of evolutionary processes functions for their hosts, understanding the micro- and Nutrition Examination Survey data to test underlying hominin foot evolution the prediction that greater daily physical activity, bial diversity in primate hair could provide insight KLARA KOMZA1, BENCE VIOLA1, MICHELLE into primate immunity and disease transmission. measured with accelerometry, is associated with CAMERON1 and LAUREN SCHROEDER2,3 reduced serum measures of immune system While studies of human hair and skin microbi- 1Department of Anthropology, University of omes show differences in microbial communities activity in N=4,979 U.S. adults. Consistent with Toronto, 2Department of Anthropology, University across body regions, little is known about the the Constrained TEE hypothesis, individuals with of Toronto Mississauga, 3Human Evolution nonhuman primate hair microbiome. In this greater daily physical activity had lower C-reactive Research Institute, Department of Anthropology, study, we collected hair samples (n=162) from , white blood cell count, lymphocytes, monocytes, University of Cape Town 8 body regions across 12 nonhuman primate segmented neutrophils, and basophils [Adj R2: Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominin foot bones species housed at 3 US institutions to examine 0.003 to 0.029, p<0.0001 all comparisons] as demonstrate a wide range of morphological varia- how nonhuman primate hair microbial commu- shown by segmented regression. These rela- bility reflective of facultative, habitual and obligate nities differ across body regions, institutions, tionships were strongest in subjects with low to bipedalism. Although selection likely drove much and species. If environmental and evolutionary moderate daily physical activity, but attenuated of this variation, the specific evolutionary transi- factors shape the microbiome, then we would in subjects with higher activity levels. Results tions as well as the individual foot bones that were expect significant differences in microbiome provide further evidence that daily physical activity most strongly influenced by selection are currently diversity across body regions, institutions, and affects the allocation of energy to other physiolog- unknown. Here, we use tests derived from quanti- species. We examined differences in species rich- ical function. tative genetic theory to investigate the evolutionary ness and evenness via Kruskal-Wallis tests, with processes that shaped metatarsal (Mt) and post-hoc analyses investigating pairwise compar- Sustainability in a multi-level cultural evolu- navicular evolution during major transitions in isons. We quantified beta diversity using Unifrac tionary framework the hominin lineage. Under a null hypothesis distances, a principal coordinates analysis, and a of genetic drift, we expect between- and with- PERMANOVA to test for differences in commu- MICHELLE ANN. KLINE in-population divergence to be proportional, with nity composition. We found differences in alpha Psychology, Center for Culture and Evolution, a non-proportional relationship indicating that diversity across species, but not across institu- Brunel University London selection played an important role. Using extant tions or body regions. Microbiome composition Humans are obligatorily cooperative, and in human and chimpanzee models as proxies for was significantly distinct across species and comparison to other animals we cooperate within-population variability in hominins, we apply primates housed at different institutions, but not extensively and with unrelated conspecifics. This these tests between Australopithecus afarensis across body regions. Our results suggest that the cooperation enables us to create techniques and OH 8 (putatively assigned to Homo habilis), uniformity of microbiome diversity across body and technologies that accelerate the speed at and between H. habilis and Homo sapiens. Results sites may be due to their relatively similar hair and which we consume natural resources. Ironically, indicate that selection most likely influenced Mt1, skin characteristics compared to humans. Also, our cooperative nature has spurred an envi- Mt4, and navicular diversification between A. hair microbial communities are affected by both ronmental crisis, culminating in global climate afarensis and H. habilis, but not between H. habilis change. Cultural evolutionary theory can guide and H. sapiens. In contrast, genetic drift could not our understanding of how cooperation and social be rejected in all comparisons of Mt3 morphology. learning shape social dilemmas, including the These results reveal a selective influence in the overexploitation of global fisheries and historical transition from habitual to obligate bipedalism,

56 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS but not between obligate bipeds. Furthermore, of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 4Department more arboreal, exhibit trapezium morphology consistent non-rejections of genetic drift in the of Anthropology, University of New Mexico that enhances pollical grasping ability in compar- Mt3 reflect its relative morphological stasis over Cooperation in food acquisition is a hallmark of ison to eastern gorillas, whereas trapezoid time, and support previous suggestions that the human species. Given that costs and benefits morphology should vary less among gorillas its derived morphologies are hominin synapo- of cooperation vary among production regimes given its functional role in weight support during morphies. These results highlight that different and work activities, the transition from hunting knuckle-walking. In contrast, common chimpan- regions of the foot were not equally affected by and gathering to agriculture is likely to have zees and bonobos should be more similar to one selection, and that they did not evolve adaptations reshaped the structure of cooperative subsist- another in terms of both trapezium and trapezoid for bipedalism at once. ence networks. Hunter-gatherers are generally morphology. Using 3D geometric morphometrics This research was supported by the University of Toronto more interdependent and experience higher food in combination with measured angles, relative School of Graduate Studies (KK), and the Social Sciences acquisition risk than horticulturalists, suggesting areas, and curvatures, our results follow some of and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight that cooperative labor should be more widespread the expected predictions in that western lowland Grant (BV). and involve larger groups for hunter-gatherers. gorilla trapezia are distinguishable from those Here we examine the dynamics of partner choice of eastern gorillas in ways that are reasonably and compare female cooperative work networks attributable to pollical grasping. However, several Scaling of grip strength and body mass in of Batek hunter-gatherers of Peninsular Malaysia significant differences among gorillas in trapezoid humans and Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia. shape were also observed. Both the trapezium ELAINE E. KOZMA We find that the semi-autonomous nature of and trapezoid of bonobos and common chim- Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Batek foraging tasks facilitates high daily variation panzees also show multiple distinguishing shape Larger people are expected to have absolutely and interconnected network structure, in contrast features but the functional significance of these larger muscles and greater grip strength than to Tsimane agricultural activities in which labor is observed differences, if any, remains unclear. smaller individuals. However, the proportion of given or received in a more targeted fashion by field Overall, these results underscore the challenges strength to body mass is expected to decrease owners. Regarding partner choice, female Batek of identifying functionally relevant shape variation with body mass due to the allometry of muscles assort preferentially during cooperative gathering in hominoid carpal bones while also highlighting and determinants of muscle strength. The expeditions with individuals of different ages (age a large amount of unexpected carpal shape vari- maximum force capacity a muscle can develop homophily: β = -0.03, P < 0.001) and close kin (β = ation within African ape taxa that is probably best is determined by its physiological cross-sectional 0.81, P < 0.05), whereas male hunting partnerships explained by genetic drift. area (PCSA). If the mechanical advantage of a were not more likely to involve related individuals This research was supported by the National Science particular muscle is held constant, grip strength (P > 0.05). Tsimane females also tend to share Foundation NHRE REU Grant (EAR-1062692), and the is expected to increase proportionally with PCSA. agricultural labor with kin, but no more so than Smithsonian Scholarly Studies Program. Under these conditions, isometry predicts that males. Longitudinal analysis indicates that female both PCSA and strength scale with mass0.66. cooperative work relationships for both Batek Stay or Go. Kin network effects on In this study I assess the scaling of maximum and Tsimane persist over time, with individuals dispersal at marriage for female Savanna voluntary grip strength as a function of body displaying a preference for past partners. These Pumé hunter-gatherers weight, when controlling for body mass index findings have implications for understanding (BMI) and sex in adults between eighteen and cross-cultural differences in gender relations and KAREN KRAMER and JOSEPH HACKMAN fifty years old using two large scale open source highlight both shared patterns and key differences Anthropology, University of Utah data sets: the United States National Health and between the labor networks of hunter-gatherers It is now broadly recognized that hunter-gatherers Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011- and horticulturalists. cannot be characterized as patrilocal. Rather the 2012, n=3270) and the Korea National Health and sex that disperses varies considerably across Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2014, societies (male, female, both or neither), with A 3D quantitative comparative analysis of n=2377). Results indicate that BMI has a signifi- many groups expressing multiple patterns simul- trapezium and trapezoid morphology in cant effect on the relationship between strength taneously. Nonetheless, most investigations Gorilla and Pan and body mass. When focusing on individuals focus on male networks to explain the flexible 1 2,3 with ‘normal’ BMI (BMI ranging from 18.0 to 24.9), ALEXANDRA E. KRALICK , EDEN MACKERETH human pattern of dispersal and post-marital resi- 3,4,5 grip strengths scales near isometrically with body and MATTHEW W. TOCHERI dence. However, this derived feature of human 1 mass (scaling with M0.627±0.041 in NHANES and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, sociality also may benefit females. Mothers 2 0.541±0.044 Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of M KNHANES). I discuss direct implica- may benefit from greater access to food, help, Missouri, 3Anthropology, Lakehead University, tions for the clinical evaluation of strength and for or agonistic support by living in her natal group. 4Human Origins Program, National Museum of physical exercise rock climbing, a sport requiring Natural History, 5Australian Research Council Alternatively, decisions to disperse at marriage grip strength to support one’s body weight. Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and may also be negatively impacted by band related- This work was partially funded by the Belgian American Heritage, University of Wollongong ness and partner availability. We use longitudinal data on female kin networks, reproductive histo- Education Foundation African apes are all primarily terrestrial knuck- ries, camp residence and dispersal for two bands le-walkers but western lowland gorillas (Gorilla of South American hunter-gatherers to establish gorilla gorilla) climb more frequently than do Female cooperative labor networks in band composition over time for women who eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei), a consequence hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists disperse from their natal community at marriage of ecological differences in their respective habi- THOMAS S. KRAFT1, VIVEK V. VENKATARAMAN2, vs. those who remain and to evaluate whether the tats. Although bonobos (Pan paniscus) have KIRK ENDICOTT3, SARAH ALAMI1, EDMOND density of kin affects maternal fitness outcomes. generally been assumed to be more arboreal than SEABRIGHT4 and MICHAEL GURVEN1 We find that 1) band relatedness increases from common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), recent 1Department of Anthropology, University of the founder to subsequent generations and fieldwork suggests this is not true. Here we test California, Santa Barbara, 2Institute for Advanced differs among women and between bands. Given 3 whether western lowland gorillas, being relatively Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France, Department that variation, analyses show 2) that women who

Abstract Book 57 ABSTRACTS

disperse from their natal community tend to marry From the Andean Highlands to the Michigan School of Dentistry, 4Marian High School, younger but are less related to their spouse’s Patagonian Archipelagos: Reconstructing Mishawaka, IN band, have precociously early first births with a population dynamics among pre-Hispanic Protracted cyclical loading engenders a greater higher probably of infant mortality, and have less South American groups osteogenic response in the mammalian chewing marriage stability over their reproductive careers. SUSAN C. KUZMINSKY1,2 and LUMILA apparatus. However, studies using rat ulnae Our results provide evidence that kin camp MENÊNDEZ3,4 suggest that during cyclical loading there is a composition varies over time with migration and 1Department of Anthropology and Applied saturation point at which bone cells become dispersal events such that flexible residence and Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University, USA, unresponsive to further stimulation. Renewed marriage patterns allow women respond benefi- 2Anthropology Department, University of California, responsiveness requires a recovery period of cially to variation in kin networks. Santa Cruz, USA, 3Department of Anthropology of several hours. Here we investigate whether a satu- the Americas, University of Bonn, Germany, 4Konrad Funding for the Savanna Pumé research was provided ration response occurs in the skull by modulating Lorenz Institute, Austria by the National Science Foundation (0349963 and food access throughout the day, thus altering DBS-9123875), the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the Milton The prehistory of the Andean region has been daily distribution of load cycles. Twenty male New Fund and Harvard University. integral to understanding early human evolu- Zealand white rabbits were raised for 48 weeks tionary adaptations and the population history starting at weaning onset. Ten had continuous of South America. Recently, research elucidating access to pellets for 9.5 hours (unimodal group), Scaling Climate Change to Human the complexity of human lifeways and migrations while another ten had two 2.25-hour periods with Behavior. Predicting Good and Bad Years have benefitted from genomic and morpholog- food access separated by five hours without food for Maya Farmers ical studies. One advantage of skeletal analyses (bimodal group). Post-experiment, all heads were KAREN L. KRAMER and JOSEPH HACKMAN is that since data are collected with non-destruc- microCT scanned (70kVp, 47µA, 70µm voxel), Anthropology, University of Utah tive methods, larger sample sizes that increase with cortical areas (Ct.Ar) and thicknesses (Ct.Th) Human responses to climate variation have a population coverage can be used. In this study quantified in five regions: mandibular symphysis, rich anthropological history. However, we know we employ geometric morphometric methods corpus, and condyle, and maxillary hard palate less about how contemporary people living in to investigate population history of the central and lateral alveolus. After finding no difference small-scale societies perceive climate variation and southern Andean regions. Although they are in cranial length between groups, all measure- vs. change, and what climate data are useful in often studied separately, these two regions may ments were scaled to mean daily grams of food predicting food production at a scale that affects have been part of an integrated system of trade consumed (175g daily allotment minus grams daily lives. In this analysis, we use longitudinal and caravan networks between the coast and uneaten). All Ct.Ar comparisons were significant ethnographic interview and economic data first the highlands. Using cranial landmark data from (P0.05) except for the symphysis and corpus. A to ask what are the critical aspects of climate individuals excavated at coast and highland sites number of Ct.Th measurements were significant variation that affect the agricultural cycle and in Peru and Chile, we investigate biological rela- in all regions. In all comparisons, the bimodal food production for Yucatec Maya subsistence tionships over ~9800 years of prehistory in the group exceeded the unimodal group, despite the farmers. Sixty years of high-resolution meteor- north, central, and southern Andean coast and unimodal group consuming more grams/day on ological data and crop yield assessments then highland regions. Principal Components Analysis average (i.e., greater chewing) (P<0.001). These are used to detect the scale at which climate and computed statistical distances indicate close novel results indicate a saturation response may data predict good and bad crop yields. Finally, biological similarities all along of the coast of occur in response to protracted loading in parts we assess long-term changes in climate varia- Peru and Chile, as well as close biological similar- of the jaws, and that a recovery period facilitates bles critical to food production. We find that1) ities between Patagonians, the central coast, and continued bone growth. seasonal rainfall variation is most critical to food central highlanders in the southern Andes. In the This project is supported by NSF BCS-1749453, awarded production; 2) local, daily precipitation averages central Andes, biological affinities between the to MJR. closely fit the seasonal pattern described by north coast, central Peruvian coast and central farmers, but is missed at regional, state, annual Peruvian highlands support a connection within and monthly scales; 3) at both community- and and between these zonal regions throughout Human burials at the Kisese II rockshelter, municipal-levels, heavy late-season rains asso- Holocene. This research highlights human inter- Tanzania ciated with tropical storms have the greatest action through the Holocene, not just within MYRA F. LAIRD1, ELIZABETH A. SAWCHUK2,3, negative impact on crop yields; 4) in contrast to distinct central and southern Andean zones, AMANDUS KWEKASON4, AUDAX Z.P. MABULLA4, regional- and state-level assessments, long-term but also between them, particularly along entire EMMANUEL NDIEMA5, CHRISTIAN A. TRYON6, 3,7 8 trends show an increase in rainfall, particularly Pacific Coast of Peru and Chile. JASON E. LEWIS and KATHRYN L. RANHORN during key periods of the rainy season. Our find- 1Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of 2 ings highlight the need to define climate variables Southern California, Anthropology, University of Daily feeding modality and saturation 3 at scales appropriate to human behavior. Course- Alberta, Anthropology, Stony Brook University, response in the skulls of New Zealand 4Archaeology, National Museums of Tanzania, grained geographic patterns and long-term trends white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 5Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, tell us little about attributes that are critical to 6 7 1 1 Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Turkana farmers and food production. However, high-reso- SUSAN E. LAD , REBECCA J. ANDERSON , HUI 8 1 1 Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Institute of lution local climate data do capture how seasonal DING , WILLIAM W. ABERGER , CARMEN E. 2 1 Human Origins, Arizona State University variation shapes human responses. ALVAREZ , JONATHAN C. COURI , OLIVIA P. HEMING1, DANIEL F. LIGGIO1, FREDERICK T. The Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in The Maya research was funded by the National Science LOCKIE1, JENNA M. MCKINNON3, HANNAH M. eastern Africa are associated with complex evolu- Foundation (0964031, 1632338), the NIH (AG 19044- MORRIS1, TALIA J. THORNTON4 and MATTHEW J. tionary and demographic processes that relate 01), the Milton Foundation, Harvard University and the 1 RAVOSA to regional population variation today. However, University of Utah. 1Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, there are relatively few human skeletal remains 2 Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, from this time period. Here we present the skeletal 3 Emory University, DDS Program, University of remains from the Kisese II rockshelter in Tanzania

58 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS that were excavated in 1956, a radiocarbon date the cytb locus (1,141bp) of the mitochondrial Birth canal shape and fetal rotation in for one of the individuals, and cranial and dental genome and applied Bayesian and maximum Australopithecus and Neandertals metric comparisons to other eastern African popu- likelihood phylogenetic analyses to the data set. NATALIE M. LAUDICINA1,2 and MATT CARTMILL2,3 lations. We assessed the age, sex, and stature of Despite the discordance found among mtDNA 1Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State the Kisese II individuals. Dental size and a subset and Y-chromosome gene trees, C. m. heymansi University, 2Anthropology, Boston University, of Howell’s cranial measurements were collected forms highly supported monophyletic clades in 3Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University from the Kisese II individuals and compared to a both trees. Samples from north and south of TL2 For decades, researchers have sought to under- sample of modern Africans (cranial n = 476) and cluster with other C. mitis forms, with the latter stand when and why human childbirth became early Holocene, early pastoralist, and Pastoral grouping into a basal clade. These results suggest more difficult than birth in other primates. Previous Neolithic adults (cranial n = 48; dental = 158). Our that C. m. heymansi is a distinct lineage within research utilized human-defined obstetric planes results suggest a minimum of six individuals in the C. mitis radiation. Future genomic analyses (inlet, midplane, outlet) to evaluate birth mech- the Kisese II collections including two adults and are important to understanding the evolutionary anisms in fossil hominins. We have previously four juveniles. While the dating for most of the history of these populations and discerning their shown that these three pelvic planes do not burials is uncertain, one individual dates to ~7.1 taxonomic classification and conservation value. accurately indicate points of fetal obstruction. ka suggesting at least one burial is early Holocene Instead, the whole birth canal must be analyzed in age. Craniodental metric comparisons suggest to examine how changing dimensions throughout the Kisese II individuals present a combination Studying hair morphology in African and the birth canal affect fetal descent. of features that are relatively distinct from other African-descendant populations Late Pleistocene and early Holocene eastern TINA LASISI In this research, the reconstructed shapes and Africans, and our findings contribute to a growing Anthropology, Penn State University minimum dimensions of the entire canal in five body of evidence suggesting eastern African Hair morphology has historically been used as fossil hominins (A.L. 288-1, Sts-14, Sts-65, MH2, human skeletal remains during this time period one of the main criteria to classify African and Tabun-1) were compared with estimated fetal exhibit relatively high amounts of morphological African-descendant (AA) populations as a distinct dimensions (head and shoulder breadth) in variation. However, the Kisese II individuals also race. order to identify points of potential obstruction suggest localized morphological homogeneity and probable birth mechanisms. Each homi- potentially supporting increased regionalization As a consequence of negative experiences nin’s birth canal shape is unique and shows during the early Holocene. associated with the racist homogenization and multiple points of constriction not captured by devaluation of their hair texture, AA individuals Funding was provided by the Leakey Foundation, New the traditional three-plane analysis. Inter- and are more difficult to recruit for studies on hair York University, Rutgers University, Harvard University, intraspecific differences indicate that the degree NSF (0801634, BCS-1460369), Fulbright-Hays, and the morphology than other populations who have not of birth difficulty depends on many factors. In the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of experienced racial discrimination associated with early australopithecines A.L. 288-1, Sts-14, and Canada (767-2012-1903). their hair. Sts-65, the risk of dystocia comes from both the I will present some guidance on best practices fetal head and shoulders. In the later MH2 spec- imen (Australopithecus sediba), neither the fetal Genetic analyses of the Lomami River Blue for the study of scalp hair morphology, with an head nor shoulder breadth would have produced Monkey, Cercopithecus mitis heymansi, in emphasis on hair sample collection. obstruction. In the Tabun Neandertal, estimated the central Congo Basin Various hair styles commonly found in AA indi- fetal shoulder breadth, but not head size, exceeds EMMA R. LARKIN-GERO1, AILISSA LEROY2, JOHN A. viduals involve manipulation of the hair using birth-canal dimensions. This research indicates 3 3 1,4 HART , TERESE B. HART and KATE M. DETWILER techniques or products that either temporarily that adaptations to reduce obstetric constraints 1 Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, or permanently alter the shape of hair fibers. As (cranial molding, pelvic ligamentary relaxation) 2 3 Anthropology, Santa Ana College, TL2 Project, such, protocols must include clear guidance on may have arisen in the hominin lineage consider- Frankfurt Zoological Society, 4Anthropology, Florida participation eligibility and how hair is collected ably earlier than previously thought. Atlantic University for a range of different hairstyles and hair lengths. Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Grant Cercopithecus mitis is a polytypic, pan-African Having members of a study team that can be and Boston University Summer Graduate Research guenon species with a complex evolutionary readily recognized as AA individuals themselves Abroad Fellowship history. Multiple forms of C. mitis are found is especially important to establish trust. Equally, within the Congo Basin, including C. m. opist- anyone interacting with participants should be hostictus, C. m. stuhlmanni and C. m. heymansi. expected to articulate the purpose of the study in Lumbar muscle architecture and function The Lomami River Blue Monkey, C. m. heymansi, a straightforward manner to assuage concerns in Propithecus occurs within the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba on misuses of data concerning the individual, but KATHRYN D. LAURIA1, FAYE R. MCGECHIE2, NEYSA (TL2) Conservation Landscape and exhibits high also misrepresentation of AA peoples as a group. GRIDER-POTTER3 and CAROL V. WARD2 pelage variation. A previous Y-chromosomal 1Anthropology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Finally, I will cover some of the unintended conse- study (900bp TSPY gene) of C. m. heymansi 2Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University (n=5) revealed an affinity between the TL2 popu- quences that racist hair terminology has had of Missouri-Columbia, 3Department of Clinical lation and East African C. (mitis) albogularis. By on AA peoples as regards forensic science and Anatomy and OPP, Rocky Vista University dermatology, as well as ethical considerations for contrast, this relationship was not supported in The lumbar spine varies among primates with future research on hair, and how lessons learned a mitogenomic study of guenons, which included different locomotor specializations, and differ- here may be applied to other racialized pheno- one C. m. heymansi museum skin from north of ences in associated musculature have been types and populations. TL2. Here, we test the pattern found in the mtDNA described among some taxa. As primarily a tree using a larger sample size (n=8) that spans This work is supported by the Wenner-Gren Foundation vertical clinger and leaper, the sifaka (Propithecus) the range of C. m. heymansi in the TL2 landscape. Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (Gr. 9911) and the National uses its spine in orthograde posture and should Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement We included samples of C. mitis collected from undergo significant rotation during locomotion. Grant (No. 1847845). north and south of TL2 (n=5). We sequenced As such, its lumbar epaxial musculature should

Abstract Book 59 ABSTRACTS

reflect these behaviors, but the complexity of its and coronal planes. Second, we performed 3D this dental defect in the population-level assess- lumbar musculature has not been fully charac- geometric morphometric analyses of landmarks ment of past environmental stress and disease terized. Here we apply novel contrast-enhanced collected on whole pelves and on acetabula alone susceptibility. Bioarchaeologists should consider computed tomography and 3D fascicle tracking of 30 extant non-hominin anthropoid species, how kin/household structure may influence LEH algorithms to digitally visualize and quantify humans and Australopithecus afarensis. Results prevalence in study populations and exert caution mechanically relevant aspects of lumbar muscle show the acetabulum opens further anteriorly when interpreting LEH as an independent paleop- architecture in a Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus and inferiorly in hominins compared to other athology marker. coquereli). The specimen was contrast stained anthropoids. Acetabular orientation is similar and microCT-scanned (0.12 mm3 voxels). Data among non-hominin anthropoids. Humans were segmented using Avizo and individual and Australopithecus have equivalent orienta- Uncovering the evolutionary history of the muscle fascicles tracked using the Avizo Xfiber tions despite differences in hip joint size, pelvic Turkana, a desert pastoralist group module. These methods not only allow visual- inlet breadth and iliac morphology. These data AMANDA J. LEA1,2, REBECCA SIFORD3, TANYA ization of this complex musculature in 3D for suggest that hip joint orientation is independent PHUNG4,5, ANGELA TARAVELLA4,5, FRANCIS 6 6 6 the first time, but orientations and physiological of these other aspects of pelvic form. Geometric LUTUKOI , SIMON LOWASA , BENJAMIN MUHOYA , 6 2 cross-sectional areas of the complex architecture morphometric analyses show that acetabular CHARLES WAIGWA , SHAWN DAVIDSON , CARLA HANDLEY3, JOSEPH KAMAU7,8, DINO MARTINS1,6, of spinal musculature can be calculated. Variation reorientation in hominins may also influence ANNE STONE3, SARAH MATHEW3, MELISSA of fascicle orientation even within muscles can mediolateral breadth of the lower ilium. These WILSON4,5 and JULIEN AYROLES1,2 be appreciated. For example, even within the results suggest that the orientation of the acetab- 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, spinalis, generally considered a simple extensor, ulum is a key component in the suite of pelvic Princeton University, USA, 2Lewis Sigler Institute internal muscle architecture varies, with more characteristics related to habitual bipedality in for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, craniocaudally oriented fascicles cranially that hominins. USA, 3School of Human Evolution and Social gain complexity in its caudal region, perhaps Change, Arizona State University, USA, 4School related to rotation of the spine. Other muscles of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, USA, vary in fascicle geometry as well. Future work will Heterogeneous frailty and the expression 5Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State compare the muscular architecture of Propithecus of linear enamel hypoplasia in a genealog- University, USA, 6Mpala Research Centre, Kenya, 7 8 with that of quadrupedal strepsirrhines and with ical population Institute of Primate Research, Kenya, Department anthropoids to identify variation associated with JULIE LAWRENCE1, CHRISTOPHER M. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya locomotor specializations. These data will better STOJANOWSKI1, KATHLEEN S. PAUL2, ANDREW C. 1 3 inform interpretations of vertebral morphology SEIDEL and DEBBIE GUATELLI-STEINBERG In a blink of evolutionary time, humans have and spinal function in living and fossil primates. 1School of Human Evolution and Social Change, explored every corner of this planet and have Arizona State University, 2Department of shown an amazing capacity to adapt to extreme University of Missouri Research Council, University of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, 3Department Missouri Life Sciences Fellowship, National Science conditions; yet, these adaptations remain poorly of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS- understood at the genomic level. To address this 1731142), The Leakey Foundation, NSF BCS-1919475, The prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), gap, we are working with the Turkana, a group American Association for Anatomy, NSF GRFP. a dental defect that arises during development, that inhabits the arid regions around northwest is a key metric for bioarchaeological analyses of Kenya and consumes a milk- and meat-rich diet past populations. LEH is associated with early as a result of their pastoralist lifestyle. To uncover Acetabular orientation and pelvic form in life insults, such as nutritional stress or illness, regions of the genome under positive selection in hominins and other anthropoids the endurance of which leaves permanent marks the Turkana, we compiled a large dataset of 110 AUSTIN B. LAWRENCE1, ASHLEY S. HAMMOND2,3 on enamel. High prevalence of LEH is often inter- high (>20x) and 197 low (~6x) coverage genomes, and CAROL V. WARD1 preted as evidence that a population experienced as well as array data for validation (n=188). We 1Department of Pathology and Anatomical environmental hardship and those individuals tested for signatures of positive selection across 2 Sciences, University of Missouri, Division of with LEH were particularly frail. Little is known, ~8 million variants using the integrated haplotype Anthropology, American Museum of Natural however, about the effects of shared genes/envi- score, population branch statistic, and BayEnv XtX History, 3New York Consortium in Evolutionary ronment on LEH variation. This is problematic approaches, and found 8 outlier regions. One of Primatology, New York, NY since bioarchaeological assemblages frequently these regions includes a putative enhancer for a Hominin pelvic form differs dramatically from share a restricted geographic and temporal origin kidney-expressed gene involved in fluid balance, that of other primates by having more laterally and contain close relatives. To address this issue, the response to dehydration, and the elimination facing iliac blades, a wider sacrum and a larger, we examined dental casts of 239 individuals with of waste products produced during the break- transversely broad pelvic inlet. The orientation known genealogical relationships to evaluate down of purine-rich foods such as red meat. By of the acetabulum may also differ, plausibly whether LEH prevalence is kin-structured. Narrow pairing demographic inference with forward-time related to differences in load transmission during sense heritability estimates were moderate but simulations, we inferred the strength and timing of habitual bipedal posture and locomotion, which significant for some teeth, including the tooth selection on regulatory variants near this key gene. may, in turn, affect overall pelvic geometry. We most commonly affected by LEH, the mandib- Further, we are using RNA and serum samples compared acetabular orientation in humans, ular canine. Age was a significant covariate that collected from the same individuals to show Australopithecus and extant anthropoids using suggested a secular decrease in LEH, although these regulatory variants are associated with two approaches. First, we measured the 3D orien- LEH persisted across multiple generations. Further gene expression and kidney-derived metabolite tation of the acetabulum on in silico models of analyses revealed that nearly all heritability was levels. Together, our work provides a comprehen- individual hipbones aligned to the median plane accounted for by a household effect (except in sive picture of how the Turkana’s unique ecology by registering models to landmark coordinates the mandibular canine), indicating that the shared and lifestyle have shaped their genomes and that had been collected on articulated pelves. We household environment of kin groups can affect a physiology, providing insight into evolutionary fit a plane to the acetabular rim and measured population’s LEH prevalence. Kin structure of LEH processes and present-day human diversity. its orientation relative to the median, transverse prevalence calls into question the uncritical use of

60 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Examining Long Bone Phenotypic C-peptide for one menstrual cycle in 105 healthy high-expressing alleles (HEAs) for each brain area Plasticity: A Case Study of Skeletal pre-menopausal women (age 18-46) from across five geographic population groups (Africa, Differences between Northern and Illinois (n=22) and rural Poland (n=83). Height, America, East Asia, Europe, and South Asia; Southern Japanese Macaques weight, and percent body fat were measured N=2,504). Average HEA frequency was highest in ROSE LEACH1, DEXTER ZIRKLE1, TAKESHI at enrollment and at the end of data collection. East Asians for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), NISHIMURA2, RICHARD S. MEINDL1, MARY ANN At enrollment, women weighed 66.2+/-13.2 kg a brain region linked with social sensitivity, F(4, RAGHANTI1 and CLAUDE O. LOVEJOY1 (mean+/-SD), had a BMI of 24.3+/-4.3, and had 2499)=72.6, p<.001. Furthermore, comparing East 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of body fat of 28.5+/-7.6%. During data collection, Asian genomes with other genomes revealed that Anthropology, Kent State University, 2Primate change in body size and composition ranged two of the ACC OXTR SNPs were in linkage dise- Research Institute, Kyoto University from -3.9 to +4.7 kg, -11.4% to +8.5% body fat, quilibrium with SNPs that were under moderate and -1.5 to +1.8 BMI points. Using linear regres- selection. Cross-population differences in ACC Neanderthals exhibit a robust somatotype, sion and adjusting for age, we examined whether HEA frequency correlated with collectivist values thick cortical diaphyseal bone, shorter limb, and log-transformed C-peptide, averaged across the (r=.56, p<0.05), which, in turn, was associated with larger thoraxes, relative to modern humans. cycle for each participant, was associated with historical rice farming (r=.55, p<0.05). We also While phenotypic differences could be a result body weight, BMI, percent body fat, or the change identified uniquely human HEAs (vs. chimpanzee of a distinct genome, they may also reflect in these measures across the menstrual cycle. and Neanderthal genomes) in the substantia somatic plasticity in response to colder climates. Using AIC for model selection, we found that nigra, a brain region involved in social reward Geographical rules developed by Bergmann and percent body fat at enrollment provided the best and motivation. Our findings provide potential Allen state that mammals in warmer temperatures fit (overall model p=0.002, adjRsquared=0.09), and evidence of local- and species-level selection on have a reduced thorax and longer limbs to aid in none of the models that examined change in body human OXTR, favoring enhanced oxytocin signa- heat dissipation, whereas the robust thorax and size or composition were significant. Thus, in this ling in brain areas involved in social behavior. shorter limbs in cold climates serve to conserve sample of healthy adult women, C-peptide seems heat. Japanese macaques have a longer period to be most strongly associated with percent body of developmental exposure to their immediate fat, not change in body size or body composition Responses to novel food in a group of environment and reside in areas of Japan ranging occurring over a time period of approximately 1-2 captive hamadryas baboons (Papio hama- from the colder regions of northern Honshu to the months. drays): The role of sensory cues hot climates in southern regions like Yakushima SAEIN LEE1, YENA KIM2, CÊCILE SARABIAN3 and Island, providing an opportunity to examine these This material is based upon work supported by: NSF JAE C CHOE1 theories. Climate may affect Japanese macaque GRFP #DGE-1144245, NSF Clancy#1317140, NSF DDRIG, 1Laboratory of Behaviour & Ecology, skeletal ontogeny, implying some level of plasticity Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research, and Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Interdisciplinary program of EcoCreative, Ewha and/or cold climate adaptation. Therefore, we Grants Womans University, 2Cognitive Psychology Unit, expect northern Japanese macaques will exhibit Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 3Primate significant differences in osteological architecture Research Institute, Kyoto University from southern Japanese macaques. This study Cross-population comparison of oxytocin While foraging, primates rely on multi-sensory sampled adult macaques (M. fuscata fuscata and receptor gene (OXTR) allele frequencies cues to evaluate the nutritional value of food and M. fuscata yakui, n=85) from the Kyoto University reveals a signature of local- and species- avoid toxicity. To date, food neophobia has mainly Primate Research Institute Skeletal Collection. level selection for enhanced oxytocin been studied in great apes. Thus, the present Sex-balanced data for each macaque were signaling in the human brain study examined sensory responses to novel food collected using osteometrics. Preliminary plots MINWOO LEE1, JOHN LINDO1 and JAMES K. items in a group of captive hamadryas baboons – show minimal variation in limb length between 1,2,3,4,5 RILLING a diurnal species mainly known for its reliance on groups and no clear cline with increasing temper- 1Department of Anthropology, Emory Universtiy, visual and olfactory cues in socio-sexual contexts. ature. The results suggest that the cline does not 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, We tested 1) which sensory cues are used first exist due to the limited range in climate used in 3 Emory University, Yerkes National Primate and most frequently for detecting novel food, and the study. Research Center, Emory University, 4Center 2) how their responses to novel food change over This research was funded by the Japan Society for the for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory 5 time. Due to the difficulty of individual testing, we Promotion of Science Summer Program Fellowship. University, Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory University provisioned novel food items in a group setting and consequently recorded the display of social Allele frequencies of oxytocin receptor gene Urinary C-peptide is associated with behaviors during each one-hour test session. We (OXTR) polymorphisms are known to vary across used familiar food (apple) as control item and four percent body fat in healthy adult premeno- primate species and across human popula- pausal women novel food (melon, peach, pear, watermelon) with tions. Yet, specific evolutionary mechanisms similar nutritional value, as test items. When food 1,2 KATHARINE MN. LEE , MARY P. ROGERS- and phenotypic correlates of these observed items were within visual detection range (10cm), LAVANNE3, ANDRZEJ GALBARCZYK4, GRAZYNA differences are unclear. We hypothesized that baboons used olfactory cues for the first inves- JASIENSKA4 and KATHRYN BH. CLANCY2 OXTR variants were selected for their effects on tigation on novel food. While investigating novel 1Division of Public Health Sciences - Department of receptor expression in specific brain areas, which food, baboons used gustatory (bite and lick) cues Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, in turn biased individuals towards behaviors adap- 2 most frequently, though the frequency of using Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois tive in species-specific or population-specific at Urbana-Champaign, 3Institute for Genomic tactile and gustatory cues was similar to probing social environments. To test this hypothesis, we Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, familiar food. There was no effect of repeated first used the Gene-Tissue Expression database 4Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of exposure on the use of sensory cues. Additionally, Sciences, Jagiellonian Medical College (https://gtexportal.org) to identify all single-nucle- group members closely observed each other otide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human OXTR that Measuring energy status in remote field-based during novel food testing. Our results indicate influence receptor expression in 10 brain areas. that baboons use multi-sensory cues and social studies can be difficult, but monitoring C-peptide Next, we incorporated the data from the 1000 is one proposed method. We measured urinary Genomes project to calculatethe frequency of the

Abstract Book 61 ABSTRACTS

information in a foraging context, which contrasts Evolution of de novo microRNA Genes in impact pregnant people’s anxiety during preg- with the previous findings of using/investigating the Human Lineage nancy and beliefs in the fundamental “safety” of only a single sensory channel in foraging and NATHAN H. LENTS1, HUNTER R. JOHNSON2, birthing in hospitals. We launched a national online other contexts. BEATRIZ MERCADO1, JOSÊ GALVÁN1, JESSICA survey of pregnant people’s prenatal experiences, BLANDINO1, SAMANTHA VEE1 and WILLIAM garnering a sample of over 4,800 predominantly HIGGINS1 white, highly educated, higher income respond- Scaling of sexual size dimorphism in thick- 1Sciences, John Jay College, The City University of ents, representing all fifty states. In bivariate tailed galagos (Otolemur crassicaudatus) New York, 2Mathematics and Computer Science, regression models, increased prenatal changes STEVEN R. LEIGH1, MICHELLE L. SAUTHER1, John Jay College, The City University of New York and hospital safety precautions predicted FRANK P. CUOZZO2 and ADRIAN S. TORDIFFE3 In a search for human-specific genetic elements, increased anxiety (respectively β=0.05, p=0.001, 1 2 2 Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, using whole chromosome alignments, our r =0.005; β=0.13, p<0.001, r =0.06). In multiple 2Lajuma Research Station, Lajuma Research laboratory has discovered a region on human regression models accounting for education, Station, Louis Trichardt (Makhado), Limpopo, South race, and insurance status, both prenatal changes 3 chromosome 21 that is markedly distinct from Africa, Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and hospital precautions remained significant Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, anything found in other extant apes. Within this (overall model p<0.0001, r2=0.07). Black respond- South Africa region are eight microRNA (miRNA) genes, in three distinct families, that appear to have no ents experienced significantly more changes Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in strepsirrhine 2 functional orthologs in other ape species. Upon in prenatal care (n=Pearson’s chi (30)=42.86, primates is limited relative to anthropoid primates. closer inspection by synteny analysis, this region p=0.01). Qualitative responses elucidate how However, galagos exhibit modest levels of sexual of the chromosome has undergone repeated the accumulation of changes in care intended to size dimorphism, with males about 15-20% rounds of segmental duplication, which has likely protect pregnant people, their new infants, and heavier than females, depending on species and driven the proliferation of these orphan miRNA their families from COVID-19 may themselves be resulting from bimaturism. genes. Reconstruction of the ancestral state of imposing an additional burden of maternal stress. Here, we analyze ontogenetic allometry in this region reveals an array of ribosomal RNA Our preliminary findings speak to the negative thick-tailed bushbabies/galagos (Otolemur cras- (rRNA) genes or pseudogenes, raising the possi- impact of the pandemic on pregnancy for highly sicaudatus) to explore allometric bases of SSD. bility that these human-specific miRNA genes resourced white pregnant people, but we don’t We predict that ontogenetic scaling, or projec- evolved through duplication and diversification of know the extent to which Black pregnant people tion of scaling relations seen in females to male ancestral rRNA genes. The region is also enriched and other POC are affected by these significant size ranges, will account for SSD. Morphometric in sequence motifs associated with meiotic changes to the experience of pregnancy, changes analyses are based on measurements of animals recombination, suggesting a possible molecular that will likely remain in place for some time as the from Lajuma, South Africa (N= 47 females, 50 mechanism for the segmental duplications that pandemic enters subsequent phases. males, 37 measurements). Regressions measure occurred and gave rise to the new miRNA genes scaling relations between somatometrics and over the past six million years. Attempts to date Evidence of Stress in Native American overall size measures as well as scaling relations the duplication events and age the new miRNA Populations of Florida: Investigations into among variables. genes have given mixed results, but the miRNA the Microstructure of Enamel genes appear shared in the available ancient Sexual size dimorphism occurs in numerous 1 2 genomes from Neanderthal and Denisovans. An KAITLYN LISENBY and SCOTT W. SIMPSON dimensions, although at lower levels than for 1 analysis of the gene ontology of the predicted Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve body mass. While allometries overlap exten- 2 targets of these new miRNA genes reveal poten- University, Department of Anatomy, Case Western sively, regressions diverge late in development, Reserve University School of Medicine suggesting that ontogenetic scaling does not tial roles in nervous system development and Native Americans of Florida experienced stress account fully for SSD body dimensions. Relative functioning and thus the unique evolutionary associated with changes in subsistence prac- to overall size, male regressions have lower allo- trajectory of the human lineage. tices, population density, and disease throughout metric coefficients than females, even though This project is funded by the PSC-CUNY Research history that was exacerbated by the arrival of males reach larger adult masses. Awards program (award #63760-00-51). The PRISM program supplies funding and support for student the Spanish colonists. The Native American Divergence of allometric relations between sexes researchers and student-faculty collaboration and dental remains used in this study originated from produces relatively small body dimensions in mentoring. archaeological sites in Florida ranging from an male galagos. Bimaturism in mass growth prob- Early Archaic hunter-gatherer population (7100 ably exceeds bimaturism in skeletal dimensions, B.C.-5800 B.C.) to sedentary, maize agriculturalist suggesting that males “fill-out” late in ontogeny. Pushing Through The Pandemic: The populations (A.D. 1000-1700) that included the Exaggerated skeletal features produced either Impacts Of Covid-19 On Maternity Care, arrival and occupation of the Spanish. Two types through positive male allometry or significantly Anxiety, And Childbirth Experiences In The of developmental defects of enamel, patholog- extended growth that characterize some anthro- United States ical striae and linear enamel hypoplasias, were poid primates are not apparent. We discuss the KYLEA L. LIESE and JULIENNE N. RUTHERFORD examined to gauge the physiological stresses implications of this finding in terms of sexual Human Development Nursing Science, University experienced by these populations. selection, and consider functional consequences of Illinois Chicago Native Americans who experienced Spanish colo- of sex differences in mass relative to skeletal Within an unprecedented matter of days in nialism during the Early and Late Mission Periods dimensions. Spring 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic upended possess the highest frequencies of pathological Funding source: NSF BCS 1638863, University of long-established best practices for obstetric care. striae. Early Archaic Native Americans of the Colorado Boulder Changes in standard prenatal appointments and Hunter-Gatherer Period possess low frequencies fluctuations in hospital policies threatened preg- of pathological striae and the highest frequencies nant people with the prospect of birthing alone of linear enamel hypoplasias. Pathological striae and/or being separated from their newborn. It formed at significantly earlier ages than linear is unknown the extent to which these changes enamel hypoplasias for both tooth types across

62 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS all time periods. In maxillary central incisors, COVID-19 Related Health Concerns and Dental topography, shear crest lengths, 74% of pathological striae formed between 0.75 Grief during the Perinatal Period: Potential and macrowear in the Miocene catarrhine and 2.5 years of age, while 94% of linear enamel impacts on Maternal Mental Health Rangwapithecus: implications for dietary hypoplasias formed after 2.5 years of age. In CINDY H. LIU1,2, CARMINA ERDEI1 and LEENA inference mandibular canines, 75% of pathological striae MITTAL2 ELLIS M. LOCKE formed before 2.5 years of age, while 87% of linear 1 Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State enamel hypoplasias formed after 2.5 years of age. Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, University, School of Human Evolution and Social It is believed that the pathological striae resulted 2Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital/ Change, Arizona State University from acute episodes of weanling diarrhea and Harvard Medical School Rangwapithecus gordoni is a medium-sized nyan- other diseases resulting in severe dehydration. It Background: Approximately 116 million births will zapithecine catarrhine from the early Miocene is also believed that the linear enamel hypoplasias have taken place worldwide during the COVID-19 of western Kenya, characterized by mesiodis- resulted from prolonged periods of malnutrition pandemic by the end of 2020. The perinatal tally elongate molars with crenulated enamel and seasonal stress. period is a vulnerable period for mothers, espe- and long shear crests. Previous analyses of Part of the data collected for this research was funded by cially during the pandemic, given likely increases Rangwapithecus molar morphology inferred an NSF grant to SWS (NSF SBR-9305391). in worry and grief, and elevated mental health a folivorous adaptation, but dental microwear symptoms. results suggest that Rangwapithecus and all other A Virtual Anthropological Approach to Methods: The Perinatal Experiences and African Miocene catarrhines were generalized Examining Sexual Dimorphism in the COVID-19 Effects (PEACE) Study assesses self-re- frugivores. While shearing quotient studies are Pelvis ported data on the mental health and well-being restricted to unworn teeth, dental topography (DT) provides a toolkit for measuring aspects of shape HELEN LITAVEC (BRANDT) of U.S. pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured COVID- (e.g. sharpness, complexity, and relief) from digital Anthropology, Binghamton University 19-related health worries and grief experiences, models of tooth crowns regardless of wear stage. The pelvis is an area frequently used for the and current mental health symptoms (depres- Additional GIS-based methods provide a means estimation of sex due to the numerous morpho- sion, generalized anxiety, and PTSD) in 1,123 U.S. of measuring shear crests from worn specimens. logical differences between males and females. women from May 21 to August 17, 2020. The pattern of wear-mediated change in DT and These differences have been notably observed in shear crests has been shown to provide insight the shape of the greater sciatic notch, subpubic Results: Among our respondents, 36.4% reported into dietary behavior in some primates. concavity, and obturator foramen. Although these clinically significant levels of depression, 22.7% I apply these methods to a wear series of lower differences have been documented previously, reported clinically significant levels of generalized m2s of Rangwapithecus (n=10). The pattern of one common drawback of prior studies has anxiety, and 10.3% reported clinically significant DT and shear crest change in Rangwapithecus been their inability to use quantitative methods levels of PTSD. Women with pre-existing mental is compared with wear series of wild-shot spec- to observe these morphological differences health diagnoses were 1.6-to-3.7 more likely to imens of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (n=21), and to discover where exactly these subtle score at clinically significant levels of depression, which consumes primarily fruit, and Gorilla gorilla nuances lie. Virtual methods are particularly generalized anxiety, and PTSD. Approximately gorilla (n=20), which seasonally consumes leaves useful in these circumstances. This pilot study 18% reported high levels of COVID-19-related and herbaceous vegetation as fallback foods. will examine these three locations using three-di- health worries and were 2.6-to-4.2 times more Although linear regressions show few differ- mensional (3D) models, virtual landmarks, and a likely to score above the clinical threshold for ences in the pattern of wear-mediated DT change Procrustes Analysis of Fit. Eighteen individuals mental health symptoms. Approximately 9% between Pan and Gorilla, they have little overlap were examined from the Binghamton University reported high levels of grief and were 4.7-to- in DT values at any wear stage. Across all wear Skeletal Collection. The pelves were scanned 5.5 times more likely to score above the clinical stages, Rangwapithecus m2s are not significantly using a NextEngine 3D Laser scanner and the threshold for mental health symptoms. different from Gorilla but exhibit significantly shapes were analyzed using Landmark Editor Conclusions: Perinatal women with pre-ex- sharper occlusal surfaces with higher slope, by IDAV. Landmark coordinates were placed and isting mental health diagnoses are more greater relief, and longer shear crests than Pan. subsequently uploaded into MorphoJ, where a vulnerable to elevated symptoms during the These results affirm previous suggestions that Procrustes Fit and Principle Components Analysis COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19-related health Rangwapithecus had a diet that included herba- (PCA) were conducted. The results indicate that worries and grief experiences may increase ceous vegetation. there are quantitatively identifiable morpholog- the likelihood of mental health symptoms ical differences between male and female pelves among those without pre-existing mental health Support for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF BCS-1846153) and Arizona in these areas, supporting previous research. To concerns. Providers should develop strategies for State University. test if these observed differences were statisti- addressing health-related worry and grief within cally significant, a Discriminant Function Analysis their practice. (DFA) was conducted and demonstrated that the Support for this manuscript was provided through the The relationship between arboreality majority of pelves were able to be correctly clas- Mary A. Tynan Faculty Fellowship and a NIMH K23 MH and climate variables in lactating female sified using this method. In sum, these results 107714-01 A1 award. chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, illustrate that this technique could assist anthro- Tanzania pologists in classifying a pelvis of unknown sex VICTORIA A. LOCKWOOD1, ELIZABETH V. using an objective, computer-based method. In LONSDORF2, MARGARET A. STANTON3, SEAN M. the future, it is hoped that this method can be LEE1 and CARSON M. MURRAY1 tested on a larger sample size. 1Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 2Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and

Abstract Book 63 ABSTRACTS

Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, 3School of Social structure. Studies have been conducted for the Evolutionary patterns of relative turbinate and Behavioral Sciences, University of New well-known Roman, Greek, and Celtic populations; size across Euarchontoglires England, Biddeford, ME though there are no biodistance studies of the INGRID K. LUNDEEN1 and ADDISON D. KEMP2 inhabitants that populated the lands between. A key transition in human evolution is the shift 1Department of Anthropology, University of Texas to bipedal locomotion. The arboreal, terres- This study provides a preliminary analysis in the at Austin, 2Department of Integrated Anatomical trial, or combined origins of bipedalism have region through examination of the phenetic diver- Sciences, University of Southern California been debated, with chimpanzees (Pan trog- sity among the neighboring groups before Roman The olfactory system has long been presumed to lodytes) often used as a referential model for disruption at the end of the Iron Age. Specifically, exhibit some level of reduction in crown primates. understanding hominin locomotor capabilities. this analysis tests the hypothesis that the impe- This hypothesized reduction would apply to both Understanding the environmental predictors of rial and cultural exchanges were accompanied the olfactory bulb of the brain and the turbinates, arboreality in extant chimpanzees can provide by biological changes. Previously published the bones within the nasal fossa that support both additional insight on the potential arboreal capa- ASUDAS dental non-metric trait frequencies of the olfactory and respiratory epithelium. Though bilities of fossil hominins. Previous research on 18 regional samples from Roman, Greek, and turbinate size can be used as a proxy for the func- the predictors of arboreality have been biased Celtic populations (N=1856) were compiled. Data tional importance of olfaction, comparative study towards males and relatively little is known about from 32 dental traits were analyzed using the of this feature has received significantly less atten- how female arboreality relates to climate. Female mean measure of divergence distance statistic tion. Compared with non-primate euarchontans, chimpanzees, particularly mothers, face different to yield inter-sample phenetic affinities. The MDS primates have reduced relative olfactory turbinal pressures than males due to offspring investment plot (eigenvalue-based GoF 0.83) shows overall surface area, suggesting a reduction in olfac- and differing social strategies. In this study, we ran phenetic heterogeneity between the Roman, tory sensitivity from the primitive euarchontan a linear mixed model to investigate how arbore- Greek, and Celtic populations; therefore, continuity condition to the crown primate condition. Here, ality relates to temperature, wet/dry season, and among these groups is not supported. The two we test this hypothesis using an expanded euar- age in chimpanzee mothers at Gombe National traits driving the intersample variation are Anterior chontogliran comparative sample that includes Park, Tanzania, using 6 years of behavioral data Fovea LM1 (39.4 MD) and Lingual Cusp variation dermopterans (n=2), primates (n=51), rodents (2011 – 2016). Season (F = 8.536, df = 1, p = LP2 (22.2 MD). This study warrants future work (n=69), and scandentians (n=10). Turbinal surface 0.004) and age (F = 6.528, df = 1, p = 0.029) were incorporating the local populations that resided area was quantified for all taxa using micro-CT both significant predictors of the proportion of between these groups as they shared imperial scan data, then scaled to body mass to look at time spent arboreal, while maximum temperature cultural influence. general patterns in both respiratory and olfac- (range 20-38 degrees Celsius) was significant tory turbinal size among euarchontoglirans. This at the p<0.10 level (F = 3.772, df = 1, p = 0.053). analysis reveals a strong relationship between Arboreality decreased with both increasing age Addressing the shifting legacies of US body mass and turbinate size in all taxa. While and increasing temperature and mothers spent racism through active and engaged haplorhine primates have relatively small olfactory a greater proportion of time arboreal during the science communication turbinates, strepsirrhine primates, rodents, and wet compared to the dry season. These results JUSTIN LUND dermopterans all have similar relative turbinate demonstrate seasonal differences in arboreality Anthropology, University of Oklahoma sizes. Scandentians have relatively large olfactory alongside the effect of increasing age. Future Anthropology is well aware of the complex rela- turbinates for a given body size suggesting that work will investigate how infant age affects arbo- tionship between the colonization of the Americas rather than representing the ancestral condition reality and infant carrying behavior in an arboreal and the imported models of racism. For much in euarchontans, they may be derived in terms of context. of the public, however, these realities are only their investment in olfactory anatomy. This study National Institutes of Health (R00HD057992, R01 now becoming apparent. The pandemic and the highlights the importance of exploring patterns in AI50529, R01 AI58715), the National Geographic Society, events that lead to the racial unrest of 2020 have data at multiple taxonomic scales. Leo S. Guthman Foundation, Franklin & Marshall, GWU, highlighted for many people some of the more Lincoln Park Zoo problematic aspects of our colonial history and how those past events continue to negatively It’s Lit: Campfire Relaxation as a Preadaptation for Television Viewing Biological distance in the Eastern Adriatic: impact our society. Here, I demonstrate the shifty a preliminary analysis nature of racialized politics and how they impact CHRISTOPHER LYNN and ALEX SENTS the field of anthropological genetics. I share 1 2 Anthropology, The University of Alabama TISA N. LOEWEN and MALLORY J. ANCTIL my perspective and concern as an Indigenous 1 Evolutionary mismatch theory suggests that Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School anthropologist on recent rhetoric and research in preadaptation for rare needs in antiquity become of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona and on Indian Country. As stewards of valuable State University, 2Research Centre in Evolutionary problems in the modern world when they are no knowledge on race, Anthropology has failed to Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John longer rare. We hypothesize that fire increased the educate the public, and anthropologists may be Moores University prosocialness of ancestral humans by extending politically unequipped to do so. By recognizing the the wakeful day and creating physiological The Iron Age (~600-200 BCE) peoples of the political nature of science, we should also come to calming responses through sound, smell, and Eastern Adriatic (modern day Croatia and Bosnia recognize our role as unwitting politicians. Future visuals. With the rise of technology, ubiquitous Herzegovina) shared trade networks, material efforts to educate will move beyond the colo- flickering screens have taken the place of flames. practices, and by 10 CE were united under the nial academy and find direct avenues to foster Because of the evolutionary sensory predisposi- Roman Empire. These local cultural groups inter- discussions with those who need the power of tions that humans have to fire, there is a similar acted with the surrounding Roman, Greek, and knowledge most. Celtic peoples through both collaboration and physiological response to television screens. In war. Although these peoples maintained distinct a previous study, we found significant relaxation material culture and customs, later Roman effect for fire with sound. Our sample of 98 under- interventions raise questions about the impact graduate students were administered a similar of cultural exchange on biological population randomized crossover experimental design.

64 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Conditions included a static picture of a flame the Indigenous people of Central America and Urbana-Champaign, 5Escola de Ciàncias, Pontifícia as the control, and videos of fire with sound, fire Mexico. A cross-cultural approach to the study Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 6 without sound, and anthropological videos as the of this polymorphism demands a representative Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal 7 experimental variables. We measured blood pres- study of human diversity. de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco sure before and after each fifteen minute condition controlling for room temperature, fire exposure, Many factors shape the gut microbiome of anxiety, absorption, and other factors. Using Lifelong relationships: genomic data use nonhuman primates, including diet, seasonality, multiple linear regressions, we found that there after completion and publication of a reproductive status, age, group membership, sex, are significant differences of systolic and diastolic study and pathogen exposure. Assessing the relative blood pressure that reflect a relaxed physiological RIPAN S. MALHI contributions of multiple factors is important for response. Significant changes in blood pressure Anthropology, University of Illinois understanding host-environment-microbiome were seen during variables of video of fire with Urbana-Champaign interactions. Here, we examine if season and sound and TV conditions. The most prominent Although not legally required, some human pale- group membership influence the gut micro- factors that affect these changes include social- ogenomics researchers adhere to an ethical biome composition and function of common ness, previous fire and screen exposure, gender, standard to engage linked Indigenous commu- marmosets living in a hot and dry Caatinga envi- relationship, absorption, state anxiety, prosoci- nities (or at a minimum gain consent from the ronment in northeastern Brazil (mean annual ality, and socioeconomic status. The implication community/ies) for planned genomic analysis rainfall=337mm). In this habitat, marmosets expe- of these findings is that the current pandemic of of ancient Ancestors. Once these studies have rience heat and water stress, especially during the cyber-dependence may be linked to our sensory been completed, articles on the research studies dry season. Between 2015 and 2016, we collected preadaptations. are usually published in peer review journals and 60 fecal samples (dry season=36, wet season=24), the data generated on the ancient individuals are extracted DNA, and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic CT and TT phenotypes are associated uploaded to public databases. Some reasons often given by researchers for the use of public sequencing. While season did not have a strong with poor pregnancy outcomes when effect on gut microbiome composition based compared with CC phenotypes databases are so that the data is freely available to be confirmed as authentic by members of the on weighted UniFrac distances (PERMANOVA: 2 CAROLINE MACLEAN, LUCIO REYES, MIGUEL ancient DNA community and so future studies can R =0.02, p=0.18), group membership explained DIMANLIG and LORENA MADRIGAL use the data in a comparative fashion to address 33% of the variation in community composition 2 Human Ecology and MicroEvolutionary (HEME) questions of interest. However, as new analytical (PERMANOVA: R =0.33, p<0.01). In contrast, Center for the Study of Health Inequalities, methods are developed, the potential to address when examining gut microbiome function, while Department of Anthroplogy, University of South novel or previously undiscussed questions, with group was not associated with changes in gene Florida low coverage paleogenomic data, grow. This family composition and pathway abundance 2 Effects of the MTHFR C677T allele on reproduc- means that the data may be used in a manner not (PERMANOVA: both R =0.39, p=0.29), season was tion include multiple complications. We compare consistent with the original agreement with the associated with variation in microbiome function 2 2 frequency of fetal loss of CC, CT, and TT mothers linked Indigenous community(ies) and may have (PERMANOVA: R =0.13, p=0.06; R =0.16, p=0.05). using data collected from existing literature. The social implications for those communities. As Specifically, there was an increase in the abun- ultimate purpose of our project is to understand a result, researchers who generate and dissem- dance of carbohydrate and vitamin biosynthetic the evolutionary reasons why some populations inate paleogenomic data of Ancestors have a pathways during the dry season (LDA scores > maintain high T-allele frequencies with such dele- lifelong duty to make sure that such data is used 2.0). In sum, group membership has a stronger terious effects on fertility. Data were taken from appropriately in accord with the decisions of the modulating effect on gut microbiome composi- studies which included participants experiencing linked communities. To aid in this duty, I discuss tion than season in this population and increases embryonic, fetal, or perinatal loss (cases). We also the use of biocultural labels and databases with in the abundance of carbohydrate and vitamin included studies which reported control groups. Indigenous oversight as ways to maintain the biosynthetic pathways may help marmosets to The data: Four comparable studies include cases sovereignty of Indigenous communities while cope with seasonal changes in diet, thermal envi- and controls (Mehandjiev et_al. 2019; Lee et_al., still having paleogenomic data accessible for ronment, and water stress in this extremely dry 2013; Pogliani et_al. 2010 Hwang et_al. 2017). research purposes. environment. Total number of participants in these studies is Funding was provided by the National Council for NSF BCS 2018200 1418. Four studies that do not include controls Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and are (Turgal et_al. 2018, Mehandjiev et_al. 2019; Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande Kedar and Chandel, 2019; Makino et_al., 2004). The gut microbiome of common do Norte (FAPERN) in Brazil. Total sample size of participants in these studies marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) living is 1027. Results: Frequency of the phenotypes in an extremely hot and dry Caatinga Tooth crown mineralization and mandib- does not differ between cases and controls (data environment ular stiffness in growing lemurs not shown). However, observed and expected 1,2 3 ELIZABETH K. MALLOTT , PAUL A. GARBER , NANAMI MANO1, CHRISTOPHER J. VINYARD2, frequency of fetal loss differs significantly among 4 2 ANNA C. MCKENNEY , PETER M. FINNEGAN , 3 1 2 VALERIE B. DELEON and TIMOTHY D. SMITH the three phenotypes (X = 228, 2, p< 0.001). JULIO CESAR BICCA-MARQUES5, ANTONIO 1School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Discussion: Participants who carry the CT or SOUTO6, NICOLA SCHIEL7 and KATHERINE R. University, 2Department of Anatomy and TT phenotype were not significantly different AMATO2 Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, from controls who did not experience fetal loss. 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt 3Department of Anthropology, University of Florida The three phenotypes differ significantly in University, 2Department of Anthropology, their frequency of embryonic, fetal, or perinatal Northwestern University, 3Department of Strepsirrhines vary in pace of dental matura- loss. These studies took place in Eurasia. The Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana- tion and weaning age. Here, dentocranial data populations with the highest T frequency are Champaign, 4Department of Natural Resources and from late fetal to juvenile ages are compared in Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Lemur catta and Varecia spp., species with widely

Abstract Book 65 ABSTRACTS

different dental eruption schedules and moder- In July of 2019, we began recruiting COVID+ U.S. Gender reversals in social networks based ately divergent diets. Amira software was used mothers for a study of IYC health and infectious on prevailing kinship norms in the Mosuo to measure crown volume of dp4 as well as M1 outcomes in relation to household exposures of China and create cross-sectional slices of the mandible and feeding, sleep, and care practices. In this talk, SIOBHÁN M. MATTISON1,2, ADAM Z. REYNOLDS1, at the level of dp4. The cross-sectional area (CSA) we discuss protocols developed for survey and RUIZHE LIU1, GABRIELLE D. BACA1, MENG ZHANG3 and maximum bending resistance (Imax) were no-contact biomarker collection from mothers and CHUN-YI SUM4 determined using BoneJ. Based on the speci- and IYC during and following maternal infection. 1Anthropology, University of New Mexico, mens of known age, M1 is poorly mineralized at We further discuss how household composition 2Anthropology, National Science Foundation, birth in Varecia. The volume of a one-month-old and infectious dynamics influenced maternal 3Cultural Heritage and Museuology, Fudan specimen was only 0.5% of the adult crown decisions or abilities to self-isolate and take other University, 4College of General Studies, Boston compared to ~25% in Lemur; less disparity exists recommended precautionary measures related to University for dp4 with 30% in Varecia compared to 43% in IYC care and feeding. As of this writing, COVID-19 Kinship is hypothesized to structure access to Lemur. In late fetuses, M1 is the smaller cusp, but infections are rising in younger age groups social support, yet how it does so remains unre- overtakes dp4 volume as head size increases; owing to changing behaviors and exposures solved. Kin are more readily available to women this occurs more rapidly (at smaller head sizes) in among demographic groups. Our participants’ with uxorilocal residence than with virilocal resi- Lemur. Thus, M1 mineralization is far more rapid experiences underscore the need for research dence and vice versa for men, which is expected in Lemur. CSA and Imax share a linear relation- methodologies and public health recommen- to produce differences in social support networks. ship with palatal length (proxy for snout length) in dations that specifically consider the diverse In particular, gender-biased residence patterns Lemur. In contrast, preliminary results on Varecia challenges faced by families with IYC. might be expected to produce broader networks suggest the mandible, like crown volume, follows Funding provided by NSF awards 2031888, 2031715, for females in matriliny and the reverse in patriliny an exponential growth curve evidenced by delayed 2031753, and 2031761 [H1]. Alternatively, if men leverage social capital growth relative to Lemur, followed by rapid growth more than women regardless of residence, we related to load resistance. Results imply mandib- may see that [H2] males have broader networks ular load resistance and cusp mineralization Ongoing evolution of the FADS locus from or more centralized positions in both contexts. follows a shared developmental trajectory at the Paleolithic to the present-day We compare these hypotheses using tools from specific dental levels. We hypothesize the more IAIN MATHIESON social network analyses and data on male and rapid development of tooth crowns and mandib- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania female social networks in matrilineal and patri- ular stiffness in Lemur compared to Varecia may The FADS genes play an important role in the lineal Mosuo communities. In support of H1, we relate to a greater dietary dependence on leaves. synthesis of long-chain plasma unsaturated fatty find that female networks are broader (have higher Funded, in part, by National Science Foundation grants acids, critical for many cellular and organismal edge-density) than male networks in the matri- BCS-1830919; BCS-1830894. processes including cell membrane formation. A lineal community, while the reverse is observed derived haplotype at this locus is strongly asso- in the patrilineal community. Additionally, we find that female networks are more degree central- Family-focused COVID-19 research: lever- ciated with lipid levels and related phenotypes in present-day populations and has fluctuated in ized in matrilineal communities whereas male aging tools and insights from biocultural networks are more degree centralized in patriliny. anthropology frequency over human evolutionary timescales likely in response to changes in diet. Using both These results support the idea that the access to MELANIE A. MARTIN1,3, BEATRICE Q. CAFFE2, ancient and present-day genetic data we are able kin affects social support networks, which may AMANDA KUNKLE1, ELEANOR BRINDLE3, DAN T.A. to reconstruct the history of this haplotype across have important consequences on health and EISENBERG1,3 and COURTNEY L. MEEHAN2 a broad range of human populations, including at well-being. 1Department of Anthropology, University of least four independent episodes of selection. Funding for this work was provided by the National Washington, 2Department of Anthropology, Science Foundation (NSF BCS 1461514). Washington State University, 3Center for Studies In particular, we show that after ancient selection in Demography and Ecology, University of for the derived allele predating the out-of-Africa Washington bottleneck, the ancestral allele was selected in Phylogenetic analysis of sex-biased natal Globally, COVID-19 infection and mortality rates Upper Paleolithic Eurasia. Later, the derived allele dispersal in primates have been lowest in pediatric groups, however, the was again selected independently in Holocene KEELY Q. MAYNARD and STEPHANIE A. social and behavioral effects of containment have Europe and East Asia, with a selection coeffi- POINDEXTER had outstanding impacts on families with infants cient of 0.7-0.8%. This recent selection was likely Anthropology, University at Buffalo and young children (IYC). Barriers to testing and associated with the independent development inclusion of IYC in COVID-19 research has stymied of agriculture in both regions. Finally, we show The evolution of dispersal patterns in primates our understanding of the disease and evidence- that the recent episode of selection in Europe is has been related to behavioral flexibility, as popu- based public health, educational, and economic still ongoing today, with a similar selection coeffi- lations adapt to changing social and ecological responses to the pandemic. For example, in cient–over the past 50 years, carrying the derived pressures. Behavioral flexibility is constrained many studies, differential transmission risks and allele is associated with an approximately 0.74% by the evolutionary history of the taxa limiting protective immune responses among IYC are not increase in number of children ever born in a behavioral adaptation to a certain point. We described, and infectious outcomes of all chil- Northern European cohort. The unique evolu- aim to investigate the ancestral state of natal dren under age 18 are analyzed together. Studies tionary history of this functionally important dispersal to understand the evolutionary history promoting the benefits of saliva sampling in place variant underscores the value of combining the and limitations on dispersal patterns. We expand of nasopharyngeal swabs for wider viral surveil- study of ancient and present-day DNA to under- upon previous research by including more taxa lance have often not considered the logistical stand adaptive evolution in our species. with a particular focus on strepsirrhines. Due challenges posed by IYC for this methodology. to the prevalence of male-biased dispersal in other mammalian species, we hypothesize that the ancestral characteristic for primate natal

66 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS dispersal is male-biased dispersal and female weeks). Statistical tests were ANOVA and T-test. Revised estimates of stature-at-death philopatry. We collected data on natal dispersal There was no significant difference between term and body proportions for KNM-WT 15000 patterns, social structure, and reproductive and preterm delta ALLO (3.45+- 2.71 ng/ml vs. (Homo erectus) strategies in 61 primates. We ran a maximum 2.97+- 1.75 ng/ml, p=.446), and thus our findings ROBERT C. MCCARTHY1, DALYA KANANI1, likelihood (ML) ancestral character estimation. do not support our hypothesis. Age, socio-eco- DEBORAH L. CUNNINGHAM2 and DANIEL J. The ML model (Lx= -57.5, rate = 4.48, SE = 1.07) nomic status and self-reported race/ethnicity WESCOTT2 provided weak support in favor of our hypoth- were not significantly related to ALLO. However, 1Department of Biological Sciences, Benedictine esis of male-biased dispersal as the ancestral there was a strong inverse relationship between University, 2Department of Anthropology, Texas characteristic. Using phylo.D, we calculated the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and ALLO (p< 0.001). State University phylogenetic signal (D) for each dispersal pattern. This inverse relationship suggests maternal ener- The only reasonably-complete specimen of early Both sex-biased (F – Destimate=0.284, p=0.008; getic status plays an important role in determining Homo erectus, KNM-WT 15000, is a juvenile M – Destimate = 0.187, p=<0.0001) are significantly ALLO variation during pregnancy and warrants requiring extrapolation to predict adult body size conserved under Brownian evolution. Therefore, further investigation. and shape. Recent adult body size reconstructions we tested if dispersal constrains the evolution have relied on limb bone lengths either directly as of reproductive and social behaviors. We found a “starting point” for growth projection or indirectly that there was a negative evolutionary correlation Prevalence of stress and disease indica- as the basis for estimating stature-at-death. One between bisexual dispersal and the promiscuous tors by sex and age-at-death in a medieval th th previous study found a considerable discrepancy mating system (Likelihood Ratio Test = 9.822, cemetery (11 -12 c) from Giecz, Poland between regression estimates of stature-at-death p=0.04). Our results confirm previous research REBECCA C. MAYUS1,2, GIUSEPPE VERCELLOTTI2,3, from limb bones (154–169 cm) and anatomical that dispersal patterns are a constraining variable HEDY JUSTUS2 and AMANDA AGNEW1,2 estimates (141–147 cm). New insights on the on behavioral flexibility. 1Skeletal Biology Research Laboratory, The Ohio structure of KNM-WT 15000’s vertebral column, State University, 2Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 3Institute for Research and Learning in thorax, and pelvis along with methodological Allopregnanolone Serum Concentrations Archaeology and Bioarchaeology, Columbus, Ohio innovations make this an opportune time to recon- sider anatomical reconstruction as a method for in Term and Preterm Birth: An Exploratory The formation of the Polish state in the 10th c CE addressing questions about KNM-WT 15000’s Study led to major changes in the daily lives of medieval stature-at-death, body proportions, and ontogeny. GABRIELLA B. MAYNE1, UWE CHRISTIANS2, Poles, including the implementation of feudalism DANA DABELEA3, K. JOSEPH HURT4 and ANNA G. and the adoption of Christianity. Examination of We adjusted KNM-WT 15000’s vertebral heights 1 WARRENER skeletal indicators can reveal the effects of soci- to account for missing ring epiphyses using 1Department of Anthropology, University of ocultural changes on human health, and whether data from a small sample of subadult modern 2 Colorado, Denver, iC42 Clinical Research & experiences differed based on an individual’s iden- human skeletons. We used existing regression Development, Department of Anesthesiology, tity within their community. The objective of this equations to estimate talocrural height, cervical University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, research was to determine whether patterns of vertebral length, and total vertebral length; recon- 3Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and skeletal stress varied among individuals interred structed living height from skeletal height using Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado th th anatomical and regression-based methods; and Anschutz Medical Campus, 4Department of at the 11 to 12 c CE cemetery of Giecz, Poland Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine based on sex and age-at-death. 140 adult skel- reconstructed anterior trunk height using equa- and Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado etons (89 male, 51 female) were examined for tions from the biomedical literature. School of Medicine presence/absence of the following indicators: New stature-at-death point estimates (143–146 Preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation) is the cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel cm) and confidence intervals (138–150 cm) leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality hypoplasia, caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth agree remarkably well with previous anatomical in the US and is associated with substantial loss, periostitis, and degenerative joint disease. estimates but do not overlap with larger estimates racial/socio-economic disparities. Maternal Additionally, stature was estimated from femoral based on limb bone lengths. Compared to adult stress is a key variable affecting maternal-pla- length using population-specific equations. With and juvenile modern humans, KNM-WT 15000’s cental-fetal-neuroendocrine system plasticity. the exception of sexual dimorphism in stature, limbs were disproportionately long in relation Allopregnanolone, a “stress-responsive” neuroac- indicators did not reveal significant differences to the trunk, suggesting either that limb:trunk tive steroid, plays a role in stress pathophysiology, by sex, suggesting similar levels of stress were proportions differed in H. erectus or that KNM-WT and animal models demonstrate an associa- experienced by both males and females. Caries, 15000’s trunk growth followed a delayed schedule tion between low ALLO and reduced gestational abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, and degener- compared to modern human standards. ative joint disease prevalence increased with age, length. Therefore, we hypothesized that ALLO is This research was funded by the Dr. Scholl Foundation. lower in women who deliver preterm in a nested likely reflecting natural senescence processes case-control study using banked serum samples. rather than population-specific stressors. A posi- We included healthy, low-risk women with tive association between stature and age was Life Aquatic: Taphonomic Change singleton pregnancies and excluded subjects with found, which may indicate individuals with higher Documented in Florida’s Waterways frailty died at younger ages. Alternatively, this major medical illness, preeclampsia, hyperten- SHANNON MCCARTY and HEATHER trend may reflect cultural buffering of certain indi- sion, or diabetes. We matched preterm cases with WALSH-HANEY viduals throughout their entire lifespan, allowing term controls (1:1) by gestational age (GA) at first Department of Justice Studies, Florida Gulf Coast taller stature and longer lives. Future research blood draw and least difference in time between University first and second blood draw (N=27 per group). We will examine severity of paleopathology indi- Humans continue to modify their environment performed a new high-performance liquid chro- cators and incorporate mortuary evidence to after death as their corporal remains become host matography tandem mass spectrometry assay to determine whether subtler trends exist within the to numerous organisms that in turn modify their quantify ALLO at two points in gestation (sample assemblage. host. Forensic anthropologists evaluate these 1 mean GA 16.85 weeks, range 12.43-25 weeks; postmortem changes to estimate time since sample 2 mean GA 26.51 weeks, range 22.3–32

Abstract Book 67 ABSTRACTS

death (TSD), identify the scene, and reveal the instructor that are more engaging and less intimi- MIDDLETON1, CASEY M. HOLLIDAY1 and CAROL V. postmortem “life” of the remains. Meta-analyses dating. Digital formats can also integrate a variety WARD1 of forensic cases as well as controlled animal of online resources that reinforce understanding 1Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University experiments in aquatic environments is limited. of subjects that are difficult to grasp in traditional of Missouri, 2Department of Structural Medicine, 3 This study aims to delineate the aquatic tapho- lecture settings. These considerations of partici- Rocky Vista University, Department of Medical nomic modifications to human remains recovered pation and clarification are particularly important Anatomical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences from bodies of water within Florida. Through the given the diversity of student backgrounds and Human Identity and Trauma Analysis Lab, we the interdisciplinary nature of the field as a whole. The nuchal region is important for understanding evaluated 58 forensic anthropology cases from Although many eagerly await the return to wide- variation in postural and locomotor behaviors aquatic environments. Twenty-four evidenced spread in-person instruction, the successes and within primates. To date, there has not yet been aquatic taphonomic change. These human limitations of distance learning should inform a quantitative study of comparative nuchal remains were discovered in canals, culverts, how we use technology to engage with students muscle functional morphology, partly due to the harbors, and beaches with an TSD that ranged moving forward. complexity of this musculoskeletal system. We from one day to over 75 years. We grouped the applied novel methodologies to visualize and aquatic organisms into adhering marine taxa, compare nuchal musculature among taxa to such as barnacles and serpulid worms versus An X/Y chromosome quantitative PCR explore the relationship between trunk posture, bioerosion scavengers like sharks and fish. We protocol for assessing secondary DNA head turning behaviors, and forelimb-dominated expected the taphonomic changes from adhering transfer: Implications for forensic cases below branch suspensory behaviors on the head organisms to be significantly associated with SAMANTHA M. MCCRANE1,2 and CONNIE J. and neck musculature across primate taxa. longer TSD estimates while the bioerosion scav- MULLIGAN1,2 Contrast-enhanced CT imaging, 3D muscle fasci- engers would be strongly associated with shorter 1Anthropology, University of Florida, 2Genetics cle-tracking, and 3D muscle visualization were TSD estimates. We performed a chi-square test Institute, University of Florida all used to compare the attachment sites, orien- and revealed significance (p < 0.05) between TSD Primary touch DNA is deposited when individuals tations, and estimates of force for 19 muscles and both groups of aquatic organisms. While our shed DNA-containing skin cells or sweat directly across five species that displayed contrasting sample size barely met the assumptions intrinsic onto an object. There is also the possibility of positional behaviors. Ternary diagrams were to chi-square analysis, the descriptive statistics secondary DNA transfer when an individual’s DNA used to compare the force generating capability supported our hypothesis. Consequently, this is transferred via an intermediary to an object that and orientation of muscle bellies. Results show study highlights the need for further research with the individual never directly touched. These forms that most muscle forces scale isometrically, but the goal of providing more reliable future forensic of touch DNA are increasingly cited as evidence musculature varies according to neck function. anthropological analyses. in criminal court proceedings despite a lack of Suspensory species have a more dorsoven- thorough understanding of the factors that affect trally oriented cranial belly of the trapezius than touch DNA transfer. The high cost of forensic DNA non-suspensory taxa. Orthograde primates tend Future Directions in Anthropological kits and capillary-based DNA analysis systems is to have a relatively less powerful longissimus Pedagogy: Insights into the role of one barrier to further research. This study utilized capitis compared to pronograde primates. Carlito, technology in teaching anthropological a cost-effective X/Y chromosome quantitative notable for its dramatic head turning behav- genetics from the Covid-19 pandemic PCR protocol to test forensically relevant factors. iors, has a more transversely oriented and more KATIE MCCORMACK and JADA BENN-TORRES Specifically, a male and then a female held an powerful sternocleidomastoid in addition to more Anthropology, Vanderbilt University AR-15 gun grip for 5 minutes, after which the gun powerful obliquus capitis superior muscle. The latter is also seen in Propithecus. These findings The shift to distance learning in response to the grip and the female’s hand were independently support the hypothesis that the moment-gener- ongoing COVID-19 pandemic required university wet swabbed. Fluorescently-tagged sex deter- ating capacities of key nuchal muscles are related instructors to navigate novel technologies and mination markers were used to detect primary to posture and locomotion in primates. Therefore, teaching strategies in order to redesign courses DNA transfer (X or Y markers on the gun grip) osteological correlates of observed variation that effectively promote student engagement and secondary DNA transfer (Y markers on the in nuchal musculature can be useful for recon- with material and accurately evaluate learning. female’s hand). Self-reported age, sex, and pres- structing behavior in fossil primates. This ongoing experiment in online pedagogy ence/absence of skin conditions that enhance has raised numerous questions about how to skin sloughing were recorded for all participants This project was supported by the Leakey Foundation, create an environment conducive to collabora- and tested for association with DNA transfer. In NSF (BCS-1919475), American Association for Anatomy, University of Missouri, and NSF GRFP. tive learning without face-to-face instruction. preliminary studies, individuals with eczema or Although distance learning is largely framed as psoriasis deposited primary touch DNA in signifi- cantly more trials than individuals without any skin temporary and necessarily inferior to in-person Noxious Smoke and Silent Killers: condition. Our finding suggests that these skin instruction, the challenges presented by this Pollutant Exposure during England’s conditions increase the probability of touch DNA undertaking are also an opportunity to reex- Industrial Revolution amine the role of technology in undergraduate transfer. A better understanding of secondary 1 1 DNA transfer is critical to guard against wrongful SARA A. MCGUIRE , MARK HUBBE , ALI education. In this presentation, I offer some 2 3 convictions, especially since many skin conditions POURMAND and WILLIAM J. PESTLE considerations on the future of pedagogy within 1 disproportionately affect already marginalized Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State anthropological genetics, reflecting on insights as 2 groups. University, Neptune Isotope Lab, Department of a trainee working as a teaching assistant during Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine this period of change and uncertainty in educa- and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, tion. Specifically, I focus on how online learning 3 3D Functional Anatomy of Nuchal Department of Anthropology, University of Miami can better facilitate student participation relative Musculature in Primates The consequences of industrialization in England to in-person lectures. Although this effect has not 1 2 include an increase in exposure to pollution and been universal, distance learning has the potential FAYE MCGECHIE , NEYSA GRIDER-POTTER , 3 3 the deterioration of urban environments. Growing to facilitate interactions between students and the THIERRA K. NALLEY , ELLE FRICANO , KEVIN M.

68 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS industrial cities especially saw an increase in To better understand sleep patterns associated transparent community engagement to ensure pollution, as compared to the more rural agrarian with menopause in non-Western populations, we data integrity and full participation of people expe- countryside, so often assumed to have provided investigated sleep in Guatemalan Maya women riencing the greatest burdens of COVID-19. Next, a comparatively clean and idyllic escape from spanning a life history range from puberty to in an attempt to reform health services provision the noxious fumes of industry. This study exam- menopause (age range: adolescent girls=12-16 and public health measures for BIPOC communi- ines subsets of two historic English populations years, younger adult women=34.4-43.7 years, ties, the CORE recruited and convened a national (Barton-upon-Humber, n = 40; South Shields, n menopausal women=46-80 years). We tested community advisory council purposively struc- = 54) from the Industrial period (c. 1760 AD to the hypothesis that menopausal women living in tured to represent BIPOC people from diverse 1850 AD) to examine pollutant exposure in envi- societies with less social isolation and more inter- backgrounds and from diverse geographical loca- ronments that are midway along the spectrum generational family support and allomaternal care tions to assist in decision-making and regional between rural villages and industrial cities. Trace – as in this Maya population – show sleep char- recruitment across the United States. Finally, to element analysis was used to examine exposure acteristics that differ from Western populations. reimagine the power of the registry study design, to pollutants that transfer into bones and are Thus, we predicted that menopausal women will the research priorities of affected communities retained postmortem (arsenic, barium, and lead). not exhibit shorter or less efficient sleep than was implemented to reinforce or shift the focus of The results of elemental analysis for 94 individ- younger adult women or adolescents. Consistent the study to amplify, capture, and reflect the ques- uals were contrasted according to collection using with this prediction, we found that menopausal tions most important to BIPOC communities. Kruskal-Wallis tests. All trace element values women’s sleep was longer (mean=6.85 hours, Lessons learned establishing the CORE, retrofit- fell within ranges of dangerous exposure levels SD=0.95) and more efficient (mean=80.86%, ting it to PRIORTY and actionable next steps will (arsenic = 1.00 ± 1.05 ppm; barium = 63.77 ± 41.89 SD=7.88) than younger adult women’s sleep be described in this session. ppm; lead = 36.52 ± 31.37 ppm). Moreover, individ- (mean duration=6.45 hours, SD=1.08; mean effi- The PRIORITY registry study has multiple funding uals from the larger and more industrial town of ciency=77.35%, SD=9.15), and in fact was more sources that can be found on the websites here, priority. South Shields had significantly higher values for similar to adolescent sleep (mean duration=7.08 ucsf.edu/our-supporters-0 arsenic (p < 0.001) and barium (p = 0.013), while hours, SD=0.86; mean efficiency=80.82%, individuals from the smaller and more rural town SD=4.73). Our results suggest that poor sleep is of Barton-upon-Humber had significantly higher not a universal consequence of menopause, and Big leapers and small climbers: Does size values for lead (p = 0.020). As such, this research that a cultural consideration of social integration matter? provides evidence that exposure to pollutants is critical to understanding aging and sleep health. ALLISON MCNAMARA1 and MICHELLE BEZANSON2 1 may not have been confined to industrial cities, This research was supported by the Social Sciences Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2 and that at least the individuals from Barton-upon- and Humanities Research Council of Canada and Duke Anthropology, Santa Clara University Humber were not necessarily protected by their University. Primatologists who examine positional behavior more rural and agrarian environment. depend on body mass estimates to predict posi- Research was funded by OSU’s Department of Women’s, Retrofit, Reform, Re-envision: Lessons tional outcomes. Fleagle and Mittermeier (1980) Gender and Sexuality Studies Coca-Cola Critical Learned While Engaging with Pregnancy provided a rich context for the interpretation Difference for Women Research Grant, OSU’s Alumni of positional behavior. In their model, smaller Grant for Graduate Research and Scholarship, and by Registries primates were expected to leap more and larger generous donors. 1 2 MONICA R. MCLEMORE , YALDA AFSHAR , primates were expected to climb more. Since IFEYINWA V. ASIODU1, BRITTANY D. CHAMBERS3, their important publication, most examinations HENDRIX E. ERHAHON1, VALERIE FLAHERMAN4, of positional behavior include or entirely focus Is Sleep Disturbance in Menopause STEPHANIE GAW5 and VANESSA JACOBY5 their discussion on body mass predictions. We Explained by Evolutionary Mismatch? 1Family Health Care Nursing Department, University present a comparative analysis of the relationship Evidence from Three Cohorts of of California, San Francisco, 2Department of Guatemalan Maya Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, between body mass and locomotion and discuss 3 how various methods of studying locomotion and LEELA MCKINNON1, DAVID R. SAMSON1, CHARLES Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology L. NUNN2,3, AMANDA ROWLANDS4, KATRINA G. and Biostatistics, University of California, San body mass influence results. We reviewed 43 peer 4 SALVANTE4 and PABLO A. NEPOMNASCHY4 Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, University reviewed papers on positional behavior published of California, San Francisco, 5Department of 1Department of Anthropology, University of from 1996-2016 covering 61 primate species. We Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Toronto Mississauga, 2Department of Evolutionary compiled proportions of locomotor modes that Sciences, University of California, San Francisco Anthropology, Duke University, 3Duke Global Health were reported, and then tested if published body Institute, Duke University, 4Maternal and Child The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the core mass predicted the top locomotor mode reported Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, issues that intersect the social, clinical, economic in the publication. Quadrupedalism is the most Simon Fraser University and structural determinants of health. In the common locomotor mode used among primate Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and context of the current Black Maternal Health crisis species, therefore we analyzed the odds that a healthcare have dramatically extended the and COVID-19, it was essential to document the species exhibited leaping or climbing more than human lifespan, resulting in a higher proportion impact COVID-19 has on people with the capacity quadrupedalism based on its body mass. Results of women having significant lifespans beyond for pregnancy, particularly for Black, Indigenous, indicate that there is a significant inverse rela- menopause. Women undergoing menopause and People of Color (BIPOC) and queer commu- tionship between body mass and leaping being in Western contexts often report considerable nities. In March 2020, the Pregnancy CoRonavIrus the number one locomotor mode reported for a sleep disturbance. These menopause-associ- Outcomes RegIsTrY (PRIORITY) launched. species. Interestingly, the odds of a species using ated sleep disruptions may reflect evolutionary PRIORITY is a nationwide study of 1,300 preg- any other locomotor mode more frequently than mismatch. In particular, nuclear family living in nant or recently pregnant people who are either quadrupedalism did not have a significant relation- Western societies often results in decreased inter- under investigation for COVID-19 or have been ship with body mass. This analysis indicates that generational social integration, a situation that confirmed to have COVID-19. First, PRIORITY the relationship between locomotion and body is in contrast to the high levels of sociality and was retrofitted with a reproductive health equity group living of human ancestral environments. and birth justice CORE to establish authentic and

Abstract Book 69 ABSTRACTS

mass is not straightforward and is influenced The differential influence of climate Contrasting craniodental lesion rates in by a multitude of factors including environment, on cranial variation in North and South platyrrhines taxonomy, observational methods, and how body Americans: an integral approach MATTHEW MERWIN1, CLAIRE A. KIRCHHOFF1, D. mass is measured, estimated, and reported. combining morphometric, genetic, and REX MITCHELL2, SIOBHÁN B. COOKE3,4 and CLAIRE environmental data E. TERHUNE5 1,2 3 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette New hominin remains from the Leado LUMILA P. MENENDEZ , ALEXANDRA GROSHEVA , TAYISIA SYUTKINA4, TSUNEHIKO HANIHARA5, University, 2Center for Anatomical Sciences, Dido'a area of Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia MARK HUBBE6 and ANDREJ EVTEEV7 University of North Texas Health Science 1 2 3 STEPHANIE M. MELILLO , LUIS GIBERT , 1Department Anthropology of the Americas, Center, Center for Functional Anatomy and 3 4 BEVERLY Z. SAYLOR , ALAN DEINO , MULUGETA University of Bonn, 2Evolutionary Anthropology, Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of 5 6 4 ALENE , TIMOTHY M. RYAN and YOHANNES Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Medicine, New York Consortium in Evolutionary 7 5 HAILE-SELASSIE Research, 3Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Primatology Morphometrics Group, Department of 1Department of Human Evolution, MPI-EVA, Russian Academy of Science, 4Institute of Anthropology, University of Arkansas 2 Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy As demonstrated in humans, craniodental 5 Geologia Aplicada Facultat de Ciäncies de la of Science, Department of Anatomy, Kitasato pathologies reflect dietary, ecological, and social Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 3Department of 6 University School of Medicine, Department of adaptations, but such studies on non-human Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Anthropology, Ohio State University, 7Anuchin primates are rare. We compare rates of cranio- Case Western Reserve University, 4Berkeley Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, 5 dental lesions in five platyrrhine species: Alouatta Geochronology Center, School of Earth Moscow State University Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 6Department seniculus (n=48m, 58f), Ateles geoffroyi (n=26m, of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, The main factors behind cranial variation of 26f), Cebus capucinus (n=48m, 42f), Sapajus 7Department of Physical Anthropology, Cleveland humans in the Americas have been discussed for apella (n=51m, 52f), and Saimiri boliviensis Museum of Natural History a century and a half. In spite of this, comprehen- (n=37m, 36f). Each adult specimen was evaluated sive studies combining morphological, genetic, Fossils discovered at Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis, and environmental data in an extensive sample have challenged the idea that Australopithecus antemortem tooth loss, periodontal disease, and wide geographic area are still lacking. This afarensis was the sole hominin present in the caries, pulp cavity exposure, abscesses, tooth paper analyzes the influence of climate on cranial Afar Depression during the ca. 3.5-3.3 Ma period. crowding/malocclusion, craniofacial trauma, and variation in high latitude populations living in However, the extent of spatial and temporal other pathologies using standard criteria. Fisher’s temperate to cold environments of North and overlap among hominin taxa remains unclear. exact tests for relationships between lesions, sex, South America. For this, we compiled morpho- Jaws and teeth attributed to Australopithecus and species differences were carried out in SPSS. metric data from publicly available databases deyiremeda and the taxonomically unattributed Alouatta exhibits sex differences in rates of pulp (Debets, Pucciarelli), paired it with climatic and Burtele foot were recovered from >3.47-3.33 Ma cavity exposure (p=0.023) and dental abscesses genomic data, and applied an exhaustive set of strata in the Burtele area of Woranso-Mille that are (p=0.018); Sapajus in the rate of other patholo- statistical methods (Partial Least Square, Spatial contemporaneous with A. afarensis specimens gies (p=0.01). Differences in pathology rates for Autoregression Analysis, and Mantel tests). from Maka, Dikika and Hadar. Yet evidence of A. monkeys with versus without TMJ osteoarthritis Our results indicated that populations living at afarensis at Woranso-Mille during this period was were observed for caries (Saimiri, p=0.022), pulp cold regions are characterized by an increment limited. cavity exposure (Saimiri, p=0.003), dental abscess in nasal height, facial and orbital heights and (Saimiri, p=0.022), and other trauma (Sapajus Here, we describe new hominin fossils from a widths, decrease in facial protrusion, as well as females, p=0.038). Also of note are differences in collection locality in the Leado Dido'a area of larger cranial vaults. Both correlation matrices lesion rates between taxa. Alouatta males often Woranso-Mille (LDD-VP-1), which lies just 3.5 km and linear regression methods showed that a differed from the other samples, including the southeast of Burtele. Geochemical identification moderate to large amount of this variation could lesion rates for pulp cavity exposure (p=0.023- of a Sidi Hakoma Tuff (SHT) correlate and meas- be accounted as a result of climatic impact on 0.001), dental abscesses (p=0.024-0.004), and urements of paleomagnetism were combined to morphology. Populations from southern South trauma (p=0.035-0.029). Ateles also differed from date the LDD-VP-1 strata to 3.41-3.33 Ma. America present the strongest climate signal other samples, including for TMJ osteoarthritis We assign most specimens in the LDD-VP-1 (PLS, SC=29.4%). The southern South Americans (p=0.043), periodontal disease (p=0.044-0.012), sample to A. afarensis, based on diagnostic show more pronounced facial changes (Mantel, abscesses (p=0.016-0.009), and dental crowding morphology and metric comparison of the r=0.43, P<0.01; SAR, r=0.75; P<0.01), while the (p=0.025). Interestingly, these differences may fall mandible, maxilla, canines and premolars. These populations living at cold climates in North more closely along taxonomic lines, with Alouatta specimens fall largely within the range of varia- America exhibit most of the changes in the (males) and Ateles differing from Cebus and tion previously documented for A. afarensis, but cranial vault (Mantel, r=0.24, P=0.07; SAR, r=0.50, Sapajus rather than one another. Future directions increase the frequency of some rare morpholog- P=0.20). Overall, those changes are supported by include incorporating pathology analysis with ical variants. However, one isolated third molar physiological, morphometric, genetic, and ecolog- tooth wear and craniodental morphometrics. ical predictions; and we conclude that they could is extremely small and its taxonomic affinity is Funding provided by NSF BCS-1551722. currently unknown. The value added with this be explained as the result of local evolutionary sample lies in its contribution to controlling for processes and cultural adaptations as well. spatiotemporal differences among site-samples This project was developed thanks to a visiting (AE) and a Ulna curvature in Sahelanthropus, the StW in the A. afarensis hypodigm, and its contempora- postdoc fellowship (LPM) provided by the Konrad Lorenz 573 (“Little Foot”) Australopithecus, and neity with non-A. afarensis specimens at Burtele. Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI, other early hominins Klosterneuburg). Field and laboratory research was supported by MARC R. MEYER1, ISABELLA FX. ARAIZA2 and NSF (BCS-1124705, BCS-1124713, BCS-1124716, SCOTT A. WILLIAMS3,4 BCS-1125157 and BCS-1125345), CMNH, the Leakey 1Anthropology, Chaffey College, 2Anthropology, Foundation, the National Geographic Society, and University of California, Riverside, 3Center for MPI-EVA. the Study of Human Origins, Department of

70 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Anthropology, New York University, 4New York with corresponding ages, ranging from 1 to 15, features. Individuals featuring more complex Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology were selected form each sample. Two sets of funerary treatment show in average, in both sexes, Discoveries of ulnae for early hominins such as cross-sectional cortical bone measurements a lower incidence of stress-related skeletal and the TM 266-01-050 Sahelanthropus tchadensis were taken using the BoneJ plugin in ImageJ dental changes. software. Mean residuals and mean absolute and the StW 573 (“Little Foot”) Australopithecus This study agrees with previous reconstructions residuals of error were calculated from the differ- are welcome additions to the early hominin fossil suggesting a complex link between biological and ence between the two sets of cortical bone area record. Significant curvature of the ulna is a social status among Italian Iron Age communi- measures. Initial results indicate a smaller error normal anatomic feature among extant apes and ties, and stimulates new reflections regarding the in dry bone, potential due to the border between many early hominins that has been linked to loco- theoretical and methodological issues affecting the cortical bone and the exterior in the CT image motor behaviors involving the forearm. Here we this types of studies. employ elliptical Fourier shape analysis to quan- being clearer than in bone situated in tissue. The tify ulnar curvature in extant apes (n = 46), early results of this research will help evaluate the appli- hominins (n = 9), and Homo sapiens (n = 30) to cability of methods developed in clinical settings Using the Patella to Estimate Sex in a better understand forearm functional morphology for CT analysis on dry bone samples. Terminal Classic Maya Bone Deposit of across the sample. Commingled Human Remains The significantly curved and gracile StW 573 Patterns of health condition and social KATHERINE A. MILLER WOLF ulna falls within the morphospace of Pongo, complexity in the Iron Age "Picenes" Anthropology, University of West Florida and well outside the distribution of H. sapiens population from Novilara (Central Italy, 8th Ucanal was a major Maya center during the the human clinical sample. Falling closest to the -7th c. BC) Terminal Classic period (830-1000 CE) with U.W. 101-499 H. naledi and KNM-BK 66 H. erectus MARCO MILELLA1, MICHAEL A. BECK-DE LOTTO2, complex social, political, and economic relation- fossils, its high degree of midshaft curvature and CHIARA DELPINO3, SANDRA LôSCH1 and ZITA ships emerging after the “collapse” of the Classic gracility also distinguishes it from Pan, Gorilla, LAFFRANCHI1,4 Maya civilization. Recent excavations revealed and the more robust and curved Sahelanthropus 1Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute unusual and surprising mortuary patterns that and Paranthropus fossils. The curvature of of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern - deviate from other cities. Most notably, large both the TM 266-01-050and StW 573 is greater Bern - Switzerland, 2Department of Cultural deposits of bone have been recovered spread than observed in A. afarensis, A. sediba, and the Heritage: Archaeology, History of Art, Cinema across plaza floors and in dense, concentrated KNM-WT 15000 H. erectus, which are all more and Music, University of Padua - Padua - Italy, groups. Deposits contain isolated human skel- 3Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine Arts and similar to modern humans. We discuss the func- etal remains that were relatively easy to remove Landscape for the Provinces of Frosinone, Latina tional implications of forearm curvature across from the body of a living or recently deceased and Rieti, SABAP - Italy, 4Department of Legal taxa, and also address whether the Little Foot Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, person like teeth, the patella, and bones of the ulna reflects traumatic bowing of the left forearm Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada - arms, hands, and feet. Moreover, many of the resulting from a childhood fall, as suggested by Granada - Spain bones show evidence of subsequently being previous work. ‘worked’ and in the process of being transformed The comparison of "biological" and "social" status into another object – something most often seen This research was funded by a generous grant from the in the past is a central topic in bioarchaeological L.S.B Leakey Foundation. with faunal remains. Given the unique nature studies. For the Italian Iron Age, previous research of this assemblage, a primary objective was to comparing skeletal and funerary variables depict estimate sex and age of the isolated elements to a multifaceted scenario consistent with nuanced Reliability of wet versus dry bone CT reconstruct what may have occurred at the site. biocultural patterns. This calls for new studies scan-based quantification of cortical area A total of 31 patella from Ucanal were examined on a broader series of archaeological contexts measurements and six metrics were collected from each bone and skeletal series. Here, we contribute new data JULIA L. MEYERS and HUGO FV. CARDOSO (e.g. Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994; Sakaue, 2008), about the biological correlates of social differen- verified with IOE data, and statistically evaluated Archaeology, Simon Fraser University tiation during the Italian Iron Age by comparing to reveal sexual dimorphism among the patella The proliferation of Computed Tomography paleopathological and funerary variables in the (t-test and Mann-Whitney’s U). The method was (CT) technology in bioarchaeology research Picene necropolis of Novilara (Marche region, verified with comparative samples of patella has allowed for specimen to be studied in a 8th -7th c. BC). This context is one of the largest from collections derived from other regional sites non-destructive manner, and by an increas- Picene necropolises in the Italian Peninsula and (Ambergris Caye, San Juan, Cac Balam, and Ek ingly large group of researchers through digital one of the most important funerary sites of the Luum). Sex can be estimated from the patella access programs. The methods used to study Italian Early Iron Age. The skeletal sample for alone for the ancient Maya samples and the CT scans of bioarchaeological specimen were this study includes 139 individuals (M:69, F: 34, method has great potential use for isolated, poorly largely developed by and adapted from clinical 31 nonadults). Frequencies of lineal enamel preserved remains from other similar contexts. CT research, which often utilizes bone that is still hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, imbedded in muscle and fat, and thus has not and periosteal reaction are used to approximate Funding provided by a SSRC Grant to Ucanal Project (C. undergone any taphonomic processes. The goal non-specific stress, and are compared with a Halperin, University of Montreal); an Indiana University of this research project is to examine how meas- subset of 7 archaeological variables (e.g. type and East Travel Grant; and Anthropology Research Support at the University of West Florida. urements of cortical bone area taken from CT amount of grave goods) by means of Fisher tests scans differ between wet and dry bone through and Mann-Whitney tests. quantification of intraobserver error. Cortical area Results show no link between age, sex, and paleo- measurements were taken from images isolated pathological variables. The latter show however from CT scans from the Luis Lopes Identified a subtle pattern when considered along funerary Skeletal Collection (early 20th century) and pre-au- topsy CTs from the Office of the Medical Examiner in New Mexico (early 21st century). Five individuals

Abstract Book 71 ABSTRACTS

Metatarsal Torsion in Relation to life. Previous bioarchaeological isotopic research females without an infectious disease, individuals Longitudinal Arch Height in Modern studied two mortuary groups buried in the ancient with a skeletal stress marker exhibit increased Humans city of Zhenghan on the Central Plains of China survivorship after age 40. For females with an CATHERINE K. MILLER1,3, AMBER N. HEARD- during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (771 – 221 infectious disease, individuals with a skeletal BOOTH2 and JEREMY M. DESILVA1 BCE), and identified dietary differences between stress marker die earlier in life than those females 1Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 2Radiology, females and males, suggesting this period was without a skeletal stress marker. Regardless of Michigan State University College of Human significant in the emergence of gender -inequal infection status, males without a skeletal stress Medicine, 3Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and ities in ancient China. This project expands that marker exhibit increased survivorship, after age Society, Dartmouth College research with individuals from three newly studied 40, compared to those with a stress marker. Thus, mortuary populations ranging from the Eastern skeletal stress markers affected risk of death, A defining morphology of the modern human Zhou to the Han Dynasty period and from both from an infection, for females, but not for males. foot is the presence of a longitudinal arch. urban and rural settings near ancient Zhenghan These results support earlier research suggesting However, this feature is difficult to identify in the city (modern-day Xinzheng). Using a life-course that childhood stress markers differentially fossil record, and thus the evolutionary history approach, we applied an incremental dentin affected the sexes in this sample, and may extend of the human longitudinal arch remains unclear. sampling method on an early-forming tooth from to adult mortality from infectious disease. It has been suggested that the degree of meta- 38 adult individuals to investigate breastfeeding, tarsal torsion of the second (Mt2) and third (Mt3) weaning, and childhood diet, in conjunction with metatarsals, and of the fourth metatarsal (Mt4) a bone sample, which records diet from the final Preliminary comparisons of cross-sec- is associated with the presence of a medial and decade before death. Across these five mortuary tional geometry and histology between lateral longitudinal arch respectively. That is, a th groups we see that males consumed greater 20 century and late medieval human greater degree of external torsion in the meta- amounts of millet than females, who consumed midshaft femora tarsals is associated with a higher longitudinal 1,2 3 more wheat, soy, and other C3-foods, and that JUSTYNA J. MISZKIEWICZ , RITA HARDIMAN , arch. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an gendered eating began in childhood. Here we AMY J. VASSALLO4, BRENDAN BAYLISS1 and intraspecific study in which torsion was meas- 2 examine dietary patterns over individual life- PATRICK MAHONEY ured in 20 modern human second, third, and times, particularly in relation to gender and social 1School of Archaeology and Anthropology, fourth metatarsals digitally extracted from MRI 2 inequality. Further, historical research has indi- Australian National University, School of scans using OsiriX. Torsion was compared to arch cated that wheat consumption increased during Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, height, which was quantified as relative navicular 3Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, the Han Dynasty, and isotopic analysis of individ- height in each individual. We found no relation- 4Women's Health Program, The George Institute for uals and groups can help reveal the timing and the ship between arch height and torsion of the Mt2 Global Health tempo of wheat adoption. (r=0.000). Arch height was statistically, but nega- Variation in human cortical bone histology is an Funding was provided by: University of Otago Research tively, correlated with Mt3 torsion (r=0.522; indicator of bone health that can relate to life- Grant, the Royal Society New Zealand Marsden Fund P=0.02). While arch height was slightly correlated style. This preliminary study compares histology with external torsion of the Mt4, it was not statisti- (18-UOO-123), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41703003). and cross-sectional geometry between femora cally significant (r=0.28; one-tailed P=0.12). These from three adult males dating to the late Medieval results indicate that metatarsal torsion alone is period (11th-16th century) in England and the late not a reliable predictor of arch height and there- Adult mortality from infectious disease 20th century in Australia. The Australian femur fore caution should be used when inferring arch and childhood stress markers on the was a post-mortem sample from a physically height from isolated hominin metatarsals. Future North American Great Plains active 47 year old of poor nutritional tendencies. studies should look at the combined effects of JOCELYN D. MINSKY-ROWLAND The Medieval individuals were 35-50 years old and torsion with other anatomies of the foot and Anthropology, Howard Community College represented low and high socio-economic status take into account variables such as shoe type if (SES) lifestyles. working with shod populations. Childhood skeletal stress markers have consist- ently been used by anthropologists to estimate Stature, midshaft femur circumference, selective mortality in adulthood. The current maximum and minimum bending strength (Imax, Dietary histories in early China: gender and project questions whether skeletal stress markers Imin, Imax/Imin), polar torsion (J), total and cortical food in five communities spanning the (linear enamel hypoplasias, cribra orbitalia, porotic area (CA, TA, CA/TA), secondary osteon popula- Eastern Zhou and Han Dynasties (ancient hyperostosis or short stature) increased risk of tion density (OPD), area (On.Ar), and Haversian Zhenghan City, China) death, from an infectious disease (treponema- canal area (H.Ar) were recorded in each femur. MELANIE J. MILLER1, YU DONG2, BOWEN YANG2, tosis or tuberculosis), among the historic Arikara Descriptive and hierarchical cluster analysis was KATE PECHENKINA3, WENQUAN FAN4 and SIÁN Native Americans, from four archaeological sites conducted. A total of 1099 secondary osteons HALCROW1 in South Dakota (AD 1600-1832). Three-hundred from cross-section anatomical axes were exam- 1Anatomy, University of Otago, New Zealand, and seventy-one discrete, adult, individuals were ined for between-individual linkages. 2Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, skeletally complete enough to be statistically 3 Femora from the Medieval males had a greater China, Anthropology, Queens College CUNY, analyzed for age, sex, the presence of at least one 4 circumference, Imax, Imax/Imin, J, CA, TA when Research Division of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, skeletal stress marker and one infectious disease. Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and compared to the modern, albeit taller individual, Risk of death was investigated using Kaplan- Archaeology, China suggesting they developed with increased biome- Meier estimates and cox proportional hazards in chanical input. The lowest OPD, H.Ar, and On.Ar Stable isotope analysis of human skeletal samples SPSS version 22. The analyses were conducted values were from the low SES Medieval individual, allows bioarchaeologists to study dietary patterns separately by sex. No statistically significant possibly due to strenuous occupations and poor with biosocial variables such as age and sex. results were found for individuals with and without health. The closest link in On.Ar (AC = 8.354, Furthermore, combining results from tooth and an infectious disease or skeletal stress marker. 9.843) occurred between the two Medieval indi- bone from the same individual can provide fine- However, age-specific mortality pattens are visible viduals. However, H.Ar of the high SES Medieval grained dietary histories from discrete periods of on the Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves. Among individual that was likely more sedentary clustered

72 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

(AC = 9.946, 16.904) with the Australian physically Familial hypercholesterolemia and and/or antemortem pathology (e.g., healed break- active male. These initial data suggest differences atherosclerosis: new insights from an old ages, dental disease). Specimens with conditions in bone remodeling and strength between the mutation like these are often sidelined by researchers, but archaeological and modern samples. BRAXTON D. MITCHELL the impact this selection process has on shape analyses has not been tested. We collected 3D This project is supported by the Australian Research Medicine, University of Maryland School of Council (Grant No. DE190100068). Medicine landmark data from the cranium and mandible of 100 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascic- The Lancaster Amish are a founder population ularis), some of which exhibited mild to severe Committed to justice, struggling to teach: who settled in Lancaster, PA in the early 1700s. cases of damage and/or pathology. Two The experiences of social justice educa- Due to this migration bottleneck event and genetic researchers independently identified specimens tors in spring 2020 drift, there is high enrichment of the APOB R3527Q they would likely exclude from testing because mutation, a known cause of familial hypercholes- TIFFANY MITCHELL PATTERSON1, CHRIS SEEGER2 of severe damage/pathology. Analyses of shape terolemia. While the frequency of this mutation is and KATE MCGRATH3 variation reveal a potential bias in this selection 0.06% in the overall European population, it is 6.7% 1Department of Curriculum & Instruction/Literacy process: for this species, large males were more Studies, West Virginia University, 2Department of in the Amish. Due to high levels of LDL cholesterol likely to be excluded because these individuals Education and Human Development, University of (LDL-C), APOB carriers experience elevated levels commonly exhibit severe cases of damage and Virginia, 3Anthropology, The Ohio State University of coronary artery calcification (CAC), placing pathology (e.g., healed fractures, broken teeth, them at high risk for early heart disease. The spring of 2020 posed an unprecedented set etc.), likely associated with aggressive behaviors. of challenges for K-12 educators, including the The high frequency of APOB R3527Q in the Amish We suggest that excluding damaged/pathologic abrupt transition to remote learning in response to offers unique opportunities to test novel hypoth- specimens from datasets may inadvertently the Covid-19 pandemic, and a national reckoning eses about the consequences of elevated LDL-C on ignore demographic-specific shape variation from with racism, galvanized by the unjust killings of cardiometabolic health. For example, Mendelian groups more likely to exhibit severe pathologies Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, and others. The randomization approaches enable testing casual and could therefore be limiting the represented purpose of this study is to understand the expe- relationships between LDL-C and other metabolic range of true intraspecific variation. We further riences and teaching practices of K-12 social conditions, including diabetes and bone health. found that including these specimens had little justice educators during remote learning in the Detailed studies of APOB R3527Q carriers may impact on dominant predictors of shape; however, spring of 2020. This study reports the results of also provide novel insights into the development they did have some influence on less statistically a survey of 90 self-identified social justice K-12 of atherosclerosis. Our Amish cohort includes important trends in shape variation. Hypotheses educators. Exploratory factor analysis results 110 APOB carriers in whom we have performed concerning highly significant predictors and suggest a 12 item, two-factor solution: (a) confi- detailed imaging studies to measure CAC. shape associations of gross morphology may dence in social justice teaching, and (b) social Although APOB carriers have a 9-fold higher odds therefore benefit from the inclusion of these indi- justice teaching practices. MANOVA results indi- of having significant CAC than noncarriers, there viduals; however, studies analyzing finer-scale cate that participants who teach in high poverty is considerable variability in CAC levels among aspects (e.g., subregions, modules) will likely be schools have similar confidence levels in social APOB carriers. In fact, there is a subset of ~20% affected by their presence. justice teaching as teachers in wealthier schools, of APOB carriers who, despite lifelong high levels Funding has been provided by the National Science but high poverty school teachers were more likely of LDL-C, have CAC scores as low as or lower Foundation NSF BCS-1551722 (CAK) NSF BCS-1551669 to experience challenges with implementing than that of age- and sex-matched noncarriers. (SBC) NSF BCS-1551766 (CET) social justice teaching practices, including difficul- Detailed studies comparing APOB carriers with ties with curriculum design. These initial findings very low and very high CAC scores may unmask highlight the need for further research in order to the identify of nonlipid factors that protect against Sex differences in play style among wild understand the systemic forces and challenges the development of atherosclerosis. East African chimpanzees (Pan troglo- dytes schweinfurthii) teachers face in high poverty schools exacer- This work supported by NIH grants R01 HL69313 and 1 1,2 bated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide R01 AG18728. ISABELLE G. MONROE and KRIS H. SABBI preliminary strategies for overcoming these 1Anthropology, University of New Mexico, challenges, highlighting examples of teaching 2Anthropology, Tufts University for social justice that are particularly relevant for Where only the strong survive: Excluding Play behavior may function as preparation for adult social studies (K-12), science (K-12), and biolog- damaged/pathologic specimens may social behavior by providing a platform to practice ical anthropology (university) classrooms. The result in sampling biases in shape skills that are integral to adult survival and repro- quantitative factor analysis results will be used analyses duction, including sex-typed social strategies. to inform the subsequent qualitative phase of a D. REX MITCHELL1,2, CLAIRE A. KIRCHHOFF3, Chimpanzee males are both more aggressive mixed methods study about the experiences of SIOBHÁN B. COOKE4 and CLAIRE E. TERHUNE1 than females and more reliant on same-sex social justice educators in 2020. 1Department of Anthropology, University of social bonds. Therefore, we predicted that young Arkansas, 2Center for Anatomical Sciences, This project has received funding from the European males would use more rough play behaviors Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program University of North Texas Health Science Center, than females, especially when playing with other 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement males. Second, we predicted that males would be University, 4Center for Functional Anatomy and #798117 (KM). Acknowledgements: IRB protocol more likely to use play faces, a cooperative signal #2006048350. West Virginia University. Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine that may signify friendly intentions. To test these predictions, we analyzed 156 video-recorded Many geometric morphometric studies analyze dyadic play bouts among immature chimpanzees shape data obtained from dry bone specimens. (under 10 y.o., n=32) of the Kanyawara community However, these can sometimes exhibit signs of in Kibale National Park, Uganda. For each video, postmortem damage (e.g., cracks, breakages), we recorded the sexes of the players and scored perimortem damage (e.g., bullet wounds, cuts), whether or not players used rough behaviors, like

Abstract Book 73 ABSTRACTS

biting and wrestling, and play faces. When males whereas values for fossil Theropithecus fall well Shearing ratios of Aycross anaptomor- played with other males, they bit one another outside those of extant gelada baboons. Using phine omomyids: Support for a middle nearly twice as often (prop.=0.46) compared to these powerful dental phenotypes, we also Eocene refugium habitat female-only (prop.=0.26, Fisher’s Exact probability discuss the systematics of fossils classified as PAUL E. MORSE1,2, MICHALA K. STOCK3, RICHARD test, p=0.02) and mixed-sex bouts (prop.=0.28, Parapapio and Procercocebus. Together, the data F. KAY1,4 and BLYTHE A. WILLIAMS1 p=0.04). However, compared to male- (prop.=0.14) presented from extant and fossil cercopithecids 1Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke and female-only bouts (prop.=0.08), mixed-sex demonstrate the significant phylogenetic conser- University, 2Florida Museum of Natural History, bouts were the most likely to include wrestling vation of maxillary dental proportions and provide University of Florida, 3Department of Sociology (prop.=0.21, p=0.03). As expected, male-only a novel method of investigating variation in the and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University bouts also included more play faces (prop.=0.75) primate fossil record. of Denver, 4Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke than female-only (prop.=0.62) or mixed-sex bouts Funding: HERC, the IB Department, MVZ, and UCMP in University (prop.=0.63), however this difference was not Berkeley, WWU, Palaeontological Scientific Trust, and NSF significant (p=0.2). Thus, immature chimpanzees’ grants 0500179, 0616308, 1025263, 0327208, 0130277, Anaptomorphine omomyids are a common play style foreshadowed sex differences in adult 1720128 to LJH and DGE 1752814 to CET. component of early Eocene Wasatchian North social behavior in some expected ways, but not American Land Mammal Age (NALMA) faunas, others. Our findings may reflect that rough play but waned in both abundance and diversity Cranial shape allometry in anthropoid has benefits for both sexes of chimpanzees. during the middle Eocene Bridgerian NALMA primates This project supported by NIH R01-AG045395, and as closely related omomyines diversified and 1 NSF 1355014, 9807448, and 0416125, the Wenner- ISABEL J. MORMILE and CHRISTOPHER J. became more abundant. This turnover in faunal 2 Gren Foundation, Nacey P. Maggioncalda Foundation, PERCIVAL composition has been linked to warming climate American Philosophical Society, and the Leakey 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in regimes that permitted northward migration of Foundation. Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, omomyines during the Watchian-Bridgerian tran- 2Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook sition, forcing endemic anaptomorphines into University Using phenotypic integration to under- marginal habitats. One exception to this pattern The platyrrhine clade is often said to be particularly is the anaptomorphine-dominated fauna of the stand the evolution of the cercopithecid dolichocephalic (the condition of having an anter- maxillary dentition Bridgerian Aycross Formation, Bighorn Basin, WY, oposteriorly long neurocranium relative to cranial which has been interpreted as an upland refu- 1 2,3 TESLA A. MONSON , MARIANNE F. BRASIL , breadth), and dolichocephaly has been shown gium for anaptomorphines, including Gazinius CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT4, CATHERINE E. to scale negatively with body size in New World and Strigorhysis. Under a refugium scenario, the TAYLOR2,5, RYAN YOHLER2,5 and LESLEA J. Monkeys. However, the allometry of neurocranial ecology of Aycross anaptomorphines should HLUSKO2,5 shape has not been formally investigated in Old have been similar to that of their earlier, basin floor 1Department of Anthropology, Western Washington World Monkeys or hominoids, leaving it uncertain relatives, whereas ecological pressures from a University, 2Human Evolution Research Center, whether increased dolichocephaly is an artifact Berkeley, 3Berkeley Geochronology Center, less suitable habitat would have likely produced Berkeley, 4Department of Anthropology, Boston of small body size across anthropoids, or unique adaptive shifts in morphology. One avenue of University, 5Department of Integrative Biology, to small-bodied platyrrhines. A dolichocephaly characterizing the ecology of extinct species is to University of California Berkeley ratio of neurocranial length (glabella-lambda) and quantify relative shearing crest length (shearing breadth (bi-parietal distance) was collected for Many traits of the primate dentition are heritable ratios), to form an analogy with modern taxa of 450 adult non-human primates, including spec- and vary significantly across taxa making them known feeding behaviors. Using high resolution imens of both sexes and from most anthropoid 1 highly utile in taxonomic designations of fossil µCT scans, we calculated M shearing ratios of subfamilies. This was regressed against body size species. The heritability and taxonomic discrim- Gazinius and Strigorhysis and compared them to using GLS pANCOVA, a method which combines inatory power of mandibular postcanine dental the late-Wasatchian anaptomorphine Absarokius generalized least squares analysis and phyloge- proportions (as captured by the molar module and modern prosimians. All fossil specimens had netic analysis of covariance to determine if certain component, MMC, and the premolar-molar shearing ratios similar to extant frugivores, with clades deviate from allometric predictions, and at module, PMM) have been well tested in primates, Gazinius exhibiting relatively longer crests than what taxonomic levels these deviations occur. bats, and more broadly across boreoeutherians. Strigorhysis. Neither Aycross anaptomorphine Our results indicate that, contrary to expecta- However, these genotype:phenotype traits have differed significantly from the range of shearing tions, body size alone cannot explain variation not yet been assessed in the maxillary dentition. ratios exhibited by Absarokius, consistent with in dolichocephaly across anthropoid taxa. Small As many fossils consist solely of maxillary denti- the hypothesis that their upland environment catarrhines are not significantly more dolichoce- tion, validating MMC and PMM in the maxilla did not pose a severe ecological departure from phalic than large-bodied catarrhines, and atelids generates a valuable tool for taxonomic investi- that encountered by anaptomorphines when they consistently group with catarrhines in both degree gation in the fossil record. We assessed variation were the dominant omomyids on the landscape. and allometry of dolichocephaly. Extreme dolicho- in maxillary MMC and PMM using data from a cephaly appears to be restricted to cebids such as sample of n=695 extant cercopithecids, spanning Saimiri, Aotus, and the callitrichines, suggesting Nature and nurture: Association of MAOA, 19 species. Our results demonstrate that MMC an allometric grade shift between platyrrhines and 5-HTTLPR, and COMT genetic variants and PMM have strongly conserved phylogenetic catarrhines, and potentially a functional basis for and resilience with psychosocial stress signal in the maxilla and vary significantly across neurocranial shape in small-bodied platyrrhines. outcomes in Syrian refugee and Jordanian extant primates. Given the strong taxonomic youth power of maxillary MMC and PMM, we turned our 1,2 attention to postcanine dental variation in the Plio- CONNIE J. MULLIGAN , CHRISTOPHER J. CLUKAY1,2, ANTHONY MATARAZZO1,2, KRISTIN Pleistocene African fossil record (n=102 fossil cercopithecids). We find that fossilCercopithecus , Colobus, and Papio have MMC and PMM values that directly align with their extant counterparts,

74 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

HADFIELD3,4, LISA NEVELL1,2, RANA DAJANI5 and this gap, we designed a study to determine with- their participants. Embeddedness within research CATHERINE PANTER-BRICK6 in-person differences in self-selected walking communities requires collaborative efforts which 1Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, speed and gait kinematics for reproductive age upend conventional researcher-subject power 2Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 3School women (18-25 yrs) under four randomly ordered dynamics, and influences who gains access to 4 of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity free-walking conditions: 1) no load (NL), 2) what kinds of data, particularly those of a sensi- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, carrying an infant manikin (5 kg) on the hip (HL), 3) tive nature. 5Department of Biology, Hashemite University, carrying the manikin on a hipseat carrying device 6Department of Anthropology, Yale University (Hippychick) (HSL), and 4) carrying the manikin in Early childhood trauma can have profound and a carrier (Ergobaby) worn on the participant’s front Paleoproteomics contribution to differen- lifelong effects on adult mental health and psycho- (FL). Kinematic data were collected from inertial tial diagnosis of human bone remains social wellbeing. Arguments abound on whether sensors (ADPM) and a gait analysis mat (GAITRite) RICARDO NEME TAUIL1, VIVIAN SCHEINSOHN2, such effects are mediated by genetics or the envi- participants walked across during each of 4 laps DENISE EVANS3, PAULA MIRANDA4, SILVIA 1 5 ronment. We tested the effects of both genetics per condition. A general linear model showed: MORENO and FABIAN CRESPO and the environment in a case:control study stride length was shorter compared to NL for HL 1Centro de Estudios Químicos y Biológicos por of Syrian refugee and Jordanian non-refugee (p=0.014) and HSL (p=0.003), while cadence and Espectrometría de Masa, Universidad de Buenos 2 youth, who were differentially exposed to trauma. speed did not differ across conditions; swing time Aires/CONICET, Argentina, Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, Specifically, we tested for direct and interactive as %stride was smaller for all three carrying condi- Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET, Argentina, effects of genetic variants in three genes impli- tions (p<0.0001) compared to NL; pelvic coronal 3Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento cated in response to early life adversity (MAOA, ROM was similar between NL and HL but dropped Latinoamericano, ANCYPT, Argentina, 4Instituto 5-HTTLPR, and COMT) with traumatic exposures significantly for FL (p=0.003) and HSL (p<0.0001); Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento and a new measure of resilience on six psycho- and pelvic transverse ROM was smaller for all Latinoamericano - Banco Nacional de Genética, social and mental health outcomes. We collected three carrying conditions (p<0.0001) compared to Argentina, 5Anthropology-Center of Archaeology buccal samples and survey data on trauma, resil- NL. Thus, aspects of pelvic rotation, stride length, and Cultural Heritage, University of Louisville, KY, ience, and the six outcomes in 417 Syrian refugee and swing time are affected by infant-sized loads, USA and 306 Jordanian youth at three time points over in some cases depending upon load position, Differential diagnosis in archaeological human one year. Variants in all three genes showed an even when speed stays fairly consistent. bones is problematic since diseases have association with resilience on two stress meas- overlapping macroscopic manifestations. In ures; MAOA and 5-HTTLPR variants and resilience this paper, we explore if paleoproteomics can Race(ism), Risk, and Accountability: were associated with symptoms of psychosocial inform about the presence and distribution of Human Subjects Research, Community stress on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and certain proteins in bones and its correlation with Belonging, and Power in Field Research COMT variants and resilience were associated different pathological and metabolic states. with post-traumatic stress symptoms (CRIES-8). ROBIN G. NELSON Using a minimum invasive protocol we collected In all three cases, the genetic variants showed Anthropology, Santa Clara University samples and conducted a proteomic study on protective effects in individuals with high resil- Historically, social science research has largely 2 human bones from Cueva de Plaza (CDP) site ience; gene x environment effects were identified been extractive with researchers benefitting (Patagonia, Argentina) and another bone from a in 5-HTTLPR and COMT and an additive effect professionally by collecting information from modern collection: a phalanx with macroscopic in MAOA. No effects of trauma were identified less advantaged communities on topics ranging osteological alterations (sampling the affected in our models that included genetic variants and from individual health to foraging patterns. In and unaffected areas) from CDP, another phalanx resilience. Our study suggests that both nature many cases, study participant communities rarely of a subactual individual from an osteological (protective alleles in three genes) and nurture benefitted overtly from engagement with these reference collection with no visible lesions, and a (protective effect of resilience) play an important scholars. While some local communities have last fifth metatarsal from another individual of the role in psychosocial stress in youth who have established their own standards for how and same archaeological site. For higher protein yield experienced high levels of trauma. when to engage with outside researchers, biolog- we explored alternative protocols before running Funding was provided by University of Florida’s College of ical anthropologists have yet to fully interrogate the samples in a nHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap mass spec- Liberal Arts and Sciences, Elrha’s Research for Health in how their identity and positionality influence data trometer. Data required meticulous interpretation Humanitarian Crises Programme (funded by Wellcome collection and analysis. In this paper, I examine with modified criteria from the classical shotgun Trust and UK Government), and NSF-DGE-1315138. the influence of the identity and professional experiments. We have obtained proteins in all status, and thus positionality of the researcher, samples, most of them related to the analyzed Differences in how women walk while on the risks of data collection, costs of the study, tissue (collagens, fibronectin, cartilage, bone, carrying infant-sized loads and benefits experienced by both the researcher muscle, and blood proteins) and, to a lesser extent, proteins associated with inflammatory responses MARCIE J. MYERS1, LANA PROKOP2, MACKENZIE and the study community. Using qualitative and other metabolic pathways. Our preliminary ESS1, TAYLOR GENTZ1 and LAKEN MULLER1 analyses of data gathered from publications by analysis confirms the power of proteomics and 1Biology, St Catherine University, 2Nutrition and human biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, bioinformatics protocols to inform paleopa- Exercise Science, St Catherine University and human behavioral ecologists working with living human populations, I identified three salient thology and help on the differential diagnosis of Understanding the locomotory consequences factors: duration of time working with a study human bone remains. of child carrying is necessary to make informed community, ethical considerations as discussed predictions about dyad and group movement explicitly in the text, and perceived and actual patterns in first humans as well as contemporary benefits to the study communities as detailed human populations. Although the influence of in writing. This paper highlights how researcher child size has been studied, the effect on walking relationship to and long-term engagement with kinematics depending upon carrying position their study community influences the often hierar- and method is not well-researched. To address chical power dynamics between researchers and

Abstract Book 75 ABSTRACTS

Changes in seasonality of birth across two disproportionately many descendents there; later to seasonal temperatures. In the winter, BAT may centuries in a rural Polish community entrants found those places claimed and moved have been activated for several months allowing ILONA NENKO1, MICHAEL BRIGA2, AGNIESZKA on, fanning out. (2) Second-choice staging areas, for the activation of cost-efficient mechanisms MICEK3 and GRAZYNA JASIENSKA1 settled as next best choice, with accordingly over time. Given the consistent warm temper- 1Department of Environmental Health, Jagiellonian less competition. Descendents are expected to atures of summer, BAT activity acclimatization University Medical College, 2Department of Biology, preserve the possibly idiosyncratic profile of their was unnecessary. Findings of possible seasonal University of Turku, 3Department of Nursing first claimants, a subset of dispersing post-initial patterns of BAT activation combined with previous Management and Epidemiological Nursing, entrants. evidence for greater BAT activity in cold-adapted Jagiellonian University Medical College individuals suggest BAT may have played a signif- Thus, reversing usual assumptions, linguistic icant role in Neanderthal adaptation to cold. Human birth and the associated conception descendents of earliest entrants cluster closest We propose that cost-effective heat production seasonality are ubiquitous phenomena, usually to Beringia. First stops surveyed here are the of BAT at chronic cold exposure posed a signifi- suggested to be driven by social and climatolog- Pacific Northwest coast (southeastern Alaska to cant advantage in Neanderthal cold adaptation, ical factors. In contrast, energetic factors that Puget Sound) and the lower Columbia. Second- allowing them to survive and thrive in extreme influence female fecundity are often neglected choice areas, rich non-coastal wetlands at least environments. but can be crucial. In the past, rural societies, had through early postglacial times, are the Colorado high energy expenditure during summer (harvest delta, the western Columbia Plateau, and the and haying season) and compared to fall and Lower Mississippi Valley (a convergence of post- Social identities of subadults based on winter when women were less involved in farm Clovis inland southward spread trajectories). 12 mortuary treatments: A study of west-cen- work. Such intense physical work can affect birth phonological and grammatical features, all fairly tral tennessee archaic period sites seasonality through suppressing ovarian function. stable and slow-changing, are surveyed densely CHRISTOPHER E. NICOSIA Here we tested the hypothesis that conception in these areas and compared to overall subcon- tinental, continental, Pacific Rim, and world Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State seasonality peaked in autumn using over 200 University (LSU) years of birth data in an agricultural rural Polish frequencies. The results support the expected There has been little research on the mortuary community containing 26,957 birth records archaic Eurasian-like profile in the first stops and practices within the Middle (8900-5700 BC) from 1782 and 2004, with an average of 119 individual idiosyncratic profiles in the second to Late Archaic (5700-3200 BC) periods in the births per year. We identified the average -domi choices – which, as long-standing staging areas, southeastern US, particularly with respect to nant seasonality in successful conceptions and, appear to have contributed the two major western subadults. For this study, the adult and subadult because agricultural activity diminished with time, North American possible language macrofamilies skeletal sample (n=231) examined comes from tested whether there was a changing conception and the major diffused grammatical features. A seven Archaic period sites: 1) Oakview Landing, seasonality. hypothesis is that genetic (and archaeological) distributions follow the linguistic ones. 2) Cherry, 3) Eva, 4) McDaniel, 5) Kays Landing, We found strong evidence for conception season- 6) Big Sandy, and 7) Ledbetter Landing formally Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100 grant to the ality over the 200-year period which declined with Higher School of Economics, Moscow located along the lower Tennessee River Valley time. Contrary to our expectation, on average the of west-central Tennessee. The biological sex of dominant seasonality of successful conceptions a subadult is difficult to assess because there peaked in spring, which was driven the first 150 Neanderthal cold adaptation: insights are very few sexually dimorphic skeletal char- years of data, while from the 1950 onwards this from seasonal patterns of brown adipose acteristics detectable before puberty. However, peak gradually moved towards summer. Instead, tissue activity in humans recent methodologies, such as dentition, humeral there was a winter peak of successful births in the ALEXANDRA NICLOU1 and CARA OCOBOCK1,2 head diameter, distal humeral morphology, and 18th and 19th century which moved to spring in the the pelvis have sex-assessment accuracies that 1Department of Anthropology, University of Notre late 20th century. We discuss possible causes for Dame, 2Eck Institute for Global Health, University of prove to be archaeologically useful. Along with these results and their implications for our under- Notre Dame biological sex, this project sought to identify suites standing of the seasonality of human behaviour of sex-specific grave accompaniments. The West- Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat under and reproduction. Central Tennessee Archaic period results reflected mild cold conditions, and cold climate popula- the initial analysis of exploring the mortuary Salus Publica Foundation, National Science Centre, tions exhibit greater BAT activity than temperate (2016/21/D/NZ8/01306), Ella & Georg Ehrnrooth treatment and biological sex of subadults in the climate populations. BAT’s non-shivering thermo- Foundation, the Academy of Finland (292368) Middle and Late Archaic periods. Due to many genic capacities suggest an adaptive potential grave goods exhibiting single occurrence associ- in modern humans and Neanderthals. However, ations with some of the subadult burials across current understanding is limited to climate specific Staging areas in the settlement of the the sites, it was particularly difficult to be certain variation of BAT activity. The present study exam- Americas: Linguistic evidence which grave good displayed a sex-specific male ined the seasonal differences in BAT activity in JOHANNA NICHOLS or female pattern. However, with grave goods an Albany, NY group (N=75, female n=46, ages: Slavic Languages, University of California, Berkeley, that did present a pattern in the sample, out of 18-63). BAT activity was inferred comparing Linguistic Convergence Lab, Higher School of 48 younger subadults that exhibited grave good metabolic rate and supraclavicular skin temper- Economics, Moscow associations 19 had sex-correlated associations, ature at thermoneutrality and after cooling in the The southward and eastward expansion of equaling to 35%. Additionally, the study sheds light winter and summer. In winter, heat dissipation in the human frontier from Beringia through the on various details concerning subadult identities the supraclavicular area, was significantly greater Americas was neither gradual nor direct. Evidence in the Shell Mound Archaic. after cooling than in the summer (+4.0%, P < 0.05). from grammatical structure and linguistic Metabolic rate increased, though not to a signifi- phylogeny in North America reveals two kinds of cant degree, in the winter compared to summer slowdown points (all among Anderson's staging (+4.0%, P=0.87), suggesting an increase in BAT areas): (1) First stops. Entrants from Beringia activity efficiency associated with acclimatization stopped in the first rich places, flourished, and left

76 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

To industry and back again: mental health consequences, particularly among As expected, we found that flanged male oran- Anthropological genetics outside of the Latina mothers. We investigated COVID-related gutans had greater muscle mass compared to academy changes in socioeconomic status, worries over adult females (β=9.232, t(1137)=2.070, p<0.05), MARIA A. NIEVES-COLÓN COVID stigma, and COVID-related stress among but contrary to the findings from chimpanzees, mothers of Mexican descent (mean age 31 years, the other age-sex classes did not differ. These Astrea Forensics, Claret Bioscience LLC, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State with children up to 6 years old) living in Southern findings add to growing evidence that orangutans University California (n’s range 93-202). Surveys were admin- are characterized by unique metabolic plasticity istered by email within 5-16 weeks of the March shaped by their environment. We also raise ques- Due to the fiscal uncertainty caused by the 19th stay at home order in California. Preliminary tions surrounding male bimaturism and the body COVID-19 pandemic, many academic institutions results suggest severe socioeconomic composition of flanged males, who are twice the announced hiring freezes with indeterminate constraints have increased exposure risk during size of adult females and are expected to have end dates. This uncertainty has narrowed the quarantine (eg. 88% report at least one person more muscle mass than unflanged males. academic job market for anthropological genet- working outside of the home, 85% of employed icists. For example, during the 2019-2020 United States Agency for International Development, women unable to work from home, 96% of academic year, 30 tenure-track positions in National Science Foundation, The Leakey Foundation, employed continuing to work because they have Rutgers University, and The Center for Human Evolution Biological Anthropology were announced on the no choice to pay their bills). Women also report Studies Academic Jobs Wiki. Ten job ads explicitly stated severe socioeconomic impact of COVID (e.g. 38% interest in field or lab-based genetics research. As unemployed; 62% have partners working fewer of October 2020, only one of three academic posi- hours, due to COVID). Many women also report at A new three-dimensional musculoskeletal tions listed on the same website explicitly states least some concern that if they contract COVID, model of the pelvis and lower limbs of interest in anthropological genetics. Postdocs they will experience stigma/exclusion from Australopithecus afarensis and graduate students about to enter the job family members (59%), a family member will be MATTHEW C. O'NEILL1, AKINORI NAGANO2 and market are uniquely impacted by the increasing 3 deported (28%), they will lose their children (35%), BRIAN R. UMBERGER uncertainty of academic employment. These 1 or not be able to care for their children (89%). We Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, challenges are magnified for trainees from under- 2 will discuss implications for the mental health of Department of Sport and Health Science, represented groups or with dependent families 3 this vulnerable population, and for the process of Ritsumeikan University, School of Kinesiology, who may lack the support or financial means to conducting research during a pandemic. University of Michigan remain in low paying transitional positions. In this Integrated experimental-modeling studies of context of uncertainty, anthropological geneti- Funds were provided by NIH grants 1R15 MH112091-01 and 1R15MH099498-01A1. human and bipedal chimpanzee walking have cists may consider multiple and flexible career provided important insights into the mechanics, paths, within and outside of academia. In this energetics and control of bipedal locomotion. presentation I will discuss my own experience Episodes of fruit scarcity lead to muscle These studies can provide context for interpreting with a flexible career path that included employ- wasting in wild Bornean orangutans optimization-based predictive simulations gener- ment in the biotechnology industry. I will describe CAITLIN A. O'CONNELL1, ANDREA L. DIGIORGIO1,2, ated from robust 3-D musculoskeletal models the factors that led me to look for non-academic ALEXA D. UGARTE1, SRI SUCI UTAMI ATMOKO3 and of fossil hominins, provided the models are of positions and my experience interviewing for ERIN R. VOGEL1 similar complexity. Here, we substantially revise, and working with a forensics startup company. I 1Anthropology, Rutgers University, 2Writing expand and update the Australopithecus (Au.) will detail how my training as an anthropological Program, Princeton University, 3Faculty Biology, afarensis model of Nagano et al. (2005) to facil- geneticist did (and did not) prepare me for non-ac- Universitas Nasional itate new comparative computational studies of ademic employment and how industry experience Animals have evolved a vast array of mechanisms human, ape and fossil hominin musculoskeletal better equipped me for a tenure-track position. to cope with seasonality. Even in the tropics where function. A new generic model of the Au. afarensis This presentation will highlight how the transfer- seasonal changes are less apparent, primates pelvis and lower limbs was created in SIMM. The able skillset of anthropological geneticists can be respond to variation in food availability by adjusting pelvis, femur and some foot bones were replaced leveraged by students and postdocs for flexible their diet, social behavior, and activity patterns. with full 3-D reconstructions or isolated elements career paths. Despite this, primates may experience deficits in from similarly sized Au. afarensis specimens, meeting their energy requirements. Bornean oran- necessitating modifications to the hip, knee and Socioeconomic and stress-related impact gutans face pronounced low fruit periods, and ankle geometries. The number of Hill-type muscle of COVID-19 on mothers of Mexican experience negative energy and protein balance models was expanded from 26 to 34 per limb, descent in Southern California during these times. Given the severity and unpre- with origins, insertions and via points reassigned based on skeletal landmarks and published AMY L. NON1, ELIZABETH S. CLAUSING1, dictability of fruiting, we examined the possibility studies of fossil specimens. 3-D joint motion SANDRALUZ LARA-CINISOMO2 and KIMBERLY L. that wild orangutans experience muscle wasting was added to the lower back, coupled femur-tibia D'ANNA HERNANDEZ3 during low fruit periods at the Tuanan Research translation added to knee rotation and flexion-ex- 1Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, Station in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Utilizing tension expanded at the ankle. The resulting hip, 2Kinesiology and Community Health, University of a method that was validated in wild chimpanzees, Illinois, 3Psychology, California State University, San we use urinary creatinine standardized by specific knee and ankle dimensionless muscle moment Marcos gravity as a non-invasive measure of muscle mass arms were predicted and compared to human and chimpanzee models. This Au. afarensis Racial and ethnic minorities in the US have to compare flanged males (N=31), unflanged model is directly comparable to existing human disproportionately suffered from the coronavirus males (N=15), adult females (N=32), and imma- and chimpanzee models for movement analyses. pandemic. As of October 2020, Latinos repre- ture orangutans (N=29) during high (408 samples) It can be scaled to represent the full body size sent 28.4% of COVID-19 U.S. cases, but comprise and low (811 samples) fruit periods. Preliminary only 18.5% of the population. This higher burden analyses revealed that during episodes of fruit of infections, along with associated fears and scarcity, muscle mass declined across all age-sex stigmas, can have severe socioeconomic and classes (β=-11.863, t=4.329 ± 2.74, p<0.001).

Abstract Book 77 ABSTRACTS

range of the species and reconfigured for different 6Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, European colonialization, and present-day groups. muscle-tendon designs. The model is amenable Poznan University of Medical Sciences, This history plays a role in our understanding of 7 to testing a wide range of hypotheses regarding Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke the genetic risks and variation associated with 8 Au. afarensis locomotor capabilities. University, University of Witswatersrand phenotypic traits such as Parkinson’s Disease High levels of total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal/ Risk, height, and others. A concerted effort to day) have been documented among numerous bring together genomic resources for this group is Transnational and Cross-generational human populations such as tropical climate underway and we will present the first findings of Cuban Genealogies: discourses on race horticulturalists and high-altitude agriculturalists. the Genetics of Latin American Diversity (GLAD) and ancestry through biological narratives However, less work has been conducted among database. This is a retrospective collection of ELIZABETH OBREGON highly physically active cold climate populations publicly available Latin American and Native Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago to better understand the metabolic outcome of American genomes of about 100K individuals. We In this paper, I bring attention to the role of biology dual thermoregulatory and activity demands. will highlight the fine-scale population structure of and genetics in racial formation processes Here we examined TEE among reindeer herders GLAD as well as identify Latin American popula- within the intimate genealogical memories of (20-62 years, N=24, 5 females, 19 males) in tions that remain nearly absent genomic studies. transnational (across Cuba and Miami) and northern Finland during the physically demanding We will also show examples of how this resource cross-generational Cuban families (Cuban-born annual reindeer herd round up in October 2018. can improve the detection of phenotypic traits for and U.S.-born Cuban Americans in Miami). Due During this time, herders complete tasks such future studies by utilizing summary statistics and to the growing scholarly interest on how genetic as searching for and moving reindeer, often over advanced machine learning models. ancestry tests impact conceptualizations of race, long distances; separating and slaughtering rein- This project is funded by NIH grants R35 HG010692- my paper aims to make two key contributions. deer; preparing products; and herding and feeding 01, 1R01NS112499-01A1, U01 HL137181-01, R01 First, it illustrates the diverse ideas of race among released reindeer. TEE was measured among NS100178-01, R01 NS105150, and T32 HL007698-18. Cubans and the Cuban American diaspora. all participants with the flex-heart rate (flex-HR) Second, my data offers pre-existing conceptual- method and among a subset of participants with the doubly labeled water (DLW) method for 6-14 Age-related changes in temporal lobe izations of race, ancestry, and genetics among dimensions in Saguinus oedipus a diverse sample prior to even engaging with days; self-documented dietary intake was also 1 2 genetic ancestry tests. My ethnographic inter- calculated during this time. For DLW measured LANRE S. OLADIPUPO , VALERIE B. DELEON and TIMOTHY D. SMITH1 views suggest that genealogical narratives are TEE, herders expended a mean of 4155±1001 1 a dynamic site to negotiate identity (bio)politics kcal/day. There was no significant difference in School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 2Department of Anthropology, University for these Cuban families—with general trends TEE between the sexes or between the DLW and of Florida falling along transnational and generational flex-HR methods (p>0.1 in both instances). Herder lines. Despite Cuba’s official rhetoric as a racial mean caloric intake was 1718±709 kcal/day, and This study tests the association of brain growth democracy, where all Cubans are racially heterog- was significantly lower than TEE (p<.001). The and synchondroseal fusion in the cranial base enous and everyone is equal, my data illustrates high TEE among herders in combination with low in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). how biological narratives become a mechanism caloric intake reflect the extreme demands placed Recently, we demonstrated the timing at which for island Cuban and Cuban-born Miamians to on herders during the annual herd round up. Our bilateral synchondroses of the sphenoid bone reinforce racial difference and maintain racial work provides critically needed metabolic data on fuse differed among primates such as greater distance in ways that are non-counterrevolu- physically active cold climate populations, which bushbabies (Otolemur crassicaudatus) and S. tionary. And though all my interlocutors, across expands our current understanding of variation in oedipus. In order to describe the relationship Cuba and Miami combined both socio-construc- human TEE. of brain growth and timing of synchondroseal tivist and essentialist ideas of race, it was the This work was funded by the National Science fusion, we reconstructed and measured endo- U.S.-born who were overtly critical of essentialist Foundation High Risk Research in Biological casts of the cranial cavity in the S. oedipus at three race-thinking—even though it was primarily the Anthropology and Archaeology, Grant Award:1724819 stages: birth, one-month, and adult. We used U.S.-born who were enthusiastic about using Amira 2019.1 software to segment endocranial contours and reconstruct endocasts; the endo- genetic ancestry test kits to understand their “true Evolutionary history of Latin Americans (ethnoracial) self.” casts were measured in maximum bilateral widths and Native Americans and its effect on at the level of the foramen ovale and foramen Funding from the University of Illinois at Chicago phenotypic traits. magnum. Overall anteroposterior length of the Chancellor’s Graduate Research Grant helped cover part TIMOTHY D. OCONNOR, DOUGLAS LOESCH, of this research. right temporal lobe was also measured. Our find- ROLAND LABOULAYE, JENNIFER FRENCH, DIEGO ings indicated that the relative width of temporal VELIZ and VICTOR BORDA lobe at the middle cranial fossa (maximum width Reindeer herders from northern Finland Institute for Genome Sciences, University of in coronal section at foramen ovale / AP length) exhibit high total energy expenditure but Maryland School of Medicine increases across age while the same ratio at the low caloric intake during the annual herd Native Americans and Latin Americans, a group level of the posterior cranial fossa stays the same. round up with substantial Native American ancestry, are Therefore, the largest change in bi-temporal CARA OCOBOCK1,2, PéIVI SOPPELA3, MINNA underrepresented in genomic studies as they only lobe width occurs after the bilateral sphenoidal TURUNEN3, VILLE STENBéCK4,5, KARL-HEINZ represent about 1.5% of individuals. Further, there synchondroses begin to fuse, at about one-month HERZIG4,6, REBECCA RIMBACH7,8 and HERMAN is a unique and complex history in different parts of age in these tamarins. These results indicate PONTZER7 of Latin America which has shaped the genomes that the most profound changes in neurocranial 1Department of Anthropology, University of Notre of these populations. Here, we will present recent bilateral proportions may relate to bone modeling Dame, 2Eck Institute for Global Health, University of findings on the estimation of this demographic in response to brain growth, rather than activity at Notre Dame, 3Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, history and how this has shaped the genetic growth centers. 4 Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research variation for these people. Starting in Peru, we Center, University of Oulu, 5Biocenter Oulu, Funded by National Science Foundation grants will discuss the complex history of the Inca, BCS-1830919; BCS-1830894.

78 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

The Strepsirrhine and Tarsier Genome Using this broad panel of genomes, we examine isotopic results from incremental dentine, may Sequencing Initiative: Conservation patterns of genetic diversity, demographic history, in some cases extend the life histories of individ- Genomics of the Non-Anthropoid Primates phylogeny, and genetic introgression, observing a uals beyond the timeframes provided by primary JOSEPH D. ORKIN1, LUKAS F. K. KUDERNA1, wide range of variation. Secondly, we examine the dentine. MARTA GUT2,3, IVO GUT2,3, JULIE HORVATH4,5,6, role of local adaptation to eco-geographic regions MAREIKE C. JANIAK7, STEFAN MERKER8, of Madagascar. We also identify relationships ANDREW KITCHENER9, LUCA POZZI10, GUOJIE between digestive and chemosensory genes and 13,000-years of climate change and ZHANG11,12,13,14, CHRISTIAN ROOS15, JEFFREY ecological variation. In particular, we focus our food-security-risk management of Great ROGERS16, KYLE KAI-HOW FARH17 and TOMAS efforts on the families Lemuridae and Indriidae Plains foragers and farmers 13,000-years 1,18,19,2 MARQUES-BONET from which we have sequenced most commonly of climate change effects on diet, foraging 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Universitat recognized species. We provide new insights risk, and demography of Great Plains 2 Pompeu Fabra-CSIC, CNAG-CRG, Centre for relevant to the ecology and evolution of these foragers and farmers Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of understudied primates and valuable genomic ERIK R. OTAROLA-CASTILLO1, MELISSA G. Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 1 2 resources for ongoing conservation efforts. TORQUATO and MATTHEW E. HILL 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 3Universitat Pompeu Fabra 1Anthropology, Purdue University, 2Anthropology, (UPF), Barcelona, Spain, 4Genomics & Microbiology Under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and University of Iowa Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of innovation programme, European Research Council (ERC) Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, (grant agreement No. 864203) and Marie Skłodowska Introduction: The management of food-securi- 5Department of Biological and Biomedical Curie grant agreement 847648, La Caixa Foundation (ID ty-risk is a significant global challenge. Estimates Sciences, North Carolina Central University, 100010434) reveal that nearly 1 in 9 people is undernourished 6 Durham, North Carolina, USA, Department of worldwide. Predictions show that drastic climate Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, changes will adversely impact food source Durham, NC, 7School of Science, Engineering & Exploring the potential of pulp stones in availability and further exacerbate malnutrition Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, reconstructing diet: A comparative study 8Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in worldwide. Managing food-security-risk resulting History Stuttgart, Germany, 9Department of Natural pulp stones and incremental dentine from climate change is not a new problem for Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, humans. Our ability to survive through climate BRETT OSTRUM1, DARREN R. GRôCKE2 and JANET UK, 10Department of Anthropology, University change has been a feature of human evolution. MONTGOMERY1 of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, Despite this, the impact of climate on prehistoric 1 2 11 Archaeology, Durham University, Earth Sciences, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of small-scale societies' food-security-risk manage- Durham University Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, ment is not widely known. Denmark, 12Center for Excellence in Animal Pulp stones, mineralized masses that may form Methods: We applied multivariate optimiza- Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of inside the dental pulp chamber, have primarily 13 tion to evaluate whether resource diversity was Sciences, Kunming, China, State Key Laboratory been studied from a clinical perspective, with of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming a strategy used to mitigate food-security-risk research concentrating on their morphology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and examined the impact of climate variation 14 prevalence, and possible etiologies in modern Kunming, China, China National Genebank, and food-security-risk on the diet patterns from 15 populations. The potential of pulp stones to reveal BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, German Primate multiple archaeological sites from the North Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, information about past populations, however, American Great Plains and bordering regions Gîttingen, Germany, 16Human Genome Sequencing has been relatively understudied. Here, we inves- (>2,600). Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, tigate whether pulp stones from three Early 17Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Neolithic (c. 3720–3650 cal BC) individuals from Results: There is significant variation in behaviors 18 Inc, San Diego, CA, USA, Institució Catalana de the Whitwell Long Cairn (Derbyshire, England) to manage food-security-risk across time on the Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, can provide dietary information through carbon Great Plains. For example, during ~8.5-6 thousand Spain, 19Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis, and years BP (cal) these data show a striking increase Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, evaluate if the results can be used in conjunction in food-security-risk (t-ratio=2.53, p<0.05). The Spain with those from incremental dentine samples to patterning corresponds to the Holocene Climatic Tremendous effort has been made to study extend the life histories of these individuals. Six Optimum, a period on the Great Plains when the ecology and evolution of strepsirrhines and molars (two per individual) were analyzed, four resources were likely scarce. Bayesian mode- tarsiers. However, in comparison to the anthro- of which contained pulp stones. Collagen was ling results show that food-security-risk, annual poids, they remain relatively understudied. This extracted from one-millimeter dentine increments temperature, precipitation, and temperature disparity is particularly evident in the field of and a portion of each pulp stone. For the dentine seasonality impacted dietary diversity. Statistical genomics. While the number of non-anthropoid samples, the mean δ13C value was –21.5 ± 0.2‰ interactions show that Great Plains people alter- genome studies has increased in recent years, and the mean δ15N value was 9.9 ± 0.5‰. The nated between generalist-specialist strategies genomic resources are only available for a small pulp stones had comparable δ13C values ranging to deal with fluctuations in climate associated number of species. This relative dearth of informa- from –21.6 to –21.4‰, and δ15N values ranging food-security-risk. tion has limited the extent to which the remarkable from 9.1 to 9.8‰. Pulp stones from two individ- Conclusion: Spatio-temporal results show that ecological, phenotypic, and demographic diver- uals likely reflect diet from a time period later than Great Plains people responded to climate change sity of these primates can be studied. As part of their dentine increments. For the third individual, it and food-security-risk by adjusting their dietary the Primate Sequencing Conservation Initiative, could not be determined when their pulp stones diversity. These results contribute insight into the we have sequenced whole genomes from 102 formed relative to their dentine samples. This impacts of climate changes on human-environ- individuals in 59 species (37 Lemuroidea, 17 study demonstrates that pulp stones can provide ment interactions over the past 13,000 years. Lorisoidea, and 5 Tarsiiformes) to high coverage dietary information and, when coupled with (average of ~30X). The majority of these individ- Funding provided to Otarola-Castillo through the uals are wild-born, and from species for which Exploratory research in the Social Sciences grant by whole genomes have never been sequenced. Purdue College of Liberal Arts. Torquato conducted part of this work with funding from NSF GRFP

Abstract Book 79 ABSTRACTS

Association between parity and tooth loss increased migration during the Epiclassic period Committee (IACUC) blanket protocol. Hair from among northern Nigerian Hausa women (600-900 CE) and that migrants may have origi- six facial and eight limb regions of lemurs under- ELIZABETH O. OZIEGBE1,2 and LYNNE A. nated in northwestern Mexico. While previous going medical attention that differed by genus SCHEPARTZ2,3 biodistance analyses of Classic and Postclassic and species was examined under a compound 1Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, populations have come to similar conclusions, light microscope. Fifteen lemurs from nine 2Anatomical Sciences, Univ. Witwatersrand, none have incorporated Epiclassic skeletal popu- different species were sampled from varying sex 3Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, lations. This study uses multi-scalar biodistance and age classes. The results showed that there University of Pennsylvania analyses of Epiclassic populations to directly eval- were no statistical associations between lemur uate archaeological Epiclassic migration models sex or age and mite presence. Also, five lemurs Introduction: Female reproduction is associated within central Mexico. Finite mixture and relation- had mites, and crowned lemurs (Eulemur coro- with physiological and nutritional demands that ship (R) matrix analyses of cervicometric tooth natus) had more mites than the other species. It is can negatively effect health and may be cumu- dimensions are used to reconstruct patterns of unclear why crowned lemurs had more hair mites lative when parity is high. Maternal oral health is biological affinity among Classic and Epiclassic than the other species sampled. The information likely to be similarly affected, although this has not Mesoamerican populations (n=333), including from this study will not only contribute to the lack been adequately tested using high parity women at the central Mexican Epiclassic shrine site of knowledge on non-human primate mites, but and investigating key potential confounders. of Non-Grid 4 where biogeochemical analyses also provide insight into the relationship between Objective: To determine the relationship between identified large numbers of migrants. Estimated mites and lemurs. Future research should include parity level and tooth loss in a population with inter-site genetic distances demonstrate support genetics to identify mite species, as well as the many high parity women while considering age, for some degree of both biological continuity and health of lemurs with mites. duration of reproduction and age of first birth, extra-local gene flow within central Mexico during Funding generously provided by NC State’s Department education, SES, BMI, sugar intake, caries, perio- the Classic-Epiclassic transition. Furthermore, of Biological Sciences and Office of Undergraduate dontal disease, oral hygiene and dental care. genetic distances and finite mixture posterior Research. Materials and methods:The cross-sectional study probabilities indicate central Mexican Epiclassic design involved 612 Hausa women of all parity populations were biologically diverse, originating Evidence of Trophy Taking Behavior in levels aged 13-65 years. Women with ≥5 children from various source populations throughout Prehistoric Japan were considered high parity. All teeth present, Mesoamerica, including the Bajío region, the excluding third molars, were recorded. Missing Malpaso Valley, and the Oaxaca Valley. Results BRIAN D. PADGETT1,2 and NORIKO SEGUCHI3,4 teeth were noted excluding agenesis or traumas. suggest that a perspective of biological admixture 1Scientific Analysis Directorate, Defense POW/ 2 SES and oral health practices were collected using may be more appropriate to understand central MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), Department a structured interviewer-administered question- Mexican population structure during the Classic- of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 3Department of Anthropology, The University of naire. Associations with tooth loss were evaluated Epiclassic transition. Moreover, analyses support Montana, Missoula, 4Faculty of Social and Cultural through ANOVA, post hoc analyses and Student’s previous archaeological migration models Studies, Kyushu University t-tests. Effect sizes were used to interpret the positing Epiclassic migrants into central Mexico magnitude of differences. Binomial regression originated in northwestern Mexico, but also find Skeletal evidence of violent trauma has been was performed to determine the factors that evidence of migrants originating from previously recognized in human remains from the Yayoi contributed to tooth loss. unanticipated locales like southern Mexico. period of Japan (~900 BCE – 250 CE), with wounds resulting from arrows, bronze swords, Results: Hausa women had a low prevalence of Grants from the National Science Foundation (2013155229, 1744335), the School of Human Evolution and other weapons, but details on the enactment, tooth loss (14.1%), despite poor oral hygiene and and Social Change, and the Center for Bioarchaeological motivations, or symbolism of violence have not limited use of dental facilities. Older and higher Research at Arizona State University supported this been explored. During a re-examination of skeletal parity women experienced significantly more research. remains recovered from Yayoi sites in Kyushu, tooth loss (p=0.00). Increased duration of repro- several cases of unusual perimortem defects to ductive years was significantly related to fewer crania were observed. A forensic approach, in Do captive lemurs have mites (Class: remaining teeth. combination with culturally contextualized consid- Arachnida)? Conclusion: Higher parity was related to signifi- erations, was applied in the examination of the cantly greater tooth loss. Women with ≥5 children LISA PACIULLI, DAVID DENTON, MCKENZIE remains. Interpretation of the skeletal evidence NALLEY and TAEIM KWON experienced more tooth loss than age mates with suggests that human heads were occasionally fewer children. Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University taken as trophies and mounted for display. Funded by the DST-NRF South Africa. Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Non-random patterns of skull burials and headless Arachnida. They are distantly related to spiders burials were observed that suggest that victims and scorpions. Mites can cause asymptomatic or tended to be middle-aged male adults, some of Migration and biological continuity symptomatic reactions in their hosts, with extreme whom were in a suboptimal physical condition at in central Mexico during the Classic- cases causing and/or exacerbating disease. the time of death. Observations of cranial defects Epiclassic transition Nonetheless, there have been few studies on suggest multiple methods of trophy display were SOFÍA I. PACHECO-FORÊS1 and CHRISTOPHER M. the relationship between mites and non-human practiced. Furthermore, two cases suggest that STOJANOWSKI2 primates (NHP), including lemurs. Therefore, in heads were sometimes returned to the home 1Anthropology Department, Hamline University, this study, captive lemur hair was examined for group for interment with the postcranial remains. 2School of Human Evolution and Social Change, the presence of mites. The hypothesis was that These patterns suggest that victims were political Arizona State University some lemur species would have a higher density leaders of subordinated groups. of mites than other species, and that the sex or Archaeologists have long debated the role of age of lemurs would affect mite presence. The Intergroup conflict for political power was part of migration in the cultural development of pre-His- study was conducted under the Duke Lemur the process leading to an emergent state society. panic central Mexico. Archaeological models Center (DLC) Institutional Animal Care and Use This research contributes to our understanding suggest that central Mexico experienced

80 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS of violent conflict in Japanese prehistory. This Infant Feeding during the COVID-19 Among dental topography metrics, Dirichlet violence and the associated symbolism of Pandemic in the U.S normal energy (DNE) seems to best quantify dominance and subordination may have played AUNCHALEE EL. PALMQUIST1, CAROLYN FOX2, occlusal sharpness, which presumably translates important roles in the consolidation of polit- STEPHANIE CHUNG1, CECILIA TOMORI3 and E A. into DNE’s success in sorting primate molar ical power, as well as in the ethnogenesis of the QUINN2 morphology into traditional heuristic dietary Yamato people, the predominant ethnic group in 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, categories. Despite DNE’s successful applica- Japan today. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, tion to prosimian and monkey dentitions, some 2 This research was supported by The Ohio State University Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, confounding results have emerged from its 3 Alumni Association. Population, Family and Reproductive Health, John application to hominid teeth. One potentially Hopkins University complicating factor is its inability to distinguish When SARS-CoV-2 appeared in the United States, concave from convex surface curvature. Sorting Livelihood diversity and childcare in a a combination of unclear guidelines and unknown the surface contributions according to curve foraging population, the Agta of Palanan, information made it difficult for parents of infants inflection boundaries should make the metric Philippines and young children to make informed decisions more reflective of dietary adaptation, since the ABIGAIL E. PAGE1, ANUSHÊ HASSAN1, MARK about infant feeding. 1726 parents in the USA deep recesses (sulci) of the concave portions of DYBLE2, DANIEL SMITH3 and ANDREA B. completed an online survey between 03/25/20 – the surface are unlikely to aid in food-breakdown, 4 MIGLIANO 04/20/20 about the impact of COVID-19 on their despite their large contributions to DNE values. 1Department of Population Health, LSHTM, infant feeding decisions. The majority of partic- Here we present a modification to DNE that 2 Department of Anthropology, University College ipants were White (87%), a well known bias of allows users to sort convex from concave compo- 3 London, Department of Anthropology, University online survey research. Mean maternal age was nents of DNE. We show that this modification has of Bristol, 4Department of Anthropology, University 32 years; mean infant age was 7 months. minimal impacts on many prior studies of molars of Zürich using DNE, because for most primates, occlusal A wide range of cross-cultural, contemporary and The majority (95%, n=1642) were providing their convexity dominates the DNE signal. In contrast, historical studies have highlighted that mothers infants with some human milk. Of parents who hominid molars have much larger contributions are not alone in raising their children. Fathers, were breastfeeding, 29.9% (n=461) reported an from concave aspects of the occlusal surface due grandmothers, older siblings and non-kin are increase in nursing frequency due to being home to their deep sulci and crenulated enamel. After all pointed to as key allomothers (non-maternal more, and 14.2% (n=219) of parents changed accounting for inflection boundaries, hominid caregivers). Nonetheless, little exploration has their weaning or feeding plans due to COVID-19; convex DNE is more similar to the bunodont denti- occurred into why we see such diversity in allo- with the overwhelming majority (95%) weaning tions of omnivores rather than the high-crowned mothers. Arguably, human cooperation evolved later than planned. Opened ended questions dentitions of monkey and strepsirhine folivores. as a response to environmental and resource exploring maternal decision making found that Explanations for the relatively large contribution unpredictability, promoting cooperation when the desire to provide protective antibodies to from hominoid occlusal concave areas include: individuals could not reliably reproduce on their infants were primary reasons for delaying human [1] deeper sulci due to inflated relative enamel own. Wide cooperative childcare networks, thus, milk cessation. thickness; [2] an allometric effect concentrated can be understood as a form of risk transfer (an Parents had also heard conflicting information on occlusal sulci; and/or [3] an adaptive response informal insurance network) associated with an about the risks or benefits of providing human to hard object feeding. Future hominid studies unpredictable foraging livelihood. When individ- milk during COVID-19 and expressed a desire should differentiate the surface inflection compo- uals settle, farm and increase storage and wealth for more information. While 8.7% (n=150) had nents of DNE. (risk retention) they may rely on their own ability to COVID-19 symptoms, only 3.8% (n=67) were able This research was supported by NSF 2018769 and absorb losses and remove themselves from wider to get a positive COVID-19 test. Of those with 2018779 to RFK, PEM, and JDP. cooperative networks. Thus, who provides child- confirmed positive COVID-19 tests, the majority care may be a function of how individuals deal (65.6%) continued direct breastfeeding; 15% were with risk, a hypothesis we test in data from the pumping and using human milk and 10% had Islands and Bubbles: Lessons from the Agta (78 mother-child dyads), a diverse Philippine stopped breastfeeding/expressing human milk. 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic population who demonstrate variability in mode COVID-19 led parents to reassess their lactation JOSEPH M. PARISH of subsistence, degree of mobility and household plans, and parents reported stress and concerns L'nu, Political, and Social Studies, Cape Breton wealth. Using mixed-effect models on childcare about contradictions in the COVID-19 guidelines. University observations, we found that fathers and older A century after the worst global pandemic in siblings invested significantly less in foraging memory, we are visited by a virus that has thrown households. Likewise, households with increased Ratios of Dental Surface Concavity the world into chaos. Public health warnings and wealth received less childcare from distant and and Convexity: Implications for Dental how populations interpret them demonstrate non-kin. Thus, foraging was associated with wider, Topography Analyses the impact socio-cultural behaviours have on less related cooperative networks while settled JAMES D. PAMPUSH1,2, PAUL E. MORSE3,4, EDWARD epidemics. Contact rates are not governed by cultivation was associated with childcare from J. FUSELIER5 and RICHARD F. KAY3,6 biological mechanisms – they are only made within the nuclear family. This finding supports 1Exercise Science, High Point University, possible through them. our hypothesis that different forms of livelihoods 2Physician Assistant Studies, High Point University, promote different types of risk mitigation. Overall, 3Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, This poster explores the initial findings of a multi- our results reinforce the necessity of exploring 4Florida Museum of Natural History, University year project focussed on the 1918-19 influenza diversity in who supports mothers raising children. of Florida, 5Mathematical Sciences, High Point pandemic on Cape Breton Island, Canada. Early University, 6Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, indications from this study suggest that a natural A.E.P received funding from the MRC & DFID (MR/ P014216/1). A.B.M received funding from the Leverhulme Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke population bubble caused by the island environ- Trust (RP2011-R 045). AH was supported by the John University ment of Cape Breton may have had a similar Templeton Foundation (grant ID: 61426) effect in 1918-19 to what we are witnessing in

Abstract Book 81 ABSTRACTS

today’s pandemic. However, deaths from related as specialization increases, there is decreasing of infant development in different and sex-specific respiratory infections were unaffected or even overlap in expertise. These distinctions in knowl- ways. By creating comprehensive models, we can declined in the period following the pandemic. edge area and expertise are important, as without better understand the complexities of develop- The records also show that the traffic of military the appropriate the appropriate amount of exper- mental trajectories. personnel may have negatively contributed to the tise, practitioners perform tasks inappropriately Funding provided by the National Science Foundation, arrival of the pandemic. and/or incorrectly. The only way to develop the Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation contributory expertise is through enculturation Data for this project were drawn from the Nova Graduate Research Fellowship, and SHESC and IHO at and as Collins and Evans (2007) point out, lacking Arizona State University. Scotia civil registrations, which were re-started such enculturation at the level of contributory in 1908, and are publicly available. The website expertise leads to overconfidence and poor hosting the records is designed for genealog- performance. An expanded simulation study of past ical research, so a workaround was created to biological structure in the Americas: dental access each record individually. Almost 5,500 N/A morphology, quantitative genetics, and records were transcribed completely for 1918- biodistance “best practices” 1919 for all four counties and for 1920-1924 for KATHLEEN S. PAUL1, CHRISTOPHER M. two of the four counties. Each contains up to 49 Maternal behavior and glucocorticoid STOJANOWSKI2 and G. RICHARD SCOTT3 fields of entry including sex, age, cause of death, levels shape infant development in wild 1Department of Anthropology, University birthplace, length of illness, and address. The data olive baboons of Arkansas, 2Center for Bioarchaeological SAM K. PATTERSON1, KATIE HINDE1,2, ANGELA were analysed for cause of death information and Research, School of Human Evolution and Social B. BOND2, BENJAMIN C. TRUMBLE1,2, AMY LU3, reported with mortality curves for age and month Change, Arizona State University, 3Department of SHIRLEY C. STRUM4,5 and JOAN B. SILK1 of death. Anthropology, University of Nevada Reno 1School of Human Evolution and Social Change, This work has been funded by an internal RISE grant from Arizona State University, 2Center for Evolution and Exploring ancient biocultural diversity in the Cape Breton University. Medicine, Arizona State University, 3Department of Americas often involves reconstructions of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, 4Department population interaction and microevolutionary of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, processes. Dental morphology features promi- Bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology 5 Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project, Kenya nently in these initiatives due to the taphonomic and as unique expertises Mammalian mothers provide offspring with crit- durability of dental tissues and the cost-effec- 1 2 NICHOLAS V. PASSALACQUA , MARIN A. PILLOUD tive, non-destructive nature of phenotypic data 3 ical behavioral and physiological signals that and DEREK CONGRAM collection. While tooth morphology has long been 1 allow offspring to adaptively calibrate develop- Anthropology and Sociology, Western Carolina used to approximate underlying genotype, herita- 2 ment in relation to environmental cues. Such University, Anthropology, University of Nevada - bility estimates have only recently been reported Reno, 3Colombia, International Committee of the signals are hypothesized to prioritize certain for several characters. Quantitative genetic Red Cross, developmental systems over others, orches- trating developmental tradeoffs between approaches have also yielded a suite of analytical Over the past several decades, various methods competing systems. Here, we investigate the “best practices” for dental biodistance research. have been developed addressing applications influence of maternal effort and maternal gluco- We previously applied these proscribed practices and research agendas within bioarchaeology and corticoids (GCs) on infant play, independence, to simulated analyses of dental morphology data forensic anthropology, with differing foci based and growth in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) to assess whether reconstructions of population on the nature of these disciplines. These differing from Laikipia, Kenya. We collected behavioral relationships across the Americas are sensitive research agendas have increasingly diverged data from 41 infants to quantify maternal effort to trait choice, dichotomization, and weighting. into academic programs and graduate advisors (e.g., nursing and carrying time), infant play, and Here, we expand these efforts to a) incorporate specializing in bioarchaeological or forensic infant independence (i.e., frequency of infant data from four additional Archaic North American anthropological approaches. In doing so, bioar- departures from mother). We paired these behav- samples, b) compare simulations that follow chaeology and forensic anthropology have slowly ioral data with maternal glucocorticoid measures distinct missing data treatments (omission versus deviated in terms of professional conferences analyzed from 864 fecal samples from lactating estimation), and c) compare four simulations attended, academic advisors and institutions, mothers, and infant growth measures assessed that weight traits based on narrow-sense herit- bodies of literature, venues of publication, and via photogrammetry (N=20 infants). We found ability estimates yielded from distinct reference professional memberships. Through this diver- that mothers who spent more time nursing and samples. Frequency data were analyzed using gence, they have become more and more isolated carrying – patterns associated with lower rank proximity measures and hierarchical clustering. from each other, developing separate communi- and adversity – produced infants who played less Initial results indicate our 19 samples represent ties of practice. (nursing: ß=-0.52; carrying: ß=-0.70), were less three to seven bioregional clusters, with “best fit” The goal of this presentation is to consider both independent (nursing: ß=-0.33; carrying: ß=-0.62), varying by data treatment. Simulation dendro- bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology as but grew faster (nursing: ß=0.22; carrying: ß=0.60) grams reveal consistent primary branching of the unique disciplines following Collins and Evans’ than infants of mothers who nursed and carried Archaic Quebec and Archaic California samples; (2007) model of expertise, where disciplinary less. Sons of mothers with higher GCs played less the other Archaic samples are in close proximity experts are those with “Contributory Expertise”. (ß=-0.23) but grew faster (sex*GC ß=-1.40) than on a more inclusive branch. The exceptions are Contributory experts are those that are able sons of mothers with lower GCs. Daughters of the heritability-weighted simulations, which stray to interact with other individuals at a complex mothers with higher GCs grew slower than those from this pattern depending on the reference level and able to perform complex disciplinary of mothers with lower GCs (sex*GC ß=-1.40). estimates applied. These results underscore the tasks competently (Collins et al., 2016). Within These results add to a growing body of litera- sensitivity of dental morphology data to analytical this model, both bioarchaeology and forensic ture demonstrating that maternal behavioral and treatment and potential complications arising anthropology share many lower-level expertises, physiological signals shape various components from broad temporal binning of samples. representing what Collins and Evans (2007) NSF BCS-1063942, NSF BCS-1750089; IRB ASU refer to as primary source knowledge. However, Exemption 45CFR46 (4)

82 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Making sense of modern human sulcal 3International Laboratory for Human Genome walking. We examined 271 bouts of locomotion pattern variation, brain size and temporal Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de in primates and felids and compared variation 4 lobe boundaries: implications for fossil México (México), Center for Computational in support patterns with duty factor index (SI = Homo Molecular Biology, Brown University SH/SF). SH and SF were correlated (r = 0.56, p < ALANNAH PEARSON1, P. DAVID POLLY2 and The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 0.001) across the sample. Proportions of bipedal EMILIANO BRUNER3 plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity among support periods were negatively correlated with 1School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The vertebrates, and in humans is home to some SH for walking gaits (r = -0.85, p<0.001). 21% of all Australian National University, 2Department of the most variable loci in the genome. It is observed walking gaits used by primates lacked of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana commonly thought that selection favors heterozy- any ipsilateral bipedal support periods, and these University, Bloomington, 3Department of gous loci that are involved in adaptive immunity bouts were associated with higher differences Paleobiology, Centro Nacional de Investigacion as being heterozygous allows for the increased in SH and SF (average SI = 1.10) compared to sobre la Evolucion Humana recognition of pathogens. Selection for heterozy- bouts with ipsilateral bipedal supports (mean SI Brain evolution involves changes in processing gous loci will consequently favor introgressed = 1.06). These tended to be slower walks, and centres often marked by cerebral folds including loci since an introgressed locus on a new genetic SI was positively correlated with SH (r = 0.41, p sulci and gyri. In the temporal lobe, identification background is likely to be heterozygous. However, < 0.001). Primates did not use unequal SH and of major cerebral divisions relies on both external the evolutionary mechanisms that gave rise SF more often when SH < D, possibly because at and internal sulci especially the superoposte- to the high levels of diversity seen in the MHC relatively high walking speeds ipsilateral support rior boundary for the temporoparietal-occipital region are still hotly debated. Balancing selec- periods are not as detrimental to stability as in complexes. Comprehensive quantification of tion—the maintenance of more than one allele slower walks, where duty factor disequilibrium noticeable sulcal variation in extant Homo sapiens in a population—, negative frequency-dependent may increase tripedal support periods to improve remains lacking with limitations for paleoneu- selection—rare variants having a selective advan- stability. rological inferences of fossil Homo endocasts. tage over common variants—, and soft selective Funding for this research was provided by the Duke We examined the association between temporal sweeps—neutral loci becoming beneficial due to Lemur Center Director's Fund and the National Science lobe volume (TLV), left and right hemispheres an environmental change— all favor heterozygous Foundation (NSF BSC 1751686). volume (HV) of the brain (in cm3) in T1-weighted loci and are possible explanations for the mainte- in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of nance of diversity in the MHC region. By analyzing Biological anthropology and evolutionary 59 adult humans (male N = 28, female N = 31) the high-coverage genomes of archaic individuals genomics: Transformative opportunities generated into three-dimensional virtual models and the individuals found in the 1000 Genomes and ethical obligations of the brain and identified sulcal variants for Project, we investigate signals of introgression at the posterior ascending and descending rami the MHC region to determine whether introgres- GEORGE PERRY1,2, MARGARITA HERNANDEZ1, 3 3 of the Sylvian fissure and the ascending and sion has increased levels of heterozygosity which SYLVIA KOKUNDA and LEVI BUSINGYE horizontal segments of the superior temporal might have facilitated adaptations to distinct 1Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 2 3 sulci. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) pathogens. Furthermore, through coalescent Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Batwa examined if the presence or absence of specific simulations, we show that the levels of diversity Development Program, Uganda sulcal variants was associated with an increase found in the MHC region cannot be explained The relationship history of biological anthropology or decrease in TLV or HV. Axis 1 and Axis 2 were by demography alone suggesting that the MHC and evolutionary genetics/genomics is complex. associated with TLV and a unique ascending region has experienced many different selective At best, genetics is a beautifully integrative part of superior sulcal variant, where the presence of pressures throughout its evolutionary history. the discipline. Yet this integration has also been this specific variant of the ascending superior This work was supported by the National Institutes fraught. At worst, evolutionary genomics has temporal sulcus was associated with a smaller of Health grant 1R35GM128946-01 and the Human been a tool for reinforcing racism and colonialism. left TLV and a larger right TLV. These findings Frontiers Science Program. We will first present several ethical issues that suggest an association between extreme hemi- we believe researchers in this field should take spheric asymmetries in modern humans, where into consideration when designing their studies absolute brain size, temporal lobe size and the Forelimb and hind limb duty factor dise- and disseminating results, including related to presence of unique sulcal variants at the super- quilibrium and patterns of limb support in the re-use of previously collected samples, the oposterior boundary of the temporal lobe offers primate locomotion re-analysis of previously published genomic data, new possibilities to delimit the temporal lobes in BERNADETTE A. PERCHALSKI1 and DANIEL O. risks of developing new hypotheses on the basis 2 fossil Homo endocasts. SCHMITT of genome-wide selection scan results, and the 1Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona Australian Government Research Training potential for results to be misappropriated for College of Medicine Phoenix, 2Evolutionary Program Scholarship, Spanish Government evil by racial supremacists and other hate groups Anthropology, Duke University [#PGC2018-093925-B-C31] or otherwise misconstrued. In this context we Primates use higher frequencies of diagonal will also detail processes and learnings from our sequence diagonal couplet (DSDC) gaits, and ongoing evolutionary genomics research with Detecting signatures of archaic introgres- exhibit greater differences in periods of contact Batwa rainforest hunter-gatherer and Bakiga agri- sion and the not so simple evolutionary (duty factor, S) of the hind (SH) and forelimbs (SF) culturalist participant communities in southwest history of the major histocompatibility during walking compared to non-primates. DSDC Uganda. complex gaits mix periods of contralateral and ipsilateral NIH grant R01-GM115656 DAVID PEEDE1, FEDERICA PIERINI2, MARÍA bipedal and tripedal supports in situations when C. ÁVILA-ARCOS3, FLORA JAY2 and EMILIA SH is lower than the time between ipsilateral hind HUERTA-SÁNCHEZ1,4 and fore footfalls (limb phase, D). We hypothe- 1Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown sized that primates can avoid ipsilateral bipods University, 2Laboratoire de recherche en infor- when SH < D by increasing tripedal support matique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Inria, via disequilibrium between SF and SH while

Abstract Book 83 ABSTRACTS

Surviving rickets: identifying episodes of signals are often found in species with stronger the CNRS Station de Primatologie in France. We childhood rickets in adult individuals from direct male-male competition and indirect female performed a kinship analysis using 26,393 geno- 19th century Hisban, Jordan mate choice, and less accurate signals in species typed SNPs and identified 8-13 class I and 2-9 MEGAN A. PERRY1, COURTNEY OLAH1, AKACIA with stronger indirect male-male competition class II MHC alleles per individual. We further iden- PROPST2, LORI D'ORTENZIO2 and BONNIE and direct female mate choice. We tested this tified functionally relevant MHC supertypes based KAHLON2 hypothesis in a wild population of Kinda baboons on the physiochemical properties of amino acids 1Department of Anthropology, East Carolina in Zambia, combining data on female signals involved in antigen binding. Kinship was a signifi- University, 2Department of Anthropology, McMaster with hormonally-determined fertile-phases. We cant predictor of shared alleles and supertypes at University predicted that Kinda baboons will exhibit less class II, but not class I loci. These results suggest accurate fertility signals as they experience that the selective pressures maintaining allelic Paleopathological study of a 19th century Bedouin weaker direct and stronger indirect male-male diversity at class I and II loci may differ, and that group burying their dead near Hisban, Jordan competition. The frequency of copulation calls certain types of MHC driven mate choice have found that over half of the infants (MNI = 24) and proceptive behavior did not differ across the the potential to work independently from mecha- display skeletal evidence of rickets. The older chil- fertile, pre- or post-fertile phases of the cycle. nisms of inbreeding avoidance. dren and adults represented in the sample, (MNI Sexual swellings were largest in the fertile-phase, = 28) do not have rickets or osteomalacia indica- This research was funded through NYU Intramural Funds however, the differences in the mean sexual tive of past or current vitamin D deficiency. Thus, awarded to James Higham and the NYU MacCracken swelling size across cycle phases were small, macroscopic skeletal data suggests rickets was Fellowship awarded to Rachel Petersen raising the question if males can perceive this primarily a condition of infancy and linked to high variation. Additionally, there was high variability in infant mortality. the timing of ovulation relative to the day of sexual The fall of Meroe: Invasion or decline? The While rickets is unexpected in an agropastoral swelling detumescence across cycles. Our results dental evidence community living in the UV-rich region of central suggest that female Kinda baboon signals are EMMA LW. PHILLIPS1,2, JOEL D. IRISH1 and DANIEL Jordan, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among less accurate indicators of fertility across signal ANTOINE2 women of childbearing age in modern Jordan and modalities. These signals may have evolved as 1School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, the MENA region, which results in newborns with a reproductive strategy to reduce male monop- Liverpool John Moores University, 2Department of low serum 25(OH)D levels. Clinical studies link olizability, allowing for more female control over Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum this deficiency to calcium-poor diets, high parity, reproduction by direct mate choice. The Meroitic empire of ancient Nubia ruled over a prolonged breastfeeding, and limited time spent This research was supported by NSF (DDRIG 1732321, vast area of the Nile Valley and its hinterlands from outdoors. Some MENA communities also have DGE 0966166 NYCEP IGERT), Leakey Foundation, ~800BC until 350AD. What caused the empire and a genetic predisposition to hereditary hypophos- Fulbright US Student Program, Sigma Xi, SICB, Explorer’s its capital Meroe to fall has been widely debated. phatemic rickets (HHR) through mutations Club, ASM, DAAD, AAUW, PEO International, NYU A popular theory is that Aksumites from northeast involving fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) MacCracken. Africa were responsible for the demise. How long or vitamin D receptors (VDR). Observing pulp the Aksumites were in Nubia and whether they chamber morphology and presence of interglob- permanently settled the region have not been ular dentine (IGD) in 10 first molars and 17 second Kinship predicts genetic similarity at class II but not class I MHC loci in olive baboons fully explored. This study investigates whether molars representing adolescents and adults there is biological continuity between the Meroitic 1,2 3 with no skeletal signs of vitamin D deficiency at RACHEL M. PETERSEN , CHRISTINA M. BERGEY , and successive regional cultures or if northeast CHRISTIAN ROOS4 and JAMES P. HIGHAM1,2 death indicates that approximately 58% survived African groups may have contributed to the local 1 at least one episode of vitamin D deficiency, with Department of Anthropology, New York University, gene pool. few differences in terms of severity and timing 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 3 by sex. Estimated age of occurrence indicates Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Nubian samples from 9 sites across the Nile 4 the episodes occurred from just after birth until Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Valley were compared based on 36 nonmetric Center at least 15 years of age. This indicates rickets dental traits (using the ASUDAS). These specific at Hisban is not limited to infancy nor tied to an The role of the major histocompatibility complex sites date to the Meroitic (300BC-350AD) through X-linked HHR trait. (MHC) in the process of mate choice is of consid- Medieval periods (AD 500-1500). Additional erable interest due to its established influence data from Ethiopia and Somalia were used to on the immune system, body odor, and potential contextualise the Nubian findings. The mean Female Kinda baboon sexual signals are effects on fitness. Disassortative mating based measure of diverge distance statistic was then less accurate indicators of fertility on MHC composition has been suggested as a applied to calculate inter-sample bio-distances. MEGAN PETERSDORF1,2, ANNA H. WEYHER3, means to avoid inbreeding and maximize hete- Multi-dimensional scaling was used to visualize MICHAEL HEISTERMANN4, ALISON GOVAERTS5, rozygosity at this functionally important region. affinities. JESSICA L. GUNSON1,2 and JAMES P. HIGHAM1,2 However, empirical studies have found varied Results indicate that there are regional differences 1 Department of Anthropology, New York University, support for MHC disassortative mating, and in the level of continuity between the Meroitic and 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, evidence for both assortative mating and ‘allele- 3 successive periods. The post-Meroitic assem- NYCEP, Department of Anthropology, University counting’ strategies are apparent in certain 4 blages show the closest affinity to the northeast of Massachusetts Amherst, Endocrinology study systems. Here, we explore how kinship Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz African samples (MMD=0.04-0.12, p≤0.05), and relates to genetic similarity at the MHC region, Institute for Primate Research, 5Department for the the similarity reduces in the medieval period Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute as a means to understand how MHC associated (MMD=0.11-0.17, p≤0.05). These data suggest of Animal Behavior mate choice may relate to inbreeding avoidance. a greater genetic influence from northeast We conducted ddRAD sequencing and PCR There is variation in the extent to which primate amplification and sequencing of two class I and female sexual signals reliably indicate fertility, two class II MHC loci from the whole blood of which may be related to the predominant mech- 22 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis) living at anisms of sexual selection. More accurate

84 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Africa after the fall of Meroe. This gives credit to Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, cash crop production is negatively impacted by the Aksumite involvement in the fall of Meroe, SUNY, 3Department of Molecular Biomedical precipitation variability but access to long-distance although their presence in Nubia appears to have Sciences, North Carolina State University connections is improving. To assess whether lasted for only a few centuries. While the biomechanical effects of varying precipitation exposure predicts long-distance Support from the Wellcome Trust (British Museum grant primate diets have been studied with respect to relationships, we drew on participants’ migration 097365/Z/11/Z), Liverpool John Moores University mandibular shape, the limits of the phenotypic histories, social relationships, and demographic (Matched-Funded PhD Scholarship), and the National plasticity of the non-human primate jaw are not data; we also used precipitation data from the Science Foundation (BNS-9013942, BNS-0104731). necessarily well understood. This study examines US National Center for Atmospheric Research to the resulting morphological variation between the estimate participants’ exposure to unusually dry differing diets of two sample populations of crab- or wet months. Exposure duration, the temporal HLA evolutionary trends in admixed Native eating macaques (wild and biomedical), focusing proximity of exposures, and exposure frequency American populations on medical interventions in the second popula- was not associated with an individual’s number FEDERICA PIERINI1, DAVID PEEDE3, MARÍA C. tion. Given that wild individuals consume more of long-distance relationships. However, males, 2 3 ÁVILA-ARCOS , EMILIA HUERTA-SANCHEZ and biomechanically demanding diets than biomed- extraverted individuals, and those who had trav- 1 FLORA JAY ical individuals, and that biomedical specimens eled more had more long-distance relationships. 1 Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Inria, Laboratoire de have different mastication patterns after having In the human lineage, another function of long-dis- recherche en informatique (France), 2International canines extracted or filed, we expect to find these tance relationships is to access patchy resources Laboratory for Human Genome Research, patterns to result in distinct mandibular morphol- that are never locally available; ethnographic data Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México suggest that this is their primary function in rural (México), 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary ogies. To test this, landmarks (n=31) were Biology, Brown University collected from 3D scans of mandibles from three Bolivia, not risk management. We close by refining populations of adult male M. fascicularis: 15 wild our predictions about when individuals are likely The highly polymorphic classical human leuko- specimens and 32 biomedical specimens -16 with to use long-distance relationships to manage cyte antigen (HLA) genes play a central role in altered dentition (e.g., removed or filed canines), climate variability and to explain how this can be adaptive immunity. Their extensive population and 16 without altered dentition. Landmark better studied going forward. polymorphism has been often regarded as a hall- configurations were subjected to a Principal mark of past and ongoing pathogen-mediated Data collection was funded by the Max Planck Institute Component Analysis (PCA), a Canonical Variates for Evolutionary Anthropology Department of Human selection. Owing to their central role in fighting Analysis (CVA), and a Discriminant Function Behavior, Ecology, & Culture. pathogen invasion, HLA genes are also consid- Analysis (DFA). The PCA and CVA highlighted ered prime candidates for studying adaptive differences in the height of the mandibular ramus, admixture. After admixture, specific HLA variants the slope of the gonial angle, and the length of the External Energy Exploitation and the may be beneficial in the recipient population, and tooth rows, particularly between the biomedical Shared Evolutionary Roots of Climate thus favored by selection. While various studies and wild samples. The altered biomedical sample Change and Chronic Disease have shown signatures of natural selection on also displayed a unique morphology potentially HERMAN PONTZER the HLA regions in admixed populations, the related to the resorption of alveolar bone. The DFA Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University link between the signal and its functional conse- results found similar rates of misclassification quences remain unsolved. In this regard, precise Modernization and industrialization have given across all three samples, with the lowest rates intragenic haplotypes analysis of HLA genes rise to two global crises, climate change and of misclassification occurring between wild and in admixed populations is of great interest for non-communicable disease (NCD), which have altered biomedical populations, highlighting their understanding their role in human adaptation to surpassed infectious disease as the leading differing morphologies. pathogens. Integrating currently available HLA global causes of mortality. Here, I examine the data from different studies and databases we This research is supported by the UB Research shared root cause of climate change and NCD: characterize the landscape of haplotypic diver- Foundation and the Mark Diamond Research Fund humans’ exploitation of and dependence on (SP-18-13). sity in various contemporary American admixed external (non-metabolic) energy expenditure populations. We thus depict the HLA evolutionary (e.g., fire, fossil fuels). The human lineage has trends, resulting from both the demographic and Do people use long-distance relationships been reliant on external energy since the Lower selection process, further showing how past to respond to climate variability? Paleolithic with the use of fire for cooking and admixture has contributed to the actual patterns other tasks. Dependence on external energy has ANNE C. PISOR1 and JAMES HOLLAND JONES2 of genetic diversity, heterozygosity, and haplo- grown with the advent of agriculture and use of 1 Department of Anthropology, Washington State draft animals, the development of wind and water typic divergence observed in modern American 2 University, Department of Earth System Science, power, and most recently with the exploitation admixed individuals. Stanford University of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel powered mechaniza- This work was supported by the Human Frontiers At least since the emergence of Homo, social tion has led to the reduction of physical activity, Science Program relationships spanning distance have been a increased centralization and processing in food characteristic feature of human social life. Such production, and greater air pollution (including Phenotypic plasticity of the Macaca long-distance relationships have often been used greenhouse gasses). These changes have, in turn, fascicularis mandible: a geometric to manage the risk of resource shortfalls posed led to climate change and NCD, which are thus morphometric analysis of wild and by climate variability. However, given these rela- connected to one another and to the hominin biomedical populations tionships are costly to maintain, we should expect lineage’s evolved reliance on external energy. individuals to invest more in them when shortfalls ERIN F. E. PINKSTON1, ROBIN L. QUATAERT2, Yet despite these connections, solving one crisis BRITTANY KENYON-FLATT1,3 and NOREEN VON are chronic, temporally positively autocorrelated, is unlikely to meaningfully improve the other. CRAMON-TAUBADEL1 and not rare – that is, when shortfalls happen at Changes in food production and the built environ- 1Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, least occasionally and are somewhat predictable. ment needed to address NCD will have minimal Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, We evaluate these hypotheses in two commu- effect on global fossil fuel consumption. Moving SUNY, 2Comparative Primate Anatomy Laboratory, nities of Bolivian horticulturalists (n=119) where

Abstract Book 85 ABSTRACTS

to a carbon-free energy economy is essential City University of New York, 4NYCEP, New York more support partners than women, a higher in order to avoid the worst potential effects of Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 5Division proportion of whom are from outside the village climate change, but changing energy sources will of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural and from other castes. Women's relationships, 6 likely have only modest effects on NCD. History, Division of Anthropology, American in contrast, are often stronger, more likely to be Museum of Natural History, 7Turkana Basin reciprocal, and more stable across time. Having Institute, Stony Brook University first presented these broad comparisons, I will Converting Human Evolution Lab Activities Understanding the phylogenetic relationships turn to consider how these distinct strategies of to an Online Format among hominin species is critical to any study socialization shift across the age course. I will pay SAMANTHA T. PORTER1, TESSA CICAK2, of human origins. Of course, the results of such particular attention to marriage and explore how SAMANTHA GOGOL2 and KIRSTEN JENKINS3 analyses are dependent on both the character women's supportive relationships are shaped by 1Liberal Arts Technologies and Innovation data and taxon sampling employed. Many post-marital residence and their husband's rela- Services, University of Minnesota, 2Department previous studies of hominin phylogenetics tions with others. I will conclude by considering of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, have used Papio and Colobus as outgroups in how these relationships combine to form a house- 3 Department of Social Sciences, Tacoma their analyses. Critically, however, these highly hold's social capital, and how this may impact the Community College specialized extant monkeys possess derived economic livelihood and material well-being of its Many concepts in human evolution and related traits that may confound the character polarity members. If both "bridging" and "bonding" social disciplines are traditionally taught using interac- for reconstructing hominin evolutionary rela- capital are valuable, than the combination of tive and hands-on methods. These include direct tionships. Here, we consider Victoriapithecus distinct social strategies within a household may observations of anthropological specimens, macinnesi as a more suitable outgroup taxon for be particularly crucial. such as the examination of fossil casts and skel- hominin and hominoid phylogenetic analyses. Fieldwork funding by: NSF Doctoral Dissertation This fossil species is anatomically well-known etal remains, and the modeling of evolutionary Improvement grant (BCS-1121326), Fulbright–Nehru processes. Because these activities often use and widely accepted as a stem cercopithecoid, Student Researcher Award, Stanford Center for South physical objects, it can be difficult to translate placing it much closer to the crown catarrhine Asia, Stanford, Santa Fe Institute, NSF IBSS Research these exercises into a remote / virtual learning common ancestor than either Papio or Colobus. grant (IBSS-1743019) format. Craniodental characters for Victoriapithecus macinnesi were scored from published sources Here, we discuss lessons learned while preparing and measurements taken on high-quality casts. Multivariate analysis of talar morphology remote lab modules for human evolution related Victoriapithecus was then added to the existing in Ardipithecus ramidus courses at the University of Minnesota and matrix of hominin and hominoid taxa published THOMAS C. PRANG1 and SCOTT A. WILLIAMS2,3 Tacoma Community College, which moved to by Mongle et al. (2019), replacing outgroups 1Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Papio and Colobus. This matrix was analyzed University, 2Center for the Study of Human Origins These efforts were for college level courses, but using parsimony and Bayesian methods. (CSHO), Department of Anthropology, New York our assignments and our core takeaways apply to 3 Replacing the two extant outgroups with a stem University, New York Consortium in Evolutionary K-12 education as well. cercopithecoid did not change tree topology in Primatology (NYCEP) We describe four specific activities we created either analysis. Importantly, however, tree-wide The locomotor behavior of the Homo-Pan last to serve as case studies: an interactive natural consistency indices and bootstrap support values common ancestor (LCA) is essential for under- selection demonstration using the narrative game increased in comparison to the previous Mongle standing the evolution of bipedalism. The early design tool Twine, a solitaire card game to model et al. (2019) parsimony analysis. This increase in hominin Ardipithecus ramidus has been argued to genetic drift, the use of 3D renderings to teach bootstrap values was highest at basal hominin possess none of the postcranial features related skeletal morphology, and original dragon illustra- nodes, including the node supporting Ar. ramidus to African ape-like vertical climbing, implying tions to teach phylogeny. Through these teaching as the sister taxon to all later hominins. Our find- that hominins evolved from an ancestor unlike experiences, we develop recommendations ings suggest that including more appropriate any living ape. We test the hypothesis that the for developing or adopting new online lessons outgroups improves estimation of character Ar. ramidus talus (ARA-VP-6/500-023) lacks and materials; (1) it is critical to keep exercises polarity, thereby strengthening confidence in the features indicative of African ape-like vertical simple both technologically and procedurally, position of basal hominin taxa. climbing. Our dataset includes 11 linear meas- (2) we must anticipate technological problems urements collected on 474 tali representing 70 (e.g. poor internet connectivity, computers with anthropoid taxa. The fossil sample includes 24 limited processing power), and lastly (3) a focus Gender and social capital in rural South tali representing hominins, hominoids, cercopithe- on learning outcomes rather than replicating India: outlining distinct strategies of social- coids, and platyrrhines. Principal Components existing content lead to better student learning. ization and support Analysis (PCA) on geometric mean-stand- Using these guiding principles, we were able to ELEANOR A. POWER ardized distances recovers phylogenetic and give students an engaging, interactive, and robust Methodology, London School of Economics and locomotor signals among anthropoids. Notably, learning experience. Political Science Oreopithecus bambolii is placed in an area of In rural South India, people turn to one another the morphospace containing atelids and oran- to find work, to get a loan to cover major gutans, whereas Ekembo tali are more similar to Implications of outgroup selection in arboreal cercopithecines and colobines. The Ar. reconstructing hominin phylogeny expenses, and to pass the time in conversation. Importantly, though, men and women appear to ramidus talus is most similar to Pan and Gorilla. 1 NICHOLAS W. POST , CHRISTOPHER C. be pursuing different strategies in who they form Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) separates GILBERT2,3,4,5, KELSEY D. PUGH4,6 and CARRIE S. the talar morphology of chimpanzees, bonobos, 6,7 these supportive relationships with. In this talk, I MONGLE western gorillas, and eastern gorillas, and classi- 1 will use two rounds of multiplex social support Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook fies Ar. ramidus as G. gorilla with a high posterior 2 network data from two villages in Tamil Nadu University, Department of Anthropology, Hunter probability. Ar. ramidus shares with chimpanzees, College of the City University of New York, 3PhD to sketch out who men and women turn to for gorillas, and atelids a mediolaterally expanded Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center of the different types of support. Overall, men name

86 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS anterior talocrural joint linked to the mechanics of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina for significance. We used Landmark editor to of vertical climbing. Additionally, we identify State University warp a surface scan to show the shape changes talar features potentially indicating a shift in Previous work has found that the removal correlated with increased molar wear. Results climbing style among later hominins. Our results or blunting of canines did not alter dental demonstrated a significant effect of molar wear are consistent with the hypothesis that humans wear patterns in biomedical macaques when stage on cranial shape, even after accounting evolved from an ancestor with an African ape-like compared to dentally unaltered specimens. for size, but it is a subtle effect that accounts for positional repertoire. However, previous work has not compared dental approximately 4.5% of shape variance. As the This research was supported by a Wenner-Gren wear patterns with wild specimens, leaving the skull ages, the face seems to get longer while Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Grant question: do biomedical and wild macaques the orbitals and zygomatics shift posteriorly. exhibit different patterns of dental wear? The sexes do not differ in the pattern of shape changes and their regression slopes are parallel, Stressed to the tooth? A pilot study of We compared maxillary and mandibular dental meaning that the sexes do not age differently cortisol in archaeological tooth structures wear patterns among three groups of male in their cranial shapes. The degree these shape Macaca fascicularis: biomedical sample with LESLIE QUADE1, PAUL L. CHAZOT2 and REBECCA changes are a consequence of genetics or bone altered canines (n=16), biomedical sample GOWLAND1 remodeling due to strain experienced during life is without altered canines (n=15), and wild speci- 1Archaeology, Durham University, 2Biosciences, unclear. Nonetheless, if this pattern is consistent mens (n=16).Wear was scored following Gantt’s Durham University across papionins, then it may help better to diag- (1979) stages for occlusal wear in cercopithe- nose fossil taxa represented by small samples Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced cines. The scored stages were then transformed through activation of the hypothalamic-pitui- where it is unclear if differences are taxonomic or into ranked data for analysis via Kruskal-Wallis due to age. tary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It is known as the “stress and Mann Whitney U-tests. hormone” for its primary role in the body's stress response. Although a significant focus in modern Statistical tests revealed that the upper M1s in unaltered biomedical specimens had significantly Analyzing clinician views on race and clinical research, only a few studies have analyzed genetic ancestry for treating hypertension cortisol in archaeological human remains and less wear than in the other two groups. The lower CHANTAL RABAY, CAROLINA LOPEZ, SAMANTHA these have been limited to hair. Tooth dentine M1s in the wild specimens had significantly more STREULI and AMY L. NON and enamel preserve well archaeologically and wear when compared to the unaltered specimens, Department of Anthropology, University of may be possible reservoirs for detectable levels but not when compared to the altered specimens. California, San Diego of cortisol in human skeletal remains. To test this The upper and lower M3s in the wild specimens hypothesis, 69 teeth from 65 individuals were had significantly more wear than both biomedical Despite general consensus that there is no biolog- analyzed via competitive enzyme-linked immu- groups. These results are consistent with previous ical basis to race, racial categorization is still used nosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess and quantify work, suggesting that the removal or alteration by clinicians to guide diagnosis and treatment the cortisol concentrations present within tooth of canines does not affect wear patterns, but plans for certain diseases. In medicine, race is structures. Selected individuals derived from that biomedical and wild specimens experience commonly used as a rough proxy for unmeas- five sites in France dated to between the st1 and different degrees and/or patterns of wear. This ured social, environmental, and genetic factors the 7th centuries CE. In both tooth dentine and is likely due to the substantial differences in hard- that may contribute to disease.The American enamel, detectable concentrations of cortisol ness and variety of foods between biomedical and College of Cardiology’s JNC 8 guidelines in fact were identified in multiple teeth. However, cortisol wild populations. Moreover, dental wear patterns provide race-specific treatment plans for hyper- concentrations were low and not all teeth yielded are likely tension in Black versus non-Black patients, but results that were measurable through cortisol Funding: This research is supported by the UB Research without genetic evidence for racial differences in ELISA. Differences in cortisol values between Foundation and the Mark Diamond Research Fund drug response. The goal of this ongoing empir- dentine and enamel could suggest different (SP-18-13). ical study is to understand how clinicians value uptake mechanisms or timing. These results and use genetic ancestry data and racial classi- indicate that cortisol is incorporated within tooth fications when practicing medicine. We analyzed Cranial shape changes with age in male structures and merits further investigation in interview data from 21 clinicians using qualitative and female adults of Papio both modern and archaeological contexts. Future analysis of open-ended questions about the use 1 1 studies of cortisol in tooth structures would ANDREA L. QUINTANILLA , JYHREH A. JOHNSON , of race-related information and genetic ancestry 2 1 greatly expand the research potential of cortisol in EVAN A. SIMONS and STEPHEN R. FROST in clinical decision making, how they defined race, 1 the past and could have implications for studies Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, and general perspectives about the role of race 2Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, of human stress across deep time. and ancestry in medicine. We presented clini- The State University of New York cians with video cases of mixed race patients with British Association for Biological Anthropology and hypertension symptoms and genetic ancestry Osteology Research Project Grant; Durham Doctoral Ontogenetic changes to skull shape from juve- Studentship niles to adults have been well researched and results to determine which racial cues were prior- studied, but those that occur during adulthood are itized in designing treatment plans. Preliminary less well known. In this study, we collected 45 3D results indicate that clinicians generally did not Chew on this: Dental wear patterns in landmarks with a Microscribe 3DX digitizer of 345 follow race-specific guidelines, relying instead on biomedical and wild Macaca fascicularis wild-collected baboon (Genus Papio) crania repre- personal judgement and experience. Additionally, specimens senting all six currently recognized subspecies. clinicians' definitions of race were variable and ROBIN L. QUATAERT1, ERIN F. E. PINKSTON2, As a proxy for age, we visually scored maxillary most did not often prioritize genetic ancestry data BRITTANY KENYON-FLATT2,3 and NOREEN VON third molars for degree of wear. Landmarks were over other race related variables in classifying race CRAMON-TAUBADEL2 superimposed with generalized Procrustes anal- or treating patients. Understanding how clinicians 1Comparative Primate Anatomy Laboratory, ysis using MorphoJ. Procrustes coordinates were University at Buffalo, 2Buffalo Human Evolutionary regressed against natural log-transformed upper Morphology Lab, University at Buffalo, 3Department third molar wear stage using multivariate tests

Abstract Book 87 ABSTRACTS

use and value race-based guidelines, genetic elucidate patterns of non-adult diet and weaning trait combinations should be prioritized in future ancestry data, and race are important in furthering and the mother-infant dynamic. The isotopic research, as they allow for more accurate infer- investigations into the racial disparities in hyper- results suggest that both adults and non-adults ences. Finally, we generated a comprehensive tension between Black and White Americans. were consuming a homogeneous diet with the reference table that can be used to validate the UCSD Institute of Practical Ethics research grant exception of breastfeeding infants, who exhibited utility of a certain dental trait or trait combination enriched d15N and d13C values compared to all employed in previous and future studies. others in the sample. The isotopic data show that Funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG FOR Serving graduate students during a non-adults in this population were likely weaned 2237 and DFG INST 37/706-1) and the Senckenberg pandemic and civil rights crisis before 3 years of age as suggested by the assim- Nature Research Society. We are grateful to Katerina 15 JENNIFER A. RAFF ilation of non-adult d N values to those of the Harvati for support and advice. Anthropology, University of Kansas adult females. Lastly, no statistically significant differences in non-adult diet and weaning existed The global pandemic and civil rights crisis have between the contemporaneous sites of 8-B-52.B Inuit and the "problem" of climate change: impacted graduate students particularly hard, and 8-B-5.A, suggesting homogeneous patterns Local perspectives on contemporary causing increased levels of stress, forcing them of diet and weaning between the religious and challenges to adapt to new styles of teaching, preventing wealthy elite in this population. This study demon- ELSPETH READY1,2 and PETER COLLINGS2 or delaying necessary fieldwork or laborato- strates the relationship between social status, age, 1Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max ry-based research, and dimming the prospects for and dietary patterns during the Meroitic period, but Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, academic jobs even further than was the case in more significantly illustrates the patterns of early 2Department of Anthropology, University of Florida a tight job market. How can faculty best mentor life feeding and weaning behaviors that influence Human dimensions of climate change research graduate students in this uncertain environment, the relationship between a mother and her infant. in the Canadian Arctic generally begins with the providing a supportive atmosphere while still assumption that the health and well-being of Inuit advancing them through their degree program? are threatened by climate change. We examine This is something that I’ve been struggling with, The utility of dental nonmetric ASUDAS the relevance of this research framework for particularly as the Director of Graduate Studies traits and trait combinations for inferring Inuit through a thematic analysis of what Inuit in for our program. In this talk I will discuss the human population history Kangiqsujuaq (Nunavik) perceive as challenges specific issues that graduate students and their 1,2 HANNES RATHMANN and HUGO to their well-being. As part of a research project mentors must confront during these two crises. I 2,3,4 REYES-CENTENO focused on the mixed economy in Kangiqsujuaq will share approaches that I and other DGSs have 1 Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for conducted in 2013–2014, 107 Inuit were asked taken in supporting graduate students during Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, three free-response questions about the major this time, such as mechanisms for TAship allo- 2 University of Tübingen, DFG Center for Advanced issues facing them and their communities, cations to accommodate extra work required for Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools”, University and about what they liked the most about their maximizing student safety. I will also share areas of Tübingen, 3Department of Anthropology, 4 community. Climate change rarely appeared in where we have found ourselves falling short or University of Kentucky, William S. Webb Museum Kangiqsujuarmiut responses to these questions; simply don’t have a solution to complex issues. I of Anthropology, University of Kentucky when mentions of the environment appear, they hope that this will serve as a conversation starter Human dental nonmetric traits of the Arizona generally refer to positive aspects of being on between faculty mentors to share resources and State University Dental Anthropology System the land. In contrast, the problems identified approaches to serving our students. (ASUDAS) are widely used for inferring genetic by Kangiqsujuarmiut are strongly focused on relationships between populations. However, it a constellation of issues rooted in decades of remains poorly understood whether certain dental colonialism and rapid culture change, particularly Meroitic childhood diet and weaning at traits or trait combinations preserve genetic substance use and the cost of living. The cost Sai Island, Sudan: A carbon and nitrogen signatures to a greater degree than others. We of hunting in particular was an important barrier isotopic study of site 8-B-52.B addressed this research gap by testing the utility to access to the land and to country food. We BRENNA J. RAISOR1, TOSHA L. DUPRAS1, YANN of 27 ASUDAS traits and all 134,217,700 possible conclude that the theoretical framework adopted ARDAGNA2 and VINCENT FRANCIGNY3 combinations of these traits in reflecting neutral in Arctic human dimensions of climate change 1Department of Anthropology, University of genetic variation in a worldwide sample of research underestimates Inuit cultural capacity Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2UMR 7268 modern human populations. Our results show and prevents important economic, political, and Anthropologie bioculturelle Droit Ethique et Santé, that not all traits are equally well-suited for infer- social constraints on climate change adaptation AMU-CNRS-EFS, Faculté des Sciences Médicales ring neutral genetic affinities. As a rule of thumb, et Paramédicales de Marseille, France, 3UMR 8167 from emerging in the context of research. We dental inferences about neutral genetic affinities Orient & Méditerranée, Sorbonne University, Paris suggest that more inductive research designs will based on many traits are more reliable than those assist in developing more culturally-appropriate This research explores the diet and weaning based on only a few traits. Trait combinations frameworks for examining Inuit responses to patterns of non-adult individuals from an elite comprising at least 16 traits, no matter which of climate change. Meroitic (300BCE – 350CE) cemetery (8-B- the 27 traits are chosen, always capture neutral 52.B) located on Sai Island, Sudan. It is notable genetic affinities significantly. Nevertheless, the This study was supported by the National Science to mention that this is the first isotopic study best performance is achieved when using specific Foundation Office of Polar Programs (1303874 and 1813496), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research conducted on this population, and is one of the combinations of highly diagnostic traits, and not Council of Canada (752-2010-1089). first conducted on this time period and region the full 27-trait set. These high-utility trait combi- of Sudan. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic nations consist of batteries ranging from 14 to analyses were conducted on a sample of 54 indi- 20 traits and always comprise the following five viduals. These analyses focused on differences traits: mesial ridge (UC), distal accessory ridge in adult and non-adult diet, non-adult weaning (UC), protostylid (LM1), lingual cusp number (LP2), patterns, and intra-elite differences between and cusp 6 (LM1). We propose that the high-utility contemporaneous cemeteries at Sai Island to

88 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Relative abundance among cercopithecids species, we hypothesized that the species occu- hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines. from Woranso-Mille and other contempo- pied similar environments through time and Taxa were organized into locomotor categories raneous eastern African sites. across space. Environmental variables considered based on published leaping proportion data. HAILAY G. REDA1, STEPHEN R. FROST1 and included biotic (vegetation, mammalian commu- Based on canonical variate analysis, shape varia- YOHANNES HAILE-SELASSIE2 nity structure, mammalian isotopic signatures) tion of the distal humerus was most informative, 1Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Physical and abiotic (precipitation, seasonality, depo- distinguishing species based on the proportion Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural sitional environments) factors. Published and of observed leaping locomotion regardless of History unpublished data on species presence/absence, taxonomic category. Character states associated body mass, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and with greater proportions of leaping locomotion It was previously assumed that only one hominin mesowear were gathered for fossil assemblages included a relatively smaller medial epicondyle species was present in the Afar region 3.6 to 3.0 from the sites of Hadar, Woranso-Mille, Kantis, and a relatively narrow trochlea. Corresponding Ma. However, the discovery of hominins from and Laetoli. First, we analyzed the functional traits aspects of proximal ulnar shape variation were Woranso-Mille 3.5-3.2 Ma suggests the presence of the fauna 1) among fossils sites, and 2) among informative as well. This exploratory analysis has of more taxa. Such diversity of hominins is absent fossil sites with a comparative database of 205 identified a number of features that correspond in other contemporaneous Afar sites. This begs modern African communities (fauna, WorldClim, to subtle variation in frequency of leaping loco- the question if Woranso-Mille is distinct in its and vegetation data) with Correspondence motion across anthropoid primates, suggesting environment and composition of its fauna 3.5-3.2 Analysis (CA). Vegetation structure as estimated that some aspects of forelimb skeletal shape Ma. As a result, we have compared the relative by the CA was similar across fossil localities. We are informative about this hind limb-dominated abundances of cercopithecid taxa recovered predicted rainfall and seasonality for the fossil movement. from Woranso-Mille and other contemporaneous localities by regressing CA axis 1 against mean eastern African sites. Due to the fragmentary Data collection for this study was funded by the National annual precipitation and a metric of seasonality nature of the fossil record, taphonomic, taxo- Science Foundation (Grant number BCS-0849204), L.S.B. (months of rainfall per year). Fossil site precip- Leakey Foundation, and Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant nomic, and other potential biases, we employed itation ranges from 379-700mm per annum. number 7982). a range of methods, considered alternative taxo- Seasonality differs among sites such that Aralee nomic hypotheses from the literature, and used Issie (Woranso-Mille) had the shortest dry season different taxonomic scales, including species, and Kada Hadar 2 sub-Member (Hadar) had the Multivariate analysis of soldier diet from genus, and Delson’s dental groups. Similarities longest. Dry season lengths generally increase the Battles of Himera (480 BCE, 409 BCE) or differences between Cercopithecid faunas through time, with the youngest assemblages KATHERINE L. REINBERGER1, LAURIE J. were measured using both cord distance and estimated to have extremely long periods without REITSEMA1, BRITNEY KYLE2 and STEFANO faunal resemblance indices, and analyzed with 3 rain. We suggest that while the fossil sites are VASSALLO correspondence and cluster analyses. The 1 overall similar in vegetation structure, eventually Department of Anthropology, University of correspondence and cluster analyses show 2 Au. afarensis could not cope with the longer dry Georgia, Department of Anthropology, University that younger sites (3.5-3.2 Ma) are distinct from 3 seasons, which may have been a factor in its of Northern Colorado, Archaeological Heritage slightly older sites. It is currently unclear if this Section, Superintendency of Palermo, Italy disappearance from the fossil record. temporal change is due to a changing environ- Diet reflects social practices that illuminate ment, turnover of different taxa, or both. The Funding for this project was provided by NSF SBE BCS 1551810. soldiers’ interactions with the surrounding species level analysis using both cord distance communities and circumstances under which and similarity indices, show that geographically they fight. This study offers new dietary infor- more proximate sites are grouped together. Thus, A geometric morphometric examination of mation from soldiers who fought in the Battles the Afar localities are more similar to each other forelimb skeletal shape and adaptation to of Himera through δ13C in enamel apatite which than they are to the sites in the Turkana Basin and leaping in anthropoid primates indicates the ratio of C3 and C4 foods in the whole Laetoli. Further, the preliminary analysis suggests THOMAS R. REIN diet. Previous research presented isotope data that the 3.5-3.2Ma Woranso-Mille is not signifi- from soldiers’ bone collagen that suggested a diet cantly distinct from other Afar localities in terms Department of Anthropology, Central Connecticut State University with C3 plants and animal protein, with possible of the cercopithecid fauna. contributions from fish. Soldiers from both battles Previous research on adaptation to leaping has had overall higher nitrogen and carbon values focused on hind limb skeletal traits associated Examining differences among than civilians, suggesting a separate diet for with the propulsive force needed to perform 13 Australopithecus afarensis localities: soldiers. The addition of apatite δ C may clarify if specialized vertical-clinging and leaping common 13 Climate and paleoecology increased δ C values in the soldiers’ diet are due among strepsirrhine primates. There has been to consumption of more C4 plants, historically KAYE E. REED1, IRENE E. SMAIL1, DENISE F. SU2, less emphasis, however, on potential skeletal less likely, or marine consumption, archaeologi- MARYSE D. BIERNAT1, EUNICE F. LALUNIO1, adaptations to the type of leaping performed 1 3 cally and historically supported. KATHERINE WINSLOW , KAILEE BOW , CHLOE by many anthropoid primates. Furthermore, 3 3 CLINE , CHELCIE F. GEORGE and MADELEINE forelimb skeletal traits have not been examined This study presents data from soldiers (n=46) ORICCHIO3 13 as much as those of the hind limb despite the and civilians (n=48) who were analyzed for δ C 1 Institute of Human Origins and School of important role of the forelimb during airborne and in enamel apatite and δ13C and δ15ν from bone Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona landing stages of leaping in some species. The collagen. The multivariate analysis suggests State University, 2Paleobotany and Paleoecology, objective of this study was to enhance our under- soldiers from 409 BCE and civilians had diets Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 3School of standing of how informative different aspects higher in C3 foods, including terrestrial C3 protein Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State 13 13 (409 BCE: δ Cap=-12.2±0.3, δ Ccol=-19.5±0.4, University of the forelimb skeleton are regarding leaping 15 13 13 behavior across anthropoid primates. Three- δ N=10.9±0.6; Civilians: δ Cap=-12.4±0.5, δ Ccol=- Australopithecus afarensis existed from ~3.8 15 dimensional landmark coordinates were collected 19.4±0.3, δ N=10.4±0.6). Soldiers from 480 BCE Ma—2.95 Ma across Ethiopia, Kenya, and on the humerus, radius, and ulna of specimens had values indicating higher C4 consumption in Tanzania. Since Au. afarensis was a long-lived representing 18 anthropoid species including the whole diet, while still maintaining C3 protein

Abstract Book 89 ABSTRACTS

13 13 sources (480 BCE: δ Cap=-8.6±1.9, δ Ccol=- The population history of Indonesia and the proportion of time spent feeding on leaves 17.9±1.1, δ15N=10.7±0.9). Results suggest there Melanesia as inferred by Legofit2 and pith has significantly decreased with time was little consumption of fish. The multivariate ALAN R. ROGERS1, HERAWATI SUDOYO2 and since the park’s establishment, suggesting that isotopic approach allows for nuanced anal- MURRAY COX3 diet quality has improved. A second preliminary yses of diet in the Mediterranean region and its 1Anthropology, University of Utah, 2Genome analysis revealed that the relative contribution armed forces, continuing to challenge ideas of Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman of the most frequently consumed species has fish consumption in coastal regions and among Institute, 3Computational Biology, Massey fluctuated, in some instances dramatically, over soldiers who traveled by sea. University the past several decades. Overall, these results suggest that chimpanzees respond flexibly to Funded by the University of Georgia Graduate School, We introduce a new statistical method for infer- habitat change through alterations in the relative National Science Foundation Research Experience for ring population history from genetic data and use importance of plant foods, and that diet quality Undergraduates award numbers 1560227 and 1560158, it to study data from Indonesia and Melanesia. the University of Georgia, and the University of Northern increases with habitat improvement. Legofit estimates parameters by minimizing the Colorado. difference between (a) the observed frequencies Data collection: Jane Goodall Institute, Construction with which derived alleles are shared among of the long-term database: NSF (DBS-9021946, SBR-9319909, BCS-0452315, IIS-0431141, Effects of physical activity and relatedness populations, and (b) the frequencies expected IOS-LTREB-1052693) on metabolic phenotype in ring-tailed under particular models of history. The new lemurs version calculates these expected frequen- cies using an algorithm with greater speed and REBECCA RIMBACH1,2 and HERMAN PONTZER1,3 Substantial biocultrual diversity in the early accuracy. Preliminary results are based on 70 1Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, peopling of the Caribbean as evidenced by previously-published genomes from five linguistic USA, 2Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Cuban recrod families in Papua New Guinea. These results University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, MIRJANA ROKSANDIC and YADIRA CHINIQUE DE 3 confirm (1) superarchaic admixture into the South Africa, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke ARMAS University, USA "neandersovan" ancestors of Neanderthals and Anthropology, University of Winnipeg Denisovans, and (2) Denisovan admixture into Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor modern Papuans. In addition, they document two The ‘who, when, and how’ of the earliest peopling for cardiometabolic disease (i.e., unhealthy weight pulses of Neanderthal admixture into modern of the Caribbean remain largely unanswered gain, heart disease, and diabetes) in humans and humans: (3) an early pulse into the ancestors of despite the long history of archaeological may negatively affect health in captive primates. Europeans and Papuans, and (4) a later pulse into research in the region. One of the main underlying Further, work in humans indicates closely related Papuans. causes is the reliance on archaeological inter- individuals show correlated metabolic responses pretation rather than on bioanthropological data. after an exercise intervention. Effects of physical Support: NSF BCS1638840; NSF BCS1945782; CHPC, Furthermore, the archaeological information was activity and genetic relatedness on metabolic University of Utah. influenced by the dichotomy between the easily phenotype are virtually unstudied in non-human recognisable ceramic-bearers from the Orinoco primates. We investigated metabolic responses to Modification of chimpanzee diet compo- valley and the non-ceramic producing ‘Archaic’ changes in physical activity in 16 adult ring-tailed sition in response to long-term habitat people. The latter were generally considered to be lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Duke Lemur Center. change fisher-hunter-gatherers (FHG) with moderate to We collected data during a period of low activity high mobility, no ceramics, and no cultivars. We in indoor enclosures in winter and a period of high SHANNON L. ROIVAS and IAN C. GILBY review the results of the last 10 years of bioan- activity when individuals were free-ranging in large School of Human Evolution and Social Change, and thropological research in the Greater Antilles and outdoor enclosures. We compared body mass, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University discuss the variability observed in the mode of physical activity via accelerometry, and blood Habitat change driven by climate fluctuations subsistence understood through combined starch glucose, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol likely introduced novel selection pressures grain and isotope data, and through the results in winter versus summer. We used husbandry during hominin evolution. It is not well under- of ancient DNA analyses. We further combine records to approximate relatedness between indi- stood, however, how early hominins may have the evidence of greater than expected variability viduals. We tested whether increases in physical altered foraging strategies in response to habitat with the palaeoenvironmental record and 14C activity were associated with improvements in change and variation in the availability of familiar dating. Throughout the Caribbean, the palae- cardiometabolic profiles, and whether variation in foods. Satellite imagery of Gombe National Park, oenvironmental record shows human-caused metabolic phenotype was correlated with genetic Tanzania, reveals long-term habitat recovery from environmental alterations at least two millennia relatedness. Lemurs had a lower body mass a state of anthropogenic disturbance following before any recorded archaeological sites, and a and were more active in summer (p<0.01 paired the park’s establishment in 1968; consequently, further discrepancy between archaeological sites t-tests). Triglyceride levels decreased in summer the chimpanzees of Gombe provide an oppor- and the age of formal burial sites. The evidence of (p<0.05 paired t-test), but changes in activity were tunity to investigate the ramifications of habitat starch granules of cultivars indicates that even the not associated with changes in other markers of change on diet composition in a large-bodied ape. earliest settlers were small scale food producers metabolic health. More closely related individuals Utilizing 44 years of observational feeding data rather than FHG, while aDNA demonstrates the did not have a more similar metabolic phenotype from the Kasekela community, we quantified diet presence of more than one lineage among the than unrelated individuals, indicating that genetic quality by the proportion of feeding time spent earliest groups. The peopling of the Americas relatedness may not explain variation in metabolic consuming leaves and pith, a measure previously and the Caribbean should be examined with more response in this species. demonstrated to be negatively correlated with openness to incorporating new data in a way Supported by Duke Lemur Center's Director's Fund for body mass at Gombe. Additionally, we character- that is not biased by the existing archaeological the project “Effects of physical activity and genetics on ized plant diet composition using the proportional paradigms. metabolic phenotype in ring-tailed lemurs” contribution of individual plant species to the overall time spent feeding. Preliminary results indi- The research was funded by SSHRC 435-2016-0529 cate that after accounting for seasonal variation,

90 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Paleopathological reanalysis of an Early 2,996,423 women in the United States (CDC, year horizons with specimen locality data to map each Iron Age skeleton from Frankfurt/Main 2018; TFR=1.7) to published data from two natural individual using qGIS software. We then assessed CAROLIN RÔDING1 and LIANE GIEMSCH2 fertility, subsistence agriculture populations: the individuals for anthrome of origin (rural, suburban, Amish (years 1908-1967; N=1,723; TFR=7.5) or urban). Preliminary results of “wild” Macaca 1Paleoanthropology, University of Tuebingen, Germany, 2Prehistoric Archaeology, Archaeological and the Tsimane (years 2004-2013; N=1,337; specimens (n=350) revealed that most individ- Museum Frankfurt am Main, Germany TFR=9.0). Mean interbirth interval for multipa- uals (n=225) were obtained from anthromes rous mothers in the U.S. (49.2 ± 36.8 months), with anthropogenic influence and thus were not One of Germany’s most important prehistoric compared with Tsimane (39.5 ± 22.1 months) wild. Utilizing qGIS mapping capabilities allows finds from the Early Iron Age is a chieftain burial and Amish (41.2 months) cohorts, was shorter for a more accurate exploration of the anthro- from Frankfurt am Main. The burial was exca- for women age 15-24 years (p<0.001) but longer pogenic effects on NHP health across time and vated in 1966/67 and represents a remarkable for women age 25-50 years (p<0.001). Mean and geographic locations, as anthrome maps provide discovery, as it yielded an almost complete skel- median age at first reproduction were later for U.S. a better understanding of anthropogenic land use eton of a ~50 year old male together with grave women (26.9 ± 5.8 years; 27 years) compared and, thus, human impacts on NHPs. goods in an undisturbed burial mound. The to Tsimane women (19.1 ± 4.9 years; 18 years; archaeological material was dated to around 700 p<0.001). However, 332 (0.03%) first-time mothers BCE. Consequently, it is one of the oldest known in the U.S. sample were younger than the earliest Ontogeny of the distal metacarpal ridge in burials of the Early Iron Age elite in central Europe. reported age at first birth for Tsimane mothers (14 knuckle-walking apes Here, we present a paleopathological reanalysis years). Results are consistent with the hypothesis LAUREN SARRINGHAUS1,2, LAURA MACLATCHY2 of the skeleton. We analyzed the virtually recon- that energetic status of women in industrialized and JOHN MITANI2 structed cranium, axis, and humeri, in order to populations permits greater reproductive output. 1Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, explore the possible impact of a healed trauma 2Anthropology, University of Michigan on the left clavicle on other skeletal elements. The The distal metacarpal ridge (DMR), a bony ridge Using museum specimens to assess new cranial reconstruction allowed the study of on the dorsal metacarpal in African apes, is anthropogenic impacts on nonhuman several cranial features as well as muscle attach- hypothesized to be a potential knuckle-walking primate health ments, linking cranium and postcranium. Linear feature. However, this interpretation is complex as 1 2 measurements and surface distance maps SANA T. SAIYED , ANDREA R. ELLER , RITA M. the DMR is present to differing degrees of prom- 2,3,4 2,5 between bones and their bilateral counterparts AUSTIN , STEPHANIE L. CANINGTON , SABRINA inence in knuckle-walking African apes and non B. SHOLTS2 and AGUSTIN FUENTES6 were employed. The trauma was found to have knuckle-walking species. To test the hypothesis 1 no impact on the muscles involved in head move- Department of Anthropology, University of that this feature reflects hand postures adopted Notre Dame, 2Department of Anthropology, ment. A combination between muscle atrophy in during knuckle-walking, comparisons must be Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the left arm and muscle hypertrophy in the right made in African apes over the course of loco- Natural History, 3Department of Anthropology, arm induced by carrying a sword is the most University of Oklahoma, 4Laboratories of Molecular motor development and between African apes plausible explanation for the observed postcranial Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University and other genera. We measured the DMR angle bilateral asymmetries. of Oklahoma, 5Center for Functional Anatomy and of the third metacarpal in 73 Gorilla, 173 Pan, 16 All in all, our finds suggest only slight to moderate Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Pongo, 41 Hylobates, and 23 Papio specimens 6 restrictions in the range of motion caused by the Medicine, Department of Anthropology, Princeton and compared their distal ridge morphology. We University healed trauma. In addition, osteological evidence found a difference in ridge angle values among provides a valuable snapshot in time of a male Anthropogenic pressures on nonhuman primate genera (Kruskal-Wallis tests, p< 0.05). Post hoc individual of high status from the Early Iron Age. (NHP) species are wide-ranging and impact comparisons revealed that adult Gorilla and Pan multiple aspects of NHP life, including social do not differ from one another, but both genera This research was supported by the European Research have more prominent ridges (i.e. smaller DMR Council (ERC CoG no. 724703). behavior and diet. As a result, NHP species must be adaptable, yet adaptations may produce angles) compared to members in the three specific physiological outcomes. Human foods, other genera (all pairwise comparisons, p<0.05). Interbirth interval and age at first reproduc- constructions, contaminants, and interactions We also found that ridge prominence increased tion in populations with disparate energy have biological consequences on NHPs that may (angle decreased) as individuals age in both status leave skeletal signatures. Unfortunately, these Gorilla and Pan, with the ridge developing only after M1 eruption in both genera, after the onset SRISHTI SADHIR1 and HERMAN PONTZER1,2 skeletal health markers are difficult to assess in of knuckle-walking. While some Papio had ridges 1Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 2Duke living populations without invasive methodologies present, ridges in Papio and infant African apes Global Health Institute, Duke University or frequent collection of deceased individuals. Here, we present a novel approach for utilizing were less prominent (larger angle) compared Female fertility and its determinants, including age museum specimens to attain a macrohistor- to the adult African apes (p< 0.05), possibly at first reproduction and interbirth interval, partly ical perspective on synanthropic NHPs. The reflecting an absence of frequent knuckle usage. reflect maternal energetic status. Compared to EMPHASIS project investigates biological conse- Taken together, these findings are consistent with women in natural fertility, small-scale societies, quences using skeletal remains from 21 NHP the hypothesis that the DMR is a bony feature women in post-demographic transition, indus- genera housed at the Smithsonian Institution’s indicative of knuckle-walking hand postures. trialized populations typically have lower total National Museum of Natural History. Of these This research was funded by grants from the L.S.B. fertility rates (TFR), reflecting smaller ideal family 21 genera, Macaca, Papio, and Chlorocebus Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation size, access to contraception, and other socioec- (N=715) were chosen for this study due to (IOB-0516644 and BCS-0850951), and the University of onomic factors. However, TFR may obscure the their known affiliations with humans. Because Michigan International Institute. role of maternal energetic status, which should museum specimens are rarely categorized based favor greater reproductive output in industrialized on magnitude of anthropogenic influence, we populations. Here, we compared age at first repro- combined anthrome maps published by Ellis and duction and interbirth interval by maternal age for colleagues (Ellis et al., 2010) from relevant time

Abstract Book 91 ABSTRACTS

Geographic Insularity and Locally-Bound As an adaptive strategy and way of life, subsist- missing archaeological context leaves these inter- Diets: Mutli-isotopic Insights into Late ence economies and social networks in rural pretations up for debate. Outside of modern-day Intermediate Period (ca. 1100-1400 CE) Alaska have been shaped by environmental Trujillo, recent excavations in Huanchaquito-Las Lifeways at Quilcapampa, Sihuas Valley, change at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Llamas (HLL) recovered the largest mass sacrifice Peru Working together to harvest wild plants and event in the Americas dated to the terminal Late BETH SCAFFIDI1, JUSTIN JENNINGS2, CORINA animals and circulating these resources within Intermediate Period (circa 1400 CE). These trib- KELLNER3, KELLY KNUDSON4 and TIFFINY TUNG5 and between communities, Alaska Natives have utes were drawn from adjacent river valleys and 1Anthropology & Heritage Studies, University of been able to survive and thrive for millennia in an sacrificed during the decline of the Chimú domi- California, Merced, 2New World Archaeology, Royal environment with patchy spatial distributions of nation of the North Coast. This study draws on Ontario Museum, 3Anthropology, Northern Arizona resources, highly seasonal fluctuations in abun- data derived from assaying endogenous cortisol University, 4Center for Bioarchaeological Research, dance, and long-term climatic and ecological in archaeological hair strands from human sacri- Arizona State University, 5Anthropology, Vanderbilt variation. Increasingly, these adaptations to envi- fices (n=40) at a new sacrificial site north of HLL University ronmental uncertainty must also contend with known las Pampa La Cruz. Hair grows approxi- The Late Intermediate Period (“LIP,” ca. 1100-1400 unprecedented changes driven by anthropogenic mately at a rate of 1cm a month and allows for CE) was a time of internecine violence and balka- climate change and ongoing processes of settler reconstructing monthly patterns of stress leading nization in many Andean regions as communities colonialism, globalization, and social change. up to sacrifice. Preliminary results suggest high disputed access to resources in the context of Despite these challenges, subsistence econo- cortisol levels indicate elevated psychosocial dissolution of the Wari and Tiwanaku polities and mies and social networks in Alaska have proven stress that was exacerbated by environmental long-term drought. These dramatic socio-polit- remarkably resilient. This presentation builds on catastrophe and social instability during the thir- ical and climatic changes raise questions about previous research suggesting the resilience of teenth and fifteenth centuries CE. This project resilience and the diverse ways communities subsistence economies is enhanced by access aims to investigate how various social processes responded to the challenges of the Middle Horizon to diverse resources and the structural patterns of may have played a pivotal role in regulated cortisol to LIP transition. Here we use stable and radio- social networks. Using social network analysis of production, social inequity, and overall health prior genic isotope analysis to reconstruct dietary and data from 135 households, we investigate the rela- to sacrifice. mobility practices in order to understand some of tionship between harvest diversity and network The Massachusetts Cultural Council - Tyringham these creative social adaptations. position to better understand the relationship between harvest diversity and productivity and We reconstruct diet and mobility at the LIP explore the role of harvest diversity in adaptations Eosinophilia Inhibits Cytokine Responses Quilcapampa cemetery from tooth enamel and to environmental change. Our results indicate to Viral and Bacterial Stimulations in a 87 86 bone of 24 individuals. Analysis of Sr/ Srenamel that both productivity and diversity are positively Subsistence Population in Bolivia carbonates shows one non-local (2SD range = associated with increased network connections, 1 0.70782 - 0.70814, mean/SD = 0.70798/0.00008), INDIA SCHNEIDER-CREASE , AARON D. and that productivity alone provides an incom- BLACKWELL2, THOMAS S. KRAFT3, MELISSA suggesting little immigration to the site. Analysis plete model of the dynamics that shape these 4 5 13 EMERY THOMPSON , IVAN MALDONADO SUAREZ , of δ Cenamel carbonates shows mean/SD = -8.1 ‰/1.2 networks. We suggest harvest diversity may play DANIEL K. CUMMINGS6, JONATHAN STIEGLITZ7, ‰), suggesting a mixed C3/C4 childhood diet. For a unique role in supporting adaptive capacity and NOAH SNYDER-MACKLER1,8, MICHAEL GURVEN3, 18 δ O, mean/SD = -7.0 ‰/0.6‰); this is slightly resilience by: (1) maintaining productivity despite HILLARD KAPLAN6 and BENJAMIN C. TRUMBLE1,8,9 higher than neighboring groups, suggesting long- environmental change and (2) sustaining network 1Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona 2 term water storage before consumption. There structures that expand access to resources State University, Department of Anthropology, 3 are no outliers, suggesting all sampled individuals throughout the community. Washington State University, Department of consumed local water. For bone collagen, mean/ Anthropology, University of California Santa SD δ13C = -14.9‰/1.3‰; and δ15N = 7.8‰/1.4‰). SAS was supported by an NSF Graduate Research Barbara, 4Department of Anthropology, University Fellowship to (GRF-1840998) and DG by a postdoctoral 5 For bone apatite, mean/SD δ13C = -9.9‰/1‰; and of New Mexico, Biochemistry, Tsimane Health and fellowship from the National Socio-Environmental 6 18 Life History Project, Economic Science Institute, δ O -6.5‰/1.4‰). This shows a mixed C3/C4 Synthesis Center (SESYNC) under funding from NSF Chapman University, 7Anthropology, Institute adult diet, significant inter-individual variation in (DBI-1052875). for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 8School of Life access to meat, and δ18O is positively correlated Sciences, Arizona State University, 9School of 13 with δ C. One outlier in bone collagen exhibits a Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State diet heavy in C4 foods and meat. These multiple My Heart in Their Hand: Elucidating University data lines support the interpretation of insularity, Psychosocial Stress from Archaeological Exposure to parasites and pathogens over the locally-dependent diets, and limited supra-local Hair at a Mass Child Sacrifice at Pampa La course of human evolution has shaped the interaction in the LIP Cruz, Perú contemporary immune system. Soil-transmitted 1,2,3,4 5 Isotopic analysis was supported by a Pilot grant from the BENJAMIN J. SCHAEFER , GABRIEL PRIETO helminths (STHs) regulate immune function, a and JOHN W. VERANO6 Center for Bioarchaeological Research at Arizona State property that may guide the host response to University, the Royal Ontario Museum, and resepctive 1 Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago, downstream infections with viruses and bacteria labs. 2Latin American and Latinx Studies, University of that elicit strong inflammatory responses. To test Illinois at Chicago, 3Gender and Women's Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago, 4Anthropology, The whether a multi-parasite and pathogen environ- Subsistence harvest diversity, social Field Museum of Natural History, 5Anthropology, ment dampens the immune response to viruses networks, and adaptive capacity to envi- University of Florida, 6Anthropology, Tulane and bacteria, we worked with the Tsimane, forag- ronmental change in Alaska University er-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon with little market integration and high rates of STH SHANE A. SCAGGS1 and DREW GERKEY2 Child sacrifice has been practiced by many infection. We evaluated how eosinophils, a proxy 1Department of Anthropology, Ohio State ancient societies over time although archaeo- of both inflammatory response and STH infection, University, 2Department of Anthropology, School logical evidence is often lacking. Scholars have of Language, Culture & Society, Oregon State attempted to investigate the motivations behind affected cytokine responses to in vitro stimulation University intentional state-sanctioned killings; however, the with H1N1 vaccine and LPS in 179 whole blood

92 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS samples. Eosinophils were associated with lower 2016 in Indonesia, June 2018-November 2018 resolution for understanding the complementary cytokine responses to H1N1 and LPS, with the at NIE, and October 2018-December 2019 at roles of selection and drift in driving morpholog- strongest effects in women. Eosinophils were Denver Zoo. Our results showed that the wild ical divergence, and to test correlated evolutionary significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with lower same-species pairs spent three times as much scenarios. responses of IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8 in time feeding and 10% less time resting as the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of women and IFN-γ and IL-2 in men to H1N1, and managed mixed-species pairs. However, there Canada - Discovery Grant (LS), Leverhulme Trust (SE), with lower responses of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, were no significant differences in the proportions National Research Foundation and DST/NRF Centre of and GM-CSF in women and IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-7, of time spent socializing, with mixed-species and Excellence in Palaeosciences (RA) and IL-8 in men to LPS. Eosinophils were vari- same-species pairs all spending about 5% of their ably negatively associated with the responses of time engaged in social behavior. These results Th1- and Th2-cytokine suites to H1N1 and LPS in suggest that being housed as mixed-species pairs The role of uncoupling protein-1 in cold-in- women and men. Our results suggest that eosino- - and not alone - can provide positive welfare for duced bone loss: implications for human philia may mitigate host-induced damage related managed pairs, allowing them to engage in levels climatic adaptation to viral and bacterial immune responses, and of social behavior typical for wild same-species MAISEY SCHULER, REBECCA TUTINO, MIRANDA suggest that populations that have undergone pairs. COSMAN, RACHEL HURWITZ, TAYLOR M. the epidemiological transition may incur worse SPENCER, ISABEL HERMSMEYER, ALEXIS STOKEL outcomes during viral and bacterial infections and MAUREEN J. DEVLIN than populations still living in high parasite and Old World monkey divergence: adaptive, Anthropology, University of Michigan pathogen exposure environments. neutral, or both? Chronic cold exposure causes elevated sympa- LAUREN SCHROEDER1,2, SARAH ELTON3 and This research was funded by NIH/NIA (R01AG024119, thetic tone that leads to bone loss, which could 2 RF1AG054442), the ASU Center for Evolution and REBECCA R. ACKERMANN increase fracture risk in cold-dwelling humans. Medicine, and the French National Research Agency 1Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) via uncou- (ANR) ANR-17-EURE-0010 (Investissements d’Avenir Mississauga, 2Human Evolution Research Institute, pling protein (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue may program). Department of Archaeology, University of Cape reduce bone loss by maintaining body tempera- 3 Town, Department of Anthropology, Durham ture. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects University of temperature and sympathetic inhibition on Mixed-species pairs as a management Molecular and fossil data have provided consid- bone mineral density (BMD) and body composi- strategy for gibbons and siamangs: a erable insight into evolutionary divergence tion in male and female UCP1 knockout (UCP1KO) behavioral comparison of mixed-species across the family Cercopithecidae, however mice vs. wildtype C57BL/6J (B6) mice. We and same-species pairs less is known about the evolutionary processes predicted that cooler temperature would lead to 1,2 1 AMY L. SCHREIER , GARRETT REBARCHEK , that underlie these differences. Differentiating lower BMD in UCP1KO compared to B6 mice, and 1 1 EVELYN MADDIGAN , KELSEY GREEN , SHARON between selection and drift is of particular that sympathetic blockade with propranolol (PRO) JOSEPH2, YOONJUNG YI3,4, SAEIN LEE3, HAEUN interest, both for understanding the fossil record would prevent bone loss. Mice were pair-housed GE5, BAE KEUN LEE6, JAE C. CHOE3 and ANNEKE and evaluating how modern taxa may respond in MORESCO2 from 3-12 weeks of age at 26C (thermoneutrality) the future. Here, we apply tests developed from or at 22C (cool), with or without PRO in drinking 1Biology Department, Regis University, 2Animal quantitative genetics theory to investigate the Welfare and Research, Denver Zoo, 3Laboratory water (5 mg/mL). BMD and body composition evolutionary processes acting at various hierar- of Behavioral Ecology, Ewha Womans University, were measured by peripheral dual-energy X-ray 4College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing chical taxonomic levels across Cercopithecidae. absorptiometry (Piximus I, GE Lunar). Results indi- Forestry University, 5Department of Zoological Using a large (n>3000) morphometric dataset of cated no differences in BMD due to temperature Research & Management, National Institute matched cranial and mandibular specimens, we or genotype in either sex. In female mice at 22C, Ecology, Korea, 6Research Center for Endangered test patterns of within- and between-population BMD was lower in PRO-treated B6 and UCP1KO Species, National Institute Ecology, Korea divergence under a null hypothesis of genetic compared to controls. Unexpectedly, body fat was Gibbons and siamangs are known for their drift, an approach applied previously to New higher in females of both strains housed at 22C monogamous social system, with long-term World monkeys, apes and hominins. Results vs. 26C; in female UCP1KO vs. B6 at both temper- pairs engaging in social grooming. When a from analyses of the full skull suggest that natural atures; and in PRO-treated vs. wildtype females female white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leuco- selection plays a significant role in diversifying the in both strains. These preliminary results do not genys) at Denver Zoo was left without a partner, Cercopithecidae as a whole. At a subfamily level, support our hypothesis that UCP1-mediated NST the zoo paired her with a male red-cheeked genetic drift was rejected within Cercopithecinae, reduces cold-induced bone loss. Microcomputed gibbon (Nomascus gabrielle) so that these social indicating adaptive divergence within guenons in tomography (pending) will show how NST and primates would not be alone; similarly, a male particular, but not within the Colobinae. However, sympathetic blockade affect trabecular bone red-cheeked gibbon housed alone was introduced when crania and mandibles are analyzed sepa- microarchitecture and cortical bone geometry. to a female siamang (Symphalangus syndac- rately, there is some indication of selection driving Understanding how cold affects bone is essential tylus). The National Institute of Ecology (NIE) in diversification within both African and Asian colo- for interpreting ecogeographic patterns of skeletal South Korea also housed a mixed-species gibbon bines (but not within Cercopithecinae). Further morphology. examination of the data suggests that selection pair (female Hylobates lar and male N. gabrielle). Funding for this project was provided by NSF To investigate whether these mixed-species for differences in size may be a large factor driving BCS-1638553 to MD. pairs exhibited species-typical social behavior, we diversification, and that some individual traits compared their activity budgets with those of two show evidence for selection, even within a more wild pairs of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in general pattern of neutral evolution. Research on Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. large datasets such as these can provide better We conducted scan sampling of focal animals, recording rest, feed, travel, and social behavior; we collected data from January 2015-February

Abstract Book 93 ABSTRACTS

Female choice and sexual coercion in wild with its emphasis on sample statistics, is a were then evaluated by community members for orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Bayesian application that calculates the proba- validation and review using cognitive interviewing, AMY M. SCOTT1, TRI WAHYU SUSANTO2 and bility that an individual is assigned to one of five confirmatory analysis, and hypothesis testing, and CHERYL D. KNOTT1,3 major geographic groups (East Asia, American psychometric data analysis. 1 2 Arctic, American Indian, Southeast Asia, Austral- Anthropology, Boston University, Biology, National Results: Six domains of obstetric racism emerged: 3 Melanesia) based on crown and root morphology. University, Indonesia, Biology, Boston University (1) Safety; (2)Autonomy; (3) Communication and Drawing on the Christy G. Turner II database, 602 Due to extreme incongruence in parental invest- Information Exchange; (4) Racism; (5) Empathy individuals from four major geographic regions in ment, the potential for sexual conflict in orangutan & Humanity; and (6) Dignity in Blackness. In the Americas (i.e., Circumpolar, Northwest Coast, reproductive strategies is high. Female oran- addition, three domains, Accountability, Social North America, South America) were analyzed gutans prefer flanged males, but with intense Capital & Kinship, and Holistic Care, emerged as using rASUDAS2. Multiple samples were assessed male-male competition and sexual coercion, it community-informed hospital-based strategies from each region and intra-regional results were is unclear how females are able to exert choice. to dismantle and mitigate the harm of obstetric consistent. The primary assignments for the We hypothesized that female orangutans use racism. Circumpolar samples were: American Arctic (46%) initiation and maintenance of associations with and American Indian (24%); for the Northwest Conclusion: Obstetric racism describes complex preferred males as a mechanism of female Coast: American Arctic (35%) and American social and clinical interactions, communications, choice. We used encounter rates and behavioral Indian (34%); for North America: American Indian counseling, and decision-making that violate measures of proximity maintenance to distin- (53%) and American Arctic (27%); and for South the human rights of Black mothers and birthing guish between the role of female choice and male America: American Indian (65%) and American people across multiple domains. Disrupting theo- coercion in male-female associations in Gunung Arctic (18%). American Arctic assignments go retical and methodological approaches with, for, Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. down from north to south while American Indians and by Black mothers and Black women scholars From May 2018-April 2019, we collected data on assignments go up. Assignments for individ- closed knowledge gaps in existing perinatal initiation, termination, and proximity maintenance uals from the four areas to East Asia were 13%, PREMs and quality improvement sciences, prac- during associations between males and cycling 15%, 13%, and 11%, supporting the idea that tice, and research. females (females without dependent offspring Native Americans differentiated from East Asian The SACRED Birth Study is funded by the California Helth or with offspring over 6 years old). Encounters ancestors at the same time, consistent with the Care Foundation, the Tara Health Foundation, and an between cycling females and flanged males were Beringian Standstill model. Combined assign- anonymous funder. more likely to be female-initiated (83.3%), while ments to Southeast Asia and Austral-Melanesia encounters with unflanged males were more were under 10% for the four New World regions, likely to be male-initiated (80%) (N=16, p=0.035, providing no dental evidence for ancestral ties to Looking for Linear Enamel Hypoplasia in Fisher’s exact test). Additionally, the Brown Index these areas. Subfossil Lemurs indicates significantly more female proximity MELISSA S. SEABOCH1,2 and LAURIE R. GODFREY3 maintenance when cycling females associated 1Anthropology, Salt Lake Community College, with flanged males than unflanged males (N=33, SACRED Birth: Uncovering Obstetric 2Anthropology, University of Utah, 3Anthropology, W = 198.5, p= 0.012). However, using long-term Racism in the Time of COVID-19 Through University of Massachusetts data on male-female associations, we found Black Birthing Narratives & Medical Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) are linked to that dyads of flanged males and females were Illustrations stressors, including malnourishment and disease. less likely to encounter other males compared to KAREN A. SCOTT1 and DÁNA-AIN DAVIS2 Prior research reports that LEHs are rare in strep- dyads of unflanged males and females (N=542, 1Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, sirrhines, even in known stressed populations. The Χ2= 3.3051, df=1, p=0.035). This indicates that and Social Sciences & Humanities, University of studies suggested rapid tooth crown formation flanged males may also use associations to mate 2 California San Francisco, Center for the Study might preclude the formation of LEH, despite the guard females. These data indicate that there are of Women and Society, Graduate Center, City presence of stressors, because crown formation behavioral manifestations of both female choice University of New York duration impacts LEH formation. Because crown and male coercion in orangutan associations. Background: The unintended consequences of formation duration is correlated with body size, AMS supported by Boston University, Leakey Foundation, hospital mitigation practices during the COVID-19 our research asked whether the larger subfossil and National Science Foundation (No. DGE-1247312). pandemic reproduced white patriarchal suprema- lemurs exhibit LEH. Using lighted magnification, CDK supported by NSF (BCS-1638823, BCS-0936199), cist norms and narratives about Black bodies and we visually examined 292 permanent teeth (38 Disney Conservation Fund, and US Fish and Wildlife Black births. To date, there is no validated partic- Service (F18AP00898). incisors, 34 canines, 121 premolars, 99 molars; ipatory patient reported experience measure 204 maxillary, 88 mandibular teeth) of subfossil (PREM) of obstetric racism to characterize lemurs (Mesopropithecus N=1; Pachylemur A new approach to dental diversity in the hospital birth experiences of Black mothers and N=109; Archaeolemur N=171; Palaeopropithecus New World: applying the forensic appli- birthing. N=4; Megaladapis N=7). We found no surface cation rASUDAS2 to a bioarchaeological Methods: We constructed a novel survey instru- LEHs, though sample sizes, especially for anterior problem ment containing existing and de novo items for six teeth, were small. LEH is known to be present on G RICHARD SCOTT, TATIANA VLEMINCQ- community identified quality of care domains. The all teeth in anthropoids. While LEHs are gener- MENDIETA and KYRA E. STULL revised list of survey items were then evaluated ally more frequent on anterior teeth, it is not Anthropology, University of Nevada Reno and revised using the modified Delphi method uncommon for premolars to be affected, espe- cially in primates. In a study of 209 lemur teeth, Traditionally, the use of metric, morphologic, and by an advisory group of Black women content LEHs were limited to the premolars and, more genetic variables to evaluate population relation- experts in the fields of sexual, perinatal and repro- rarely, the molars; incisors and canines were never ships was accomplished through statistics that ductive health across disciplinary and geographic affected. Factors that may account for the lack use sample means or frequencies to estimate borders across the U.S. The revised list of items of visible LEH in our sample include microstruc- pairwise distances. An alternative to biodistance, tural prism pattern, enamel thickness, enamel

94 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS secretion rates and duration, enamel extension Dental pulp plays an important role in the mainte- contained a single sex and ancestry group, type 2 a rates, and timing of crown formation. Further nance and upkeep of dentine. Under the processes single ancestry group, type 3 a single sex, and type research, (e.g., histological analysis) is needed to of dental wear, odontoblasts present in the pulp 4 both sexes and ancestry groups. Age estimates understand the low frequency of surface LEH in cavity deposit additional dentine to prevent were performed using full Bayesian multivariate both extant and extinct lemurs, especially since the delicate internal dental tissues becoming cumulative probit with 5-fold cross-validation. internal stress lines are present, and the explana- exposed and vulnerable to infection. Therefore, Reference sample size did not consistently affect tion is not likely to be simple. we predict that there may be an adaptive advan- performance metrics. Types 3 and 4 showed tage for having a higher pulp volume in taxa that increasing success rates, and all types showed consume a more abrasive diet compared to those decreasing interval width, with increasing age. Historical biogeography of hominins that eat a less abrasive diet. We studied unworn Types 1 and 2 showed upward bias below 8 years. inferred using maximum likelihood lower second molars in pairs of extant hominoids, Our results show that combining ancestry groups YEGANEH SEKHAVATI and DAVID S. STRAIT cebids, and pitheciids that vary in the abrasive- from the same location (London) in a single refer- Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis ness of their diets (n = 36). We measured relative ence sample does not detrimentally affect age Phylogenetic biogeography evaluates patterns of pulp volume (RPV) as the ratio of pulp volume to interval estimates. vicariance and dispersal in a phylogenetic frame- that of the total volume of the tooth (enamel+den- no funding information to disclose work, which may inform scenarios of evolution. tine+pulp) using micro-CT scans. Results of Recently, model- and event-based approaches Mann-Whitney tests indicate that taxa with more have been developed that examine vicariance abrasive diets have significantly higher RPV than An Analysis of Frontal Sinus Shave and dispersal in a probabilistic framework. This closely related taxa with less abrasive diets in all Variation Between Population Affinity study analyzes hominin biogeography using three pairs of taxa (hominoids: p = 0.030; cebids: p Groups and Biological Sexes as Seen on dispersal vicariance analysis (DIVALIKE) using = 0.002; pitheciids: p = 0.043). Our results suggest Computed Tomography Scans likelihood-based inference in RASP (Reconstruct that there may be an adaptive mechanism (i.e. a AUSTIN A. SHAMLOU1, SEAN D. TALLMAN1,2, Ancestral State in Phylogenies). A recently higher RPV) in the molars of primates to help deal OSAMU SAKAI3 and ARTEM KALIAEV3 published cladogram of early hominins was used with the challenges of an abrasive diet. Our results 1Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University 2 as a baseline and modified to examine the bioge- provide us with a greater understanding of the School of Medicine, Anthropology, Boston 3 ographic implications of various phylogenetic relationship between the dental pulp and dietary University, Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of hypotheses. Hominins originate across eastern abrasiveness. Our study also offer insight into the Medicine and north central Africa. Sahelanthropus speci- adaptive context of taurodont molars like those ates in north central Africa via vicariance with of Neanderthals and possible means for testing Frontal sinus variation has been used in forensic an eastern African clade, and the ancestor of dietary adaptations in extinct taxa. anthropology to aid in positive identification since Australopithecus afarensis subsequently expands This research was funded by a NSERC Discovery Grant the 1920s; however, little is known about how the its range from eastern into north central Africa. An to MTS. sinuses vary by sex or population affiliation. This A. afarensis-like population expands its range from study utilizes frontal sinus morphology as imaged eastern into southern Africa. Australopithecus on hospital acquired computed tomography (CT) The effect of reference sample compo- africanus or its ancestor subsequently speci- scans to test the hypothesis that frontal sinus sition and size on dental age interval ates via vicariance. Paranthropus expands its shape variations will cluster based on popula- estimates range into southern Africa and P. robustus arises tion affinity and biological sexes. The CT scans 1 2 via vicariance with some or all eastern African VALERIE SGHEIZA and HELEN M. LIVERSIDGE were obtained from 307 individuals representing Paranthropus. The ancestors of Homo habilis and 1Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana- females (n=167) and males (n=140) from African 2 H. erectus sensu lato expand their ranges from Champaign, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the (n=63), Asian (n=74), European (n=91), and Latin eastern into southern Africa. Other biogeographic London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen American (n= 79) derived groups from Boston Mary University of London events depend on the phylogenetic relationships Medical Center’s Radiology Department. Individual of A. sediba. All last common ancestors in the Validation studies in juvenile dental age estimation coronal slices of CT scans that represented the hominin cladogram are found in whole or in part in primarily focus on point estimates. Comparing overall sinus outline and maximum heights and eastern Africa, highlighting the key role this region age interval performance for reference samples widths were uploaded into Adobe Photoshop plays in early hominin evolution. An ecozone of different ancestry group compositions has and traced in order to capture the variation in must have periodically existed allowing hominin received minimal attention. There is interest, morphology from an anteroposterior perspective. dispersals between eastern and north central however, in whether ancestral groups can be Subsequently, Elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) was Africa. Most or all southern African hominins combined in one reference sample. We tested used to evaluate the variation of the frontal sinus are migrants descended ultimately from eastern the effect of reference sample size and compo- outlines, and the EFA coefficients were statisti- African ancestors. sition by sex and ancestry group on age interval cally analyzed using chi-square tests to determine estimates. Model performance was assessed if the differences in coefficients were statistically through bias in maximum likelihood estimates, significant based on population affinity or biolog- The effect of an abrasive diet on the pulp age interval width, and success rate for the esti- ical sex. The results indicate that biological sex volume of the lower second molar in mated 95% age interval capturing true age. The and population affinity effect the morphological anthropoid primates dataset consisted of Moorrees et al. (1963) molar development of the frontal sinus. This study adds KEEGAN R. SELIG1, KORNELIUS KUPCZIK2 and scores from panoramic radiographs of 1120 to the foundational knowledge about frontal sinus MARY T. SILCOX1 London children of Bangladeshi and European variation and how CT scans can aid in exploring 1Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto ancestry and 5-19 years of age. Each reference human biological variation. Scarborough, 2Department of Human Evolution, sample was constructed with a uniform age distri- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology bution of 10, 20, 40, or 80 individuals in each year of age with equal numbers by sex and ancestry group if applicable. Type 1 reference samples

Abstract Book 95 ABSTRACTS

Learning from Captive Gibbons with mixed results, however no test had been adjacent one. These intra-observer reproducibility ALEXANDRA C. SHELDON and THAD Q. BARTLETT performed in humans. We filled this gap by results show potential for further investigation collecting high-quality brain and body composi- into defining a highly reproducible age estimation Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio tion data in 70 healthy young women and using method. Gibbons were one of the first taxa to be subject state-of-the-art causal modeling techniques. We to long-term scientific observations in the wild; applied a model-implied instrumental variable nevertheless, field research on gibbon social approach within a structural equation model- Sickle Cell Anemia and Sickle Cell Trait behavior has lagged compared to some species ling framework to test the most likely brain-body in the State of Pará, Brazil: Prevalence of due to difficulties in conducting detailed observa- trade-off model, given theory and previously Clinical Manifestations among Families in tions of these arboreal and swift moving animals. published results; namely, a negative, causal the Amazon Region Observations of captive gibbons have the poten- relationship between two latent constructs: ‘nutri- ARIANA KELLY. SILVA and HILTON P. SILVA ͢ tial to fill knowledge gaps and inform fieldwork. tional investment in brain tissues’ ‘nutritional DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, UEPA/GEB/ To better understand the breadth and potential investment in body tissues.’ The former was indi- UFPA/SEDUC of captive research we conducted a systematic cated by cerebrum, cerebellum, and intracranial Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) has a prevalence of survey of the gibbon literature, using traditional volume, and the latter by internal organs, fat, and about 1% in the population of the State of Pará, search engines combined with citation mining, skeletal muscle. Adjusting for body size, we found Brazilian Amazon, with 4.4% occurrence of to identify the most prominent areas of investiga- a negative causal estimate for the regression of Sickle Cell Trait (SCT). Research on the ancestral tion. We limited our survey to primary research on body on brain (-0.41), however estimates ranging genomics of people with SCD encompassing 60 the behavior and biology of all 20 gibbon species. from a larger negative association to a small posi- individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA/Hb SS) Our analysis focuses on 153 scholarly products tive association (95% CI -1.08, 0.26) were also in the capital, Belém, indicated that 55% of them (e.g., book chapters, journal articles, theses and compatible with the data under our model. These have first or second-degree relatives with SCA in dissertations) that fit our criteria. As expected, results suggest a trade-off may exist between the family, with confirmed cases of death at birth lar gibbons (appearing in 41.8% of publications) energy invested in brain versus body tissues; or during adolescence, severe sequelae of stroke and siamang (32.0%) were the most well repre- though inconclusive, they represent an important and leg ulcers or other serious clinical manifes- sented taxa. But Nomascus leucogenys was first step in assessing empirical evidence for the tations. In this group, 37% of their close relatives also well represented (24.8%). The topical focus ETH in humans. Analyses using larger datasets have the SCT but are asymptomatic or present of research varied, with vocalization (41.2%), are required to build on these findings and expand mild symptoms such as joint pain, shortness of social behavior (36.6%), and locomotion (31.4%) the evidence base. breath and tiredness, associated with other pre-ex- most well represented. Gibbon responses to Funding provided by The Wenner-Gren Foundation, isting diseases. However, not all family members human impacts (e.g. visitor presence) was a Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, Award Number: Gr. 8888 of people with SCD have access to genetic tests small but growing category. The low return rate at birth due to the SCT not being considered a of literature on some topics, including health and significant medical condition in Brazil. Despite rehabilitation, indicate that gray literature is not Examining intra-observer reproducibility their conditions, patients and carriers face diffi- well represented and much of the research from of a new data-collection protocol for age culties such as lack of resources to travel to the theses and dissertations did not result in publi- estimation based on the auricular surface capital for clinical care, lack of information about cation. Finally, most publications were in English, ELENA A. SIERRA1 and JOHN ALBANESE2 SCA or SCT, obstacles to obtain consultations representing a language bias and potential barrier 1Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 2Sociology, with hematologists, and neglect of appropriate to access for non-English speakers. Anthropology and Criminology, University of care. The high prevalence of both SCA and SCT University of Texas at San Antonio Dean's Research Windsor suggests potential microevolutionary processes Fellowship Natural human variation is an unavoidable taking place among the families, raising concerns source of error when estimating age from skel- as there is no genetic counseling in the region, and A test of the expensive-tissue hypoth- etal remains. There are many factors involved in the access to the Foot Test, to be performed at esis’ prediction of tissue competition in shaping the morphology of human bone, which birth, is limited in rural areas, indicating neglected humans tend to increase variation with chronological age. to the health of the Black population in the State. Perhaps because variability is difficult to capture, MEGHAN K. SHIRLEY1, SAMULI HELLE2, KIRAN current methods used in age estimation have K. SEUNARINE3, OWEN J. ARTHURS3,4, SIMON been developed with a focus on accuracy rather Patterns of sexual dimorphism in catar- EATON3, JANE E. WILLIAMS3, TIM J. COLE3, CHRIS rhine cranial morphology A. CLARK3 and JONATHAN CK. WELLS3 than reproducibility. To counter this phenomena, EVAN A. SIMONS1, STEPHEN R. FROST2, KATERINA 1GI, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's we created a new data-collection protocol for HARVATI3, KIERAN MCNULTY4 and MICHELLE Hospital of Philadelphia, 2Department of Social age-related features on the auricular surface SINGLETON5 Research, University of Turku, 3Great Ormond Street according to their reproducibility, not accuracy. 1 2 Institute of Child Health, University College London, In order to assess repeatability, we performed Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Anthropology, 3 4Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street a blind intra-observer analysis on 30 individ- University of Oregon, Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Hospital uals. Specimens were chosen using a sampling Paleoenvironment, Ebberhard Karls UniversitÑt, strategy to obtain a broad range of variation, The question of how humans evolved large, Tübingen, Germany, 4Evolutionary Anthropology metabolically costly brains without a compensa- resulting in individuals being equally distributed by Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 5Anatomy, tory increase in resting energy expenditure per sex and over a wide range of ages. These were College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University selected from the Terry Collection housed at the kilogram body mass commands great interest This investigation presents a broad, compara- Smithsonian Institution. Lastly, our methodology across disciplines. The expensive-tissue hypoth- tive analysis of patterns of sexual dimorphism in divided the possible range of age-related variation esis (ETH) posited a trade-off between brain catarrhine cranial shape using geometric morpho- into several stages which were given a numerical and gut tissues. Versions of the ETH (i.e., inter- metrics. Thirty-four 3D landmarks, digitized from score. According to our results, over 90% of the rogating gut, or other metabolically expensive 1,665 crania representing 25 catarrhine species, tissues) have been tested in non-human animals time the score given was on the same stage or the

96 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS were superimposed using generalized Procrustes two categories: classifiers and descriptors. Data In general, the African cercopithecid taxocene analysis. Amounts of intraspecific sexual shape were compared with terminology and data kept is similar across the main fossil sites analyzed. dimorphism were quantified as the path distance by the National Missing and Unidentified Persons Patterns of overlap between fossil and modern between males and females, and comparisons System (NamUs) and the United States census. sites may reflect environmental similarities or of the direction of the sexual dimorphism vector the adaptability of generalist cercopithecids. An For classifiers, “race” was the most prevalent term were made using Phenotypic Trajectory Analysis apparent niche shift from the Plio-Pleistocene to (42.4%), followed by “ancestry” (30.6%), “popula- while accounting for a common shape allom- today reflects both taphonomic and ecological tion” (14.6%), “ethnic” (7.6%), and “other” (4.8%). etry. Averages of the natural log of centroid size factors: a lack of smaller-bodied fossil cerco- A total of 160 distinct descriptors were identified; for both sexes within each species were also pithecin and colobine species combined with an the most commonly used (≥3%) were “White” computed and compared with the shape dimor- expanded dental ecomorphological niche of larg- (16.0%), “Black” (13.8%), “American Black” (5.5%), phism data, as were social system categories er-bodied fossil species. “American White” (5.3%), “European” (4.5%), and compiled from the literature. “Hispanic” (3.0%). The NamUs database does This research was funded by the National Science Across catarrhines, patterns of sexual dimor- not use this same terminology, illustrating a Foundation (NSF BCS 1926163), The Leakey Foundation, phism are largely shared. That is, with some disconnect between anthropological research and ASU’s School of Human Evolution and Social Change. exceptions, males and females differ in cranial and efforts to identify the missing. There is also a shape in similar ways. Homo has the most distinct bias in terms of race/ethnicity of the missing and Science on the Alleged Frontiers: pattern of sexual shape dimorphism. Additionally, unidentified that does not reflect U.S. census data. Colonialism in the Time of Pandemics even after cranial size was accounted for in This research has identified differences in termi- RICK W. A. SMITH the model, levels of intraspecific sexual shape nology used in forensic anthropology and in the dimorphism were related to levels of intraspecific Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason census and missing-persons reports. It is impor- University, Indigenous Science, Technology, and cranial size dimorphism (adj. r2 = 0.6402; F 1,23 = tant for forensic anthropologists to be cognizant Society Lab, University of Alberta 43.71; p < 0.0001). The highest levels of intraspe- of the terms they use in medicolegal contexts, cific sexual shape dimorphism for all catarrhines Public and scientific discourses over the last year publications, and in public and/or professional were found in Mandrillus, and the highest levels have often characterized the intersecting develop- spaces to avoid further marginalizing groups among hominoids were found in Gorilla who also ments of the COVID-19 pandemic, racial violence, and perpetuating oppression rooted in systemic evinced some unique shape dimorphism patterns and resurgent anti-racist movements as evidence racism. relative to other species. Species with multimale/ that we are living in unprecedented times. These multifemale and polygynous social systems had alleged frontiers have helped galvanize scientific higher levels of sexual shape dimorphism than Dental morphology and community efforts around the world in pursuit of effective more monogamous species, with a significant structure of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecid treatments and have raised questions about the difference among group means (F 2,22 = 3.594, primates from East and South Africa factors underlying disproportionate deaths along p = .045). racial lines. The result of these efforts has been IRENE E. SMAIL the rapid development of multiple potential treat- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human ments and vaccine candidates. However, in some Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State Analysis of language used to describe instances, treatments and vaccines have moved University human variation in forensic anthropology: forward with insufficient testing while in other Race, ancestry, and ethnicity Fossil cercopithecid primates of the African Plio- cases clinical trials have been stalled by the lack CASSIE E. SKIPPER1, MARIN A. PILLOUD1, Pleistocene are often found together in fossil of study participants from historically marginal- SAMOURA L. HORSLEY1, ALBA E. CRAIG2, KRISTA deposits across East and South Africa. These ized communities, raising questions about the E. LATHAM2, KATIE ZEJDLIK3, CHAUNESEY MJ. species may have co-occurred in life and exploited integrity and efficacy of some medical interven- CLEMMONS4, DEBORAH A. BOEHM1,5 and CASEY similar types of resources in shared environments, tions produced in the urgencies of the COVID-19 6 S. PHILBIN as extant monkeys in Africa and Asia are known to era. In spite of discourses regarding the unprece- 1Department of Anthropology, University of do. Some of these fossil species are represented dented nature of these events, the interconnected 2 Nevada, Reno, Department of Anthropology, today by congeneric or descendant species with threats of global pandemics, racial violence, 3 University of Indianapolis, Anthropology and similar adaptations while others have no modern and disproportionate burdens of morbidity and Sociology Department, Western Carolina University, analogue. This project uses dental morphology to 4 mortality upon marginalized bodies are nothing Department of Anthropology, Texas State compare community structure across potentially University, 5Department of Gender, Race, and new. Drawing on case studies from the history of co-occurring fossil and modern cercopithecid Identity, University of Nevada, Reno, 6Department medicine in Baltimore specifically, and multiple populations (the cercopithecid taxocene). of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno histories of pandemics in North America more broadly, this study questions the validity of scien- Forensic anthropologists study human skel- Relative enamel thickness, shearing potential, and tific and political frontierism and examines the etal variation to estimate the biological profile dental shape ratios from the P4 – M3 toothrow conditions that have made it possible. These of unknown decedents, including estimates were measured from extant (n > 700) and fossil case studies reveal how scientific and national of what is typically called “ancestry.” This work cercopithecid specimens (n > 1000). The latter progress has been forged in moments of sickness has been criticized for being typological but primarily targeted the Hadar, Shungura, and Koobi and exploitations of marginalized bodies, and can is defended as necessary in the identification Fora Formations of East Africa and the sites inform more meaningful and historically coherent process. This research aimed to investigate of Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, and Swartkrans responses to the multiple intersecting problems forensic anthropological research and its rele- in South Africa. Principal component analyses we now face. vance in missing-persons cases. To achieve this, were performed separately on the maxillary and we evaluated forensic anthropological articles mandibular dentitions and resulting component in the Journal of Forensic Sciences (JFS) from scores were used to reconstruct the taxocene 1972 to 2020 (n=360). Terms were placed into dental morphology at each site.

Abstract Book 97 ABSTRACTS

Elemental evidence for birth in primate tissues. Here, we studied the head of a fruit disturbances to psychological well-being based tooth enamel bat (Cynopterus sphinx) using micro-diceCT. on disruption of traditional lifeways; increases in TANYA M. SMITH1,2, CHRISTINE AUSTIN3 and Subsequently, we decalcified, serially sectioned infectious disease burden; and, northern range MANISH ARORA3 and stained the same head. The diceCT volume expansion of parasitic zoonoses. Results of this 1Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, was rotated so that the sectional plane of the review indicate that climate change has already Griffith University,2 Griffith Centre for Social and slice series closely matched that of histological altered Indigenous Siberia lifeways and health. Cultural Research, Griffith University,3 Department sections. One investigator (HC), blind to the histo- Indigenous Siberian populations are serving as of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, logical sections, examined the diceCT slice series bellwethers of global climate change. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and annotated changes in thickness of epithelium lining the first ethmoturbinal and the roof the In 2013 we presented a model for identifying Using aDNA and Archaeological Data to the initiation and cessation of nursing in primate nasal fossa and nasal septum. Then, a second investigator (TS) annotated images of matching Explain Migration in the Casas Grandes teeth based on changes in the non-essential trace Region of Northern Mexico element barium. This drew upon on a study of histological sections based on microscopic 1 2 human physiology; average barium values were observation of epithelial type. Measurements of MERADETH SNOW and MICHAEL SEARCY 1 seven times higher in colostrum than umbilical epithelial perimeter using ImageJ revealed a close Anthropology, University of Montana, 2 cord blood, indicating that barium is enriched in match between methods. DiceCT conformed to a Anthropology, Brigham Young University mother’s milk relative to fetal supply. Consistent gradually increasing perimeter of thicker epithe- Migration as an archaeological topic has with this, we found that human deciduous teeth lium as the slice series progresses from rostral addressed huge distances, such as the coloniza- (n = 22/25) and macaque M1s (n = 4/4) showed to caudal; matching histological sections confirm tion of the Americas, as well as smaller regions, a marked barium increase in close association this to be olfactory epithelium. Only one patch such as the peopling of specific sites. The use with the neonatal line, a microscopic feature of unusually thick non-olfactory epithelium was of genetics as a medium to enhance our under- formed at birth and visible in sectioned enamel. annotated in diceCT series. Our results demon- standing of population movement can be an Here we compare pre- and postnatal trends in strate that diceCT is, as yet, only a match for asset. There are potential pitfalls, however, such barium, lead, lithium, strontium, and zinc, as they histology at low magnifications. However, diceCT as the misrepresentation of DNA ranging across can each show developmental patterning in teeth. slices offer a valuable tool to annotate changes in the landscape without human vectors or motiva- Barium remains the most consistent biomarker epithelial thickness. In combination with histology tions. Genetic data must be interpreted through of milk; > 70% of M1 cusps (n = 24) show the from a representative specimen of the same the lens of all available data from the site and expected increase from prenatal to postnatal species, diceCT is highly effective in identifying surrounding region in order to understand how it enamel. Exceptions occurred in cusps that had distribution of olfactory epithelium. fits into the potential for human migration. These been mineralizing for less than three weeks, Funded, in part, by National Science Foundation grants ideas will be presented with mitogenome data showed heavy wear, and/or were derived from BCS-1830919; BCS-1830894. accumulated from the site of Paquimé in Casas bottle-reared monkeys. Only a third of our sample Grandes, Mexico, which has long been tied to showed postnatal increases in lead and zinc, also hypotheses of migration from the south and reported to be highly enriched in colostrum. In Climate change and health among north. How such migrations could be identified contrast, strontium decreased or remained steady Indigenous Siberians genetically and fit into the larger understanding of across the neonatal line, as did lithium, suggested J. JOSH SNODGRASS1, ELLIE THOMAS1 and the site will be discussed, particularly in respect 2 limited utility for tracking changes in milk TATIANA KLIMOVA to the cultural transformation and fluorescence consumption. Research is needed to parse out 1Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Medicine, that marks the transition from the Viejo to Medio anthropogenic and natural bioavailable sources North-Eastern Federal University (Russia) periods. While mitogenome data points to in situ of these elements; this would help contextualize Arctic and subarctic regions are experiencing population growth, our genetic evidence aligns substantial variation in absolute values that char- profound environmental shifts as the result of with the archaeological record that individuals acterize contemporary humans and nonhuman global climate change. This has led to long-term were migrating into the region from both the north primates from captive and wild environments. shifts in temperature, reductions in permafrost, and south. Our data points to the potential of indi- This work was funded by the Australian Academy of and glacial and sea ice melting. The present viduals being brought to the site from elsewhere Science, Griffith University, Harvard University, and the paper systematically reviews the health effects in what is now Mexico for sacrificial purposes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. of climate change on contemporary Indigenous as well as regional migrants attracted to the site Siberian populations, with particular attention to for reasons that may be associated with other the effects of altered ecology, shifting access to cultural factors. A comparison of diceCT and histology for traditional foods, and changes to the burden of This work was supported by NSF grant #1821483. determination of nasal epithelial type infectious/parasitic diseases. Indigenous Siberian TIMOTHY D. SMITH1, HAYLEY M. CORBIN2 and populations, like other northern populations, are VALERIE B. DELEON3 extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate Strontium Isotope Analysis Indicates 1School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock change as these populations are experiencing Restricted Mobility among Early Foragers University, 2Department of Biology, Slippery Rock rapid economic development and the effects in the High Andes University, 3Department of Anthropology, University of marginalization and pollution. Furthermore, THOMAS J. SNYDER1, BRYNA HULL1, EDEN of Florida Indigenous Siberians show overall poor health WASHBURN2, VICKY OELZE2 and RANDALL HAAS1 Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced compared to other Arctic populations, and 1Anthropology, University of California, Davis, computed tomography (diceCT) is a potential tool also pronounced health disparities compared 2Anthropoloy, University of California, Santa Cruz for discriminating soft tissues in serial CT slices, to non-native Russians. Key issues related to Extreme high-altitude environments were some which can then be used for three-dimensional climate change in northern Russia include: shifts of the final frontiers of human habitation. Recent analysis. With increasingly fine scan resolution, in weather patterns and ecological conditions; research shows that the Andean highlands were diceCT has the potential to supplant histology in threats to coastal communities from higher sea permanently inhabited beginning around 9000 some cases as a tool for identification of body level; altered access to traditional lands and foods;

98 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS years ago. However, it remains unclear whether coronavirus epidemics. Multiple lines of evidence Bone Remodeling in the Face of Young the specific mobility patterns of these first hunt- further suggest an ancient viral selective pressure, Chimpanzees and Humans er-gatherers of the Andes were wide-ranging or such as (i) the proximity of the selection signals JEFFREY K. SPEAR1,2 and TIMOTHY G. BROMAGE3 locally restricted. Recent research at the high- to lung eQTLs according to iSAFE (proximity test 1Center for the Study of Human Origins and land site of Soro Mik’aya Patjxa (SMP) 8.0–6.5 P=0.00004) and (ii) the fact that the 42 selected Department of Anthropology, New York University, cal. ka involving light stable isotopes, bioarche- genes are more often antiviral or proviral factors 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, ology, and lithic provenience analysis suggests for many viruses (hypergeometric test P=0.0006). NYCEP, 3College of Dentistry, New York University that mobility patterns were relatively restricted. An arms race with an ancient corona-like virus Previous research has shown that modern We present the results of a new study employing may thus have taken place in ancestral popu- humans have experienced a shift in the patterns strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analysis of human lations from East Asia. Our study highlights the of facial bone remodeling relative to chimpanzees tooth enamel (n=6) from SMP. Strontium isotopes promise of ancient epidemics to better predict and macaques. Most notably, humans exhibit found in biogenic tissue can offer relatively future epidemics. substantially more bone surfaces characterized direct and precise measure of land use patterns. by resorption than do those other primates, espe- 87Sr/86Sr values from SMP vary little (0.70695 to cially in the maxilla, a pattern presumably related 0.70708), indicating that all individuals sampled Cultural skeletal modifications, stress and to human orthognathism. However, despite these likely occupied the same home range. A new lifetime mobility at Ali Kosh, a Pre-Pottery broad patterns, bone remodeling in humans is weighted mixture model approach incorporating Neolithic site in Iran highly variable. We used both light and scanning published geologic, geographic, and bioavail- ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK1 and HOJJAT DARABI2 electron microscopy to examine resorbptional able 87Sr/86Sr data shows that these early hunter 1Department of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of and depositional surfaces in the face of extant gatherers at the site of SMP were indeed locally Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland, humans and chimpanzees to learn about how restricted in their land use and foraging range. We 2Department of Archaeology, Razi University, variation in bone remodeling patterns may have discuss the implications of these results for the Kermanshah, Iran impacted the evolution of the human face. Six development of social structures and agricultural During recent archaeological excavations at Ali specimens were examined including three Homo economies in the region. Kosh, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Deh Luran sapiens and three Pan troglodytes. All were of the plain, SW Iran, a dense assemblage of human Financial support was provided by the National Science same dental age, first molar eruption, and the remains has been found, with four at least Foundation (BCS-1311626), the American Philosophical same intraspecific populations. We used light Society, the University of Arizona, and the University of partially articulated skeletons, three separated microscopy to identify forming bone surfaces, California, Davis crania, two mandibles and postcranial elements and scanning electron microscopy to follow up from three further individuals. All six preserved with areas that couldnot be solidly identified as crania (two males, two females, two subadult indi- An ancient coronavirus-like epidemic forming bone surfaces. Each individual had a viduals) were artficially modified (annular type). 25,000 years in ancestral populations from unique pattern of bone formation and resorp- In the adult males with preserved crania, avul- East Asia tion. The most common area of resorption in sion of the upper right central incisor has been all species was along the zygomaticomaxillary YASSINE SOUILMI1, ELISE LAUTERBUR2, RAY noted. Besides these cultural skeletal modifica- 1 1 1 suture, and many individuals exhibited resorp- TOBLER , CHRISTIAN HUBER , ANGAD S. JOHAR tions, severe enamel hypoplasia with a seasonal 2 tion in the subnasal and infraorbital regions. The and DAVID ENARD pattern occured in three per five individuals with 1 human specimens typically had larger and more Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of preserved canines. Adelaide, 2EEB, University of Arizona numerous resorptive areas than the chimpan- The patterns of lifetime mobility in 11 individuals zees, but there were few truly distinct resorptive The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has empha- from Ali Kosh were assessed using the87Sr/86Sr areas in humans. sized the vulnerability of human populations to values in tooth enamel, representing three phases novel viral pressures, despite the vast array of of dental development (approximately 1-3, 4-8 epidemiological and biomedical tools now avail- and 10-15 years, multiple measurements avail- Where Does Positional Behavior Stand?: able. Notably, modern human genomes contain able for five individuals). Only two human87 Sr/86Sr The Impact of Standardizing Variables evolutionary information tracing back tens of values were close to the local range (0.70857- WALKER STANTON1, MICHELLE BEZANSON2, LIZA thousands of years, which may help identify 1 1 0.70861, five modern plant samples), but most J. SHAPIRO and ALLISON MCNAMARA the viruses that have impacted our ancestors – individuals fit the range of the upper part of Deh 1Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, pointing to which viruses have future pandemic 2 Luran plain (0.70826-070848, five modern plant Anthropology, Santa Clara University potential. Here, we apply evolutionary analyses samples). Two individuals migrated from other to human genomes to ask if ancient corona- Field studies of primate positional behavior regions, one likely from the Zagros piedmont in virus epidemics were recorded in the form of provide valuable tools for understanding form/ the north of the modern Ilam province, one from genomic adaptation in diverse human popula- function relationships, behavior/environment the areas closer to the Persian Gulf. Both moved tions. Specifically, we use haplotype-based tests interactions, and interpreting the fossil record. to Deh Luran plain in their childhood. Another indi- of selection such as iHS and nSL on the 1,000 One challenge in these studies is the ability to vidual migrated as a child within Deh Luran plain. Genomes Project dataset. By using block-ran- make reliable comparisons among species due Observed distribution of the 87Sr/86Sr values in domized genomes to conduct a stringent false to the application of different variables in research human enamel suggests high degree of mobility, discovery rate analysis, we recover selection design. Hunt et al. (1996) provided a detailed list mainly in a regional scale, but with some people events involving 42 human genes that interact of 74 locomotor and 52 postural modes in order migrating from more distant places. with coronaviruses (FDR=0.00024). By using to allow researchers to standardize variables. We ancestral recombination graphs, we estimate National Science Centre (NCN) in Poland, grant No. reviewed 71 peer reviewed articles published from that these selection events started synchronously 2016/22/M/HS3/00353. 1996-2020 to examine how researchers use the around 25,000 years ago. These adaptive events standards and the degree to which researchers were limited to ancestral populations from East are presenting data on a given primate’s positional Asia, the geographical origin of several modern repertoire. We found that 61% of the published

Abstract Book 99 ABSTRACTS

studies used the standardized positional catego- possible culture-specific and evolutionary expla- Red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ries or combined the standardized definitions with nations for these results and discuss what they ascanius) foraging behavior does not alternative definitions. Researchers reported an might tell us about the evolution of women’s coop- correspond to their energetic condition average of 9.3 locomotor and 8.5 postural modes eration in productive work. RONNIE STEINITZ1, MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON2 in their results. A total of 66 species were repre- Data collection was funded by the National Science and MICHELLE BROWN1 sented and 62% of papers focused on a single Foundation (#SMA-1743019) and by the Max Planck 1Anthropology, University of California, Santa species, while 38% papers compared two or Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology's Department of Barbara, 2Anthropology, University of New Mexico more species. Additionally, 59% of the published Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture. A pervasive ecological constraint faced by all wild work focused on locomotion and posture, while animals is the need to find food and the ability 28% limited their ethogram to locomotion, to use acquired food energy to maximize repro- and 13% focused on posture. We also present Cranial suture fusion does not predict ductive fitness. Primates have highly diverse results on activity budget and substrate variables presence of craniodental lesions in diets, and there is a substantial amount of dietary which further complicate comparisons across cercopithecoids and nutritional variation within primate species, species and study sites. Our results indicate that TYLER STEIN1, CLAIRE A. KIRCHHOFF1, D. REX 2 3,4 among populations, and within a population over researchers are collecting data on only a subset MITCHELL , SIOBHÁN B. COOKE and CLAIRE E. 5 time. Discrepancies between the amount and of primates’ diverse positional repertoires which TERHUNE 1 type of food consumed and an individual’s energy limits our understanding of variability, ecological Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette 2 balance–energetic input minus energetic expend- and morphological influences on movement, and University, Center for Anatomical Sciences, iture–can reveal environmental constraints, rare behaviors of primates. University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3Center for Functional Anatomy and decoupling the connection between foraging Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of and fitness, a common theme in many studies of 4 Reciprocity Across Domains Explains Medicine, New York Consortium in Evolutionary primate ecology. We examined the relationship Primatology Morphometrics Group, 5Department of Women’s Subsistence Cooperation in between foraging behavior and urinary C-peptide Anthropology, University of Arkansas Boat-DwellingShodagor of insulin (UCP), a byproduct of sugar break- The relationship between age and accumulation down, collected non-invasively from six groups of KATIE STARKWEATHER1,2 and ADAM REYNOLDS3 of skeletal lesions is well established in humans free-ranging red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus 1Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, and chimpanzees but has not been tested in other 2Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck ascanius) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. UCP primate species. We examined this using cranial Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, is known to accurately track energy balance in 3Anthropology, University of New Mexico suture fusion as an age estimate in four cerco- humans and non-human primates. We used pithecoids: Macaca fascicularis (n=85), Papio information theory to evaluate several models of Cooperative hunting has been suggested as anubis (n=76), Nasalis larvatus (n=53), Colobus foraging on particular food items as predictors of one of the hallmarks of the evolution of human polykomos (n=58) and Cercopithecus mitis energy balance. Interestingly, we found that while sociality. Much work has been done to under- (n=35). One of us (TS), scored 20 cranial suture the monkeys foraged on high-energy foods, such stand fitness benefits to men’s cooperation in locations from photographs as open, partially as ripe fruit, they exhibited low energy balance production, though women have been largely fused, or totally fused (0,1,2); intra-observer agree- (β = -0.53, SE = 0.22, t = -2.45). These findings overlooked. Given the importance of women’s ment was 90% or higher for all observations. illustrate the need to reconsider the suite of envi- economic production across human societies, Mean suture score was calculated by adding the ronmental pressures that shape primate behavior and numerous ethnographic accounts of women scores of all observed sutures and dividing by and ecology, from daily feeding strategies to working in cooperation with others, determining the number of observed suture locations; spec- physiological adaptations to highly variable food fitness benefits of women’s cooperation in imens with <19 observations were excluded. availability. production will highlight an important element The same specimens were also evaluated for This study was funded by the National Science of the evolution of human sociality. Here, we use skeletal evidence of antemortem tooth loss, pulp social network data collected from one commu- Foundation (award #1103444 to MB), Leakey Foundation cavity exposure, abscesses, periodontal disease, (to MB), and UC Santa Barbara Regents Fellowship (RS). nity of traditionally boat-dwelling Shodagor in and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular Bangladesh to characterize women’s cooperation joint using standard criteria. We then tested for in productive tasks. We test hypotheses derived sex differences in suture scores and relation- Tracing inter-island mobility in the Palauan from two theories of the evolution of cooper- ships between suture scores and the presence archipelago: Strontium isotopes from the ation – reciprocity and kin selection – among of craniodental lesions using rank-sum tests in Chelechol ra Orrak site Shodagor women to show how women’s repro- SPSS. There were no significant sex differences JESSICA H. STONE1, SCOTT M. FITZPATRICK1,2, ductive fitness benefits through cooperation in mean suture scores. Mean suture score did GEORGE D. KAMENOV3 and JOHN KRIGBAUM4 in production. Our results show, as predicted, not differ according to lesion presence in Macaca, 1Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Museum of women who cooperate in trading are likely to Cercopithecus, Nasalis, or Colobus. Mean suture Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, provide childcare for one another. This suggests score in Papio may be higher in animals without 3Department of Geological Sciences, University of that reciprocal cooperation across the domains craniodental lesions (p=0.01-0.03). Results may Florida, 4Department of Anthropology, University of work and childcare can provide one explana- reflect sample size limitations, indicate that the of Florida tion for women’s cooperation. We also expected accumulation of skeletal lesions is more closely The process of initial human settlement has been kin selection to overlap with reciprocity in that tied to variables other than age, that suture a major area of research interest in island regions kin who work together should be the most likely closure is not an accurate age estimate in these where relatively remote landmasses would have alloparents, but our results show the opposite. Kin samples, or some combination of these factors. presented unique adaptive challenges. As one are important caregivers for all Shodagor women, of the most recent and widespread population but kin who trade together are the least likely Funding provided by NSF BCS-1551722. dispersals, settlement of Remote Oceania is a caregivers for each other’s children. We suggest notable case with which to explore the subject. Bioarchaeological evidence has demonstrated that some of the earliest inhabitants of Remote

100 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Oceania engaged in high levels of inter-island trend of decline for the PMI until skeletonization people’s experiences. Exploring the intersections interaction following settlement; however, less (PMIS). The analysis covered two seasons and six between mass incarceration, COVID-19, and is known about early communities in western continents, plus the global average. Changes were pregnancy is essential to be able to improve repro- Micronesia, a comparatively understudied part of calculated as a decadal trend. ductive well-being for this often overlooked group. the region. An ideal site for exploring these issues Results showed a clear decline in the PMIS for This presentation is based on prior research that was is Chelechol ra Orrak in Palau, western Micronesia, the RCP8.5, and a less prominent decline for the funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Society of which contains one of the oldest and largest RCP2.6. In the RCP8.5 for a global average the Family Planning, and the National Institutes of Health. cemeteries in Remote Oceania. decline is 12.6% in winter and 27.5% in summer. For this research we analyzed strontium isotope For the RCP2.6 global average the decline is 2.7% Distinct patterns of early childhood growth ratios from tooth enamel and environmental in winter and 5.2% in summer. represent variation in life history strategy samples collected across Palau to explore The decline is more rapid in the northern hemi- among Daasanach pastoralists living in human mobility and identify the local origins of sphere, where the formulae currently used for Northern Kenya individuals from Chelechol ra Orrak. At least two PMI-estimation are currently considered most ZANE S. SWANSON1, HILARY BETHANCOURT2, different molars were analyzed for 11 individuals, accurate. These formulae may lose accuracy JESSICA SAUNDERS1, ROSEMARY NZUNZA3, resulting in a total of 23 87Sr/86Sr values. Although in the coming decades. It is important that EMMANUEL NDIEMA4, DAVID BRAUN5,6, ASHER Y. background results for the archipelago will be 2,7 1,8 these issues are considered in advance of these ROSINGER and HERMAN PONTZER presented based on forthcoming environmental projected changes. 1Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 87 86 87 86 Sr/ Sr data, present Sr/ Sr values average 2Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania None. 0.70889 (±0.000003). Despite low heterogeneity, State University, 3Kenya Medical Research Institute, three enamel samples from two individuals fall KEMRI, 4Department of Earth Sciences, National outside two standard deviations of the mean 5 Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnant and Museums of Kenya, Center for the Advanced 87Sr/86Sr value, suggesting the possible presence Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Postpartum Incarcerated People of non-local people. Trace element analyses indi- Anthropology, George Washington University, 6 cate low levels of diagenetic alteration in some CAROLYN SUFRIN Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck 7 of the samples, but is not expected to affect Sr Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, isotopic compositions. The addition of environ- University 8Global Health Institute, Duke University mental baseline data will place individuals within Institutions of incarceration quickly became a localized context. hot spots for transmission of COVID-19. Patterns of somatic growth are important indi- cators of health and nutritional status in children Research supported by: Wenner Gren Foundation Compounding the rapid and large spread of the and have significant consequences for adaptive Dissertation Fieldwork Grant Gr. 9104, NSF DDRIG virus behind bars are the multiple intersecting BCS-1848513, the Edna English Foundation for vulnerabilities incarcerated people have to devel- variation in adult stature. The detection of growth Archaeological Research, and the University of Oregon oping severe disease and their inability to protect faltering as measured against large multi-national Global Studies Institute. themselves from infection and its consequences. growth standards is common among non-indus- COVID has also strained an already strained trialized populations suffering malnutrition and health care delivery system. This has played out disease. Here we investigate distinct patterns of Climate Change and forensic anthropology distinctly for pregnant, incarcerated people. It is growth identified among a large (n = 4587) group – predictive modelling of projected effects estimated that there are nearly 60,000 admis- of young children (age = 0-5 years) living in pasto- on rates of decomposition sions of pregnant people to prisons and jails ralist Daasanach communities in northern Kenya. JULIUS B. STRACK and MARTIN J. SMITH each year, and at least 1800 who give birth in Like previous findings from large-scale surveys Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, custody. This presentation will discuss the ways of non-industrialized populations, Daasanach Bournemouth University that the pandemic has affected pregnant, incar- children demonstrate cross-sectional growth Climate Change has long been considered rele- cerated people—from accessing medical care, to faltering by 3-6 months of age, which continues vant to past trajectories of human development. being housed in restrictive housing as a form of throughout the first 24 months of life. The preva- However, a changing climate in the immediate and infection mitigation, to cessation of supportive lence of stunting and underweight peaks between foreseeable future might also play an overlooked pregnancy programs and visitation with children, the ages of 18-23 months (stunting: male = role in forensic anthropology. Specifically, the to ability to provide breast milk, among others. 50.5%, female = 28.8% | underweight: male = changes in temperature and humidity expected The presentation will use data from several 70.2%, female = 58.0%). While stunting often from anthropogenic climate change may impact studies that our team has conducted—including persists throughout early childhood in such popu- the rate of decomposition, and the estimation of prior ethnographic data with pregnant incarcer- lations, stunting prevalence in Daasanach children the post-mortem interval. ated people pre-COVID; qualitative interviews declines after 24 months of age, with polynomial with pregnant people in prison who were part of a regressions finding that females and males This presentation argues, that such environ- study that recruited before and during COVID; and surpass the 0SD WHO standard at ~45 and ~47.5 mental changes will lead to a reduced accuracy survey data from a cross-sectional study done in months of age, respectively. Pseudo-velocity in PMI estimation whilst also increasing the work- fall 2020 of 20 carceral facilities about how COVID curves constructed from Daasanach-specific load of forensic anthropologists, due to faster has affected their pregnancy care services. The GAMLSS modeling suggest that linear growth decomposition. empirical data will be grounded in the broader velocity increases after ~20 months of age, with Using data from four different climate models, context of mass incarceration and reproductive a peak of ~0.98cm/month for males and females each in a “best-case”- (RCP2.6) and a “worst- oppressions that shape incarcerated pregnant aged ~36 months, which is greater than the case”-scenario (RCP8.5), and combining these median WHO velocity standards for children aged data with a commonly used formula for PMI estimation, I was able to demonstrate a general

Abstract Book 101 ABSTRACTS

22-24 months. These results indicate a distinct T. IRWIN5, JASON M. KAMILAR6 and BRENDA J. The guenon (Tribe: Cercopithecini) fossil record pattern of growth in both magnitude and timing, BRADLEY1,2 is notoriously sparse. Recently, the Middle Awash with implications for the understanding of human 1Anthropology, The George Washington University, research project recovered hundreds of cercopith- life history variation and public health. 2Center for the Advanced Study of Human ecin fossils from later Pleistocene sediments of Paleobiology, The George Washington University, the Afar Depression in Ethiopia. Here, we describe NSF ARCH #1624398; NSF REU #1930719; NSF CNH2-S 3 Earth System Science, Stanford University, n=244 individuals from two different, geographi- #1924322; also funded by the PSU SSRI Human Health 4Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha’s and Environment Seed Grant, and the Triangle Center for cally close, later Pleistocene beds that we assign Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 5Anthropology, Evolutionary Medicine Graduate Research Grant. Northern Illinois University, 6Anthropology, to Cercopithecus sp. (sensu lato). These two University of Massachusetts Amherst assemblages are remarkable in their size and pres- ervation, with multiple individuals preserving both The evolution of pelage (i.e., hair/fur) was argu- The Evolution of Placenta Diversification craniodental and postcranial material. The fossils ably one of the most important adaptations and Mammalian Reproductive Strategies from these two beds provided us the uncommon underlying mammals' success and diversification. MAYA SZAFRANIEC and AMY M. BODDY opportunity to assess population-level variation in Hair provides organisms with thermoregulation, Anthropology, University of California Santa fossil assemblages by comparing them to extant protection, and a means of camouflage and sign- Barbara cercopithecin species. We find that the amount aling, and thus is the likely product of both natural of variation is comparable to that of an extant Placentas are the original source of nutritional and and sexual selection. Primates are excellent for species of cercopithecin monkey, suggesting the immunological support from the pregnant body understanding these processes since the clade presence of a single species. Both assemblages to the fetus. Derived by mostly fetal tissue, the arguably exhibits the greatest hair diversity of any are within the range of extant cercopithecin placenta is a shared organ between two genetically mammal. However, the studies to date that have species in dental and postcranial metrics. There distinct individuals. Due to an intense evolutionary examined primate pelage evolution have focused are a few notable morphological differences in arms race during pregnancy, there has been rapid largely on the facial region and/or pigmentation. the Cercopithecus fossils between the two beds, diversification of placental phenotypes, in both Here, we examine whole-body hair pigmentation mostly in postcranial morphology. Since guenons form and function, across mammals. The under- and density across Indriidae and test for associa- are known to readily hybridize in the wild and have lying selection pressures that predict placental tions to climate and opsin variation. We collected highly generalized postcranial skeletons, deter- diversity are not well understood. Previous work (1) pigmentation measurements from museum mination of locomotor habitus can be difficult, on placental evolution focuses on the relation- skins and live animals using digital images, (2) especially in fossils. We explore the implications ship between degree of placental invasiveness, pelage density variables using a handheld micro- of such postcranial morphologies, and the limita- the level of blood exchange between pregnant scope, (3) climate data from WorldClim, and tions that hybridization, postcranial plasticity, and body and fetus, and reproductive strategies. Few (4) opsin data. We used principal components a generalized skeleton impose. consider the variation in placenta interdigitation, analysis (PCA), and the resulting PC values were which represents the surface area exposure run against climate variables in phylogenetic Funding from the Department of Integrative Biology, HERC, MVZ, and UCMP in Berkeley, WWU, and NSF between the pregnant body and fetus. Here we generalized linear mixed models (PGLMM) or in test seven life history variables, based on the rela- grants 0500179, 0616308, 1025263, 0327208, 0130277, simple linear regressions. Across Indriidae, we 1720128 awarded to LJH, DGE 1752814 to CET. tionship to mammalian reproductive strategies, find significant associations between pigmen- to examine the effects of placenta diversification tation and climate and significant associations in 648 mammals. We predict a tradeoff between between hair density and climate. We also find a The Appropriation of Gender: Relational mammalian reproductive strategies and placental positive significant relationship between ‘redness’ Ontologies and Diaphyseal Morphology in intrusiveness. We performed descriptive and and opsin variation in diurnal genera. Our results Late Holocene Hunter-Gatherers from the multivariate statistics and found placenta interdig- support Gloger’s rule and provide rare empirical Far North Coast of Alaska itation has a stronger co-evolutionary relationship evidence supporting the body cooling hypoth- DANIEL H. TEMPLE and EMILY R. ROSA to life history than invasiveness. All variables esis. Moreover, our results suggest that red hair tested support the predictions correlating with Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason color and polymorphic trichromacy co-evolved University increased pregnant body investment except for signaling in some primates. These findings for age at first eye opening. We suggest both have implications for human hair evolution and Hunter-gatherers engage in reciprocal relation- placenta invasiveness and interdigitation must be illustrate the value of sifakas as a contemporary ships with nature. Hunters track, kill, process, considered to understand that evolutionary pres- model to study hair evolution. and spiritually interact with prey to maintain sures of placenta diversification. Additionally, we these relational ontologies. Traditional studies anticipate that this study will provide more context The Leakey Foundation, National Science Foundation of hunter-gatherers emphasize male economic (BCS #1354997 and BCS #1636360), The George to understand placental evolution and it’s connec- contributions, while erasing female agency Washington University tion with health, with possible implications with over the hunting domain. This study uses long other related phenotypes, including vulnerability bone diaphyseal properties to explore female to diseases such as cancer. Population-level variation in later contributions to hunting in Late Holocene hunt- No funding for this work Pleistocene Cercopithecus fossil er-gatherers from Far North Coastal (FNC) Alaska. assemblages Cross-sectional properties of femora and humeri were collected using CT-scans and compared to CATHERINE E. TAYLOR1,2, MARIANNE F. BRASIL1,3, Ecology and opsin variation drives the TESLA A. MONSON4, RYAN M. YOHLER1,2 and Inland/Riverine (I/R), Coastal Bay (CB), and Tigara evolution of hair phenotypes across LESLEA J. HLUSKO1,2 (TG) cultures of Alaska. FNC femoral properties Indriidae lemurs – implications for human 1Human Evolution Research Center, University of were consistently greater for males and females evolution California, Berkeley, 2Department of Integrative across samples. FNC male humeral morphology ELIZABETH TAPANES1,2, RACHEL L. JACOBS1,2, IAN Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3Berkeley was comparable between samples. FNC female HARRYMAN3, EDWARD E. LOUIS JR.4, MITCHELL Geochronology Center, University of California, humeri were similar to FNC males, but signifi- Berkeley, 4Department of Anthropology, Western cantly larger than I/R females in moments and Washington University second moments of area. FNC females had

102 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS greater humeral anterior-posterior/mediolateral almost all aspects of integration, particularly Science, technology, engineering, and mathe- bending rigidity, while FNC male and TG female among mixed-sex partners. As in humans, chim- matics (STEM) learning is an interdisciplinary humeral shape ratios approximated circularity. panzees experience age-related declines in social approach used to develop critical thinking, Elevated femoral cross-sectional properties are integration, though not all facets of integration hands-on problem solving, and scientific literacy consistent with intensive hunting across sea-ice age in the same manner. Individual and sex inside and outside the classroom. This year marks and rugged arctic terrain for FNC males and differences appear to be important mediators of 20 years since the National Science Foundation females. However, male humeral shape indi- successful social aging. reformatted STEM and 10 years since a sitting cates mechanical adaptation to shear stress, NIH IRACDA post-doctoral fellowship, National Institute president first remarked its importance during the while female humeral morphology is consistent on Aging State of the Union address. The STEM curriculum with flexion of m. biceps and triceps. This may with its primary emphasis on the natural sciences, reflect variation in activity patterns such as rowing has excluded the social sciences, including and throwing among males versus processing Virtual anthropology available for biological anthropology. We argue that biological and transportation of prey among females. everyone: the importance of open anthropology has reformed itself with updated Processing and transportation of prey delivers resources during and beyond COVID-19 scientific methodology and the proposed “biolog- calorically dense food to communities and main- pandemic ical anthropology” official name change to garner tains relational ontologies between human and NICOLE TORRES-TAMAYO and CARLA SAN ROMÁN more acceptance within the STEM community. animal actors. These findings suggest that female Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional Here, we present how biological anthropology agency over hunting directly contributes to caloric de Ciencias Naturales graduate students at the University of Pittsburgh intake and ordains relational ontologies between have used anthropological methods to engage in Virtual techniques have become increasingly hunters and nature. STEM outreach initiatives. Traveling to surrounding important in the field of biological anthropology schools (K-12) and universities, activities have in the last years and are seen as an excellent included cadaver labs, International Archaeology alternative to classic methods mainly because Age-related changes in adult chimpanzee Day, forensic anthropology, continued learning they reduce the risk of damaging osteological social network integration workshops, crime scene investigation day, and collections and original fossils. The present NICOLE THOMPSON GONZÁLEZ1, ZARIN diversity teaching lessons. Attendees ranged from work emerges in the aftermath of the COVID-19 MACHANDA2, EMILY OTALI3, MARTIN N. MULLER1,2, children to seniors from an array of educational 4 pandemic that spread across the world in 2020. RICHARD WRANGHAM and MELISSA EMERY and socioeconomic backgrounds. We have also 1 The subsequent global crisis forced researchers THOMPSON utilized anthropological methods to demonstrate 1 2 to stay home: museums were closed, visits for Department of Anthropology, UNM, Department STEM principles with at-home kitchen experi- 3 data collection were cancelled, and access to of Anthropology, Tufts, Kibale Chimpanzee Project, ments and transportable experiments for military 4Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, institutions that hold software licenses was youths at national Yellow Ribbon events. We aim Harvard restricted. This unprecedented situation had a to further normalize the acceptance of biolog- high impact on the scientific performance of Social isolation is a key risk factor for the onset ical anthropology into the STEM community, many scientists whose research directly depends and progression of age-related cognitive decline promote women in STEM, create awareness of on access to these infrastructures and materials. in humans, yet older people commonly have anthropology to young students prior to attending This brought the importance of the use of open narrowing social networks. Human social university; and present the field to non-academic resources to the fore, as mainly those researchers networks are difficult to describe, and studies audiences. We also hope to encourage graduate who were familiar with license-free software and have used inconsistent metrics of social student outreach initiatives for both professional open repositories were capable of keeping up aging, hindering attempts to understand these growth and community engagement. phenomena. However, at least some homolo- with their investigations during lockdown. The gies in social aging may be detectable in our aim of this work is to try to give some answers closest relatives, chimpanzees. Chimpanzees to the following question: is it possible to conduct Contributions of Evolutionary have closed social networks but flexible patterns entirely virtual anthropological research only Anthropology to Understanding Climate- of association, allowing for wide individual vari- using open resources? For this purpose, we briefly Induced Human Migration summarize the history of virtual anthropology ation in sociality. We applied social network MARY C. TOWNER, ALANNAH TEMPLON and and the workflow (i.e. data collection, data anal- analysis to examine how social integration, via DANIELLE R. KIRSCH ysis, data sharing), detailing examples of previous grooming and spatial association, changed with Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University age in a longitudinal dataset comprising 38 wild virtual anthropology works based on open source Humans are able to thrive in a multitude of adult chimpanzees in the Kanyawara commu- software and offering open and free resources for ecological and social environments, including nity in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Metrics each work step. Lastly, we emphasize the revo- varied environments over an individual lifetime. of integration included social attractiveness and lution that the rise of the free software R entails Migration—leaving one place of residence for effort (network degree and strength), social role for the present and the future in the field of virtual another—is a central feature of many people's life (betweenness and local transitivity), and embed- anthropology. histories, and environmental change goes hand- dedness (eigenvector centrality). Both males and in-hand with migration, both in terms of cause and females decreased their social effort with age, STEM outreach initiatives: Integrating consequence. Climate change has amplified this however, males maintained their attractiveness biological anthropology within the STEM connection between environment and migration, and embeddedness. Older males focused on community with the potential to profoundly impact millions tighter-knit cliques of grooming partners, while 1 2 of lives. Although climate-induced migration has females decreased cliquishness with age. The SHARON A. TOTH and ALICIA R. GROSSO 1 2 been at the forefront of other disciplines in the effects of age were largely independent of rank Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Physical social sciences, evolutionary anthropologists and reproductive status. Despite age-related Therapy, Clarkson University (EAs) have given it little attention. In this paper changes, both males and females maintained we draw upon existing literature and contribute highly repeatable inter-individual differences in our EA perspective to present a framework for

Abstract Book 103 ABSTRACTS

analyzing climate-induced migration. We focus on This research has the ability to expand upon communities; however, few studies have exam- three overlapping dimensions—time, space, and methods for the estimation of MNI in fragmentary ined weaning practices of medieval Transylvanian severity—relevant to understanding the impact and commingled skeletal samples by exploring Székely people who have lived in the Carpathian of climate change on human migration. We their practicality in a small archaeologically Basin for centuries. Previous research suggests apply this framework to case studies from North derived sample, which would be beneficial due to that women in rural areas wean their children America of people impacted by climate change the regularity of such issues. later than women in urban areas; therefore, given and extreme weather events, including hurricanes the more rural nature of Transylvanian Székely (e.g., Hurricane Katrina), droughts (e.g., Oklahoma communities, this study hypothesizes that dustbowl), rising sea-levels (e.g., Coastal Alaska), Laryngeal vocals in old world locals: air isotopic data used for reconstructing weaning and wildfires (e.g., Alberta, Canada). We also sacs usage in bonobos practices will reflect the pattern observed for other consider how access to both economic and social CHELSEA S. TRENBEATH1 and JARED P. rural communities. resources influence migration behavior. We high- TAGLIALATELA1,2 This presentation presents novel isotopic data light insights that an evolutionary anthropological 1Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal gathered from dental collagen samples of perspective can contribute to existing literature, Biology, Kennesaw State University, 2Department Székely individuals from the archaeological keeping in mind that although human-induced of Research, Ape Cognition and Conservation site of Papdomb, located in the rural village of climate change at the magnitude we are seeing Initiative Patakfalva in present-day Romania. The site now is a recent phenomenon, human migration in Except for humans, extant great apes have evolu- contains the archaeological footprint of a church response to changing environmental conditions is tionarily conserved lateral ventricular air sacs and churchyard that served as the cemetery for not. extending from laryngeal saccules. Humans the villagers of Patakfalva between the 14th and are the only species of Hominidae that lack 19th centuries. A relatively new microsampling this anatomical feature attached to the primary protocol was applied to the dentition of non-adults Effect of small sample size on Landmark- vocal apparatus. As we are the only species that (n=12) in order to establish when the women of Based MNI estimation: A case study from produces spoken language, this association has Papdomb weaned their children. Given the overall the Lake St. Agnes Mound (16AV26) site led to hypothesis that the loss of lateral ventricular female adult mean δ15N = 11.3, it was possible KENNETH G. TREMBLAY and REBECCA SAUNDERS air sacs was necessary for the evolution of to establish that the approximate age of weaning spoken language. However, why these sacs are Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State for the Székely population at Papdomb was University conserved in all other hominids remains unclear. between 1.5 and 3.5 years of age. These results Computer modeling has indicated that air sacs Estimating the Minimum Number of Individuals are consistent with other studies which suggest may increase resonance properties, but there (MNI) in an archaeological sample can be that women in rural locations weaned their chil- are no data from great apes indicating if vocal- challenging, especially when the remains are dren later than their more urban counterparts. izations include the use of air sacs during their fragmentary and commingled. In these cases, Further research should be conducted to continue production. For this study, we hypothesized that the ability to pair-match elements may not be examine weaning practices in other rural Székely we could use high-frame-rate digital audio/video possible. Further, identifying repeating elements communities. is complicated by inventorying standards dividing recordings to determine when bonobos (Pan most bones into three categories of complete- paniscus) inflate their laryngeal air sacs. We iden- ness: <25%, 25-75%, and >75%. To address these tified a region of interest in the air sac area and Primate response to a malaria-like parasite issues, Herrmann et al. (2014) proposed a method quantified it using frame-by frame image- anal in a natural transmission system ysis. We then compared the difference in areas for calculating MNI that involves the use of 344 AMBER E. TRUJILLO1,2 and CHRISTINA M. BERGEY3 between resting, swallowing, and vocalizing apes. distinct osteological landmarks on 17 elements to 1Department of Anthropology, New York University, Preliminary results suggest air sac inflation may produce more accurate results for these types of 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, samples. be associated with vocal production but not with NYCEP, 3Department of Genetics, Rutgers other states. These methods could be utilized University The remains excavated from the Lake St. Agnes in a variety of settings, enabling data collection Comparative analysis of primate response to Mound (16AV26) site, in central Louisiana, provide to test hypotheses regarding the putative func- malaria and malaria-like parasites may advance an interesting sample to explore the effectiveness tion of laryngeal air sacs in extant great apes. our evolutionary understanding of malaria of a Landmark-Based MNI estimation. Two burial Enhancing our understanding of the conservation response in humans. However, most research pits were uncovered during the 1972 excavation of laryngeal are sacs in non-human great apes has focused on a single or few loci, typically of the by Toth (1979): an early (Marksville/Troyville) pit will strengthen hypotheses related to the loss of host, and involved experimentally-infected captive with secondary, probable bundle burials, and a these sacs in humans and its relevance for the primates. We investigated wild red colobus late (Plaquemine) pit, which also held multiple evolutionary origin of language. secondary burials, although these were more monkey (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) response complete than the earlier set. On the basis of field to the malaria-like parasite Hepatocystis using observations, Toth estimated an MNI of five for Estimation of weaning age in a medieval previously published datasets and dual-RNAseq the early pit, and ten for the later one. Traditional Székely population from the Carpathian (i.e., parallel investigation of host and parasite methods for MNI calculation have yielded slightly Basin transcriptome.) By inferring parasitemia using the ratio of sequencing reads matching the host different results for the later pit (MNI=8) which CHRISTINA TRENT1, ZSOLT NYARADI2, ANDRE is corroborated by preliminary results for the GONCIAR3 and JONATHAN D. BETHARD1 and parasite reference genomes, we identified colobus genes with expression strongly positively Landmark Analyses. 1Anthropology, University of South Florida, 2Anthropology, Haáz Rezső Múzeum, correlated with parasitemia. Such genes included 3Anthropology, ArchaeoTek LSM14A (p = 2.99x10-5, adjusted p = 0.0449) and APOBEC2 (p = 5.53x10-5, adjusted p = 0.0454), Biological anthropologists routinely utilize stable both implicated in malaria response in humans. isotope analysis to investigate questions related The expression of ACKR1 (alias DARC) gene, to breastfeeding and weaning practices in past which has been previously linked to Hepatocystis

104 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS parasitemia in primates, was also found to be that has not yet been observed in the region, post-BD (A.D.1380-1545, n=56) parochial ceme- positively correlated with parasitemia (p = 0.0035, suggests a significant degree of inter-personal tery. No significant differences were observed adjusted p = 0.1593). Hepatocystis-response violence during the formation of early Median between the pre-BD and BD groups (δ15N13C x= genes were enriched for phenotypes, inferred via state. -19.1 ± 0.3‰, δ15N x= 11.3 ± 0.9‰; δ13C x= -19.2 15 orthology with human genes, including stomat- Project is financed by the Polish National Science Centre ± 0.4‰, δ N x 11.2 ± 0.7‰). There was, however, 13 ocytosis, or the production of erythrocytes with (DEC-2017/27/N/HS3/01373, PRELUDIUM) a significant dietary shift in δ C (x=-18.8 ± 0.3‰) an abnormally shaped zone of central pallor and δ15N (x= 11.7 ± 0.7‰) values between the (adjusted p = 0.0035) and reticulocytosis, or the BD and post-BD populations, indicating a more production of immature erythrocytes which is New Harms from Ancient Genomes: diverse diet after the epidemic. A notable increase disrupted during malaria anaemia in humans Indigenous DNA Extraction in the Next Era in δ15N values between BD and post-BD females (adjusted p = 0.0256). Such investigations of of Paleogenomics (x= 11.3 ± 0.5‰; x= 11.9 ± 0.8‰) suggests the immune response to malaria-like parasites across KRYSTAL S. TSOSIE Black Death had the biggest effect on the female non-human primates may identify potential points Bioethics and Community Engagement, Native population of Toulouse for dietary changes. of intervention that could help alleviate the huge BioData Consortium, Health Psychology, Vanderbilt These results suggest that access to more nutri- burden that malaria continues to exert on human University tionally diverse foods, (i.e., animal/marine protein) populations. For decades, scientists have collected genomic and possibly C4 plants increased after the Black Funding: This work was supported by the Ford information from Indigenous peoples and their Death. The results also raise interesting ques- Predoctoral Fellowship to A.E.T. ancestors with the goal of elucidating human tions around gendered access to diet, suggesting migration events, understanding origins, and iden- reduced social inequalities between males and tifying ancestral variants contributing to disease. females in the aftermath of the Black Death. Cranial injuries as an indicator of socio-cul- However, such studies may not have offered much tural changes in the Iranian Central Plateau Funding provided by the Excellence Initiative of the benefit to the Indigenous groups who contributed during the Iron Age University of Bordeaux (project REAPER) and the DNA, and many have instead perpetuated stereo- French National Research Agency (project MORTUI, 1 2 JOANNA TRÁBICKA , ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK and types and other harms. With recent advances in ANR-19-CE35-0005). 3 MOSTAFA DEHPAHLEVAN genomic technology facilitating the study of both 1 The Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research ancient and present-day DNA, researchers have 2 Center, University of Warsaw, Department of new opportunities (i.e., through metagenomic soil A New Study Assessing the Sexing Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, University analysis and other environmentally-derived DNA; Technique on the Os Coxa: Observing of Warsaw, 3Institute of Archaeology, University of through procurement of contemporary genomes the Auricular Surface Using Metric and Tehran from consumer databases and open access data- Morphological Variables The cemetery of Qareh Tepe, located in the north- sets) to interrogate these questions. Of concern ALEXA UGARTE western Iranian Central Plateau, is dated back are the implications to Indigenous descendants, Anthropology, New York University to the Early Iron Age (1200-600 BC), with most particularly those from groups without recognized burials directly preceding the establishment of Forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists sovereignty. While there are increased efforts to establish biological profiles with the remains that the Median state. The excavations conducted in ethically engage Indigenous communities glob- 2018-2019 in the eastern part of the cemetery they find. The biological profile is used to identify ally, more work is still needed as the discipline the deceased individual(s). The methodology used revealed skeletons of at least 77 individuals, ten of struggles to absolve itself of the racialized science whom showed signs of traumatic lesions. to determine sex, age, stature, ancestry, trauma, and extractive biocolonialism that defined its past. and pathology are very important for the accuracy To verify a possible violent origin of observed of the biological profile. The Phenice method has injuries, the frequency of trauma to the skull of Stable isotope study of dietary changes a 90% accuracy for determining sex and remained adolescent and adult individuals was calculated. in the aftermath of the Black Death in high in during these tests; however, the auricular For 6 out of 36 (16.7%) individuals at least one Toulouse, France surface can be affected by pathology, ancestry traumatic lesion was present, including both or parturition (Luna et al. 2017; Phenice 1967). sharp and blunt force trauma, which is much more JANELLE A. TYLER1, ELEANOR CORDINER1, SACHA 1,2 1 The Phenice method focuses on the ischiopubic than observed at other contemporary Iranian KACKI , REBECCA GOWLAND , DARREN R. 3 1 ramus, the ventral arc, and the subpubic concavity sites (Estark and Gohar Tepe). Most injuries were GRôCKE and JANET MONTGOMERY 1 of the pubis bone (Phenice 1967). The auricular observed in male individuals, with only one prob- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, 2 surface method has morphological and metric able perimortem fracture of a female skull. The CNRS UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, 3Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University variables such as the overall morphology, apex frequencies of dental caries and skeletal stress morphology, elevation, and the length of the auric- markers were relatively low. Carious lesions were The Black Death (A.D.1347-1352) in Europe ular surface (Luna et al. 2017; Weaver 1980). Both noted in 16 per 62 (25.8%) individuals, with only affected a population already weakened by methods were used in a blind test, of two runs, 34 per 723 (4.7%) teeth affected. Cribra orbitalia decades of war and famine and resulted in unprec- using 100 adult right os coxae and 12 subadult were present in 6 per 42 (14.3%) individuals, while edented levels of mortality. Some scholars have right os coxae. The length of the auricular surface porotic hyperostosis in 5 per 55 (9.1%) individuals. posited that the resulting population decrease led is a metric variable that shows that adult males in to dramatic social change and possibly improved Taking into account favourable location of the this sample size tended to be longer than 50mm diets for the laboring classes. Qareh Tepe, surrounded by area suitable for while females tended to be less than 50mm. For farming and animal husbandry, as well as rich Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes subadults, the older the specimen is, the higher the grave goods, it may be assumed that the skeletal were utilized to investigate potential temporal accuracy. The adult success rates in both males assemblage represented a prosperous popula- dietary changes in medieval Toulouse, France. and females were not always accurate, however, tion. However, the frequency of cranial injuries, 172 bone samples were analyzed from a mass grave related to the Black Death (BD) (A.D. 1348, n=47), and a pre-BD (A.D. 1330-1334, n=69) and

Abstract Book 105 ABSTRACTS

they were more precise in males. Pooled success viscera, while also having substantial bony diminutive alveolar bone, gentler masseteric was not more accurate than the individual runs. support for the pelvic floor, which supports crests, a wider angle between dentary bones, and Age could have contributed to discrepancies in the abdominopelvic weight. Previous research larger bicondylar breadth. Diet groups occupied the methods along with ancestry and illness. suggests an expectation that this supportive distinct but overlapping regions of shape space, role results in a narrower pelvic midplane. In this with texture accounting for 30.8% (PC1) of total research, we examine how gut size correlates shape variance. Presence/absence of vitamin D Duration of gestational exposure to geno- with the size and shape of the true pelvis, which accounted for 13.8% (PC2) of total shape variance cide against the Tutsi in relation to health may have implications on how gut size can influ- between soft diet groups. Mice fed vitamin D had outcomes in young adulthood ence pelvic floor integrity. mandibles with more flaring angular processes, GLORIEUSE UWIZEYE1, JULIENNE N. more robust masseteric crests, and elevated alve- Pelves and in vivo gut volumes were measured RUTHERFORD2 and ZANETA M. THAYER1 olar bone. In sum, vitamin D influenced mandible from CT scans of 92 adults (48 female, 44 male). 1Anthropolgy, Dartmouth College, 2Human shape less than diet. Mandibular regions’ variable The true pelvis was measured at three obstetrical Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, response to diet is germane to post-Industrial planes (inlet, midplane, outlet) using 13 3D land- University of Illinois at Chicago human jaw changes. marks. To obtain an individual’s gut volume, the Poor health outcomes among Rwandans sum of the intestine areas (from each image slice) Canada Foundation for Innovation grants, Natural conceived during the 100-day long 1994 genocide was multiplied by the thickness of the slice. Gut Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada against the Tutsi have been reported. However, volume was compared to the pelvic planes using (NSERC) Discovery Grants to JCB & JDJ; NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award, Canada the effect of the length of intrauterine exposure bivariate regression to evaluate the relationship Graduate Scholarship to EMV. to genocide on health outcome is underexplored. between gut size and true pelvis. A comparative cross-sectional design was used Contrary to previous research, we find that, in to examine whether there are differences in health males, larger gut sizes are associated with wider Comparison of shoulder functional outcomes between those conceived during the canal dimensions (inlet, midplane, outlet). In morphology between Gorilla and Homo first half of the genocide and those conceived in females, we find that larger gut sizes are associ- JULIA VAN BEESEL1, JOHN R. HUTCHINSON2, the second half. Measures of multiple adult health ated with ischial spines that project more medially JEAN-JACQUES HUBLIN1,3 and STEPHANIE M. 1 characteristics were collected for young adult and significantly wider pubic symphyses. We MELILLO Rwandans (N =61) conceived during the genocide hypothesize that the correlation of gut size with 1Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for 2 period, 30 conceived by genocidal rape and 31 canal width in males and pubic symphysis width evolutionary Anthropology, Structure & Motion 3 born of genocide survivors not raped. in females are adaptations to accommodate a Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, Histoire et archéologie, Colläge de France Being conceived later, and thus experiencing a larger gut, while more medially projecting ischial shorter duration of genocide prenatally, was asso- spines reduce the risk of pelvic floor disorders in Arboreal adaptations are traditionally identified by ciated with better outcomes among the exposed females with heavier abdominal weights. correlating variation in skeletal anatomy with loco- to genocide only group. These individuals had motor and positional behavior in living primates. lower depression and anxiety (both p<0.047) This approach has demonstrated that non-human as well as higher (healthier in this population) Modeling an Industrialized diet in lab mice apes and New World monkeys that share an subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses and shows that vitamin D and diet texture alter emphasis on vertical climbing and suspension BMI (all p

106 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS alter deltoid muscle paths and thereby enhance Investigation of covariation in the Understanding the types and frequency of occur- its adduction, rather than abduction potential. morphology of different carpals, and the rence of various diseases and developmental Contrary to previous assumptions, we found link with locomotion, in different primate anomalies in prehistoric California requires that overall glenohumeral abduction capability is taxa population-level assessments. To date, such similar between Gorilla and Homo. These results MARIE JM. VANHOOF1, TIMO VAN LEEUWEN1, assessments have not been available. Preliminary advance our understanding of adaptation in living LORENZO GALLETTA2 and EVIE E. VEREECKE1 data has, however, been collected during curation apes and can improve functional interpretations 1Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven of the skeletal collections held by the Phoebe of the hominin fossil record. - campus Kulak - Belgium, 2School of Life and Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB. Data is JRH’s involvement was funded by ERC Horizon 2020 Environmental Sciences, Deakin University - Waurn available for 2,570 of 7,250 individuals. We employ Advanced Investigator Grant number 695517. Pounds, Victoria - Australia these data to develop and compare paleoepide- miological profiles for four prehistoric Northern Carpal morphology varies greatly across primate California populations. taxa, and although adaptive signals in hand bone Sex- and gender-based tubercu- morphology have been studied extensively, it is We compiled data from five localities with large losis mortality in early 20th century not clear how the morphology of the carpal bones populations (N=2,299). Sites represent the Early Newfoundland: Future considerations covaries between carpals or with locomotion. In (Windmiller Sites; Ala-307, ≈4750-2200y), Middle for demographic anthropology and our study, we focus on the carpals of the ulnar (Ala-328/329, ≈2500-300y), and Late Horizons epidemiology column and investigate (1) if there is covaria- (CCo-138, 1300-1500y). Diseases and anomalies TAYLOR P. VAN DOREN and LISA SATTENSPIEL tion between hamate and triquetral morphology, were classified following Ortner and Putschar Anthropology, University of Missouri and (2) the covariation with locomotion. We (1981) into 13 major groups, each with a variable The selective mortality hypothesis suggests that performed a 3D Geometric Morphometrics (GM) number of subgroups. Data on affected elements acute exposure or pre-existing infection with analysis using 3D bone models of 310 specimens and individual age and sex were also assessed. (12 different genera). The carpal shape is defined tuberculosis (TB) increased the probability of The percent of the population impacted by using fixed landmarks, and a principal component pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality during diseases/anomalies varied from ≈5% to ≈20%. analysis is carried out on the aligned shape coor- the 1918 influenza pandemic, leading to a The Windmiller and Ala-328 populations have the dinates to quantify shape variation. Afterwards, hastened decline of TB mortality in post-pan- highest percentages at 19.5% and 12.8%, respec- analysis of variance was used to test for signifi- demic years. This study addresses sex-based tively. Major disease categories observed include cant differences across groups and a TukeyHSD differences in TB mortality in Newfoundland to (most/least): Lesions of the joints, jaws, and teeth; to perform pairwise post-hoc comparisons. A 2 assess if there is evidence to support this hypoth- traumas, infectious diseases, skeletal malforma- Block Partial Least Squares (2B-PLS) analysis was esis, and to investigate gendered determinants of tion, tumors, and reticuloendothelial/hemopoietic used to investigate covariation between hamate these differences. Death records and census data disorders. Beyond the expected high frequency of and triquetral morphology. The 2B-PLS analysis from the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland & joint lesions, infections and traumatic conditions, indicates a significant covariation (p=0.001) Labrador were used to calculate age-standardized which are generally related, occur at relatively between hamate and triquetral morphology, in island-wide TB mortality for the years 1900-1939. high frequencies. Tumors occur at low frequen- which (semi-)terrestrial taxa, like macaques and The Joinpoint Regression Program (version cies, being absent in the Windmiller and Ala-329 baboon, have a hamate with a wide body and 4.8.0.1) was used to estimate significant changes samples, but reach a high of 7% in the Ala-328 a small hamulus in combination with a robust in mortality rates throughout the study period, and population. maximum likelihood estimates between yearly triquetrum, while arboreal taxa, like gibbons sex-based mortality rates were calculated to iden- and orangutans, have a more narrow hamate These results represent the first delineation of the tify significant differences. Regression analyses with a large hamulus and a cylindrically-shaped frequency of occurrence of diseases and anom- did not predict significant decline for males or triquetrum. These results suggest a clear link alies at a geographic, temporal, and population females that can confidently be associated with between carpal morphology and locomotion, level in California. 1918 influenza pandemic mortality, and female as primates with a similar locomotor behaviour show a similar carpal bone morphology, yet we mortality was consistently higher than that of High energy expenditure causes shifts in males. This result challenges the generalization will investigate this further by using locomotion data in the 2B-PLS analysis in future research. the gut microbiota that buffer host energy that male TB mortality was higher in the early balance 20th century. TB was known to spread primarily 1 1 in crowded dwellings, in which women fulfilled EMILY M. VENABLE , ANDREW S. BOLZE , BRYCE A. Comparisons of Paleoepidemiological CARLSON2 and RACHEL N. CARMODY1 primary domestic roles and may have been in Profiles for Four Prehistoric Northern 1 close contact with infected individuals. Further, Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Universtiy, California Populations 2Department of Anthropology, Purdue University female nurses were burdened with the respon- 1 2 sibilities of providing long-term care, education, JANE VANNAHEUANG , GENEVIEVE HAN , KAREN Recent research suggests that the gut micro- 2 2 3 and familial support for tuberculous patients. LI , JESSICA M. CRONIN , ANNANBEL T. DAVIS , biome plays a central role in host energy REBECCA S. JABBOUR4 and GARY D. RICHARDS5 These results suggest that observed sex-based homeostasis. However, the contributions of the 1 differences are more driven more by gendered Department of Public Health, University of gut microbiome to host energy balance during California, Berkeley, 2Department of Integrative determinants, and therefore results highlight the periods of high energy expenditure remain Biology, University of California, Berkeley, importance of more thorough anthropological, unclear, as most studies to date of gut micro- 3Cognitive Neuroscience Program, University bial responses to changes in energy balance demographic, and epidemiologic investigations of of California, Berkeley, 4Department of Biology, gender-based respiratory mortality. Saint Mary's College of California, 5Department have manipulated energy intake rather than expenditure. Previously, we reported significant This research was funded by the National Science of Biomedical Sciences, A.A. Dugoni School of Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Dentistry, University of the Pacific differences in gut microbial community struc- Grant #1919515. ture between high-running cohorts of humans and mice and their limited-running conspecific controls. Here, we report that inoculation of

Abstract Book 107 ABSTRACTS

germ-free mice with gut microbial communities 30°±8°in Asian apes to 41°±8° in African apes, Deep bioarchaeology: settlement of the harvested from human ultramarathoners (n=6) with humans falling in between (33°±4°). For the Americas under a Big Data and Data led to significant increases in adiposity (p=0.0086) roof, Asian apes and humans fall at the higher Science approach and decreases in lean mass (p=0.0019) rela- end with 103°±6° and 102°±5°, respectively, while DANILO VICENSOTTO BERNARDO1,2 and TATIANA tive to germ-free controls (n=6). Critically, these African apes are at the lower end with 88°±5°. The FERREIRA DE ALMEIDA1,3 phenotypic differences did not emerge in gnoto- difference between the African and Asian apes 1Laboratório de Estudos em Antropologia biotic mice harboring gut microbial communities in delto-fulcral triangle suggests it reflects func- Biológica, Bioarqueologia e Evolução Humana, harvested from human non-runners/low-runners tional differences. No conclusions could be drawn Instituto de Ciàncias Humanas e da Informação, (n=6). Further, gnotobiotic recipients of ultra- regarding shoulder pathologies, though values for Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 2Programa marathoner gut microbial communities gained the roof in omarthrosis patients fall at the high end de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia - PPGAnt, more weight per gram of food consumed than of that measured for hominoid primates. We plan Instituto de Ciàncias Humanas. Universidade 3 did recipients of non/low-runner gut microbial to expand our dataset with other primate taxa and Federal de Pelotas, Laboratório Clínico, Hospital communities (p=0.0008). 16S rDNA sequencing include additional measures of 3D configuration. Israelita Albert Einstein of fecal samples confirmed high-fidelity trans- The research was funded by KU Leuven, UGhent and Bioarchaeology, as a discipline based on the mission of the gut microbiota between donor BAEF. investigation of the biocultural interactions of and recipient, with significant differences in populations, has been crucial for investigating the gut microbial community structure observed occupation of the New World, allowing the propo- between recipients of ultramarathoner versus Children and Childhood in the Avars and sition of models discussing the origin, dispersion, non/low-runner inocula (p<0.001) that paralleled Gepids of Migration Period Hungary and chronologies of Native Americans. However, differences previously reported for the human KIRSTEN A. VEROSTICK different models have been proposed as the donors. Our results underscore the possibility that Anthropology, University of South Florida most credible for explaining how the settlement gut microbial responses to high energy expendi- occurred. Such discrepancies are due to the diver- This presentation discusses children and child- ture may help buffer host energy balance. We sity and specificity of different markers, leading hood through an extended life history and life speculate that similar buffering by the ancestral scholars of the subject to, for an operational course framework, focusing on Avar and Gepid human gut microbiome could have reduced early reason, work with small data cuttings. Currently, populations of the Great Hungarian Plain during the barriers for the hominin adoption of energetically the amount and diversity of data on the subject Migration Period (4th-8th century AD). This research expensive behaviors such as endurance running. is enormous and mathematical approaches, investigated the hypothesis that breastfeeding such as those used in Big Data and Data Science This study was supported by The William F. Milton Fund and weaning practices (BWPs) differed between analyzes, can offer the opportunity to fill gaps and the Harvard Dean’s Competitive Fund for Promising these populations due to variation in their overall Research. and reduce divergences from different sources subsistence practices and general cultural prac- of information. Here we present a study based on tices. Analyses of stable isotopes were applied to a Big Data approach to jointly evaluate different 131 individuals from four cemetery sites, two Avar The delto-fulcral angle as measure of the markers classically used in Bioarchaeological sites and two Gepidic sites. Bulk stable isotopic 3D configuration of the primate shoulder studies, such as biological affinities, frequency analysis of bone collagen indicated no signifi- joint complex and prevalence of traumas and violent events, cant differences between adults and non-adults EVIE E. VEREECKE1, VALERIE VERMEULEN2, MARIE style and quality of life and data of archaeological at each of the sites analyzed, with the exception VANHOOF1, ALEXANDER VAN TONGEL2, PIETER context of diverse native populations distributed 3 2 of non-adults who were still breastfeeding and in CORNILLIE , LIEVEN DE WILDE and ELAINE in the Americas. The different sets of data were 1 the process of weaning. Weaning time using bulk KOZMA submitted to Decision Tree Analysis and Machine 1 2 nitrogen isotope data and the WARN program did Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, Human Learning algorithms and compared with models not reveal any specific patterning between sites Structure & Repair, Ghent University Hospital, of settlement commonly found in specialized liter- 3 or populations. Microsampling of first permanent Veterinary Sciences, UGhent ature. Our results, still preliminary, demonstrated molars from a subsample of both non-adults The shoulder girdle is a complex joint system that that we are still far from confidently predicting and adults suggests no specific patterns of varies widely within primates. In humans, where which of the tested models best fits the set of data BWPs within populations, as each site analyzed the forelimbs have lost their locomotor function, used, probably due to the extreme complexity of revealed different BWPs. Isotopic life history morphological changes are pronounced. Previous the scenario, with multiple adaptive possibilities, profiles were created for the subsampled individ- studies have identified morphologies that may on which the emergence of the human being uals to analyze BWPs on an individual level and predispose humans to shoulder pathologies. In occurred in the Americas. included the microsampling isotopic data, bulk the current study, we apply a medical image-based element isotopic data, grave goods and paleo- methodology to non-human primates and explore pathological data. As there were no clear BWPs differences in 3D configuration of the shoulder Twenty-twenty Hindsight: Ethical within the populations and a generally similar diet, complex and its relation to forelimb function and Reform and the Reshaping of Genetic it is suggested that cultural practices, generational pathology. Through a collaboration with European Anthropology cohort differences and agency are responsible for zoos, we obtained CT scans of complete shoulder MIGUEL G. VILAR variations in BWPs within the sites and popula- girdles of primate cadavers, and data from Anthropology, University of Maryland, Science and tions. Additionally, some individuals indicated online repositories were also included. Here, we Exploration, National Geographic Society relationships between BWPs and either increased focus on the hominoids (non-human primates, or decreased mortality. Last year shook the world like no other in recent n=47; humans, n=60). We created 3D models history. COVID-19 handed the globe a collective of the shoulder complex, and measured the pause, blurred immediate futures, and forced delto-fulcral triangle, a proxy for the supraspi- me and millions others to change jobs. As a natus outlet. The models indicate substantial researcher, I canceled field and lab work, and as variation in this parameter between hominoid a grants officer I pulled and delayed grants; all primates. The average alpha angle ranged from teaching and knowledge-sharing went virtual.

108 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Concurrently, social movements nationwide ancestry tracks (Colombia: 14.5%, Peru: 27.5%, HIEP5, TRAN T. MINH5, NGUYEN T. MAI HUONG5, forced me to question myself as a PI, self-en- Puerto Rico: 32.4%, Mexico: 48.7%). The high NGHIA T. HUU5 and HALLIE R. BUCKLEY1 trusted with studying “others.” Yet 2020 also gave frequency of the Denisovan MUC19 in Indigenous 1Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, me time to evaluate my choices, and ultimately Americans is surprising, as genes are often 2School of Archaeology and Anthropology, 3 grow deeper as a genetic anthropologist in a field depleted for archaic ancestry due to past strong Australian National University, College of Medicine 4 fraught with missteps. purifying selection. Taken together, our results and Dentistry, James Cook University, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, suggest that the Denisovan MUC19 is driving the Genetic anthropology is a young anthropology, as 5Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Vietnam signature of positive selection previously discov- it requires recent DNA technology. However, it is Institute of Archaeology ered at this locus, although the functional benefits that tool that allows us, with some authority, to in Indigenous individuals are as-of-yet unclear. It is The agricultural transition in Mainland Southeast advance century-old discussions. In the eighties likely that the Denisovan version served as the raw Asia (from 4500BP) was unique in that mixed I witnessed DNA hijack the Out of Africa hypoth- material for positive selection as American popu- foraging and farming practices continued until esis and in the nineties reshape the story around lations adapted to novel environments. the Iron Age (1500-500BP). This slow transition peopling of the Americas. The 2000s brought the has been argued by some bioarchaeologists to first human genome, hominin admixture, and me FAV, KEW were supported by NIH grant R35GM128946 have minimized the detrimental health impacts (to EHS). Part of this research was supported by a Leakey to consumer genetics; and by the 2010s paleo- of cereal agriculture on human groups. However, Foundation Research Grant (to FAV). genomics was front, center, and unrestrained. as is the case in agricultural transitions in other In 2020, however, circumstances forced me to regions of the world, early Neolithic (agricul- take stock and rebrand as bridge-builder and Characterization of the inhabitants of ture) sites present with significant evidence of mixed-methods researcher. It’s no longer about South America using nonmetric dental high fertility rates suggesting possible increase what DNA can do, but what should we anthropol- data in population density which is known to have a ogist do better. COVID-19 helped impress ethics TATIANA VLEMINCQ-MENDIETA and G. RICHARD negative impact on population health. We aimed and equitability in my anthropology. Further, as SCOTT to investigate the evidence of Vitamin C deficiency an upshot of social movements such as BLM, Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno (scurvy) at the early Neolithic site of Man Bac in we must now require collaborative inclusion of northern Vietnam (4000-3500BP) to determine The peopling of the Americas has been widely people we once considered “samples.” The field whether the agricultural transition significantly studied since European colonization beginning must have mutually-intellectual and cross-expe- influenced nutrition and whether malnutrition in the 15-16th centuries. While focus has been riential contributions, and not simply the suffixed was associated with a decrease in survivorship on the timing and routes of entry into North acknowledgement of others’ biological samples. during this period. Seventy individuals (adults and America, less attention has been devoted to nonadults) were differentially diagnosed following South America. The present study investigates a the Snoddy et al. (2018) criteria. Cox proportional Adaptive Introgression of the Denisovan dental characterization of South American popu- hazard models were used to test whether the variant of the gene MUC19 in American lations, focusing on diversification through time. skeletal presence of scurvy was associated with populations The dental traits in this analysis were scored by decreased survivorship. Eighty percent (35/44) C. G. Turner and represent 54 samples and seven FERNANDO A. VILLANEA1,2, KELSEY E. WITT2, of nonadults and 35% (9/26) of adults presented RATCHANON PORNMONGKOLSUK2 and EMILIA South American countries spanning from 11,000 with probable scurvy. The Cox proportional hazard HUERTA-SÁNCHEZ2 to 500 BP: Argentina (n=23), Bolivia (n=74), Brazil models demonstrated no significant differences 1Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, (n=559), Chile (n=222), Ecuador (n=332), Panama in survival amongst nonadult ages with or without 2Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown (n=141), and Peru (n=917). Thirty-two key traits probable scurvy (n=44, OR=0.981, p=0.961), but a University were initially selected using the manual outlined decreased survival of adults with probable scurvy by Scott and Irish (2017), but due to small sample The gene MUC19 encodes a member of the was observed (n=29, OR=0.545, df=1, p=0.123). sizes and data editing, final biodistance analyses gel-forming mucin protein family, which is related Our outcomes suggest high levels of micronu- were run on 13 traits and 17 samples. Results to lacrimal and salivary gland function in humans. trient deficiency, which also increased risk of show a clustering of Peruvian assemblages MUC19 has been previously proposed as a top death during the early agricultural transition in around an old Ecuadorian site (Santa Elena, candidate for positive selection in Indigenous Mainland Southeast Asia indicating a detrimental 10,800-6,500 BP), while the rest do not follow any American populations. MUC19 is also archaically effect to health. clear geo-chronological patterns. These findings introgressed, where modern humans carry the suggest that other South American populations National Geographic Early Career Explorer Grant Denisovan variant. Although all humans carry (EC-54332R-18), Royal Society of New Zealand Skinner may have been more mobile than Peruvian a small fraction of archaic ancestry across the Fund Grant, University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship groups for the time frame examined. The complex genome, there are few examples of adaptive population history of South America is evident in introgression cases of Denisovan variants, and in the lack of East to West and old (Late Pleistocene) particular, the contribution of archaic introgression The evolution of the human chin: a to recent (Holocene) trends. Future studies will in how Indigenous Americans have adapted to quantitative genetic analysis of hominoid increase sample sizes and geo-chronological their environments remains underexplored. Here, craniomandibular form variation and account for external factors (e.g., we find the DenisovanMUC19 at low frequency in NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL1, JILL E. environment) that may affect the phenotypic 2 3,4,5 Europeans (0.5-3.3%), East Asians (2.4-11%), and SCOTT , CHRIS A. ROBINSON and LAUREN expression of dental traits. 1,6,7 Southeast Asians (5.2-12.8%), but find it at higher SCHROEDER 1 frequencies in admixed Americans (5.9-30.5%). Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Furthermore, when we filter the version ofMUC19 Lab, Department of Anthropology, University The impact of scurvy mortality during at Buffalo, 2Department of Sociology and in admixed American individuals based on the the transition of agriculture in northern Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of ancestry identity of that portion of the genome, Vietnam Denver, 3Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx the Denisovan MUC19 is found at extraordinarily 4 MELANDRI VLOK1, MARC F. OXENHAM2, KATE Community College (CUNY), Doctoral Program high frequencies in the Indigenous American DOMETT3, HIROFUMI MATSUMURA4, HOANG T. in Anthropology, City University of New York

Abstract Book 109 ABSTRACTS

Graduate Center, 5The New York Consortium in public-private partnerships and data repurposing. during side and front loading but not during back Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), 6Department of Generous interpretations of “quality improvement” loading. This provides energetic and kinematic Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, and “public health” combined with datafication evidence for the preponderance of back carrying 7 Human Evolution Research Institute, University of simplified by widespread mobile health technolo- cross-culturally. Cape Town gies create conditions that seemingly clash with It is currently unclear whether the human chin is concurrent efforts to advance participant-cen- the product of direct selection or a by-product of tered approaches to research. Participation in Comparative morphological variation of evolutionary pressures on other cranial regions. science is seemingly inescapable for the “data rotation and weight-bearing points in the Here, we apply a quantitative genetic approach to rich” and unattainable for the “data poor,” creating shoulder girdle of extant Cercopithecidae hominoid craniomandibular traits to assess the counterintuitive data exposure and dataveillance CORINNE G. WALTERS1, LISA M. DAY1, MARIE latter hypothesis. First, we estimated evolutionary risks. Without adequate ethical principles directing VERGAMINI2 and AMY L. RECTOR1 rates, via Lande’s generalized genetic distance, equitable research practices, such data disparities 1Anthropology, School of World Studies, Virginia along each branch of a fully-resolved hominoid become runaway processes that undermine trust Commonwealth University, 2Integrative Life phylogeny to detect rate-shifts in masticatory and in science, impede scientific advancement, and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University basicranial traits. Second, where directional selec- reduce potential benefits for everyone. An exam- Variation in joint structures in extant arboreal and tion was identified, we reconstructed the pattern ination of relevant domestic law (e.g., statutory terrestrial quadrupedal Cercopithecidae corre- of selection acting on specific traits. Overall, authority of the Federal Trade Commission and lates with substrate preference and locomotive results indicate that much of the diversity in extant state Attorneys General), international human type. Previous elbow joint studies suggest that hominoid mandibular form is explained by strong rights law (e.g., General Comment No. 25 to locomotor repertoires of Cercopithecidae can stabilizing selection; however, a rapid evolutionary ICESCR, Art. 15.1.b and the Universal Declaration be differentiated through distal humerus and rate (suggestive of directional selection) was of Bioethics and Human Rights), and diverse the proximal ulna shape analysis (Rector et al., detected along the human branch. Reconstructed stakeholder efforts (e.g., CARIN Alliance Code of 2018). Exploring morphological variation in the selection gradients indicate strong selection along Conduct) reveals the possibility for new synergies shoulder girdle could provide another way to the human lineage acting to decrease palatal, to mitigate emerging data disparities and develop identify locomotor repertoires in extant and fossil basicranial, and alveolar length (for both the meaningful guidance to curb harms associated Cercopithecidae. mandible and maxilla), as well as anterior dental with discriminatory dataveillance. Anthropologists Scapular outlines were collected from a sample arcade width and anterior corpus height, and to are needed to advance data justice. of 180 extant specimens using a MicroScribe increase posterior dental arcade width, consistent Work is funded in part by Geisinger; NHGRI Grant No. point digitizer. Species were assigned a primary with selection for a parabolic dental arcade. 1R01HG011051; NIDCR Grant No. 3R01DE027023-04S1; traveling locomotor category. Colobines were However, for the majority of the traits related to and NCI Grant No. 1U01CA240747. Content is author’s categorized as arm-swing branch quadrupeds the chin, selection gradients and trait responses responsibility, and views expressed are her own. and remaining species were categorized as occurred either in opposite directions, indicating ground quadrupeds, branch quadrupeds, or correlated responses to selection, or selection branch and ground quadrupeds. Variation in gradients were not significantly different from It’s not just mass: Load position matters scapular shape was analyzed using MorphoJ 3D zero. The correlated responses were all negative, for speed and cost geometric morphometric PCA, PGLs, and phylo- indicating that they were under the influence of CARA M. WALL-SCHEFFLER genic ANOVAs. The analyses tested whether strong negative selection coefficients acting else- Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Anthropology, locomotive pattern can be established from the where, likely related to facial retraction. Thus, our University of Washington shape and variation of Cercopithecidae scapula. results provide evidence that the distinct human The energetic cost of walking has clearly been chin could be an evolutionary by-product of direct shown to vary with mass and speed; however, Results suggest that morphology of the scapula selection on other aspects of skull form. among humans, the metabolic cost of carrying differs between all four locomotive groups as UB Research Foundation (NvCT) and NSERC Discovery loads has not consistently increased propor- well as within certain African and Asian groups. Grant (LS) tionally to the mass carried. In fact, the cost of Furthermore, weight-bearing points are variable carrying mass, and the speed at which human across groups and can be used to identify main walkers carry this mass, has been shown to vary locomotor strategies. Rotation points may not be Advancing Data Justice: A Need for with load mass, load position, and load description as varied between locomotive types as range of Anthropologists to Address Data (e.g. child versus groceries). Here, we investigate motion in the shoulder is not considerably different Disparities and Dataveillance the energetic cost and speed changes of people between Cercopithecid arm-swing brachiators JENNIFER K. WAGNER (N=15) walking through the woods carrying their and quadrupeds. This study contributes ecological Center for Translational Bioethics & Health Care own babies (mean=10.6kg) in three different information about niche differentiation, resource Policy, Geisinger positions—on their front, side, and back using competition, and community organization in living primates. Further exploration of locomotor vari- Data justice is a principle essential to the the same Ergo fabric baby sling. People carrying ation within African and Asian Cercopithecidae, fulfillment of the international human right to their babies on their backs are able to maintain especially Colobines, could provide more infor- participate in science and share in its bene- their unloaded walking speed (1.4m/s), and show mation on the timing and adaptive contexts of fits (UDHR, Art. 27; ICESCR, Art. 15.1.b). In the the lowest increase in metabolic cost (joules/ Cercopithecid locomotor evolution. United States, precision health initiatives and meter, 17.4%). Conversely, carrying babies on the learning healthcare system models have gained front and on the side show a decrease in speed momentum. Meanwhile complex ethical, legal, (p=0.1, 2.2% decrease) and a significant increase and policy matters—including the meaning of the in metabolic cost (p<0.001, 21.1% increase). human right to science and guidance for effective Kinematic data show that walkers decreased their data stewardship—have remained unresolved contact time (p=0.029) and swing time (p=0.004) and under-prioritized. Furthermore, legal mecha- nisms intended to ensure fairness are blurred by

110 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

Naiyena Epul, a new Pleistocene hominin Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter, MD School of investment in wild plant resources between site in the Nachakui Formation, West Medicine, Quinnipiac University, 9Department of 5-7ka (cultivation and increased consumption) 10 Turkana, Kenya Anatomy, Midwestern University, Institute for likely played a significant role in domestication of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, 1 2 starchy tubers. Previous research identified that CAROL V. WARD , FRANCIS H. BROWN , J. Russian Academy of Sciences, 11Department of 3 4 significant investment in tuber processing and MICHAEL PLAVCAN and FREDRICK K. MANTHI Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough 1Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of consumption led to positive selection at genetic Variation in human cranial shape has long been Missouri, 2Geology and Geophysics, University of loci related to improved starch digestion. In addi- Utah, 3Anthropology, University of Arkansas, 4Earth investigated for associations with global climate tion, stature and body size estimated from long Sciences, National Museums of Kenya and subsistence strategy. The bony labyrinth bones of individuals recovered from the Middle/ surrounds vital sensory organs, governing Late Archaic site of Soro Mik’aya Patjxa (SMP) The West Turkana Paleo Project conducted balance and motion. It has been the subject of in the southern Titicaca Basin identify that early fieldwork led by one of us (FKM) at the new intraspecific analyses focusing on sexual dimor- farmers were smaller (male stature = 152.3 fossil-bearing locality Naiyena Epul in northern phism, body size, and population level differences, ±4.8 cm and body mass = 55.9 ± 2.5cm; female Turkana County, Kenya. Although comprising an but apart from early work with small sample sizes, stature = 146.2 ±2.1 cm and body mass = 54.1 area of less than 12 km2, the fluvial deposits at this part of the cranium has not been investigated ±1.3 cm) than populations living at lower altitudes Naiyena Epul have yielded 75 vertebrate fossils, for intraspecific variation associated with environ- (male stature = 159.1 ±3.8 cm and body mass including bovids, monkeys, carnivores, suids, and mental variables. = 60.3 ±1.8 cm; female stature = 149.8 ±3.7 cm three hominins. The fossil-bearing exposures and body mass = 52.2 ±1.1 cm), but similar to contain a number of tuffs that are composition- Here, we investigate the influence of climate modern indigenous groups living on the Altiplano. ally most similar to those of the Okote and Ileret and subsistence strategy on the bony labyrinths We argue that these patterns reflect develop- Tuff complexes of the Koobi Fora Formation, of 270 humans from 15 different groups. These mental constraint, which are plastic (non-genetic) with ages ranging from ~1.48 and ~1.3 Ma. The groups are associated with climates ranging from responses to stress associated with development most secure correlation is the Lokapetamoi Tuff, arid to humid, and tropical to arctic across North at high-altitude. In contrast to plastic develop- with an age of 1.43 Ma, that immediately under- America, Europe, Africa, and southeast Asia, as mental responses to environmental stress, we lies the fossil-bearing strata, suggesting that well as terrestrial hunter forager, marine hunter argue that niche construction related to tuber these deposits date to 1.42 Ma and represent the forager, agricultural, and industrial subsistence consumption drove positive genetic selection for Natoo Member of the Nachakui Formation. Of the strategies spanning the past 8000 years. changes to the internal human metabolic envi- hominins, two are attributable to Homo erectus We collected semilandmarks across the three ronment. This case study provides an example and one to Paranthropus boisei, so Naiyena Epul semicircular canals and the common crus on of mosaic biological responses to human adap- represents one of the most recent contempo- computed tomographic data, using a protocol tations within both natural and human-mediated raneous occurrences of these taxa and of P. designed to eliminate the effect of differences in environments. boisei in West Turkana. The Homo specimens scan resolution. After sliding the semilandmarks consist of two partial mandibles with tall, narrow and performing a generalized Procrustes analysis, Recovery and analysis of materials supported by funding from National Science Foundation (BCS-1311626), corpora. One displays a heavily worn M2 with a limited intra- or inter-observer error was identified clear toothpick groove along its distal cervical American Philosophical Society (Lewis and Clark Fund), and there was no significant directional asym- University of Arizona, and University of California, Davis. margin. The third hominin fossil is fragment of metry. Subsequent unilateral analysis was unable juvenile maxilla preserving little morphology but to identify differences between individuals related 1 3 containing complete crowns of I -P . The size and to climatic or subsistence variables. These results Do chimpanzees really have a spacious 3 morphology of the P is consistent only with P. suggest that labyrinthine shape variation among birth canal? A reanalysis of cephalopelvic boisei, so this specimen provides new data on the humans is not shaped by subsistence strategy or proportions and implications for the maxillary dentition of this species. Naiyena Epul climate, and point to a possible protective mech- obstetrical dilemma in humans provides novel information about the morphology anism for inhibiting plasticity during life. This NICOLE M. WEBB1,2, CINZIA FORNAI1,3, VIKTORIA A. of P. boisei and biogeography of both hominin mechanism would prevent shape changes which KRENN1,3 and MARTIN HAEUSLER1 taxa. could influence function and warrants further, 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University Research supported by the Leakey Foundation and the microstructural exploration. of Zurich, 2Department of Palaeoanthropology, University of Missouri Research Council. NSERC Discovery Grant to MTS, SSHRC Insight and Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural 3 Connaught New Researcher Grants to BV, Leakey Grants History Museum Frankfurt, Department of to AU and KB Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna Global Bony Labyrinth Shape Variation with Climate and Subsistence Strategy The tight fit between the neonate skull and the female pelvis characteristic of human birth is 1 2 DEVIN L. WARD , LAUREN SCHROEDER , JOCELYN Biological responses to permanent believed to be exceptional in its magnitude, espe- E. ROY1,3, MADELYN HERTZ1,4, ALEXANDRA UHL5, occupation and tuber domestication in the cially relative to the great apes. This long-held EMMA POMEROY6, JAY T. STOCK4,7, LYNN E. Andean Altiplano 8 9 1,10 assumption that great apes possess a capacious COPES , KAREN L. BAAB , T. BENCE VIOLA and 1,2 3 11 JAMES T. WATSON , RANDALL HAAS and birth canal, free of significant obstetric constraint, MARY T. SILCOX 1,2 CAITLIN MCPHERSON has been imperative to research focused on eluci- 1Department of Anthropology, University of 1Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Toronto, 2Department of Anthropology, University dating the complex birth mechanism in modern 2School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, of Toronto, Mississauga, 3Faculty of Computer humans. It derives from an observed ratio in Pan 3Department of Anthropology, University of Science, University of Strathclyde, 4Department of of 0.57 for the pelvic inlet’s anteroposterior diam- California, Davis Anthropology, Western University, 5Department eter to maximum fetal head length. It is therefore of Cultural, Environmental, and Global Studies, Permanent human occupation of the high-alti- perplexing that female chimpanzees, being slightly Salve Regina University, 6Department of tude Andean Altiplano by 9ka presented unique smaller in body size than males, have absolutely 7 Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Department challenges for human adaptation, which resulted larger birth canal dimensions. However, direct of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the in both biological and cultural responses. Greater observations of chimpanzee birth showed that Science of Human History, 8Department of

Abstract Book 111 ABSTRACTS

the fetal head is usually fully extended or flexed a fine scale. Traditional indicators of increased The gut microbiome consists of microbial during delivery. Moreover, the anteroposterior energy harvest in gut microbiota did not differ communities that reside in the gastro-intestinal diameter of the pelvic inlet is not actually obstetri- significantly among or within reproductive states, tract of living organisms. Variation in this system cally relevant, as it is obliquely oriented to the axis but several bacterial taxa were significantly differ- has been linked to health outcomes in humans of the birth trajectory. Here, we virtually quantify entially abundant during late pregnancy and and animals by affecting digestion, immune the true fit between the fetal skull and the female early lactation. Investigating reproductive micro- system development, and pathogen invasion. pelvis using CT-based 3D models. We show that bial ecology in wild primates among and within However, we still lack a complete understanding the ratio of the submentobregmatic diameter of reproductive states contributes to deeper under- of the factors that shape gut microbiome vari- the fetal head to the anteroposterior diameter of standing of behavioral flexibility, roles microbes ation, particularly in wild primates. The central the pelvic midplane (perpendicular to the axis of play in the reproductive cycle, and maternal objective of this research is to determine which the birth canal) is 0.85, reserving only a 15 mm fitness. factors are predicting inter-individual variation space between the bony pelvis and the fetal Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship (SEW), Alberta in the gut microbiome of red-bellied lemurs skull for soft tissue. This tighter cephalopelvic fit Innovates Technology Futures Scholarship (SEW), (Eulemur rubriventer). We sequenced the 16S compared to previous analyses may indicate that Canada Research Chair (ADM), Sigma Xi, American rRNA hypervariable V-4 region to characterize birth-related selective pressures played a role in Society of Primatologists, University of Calgary, Alberta the gut microbiome from 26 genotyped individ- the evolution of pelvic sexual dimorphism in chim- Children's Hospital Research Institute uals across eleven pair-bonded social groups panzees, thereby informing critical assumptions residing in Ranomafana National Park. This of the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis in humans. research estimates to what degree genetic relat- Survivorship at Medieval St. Gregory’s edness, social group membership, diet, sex, This research was funded by the Swiss National Science Priory and Cemetery, Canterbury, England Foundation (grant No. 31003A_176319). and geographical distance drive inter-individual SINA D. WHITE, PATRICK MAHONEY and CHRIS A. variation in the microbial communities residing DETER in red-bellied lemurs. Other than sex, all factors Activity budget and gut microbiome fluc- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Skeletal play a significant role in predicting gut micro- tuations among and within reproductive Biology Research Centre, University of Kent biome composition. However, our model has high states in wild primates indicate fine-scale Throughout the 11th to 15th century AD, levels of variance inflation inhibiting our ability host flexibility Canterbury was a major theological center that to determine which factors are more predictive SHASTA E. WEBB1, JOSEPH D. ORKIN2, RACHEL E. educated clergy and influenced pilgrimages. of gut microbial composition. This is one of few WILLIAMSON1 and AMANDA D. MELIN1,3,4 During this period, the city expanded as people studies that analyzes environmental, genetic, and 1Anthropology & Archaeology, University of Calgary, migrated from nearby towns to start businesses biological factors’ impact on variation in the gut 2Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu and sell at markets to provide for pilgrims and microbiome. Our results provide evidence that Fabra-CSIC, 3Maternal and Child Health, Alberta travelers. As Canterbury transformed into an there is a need for more research that considers Children's Hospital Research Institute, 4Department urban environment, it led to adverse living condi- various sources of influence on gut microbial of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, tions that affected the health of the population. variation. For endangered species as a whole, University of Calgary This study examines the differences in survivor- understanding how such factors shape variation Pregnancy and lactation increase energy ship for individuals living in medieval Canterbury. is critical in recognizing the consequences this demands of primates and other mammals. To Age-at-death and biological sex were recon- variation has on host nutrition, health, and its mitigate these demands, females selectively eat structed for individuals (n= 498) recovered from overall effect on host ecology and conservation. energy-dense foods, decrease physical activity, St. Gregory’s Priory and Cemetery (1084-1537). and/or undergo physiological changes. The Kaplan Meier survival analysis is used to assess gastrointestinal microbiome, which influences possible differences in survivorship between adult Childhood obesity's influence on the oral host metabolism and energy acquisition, is influ- males and females. The survival curve suggest microbiome and oral health enced by reproductive state and may increase that adult males experienced increased survivor- PAMELA S. WHYMS1, AFSAR NAQVI2, DERIC energy harvest from foods during pregnancy ship relative to females (Log Rank p < 0.001). This TRUSKOSKI3, ARACELI VALVERDE ESTEPA2, SAHAR 3 1 3 or lactation. However, this hypothesis remains difference in survival is explored within the context ALRAYYES , SLOAN WILLIAMS , CHAD SILVER , 4 1,5 relatively unexplored in free-ranging animal of social status, mobility, and settlement patterns. SARIA AWADALLA and CHRISTINA L. NICHOLAS 1 populations. Studies that examine behavioral Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2 and/or gut microbiota fluctuations across the Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 3Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, reproductive cycle typically identify three repro- Factors shaping the gut microbiomes of 4Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of ductive states—pregnancy, lactation, and cycling. Eulemur rubriventer Illinois at Chicago, 5Orthodontics, University of 1 6 Here, we sought to examine behavior and gut TABOR WHITNEY , LAURA O. DIAKIW , DIANA Illinois at Chicago microbiota not only among but also within these M. CHRISTIE7,8, NELSON TING7,8, KATHERINE R. states by splitting states each into 3 stages. We AMATO1, ANDREA BADEN3,4,5 and STACEY TECOT2 Childhood obesity leads to an increased risk for analyzed activity budgets (n=13,750 scans) and 1Department of Anthropology, Northwestern many negative health outcomes, like diabetes, 2 fecal samples (n=359) from 33 wild, female white- University, School of Anthropology and Laboratory asthma, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, low faced capuchin monkeys in Sector Santa Rosa, for the Evolutionary Endocrinology of Primates, self-esteem, and depression, and the influence of University of Arizona, 3Department of Anthropology, Costa Rica, tracked across reproductive cycles obesity and its negative outcomes disproportion- Hunter College, CUNY, 4New York Consortium in during 22 months in 2014-2018. To analyze gut ately affects socioeconomically disadvantaged Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), 5Department bacteria, we sequenced the V4 region of the 16S groups. In 2014, approximately 20.4% of U.S. sixth of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, graders were obese, while 29.2% of Chicago sixth rRNA gene from fecal DNA. Activity did not differ 6Department of Ecology, University of Wyoming, graders were obese, with disparities among racial/ significantly among reproductive states. However, 7Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, ethnic groups. Obesity has also been suggested to we found significant changes in activity budget 8Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of within reproductive states—specifically during Oregon be associated with oral inflammation, periodontal mid-lactation—suggesting behavioral flexibility at disease, and variation in the oral microbiome. This project aims to examine the association between

112 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS childhood obesity, oral microbiome diversity, and the foundation for applying a more quantitative Best Practice Guidelines for Gibbon oral health. We recruited a diverse group of partic- approach to analyzing and interpreting burned Tourism: learnings from Cambodia and ipants (n=35; aged 10-12) from a US urban setting human remains. More importantly, it enhances China through UIC’s Pediatric Dentistry Clinic in Chicago, our understanding of the underlying processes JESSICA L. WILLIAMS1, PENG-FEI FAN2 and ALISON collecting demographic information, detailed that affect thermal alterations. M. BEHIE1 dietary data, height, weight, and salivary samples. This research was partially funded by the Mountain 1Biological Anthropology, Australian National Saliva samples were sent to LC Sciences for Desert and Coastal Forensic Anthropologists, the University, 2Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University whole genome sequencing, and results indicated University of Montana Foundation, and the Toelle-Bekken Nature-based tourism can be a useful conser- that 34 out of 2,510 species showed differences families at UM. vation tool in regions of high biodiversity value if (p≤0.05) in abundance between obese and based in scientific research. Despite the existence non-obese subjects. We also found positive asso- of several gibbon focused programmes, there ciations between BMI and gingival (gum) bleeding These farmers weren’t doing much has been little investigation into the impact of during dental treatment (p = 0.012) and between farming: A dietary reconstruction of Late tourist presence on the behaviour and/or stress BMI and dental plaque scores (p <0.001). These Neolithic cave burials of Belgium using of the gibbons. We collected data on the northern results indicate an association between obesity dental microwear texture analysis yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus anna- and oral health, which may be mediated by FRANK L. WILLIAMS1, CHRISTOPHER W. SCHMIDT2 3 mensis) at Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Future in vitro and JESSICA L. DROKE 1 (VSSPNP) and the Skywalker hoolock gibbon work will investigate the function of oral biota Anthropology, Georgia State University, 2 (Hoolock tianxing) at Mt. Gaoligong National that showed increased/decreased abundance in Anthropology, University of Indianapolis, 3 Nature Reserve (GNNR), China with the aim of obese children to ascertain whether these species Anthropology, University of Wyoming extending the IUCN’s best practice guidelines may be a causal factor for the recorded poorer The Late Neolithic cave burials from the Belgian for great ape tourism to include gibbons. We oral health outcomes. Meuse Basin represent one of the final dietary also surveyed tourists who participated in both records of early farmers prior to the onset of Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences Pilot tourism programmes. The observed gibbons the northern European Bronze Age. To recon- Grant, University of Illinois at Chicago; Biomedical spent significantly less time resting and more Research Award American Association of Orthodontists struct the dietary profiles of these Late Neolithic time scanning and N. annamensis gibbons were Foundation farmers, dental microwear texture analysis was more likely to self-groom when in the presence of conducted on deciduous and permanent molars tourists. Faecal cortisol levels were not found to from three well-studied caves, radiocarbon respond to tourism. Surveys of tourists revealed Rethinking how anthropologist analyze dated to ~4,635 to ~3,830 years before present, that only international tourists participated in the burned human remains: The need for a including Bois Madame (n=18), Maurenne program at VSSPNP, while the program at GNNR more quantitative approach Caverne de la Cave (n=24) and Sclaigneaux attracted mostly domestic travellers. Using these AMANDA WILLIAMS (n=25). Epoxy resin dental casts of the original two case studies, we present the first best prac- Anthropology, Truckee Meadows Community dental impressions were created; these were tice guidelines for gibbon tourism, helping both College scanned by a white-light confocal profiler and existing and new gibbon tourism programmes the resulting point cloud subjected to scale-sen- Fatal fires produce a range of physical alterations to balance animal welfare with increasing tourist sitive fractal analysis. A comparative sample of to the body that can be studied and analyzed to demand and stakeholder expectations. interpret perimortem events. Currently, the anthro- foragers and food producers (n=645) contextual- pological community lacks a consistent, objective, ized the results. The three caves do not differ from Margot Marsh Biodiversity Fund (PR17-036), Primate Conservation Inc. (1462), Primate Action Fund and detailed method for describing burn injuries one another in enamel textural complexity (Asfc) (5094.024-0176) or patterns in a variety of settings and conditions. or anisotropy (epLsar), and both deciduous and Previous models were constructed from specific permanent molar comparisons provide the same fire environments, and therefore are not widely signal of overlapping dietary regimes. Regardless Inferred lifestyle better explains variation applicable today. There is a need to create a scale of chronology or geography, the individuals from in lumbar wedging than inherent popula- based on quantitative experimental data (e.g. these cave burials consumed a variety of coarse tion differences duration and temperature of fire) that provides or poorly processed foods, resulting in elevated SCOTT A. WILLIAMS1,2 and IRIS ZENG1,3 complexity (Asfc mean=1.928; standard devi- insight into the nature of the fire and cause of inju- 1 ation=0.539). The elevated anisotropy (epLsar Center for the Study of Human Origins, ries contributing to the condition of the remains. Department of Anthropology, New York University, mean=0.00231; standard deviation =0.00054) of Observations from four main fire environments 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, the Belgian cave burials indicates a reliance on 3Department of Architecture, MIT were used in developing a new quantitative poor processing technology and/or wild foods method for analyzing heat related damage. This that required considerable heterogeneous jaw Clinical studies on modern human spinal curva- model assesses burned remains by applying a movements to effectively process. The diets ture are abundant, and several techniques for total body score (TBS) based on the affected of Late Neolithic farmers of Belgium resemble quantifying lordosis using medical images of body region (i.e., skull, upper and lower limbs, those of paleoforagers of Lagoa Santa, Brazil and living people have been formalized. However, thorax, and hands/feet). This study found notable Archaic Indiana forager/farmers, and are dissim- the fragmentary nature of the human osteolog- differences in total body scores between fire envi- ilar to a worldwide assemblage of farmers as well ical and hominin fossil records does not allow ronments. Outdoor and confined space contexts as agriculturalists of Early Bronze Age England. the direct application of these methods; there- exhibited some of the highest total body scores fore, researchers have relied on the wedging of (TBS 28 to 33) compared to structure and vehicle This research was funded by Fulbright-Belgium and the lumbar vertebrae and other osteological corre- National Science Foundation (BCS 0922930). fires (TBS 16 to 25). The results demonstrate lates of lordosis to extrapolate the degree of there is a pattern between fire environments and lumbar lordosis in the archaeological and paleo- bodily conditions, making it possible to model anthropological contexts. Previous research on heat related damage. This research also lays lumbar wedging suggested that modern human

Abstract Book 113 ABSTRACTS

populations vary in degree of lumbar lordosis. trimester of pregnancy, resulting both in preterm Bioethics as a dynamic issue: Holistic Cunningham (1886) argued that Europeans delivery and nutritional stress in infants before approaches to understanding and applying have more lordotic lower backs than various and after birth. Our findings are interpreted within ethics to study design populations of “savages,” which he argued a biocultural framework that considers how a TAIYE WINFUL retain a primitively less lordotic lumbar column. rural context, which contrasted sharply with urban Department of Anthropology, Genetic Anthropology Cunningham also argued that vertebral wedging Rome, impacted infant and maternal health, and Biocultural Studies Laboratory, Vanderbilt is not affected by mechanical influence during especially in terms of sanitation, diet and nutri- University, Nashville, TN one’s lifetime. Here, we examine bony wedging of tion, disease ecologies, and female parity. This Anthropologists have challenged bioethicists to lumbar vertebrae and test for differences between study demonstrates the utility of using fetal and incorporate more holistic approaches to applying recent cadaveric humans and a global sample of neonatal remains as a proxy for maternal health ethics in ‘real world’ situations. Where bioethicists non-urban, pre-industrial people represented in and, by extension, community health. tend to use systematic philosophical approaches archaeological samples. We find significant differ- to moral dilemmas, anthropologists apply malle- ences between both sexes of these two groups able approaches designed to be responsive to but no significant differences between geograph- Applying a holistic body of evolutionary variable cultural contexts. For example, anthropol- ically-defined groups within each larger category. theory to the practice of forensic ogists emphasize the importance of community Therefore, we argue that lifestyle (e.g., postural anthropology and the effects of social issues, political economy, traditions, furniture use, and activity) plays a ALLYSHA P. WINBURN1 and MICHALA K. STOCK1,2 and cultural tradition in decision-making. This significant role in the plasticity of lumbar verte- 1Anthropology, University of West Florida, difference in approach contributes to the conten- bral body shape, especially during development. 2Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State tious relationship between anthropologists and Potentially, recent European and American popu- University of Denver bioethicists. Despite nuanced perspectives, lations demonstrate greater lordosis on average The discipline of forensic anthropology has anthropologists have not enjoyed a durable role in than non-urban, pre-industrial archaeological been critiqued for its lack of a theoretical basis. shaping contemporary bioethics. populations not because they are better adapted In response, practitioners often assert that their to upright posture but rather due to poor posture analyses are implicitly grounded in evolutionary The lack of nuance becomes problematic when and inadequate core muscular support, requiring theory. However, the nature of this theoretical researchers attempt to reconcile ethical issues exaggerated bony contribution to lordosis. grounding is little discussed in the forensic anthro- against a standard of morality rather than what SAW was funded through a Leakey Foundation Research pology literature, beyond, for example, statements Patricia Marshalls defines as a “culturally consti- Grant indicating that sex-based pelvic differences have tuted and continually evolving” process. Reflecting evolved in response to increasing encephalization on the IRB review of my work with African descend- within the genus Homo, or that clinal variation in ants in the United States and Nigeria, I will discuss Evaluating the stress of malarial infection features like nose form have evolved within our the importance of conceptualizing bioethics as and other environmental factors in a 5th species due to environmental pressures that a dynamic issue, especially when working with century CE Umbrian community through differ on a gradient. As evidenced by a PubMed communities abroad. Comparing these review the mother-infant dyad review of publications between 1970-present in processes is instructive about the organizational JORDAN A. WILSON1, DAVID G. PICKEL2 and the Journal of Forensic Sciences (JFS) and the structures, influenced by culture and society, that TIMOTHY NEWFIELD3 American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA), impact decision-making in respective communi- 1Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 2Classics, of 2,055 articles discussing biological profile ties. In this presentation, I suggest that a focus on Stanford University, 3Biology/History, Georgetown analysis, 46/497 (9.3%) in the JFS and 483/1558 the way that IRB reviews are done can also offer University (31.0%) in the AJPA contain reference to evolu- insights and contextualization into community Because of the special metabolic and immuno- tionary theory, adaptation, or selection. The role decision-making. Within a cross-cultural setting, logical relationship that exists between a mother of natural selection in shaping the morphologies considerations of the IRB review processes can and a developing infant, fetal and neonatal health analyzed in biological profile estimation is undeni- lead to more informed conversations on bioethics can provide unique information about the external able. Yet, adaptation in response to environmental and can aid researchers in applying more holistic environmental conditions that existed during pressures does not explain all variation within our approaches to study design. gestation and lactation. This poster presents species. Further, evolutionary theory is not mono- lithic; different perspectives on the primacy of updated research on 59 fetal, infant, and child The lasting impact of pandemics – functional adaptation versus structural constraint remains from the ongoing excavation of the late changing demography of 1918 Influenza can lead to differences in interpretation of human antique (5th century CE) infant and child cemetery survivors at Poggio Gramignano, located near the Umbrian skeletal morphology and lead researchers to novel town of Lugnano in Teverina, Italy. This ceme- approaches in creating new or improving current AMANDA WISSLER tery is the largest known Roman infant cemetery methodologies. Various theoretical perspectives School of Human Evolution and Social Change, and thus highly unique. Past research centered underpin forensic anthropological analyses, and Arizona State University on these infant remains has provided some of in order for forensic anthropology to be truly Epidemics have substantial power to alter human the most robust evidence of Plasmodium falci- grounded in evolutionary theory, these theoret- biology, demography, and culture. Previous parum malaria in the premodern world, a parasitic ical perspectives must be not only made explicit studies of the Black Death have shown that the disease which poses increased risk to pregnant but also interrogated in terms of how they inform post-Black Death populations had increased women and infants. Comparing fetal individuals forensic anthropological interpretations. survivorship for almost two centuries, likely due to neonates, our skeletal analysis shows the to a combination of factors including a “culling emergence of pathological lesions indicative of effect” on the weakest members of society. hematopoietic disease and nutritional deficien- Though not as deadly as the Black Death, the cies in the very early postpartum period (before 1918 Influenza Pandemic killed an estimated eight weeks). These results suggest high rates 50 million people globally. Demographic studies of maternal infection in the second and third using historical records data show that average

114 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS

US life expectancy decreased by as many as 10 using demographic models consistent with Histological changes in midline basicranial years in the period immediately following the the “additional archaic gene flow” and “dilution” synchondroses across age in Saguinus pandemic. Despite the enormous impact of this hypotheses to test which demographic scenario BRODY WOOD1, HALEY CORBIN3, JANE TAYLOR2, event, it is unclear if and how population health was most consistent with a larger per-individual CHRISTOPHER VINYARD4, JAMES CRAY JR.2, and survivorship changed for those who survived allele count but similar per-population allele count VALERIE B. DELEON5 and TIMOTHY SMITH1 the pandemic. This study tests whether the 1918 in East Asians as compared to Europeans. While 1School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Influenza Pandemic had a lasting impact on neither demographic model individually replicates University, 2Department of Biomedical Education survivorship after 1918. Demographic data were the empirical results, combining these models and Anatomy, The Ohio State College of Medicine, collected on a sample of individuals (N=663) results in an allele distribution across individuals 3Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, who died before and after the 1918 pandemic and populations that is similar to that found in 4Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 5 from the Hamann-Todd documented skeletal modern Eurasians. Therefore, the distribution of Northeast Ohio Medical University, Department of collection. The data were analyzed using Kaplan- Neanderthal alleles across modern Eurasians Anthropology, University of Florida Meier survival curves and logistic regression. is the result of multiple interactions between Previously, the timing at which basicranial Results demonstrate that post-pandemic indi- Neanderthals and modern humans, and gene synchondroses cease growth activity has been viduals have a statistically significant increase flow between modern humans with archaic implicated in development of basicranial angula- in survivorship compared to pre-pandemic indi- ancestry and unadmixed populations. tion in anthropoids, especially humans. However, viduals with post-pandemic individuals living, Kelsey Witt and Fernando Villanea were supported by NIH few primate species have been studied histo- on average, about 5 years longer. These results grant R35GM128946 (to Emilia Huerta-Sanchez) logically. Here, we examine microanatomy of build on previous anthropological studies of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and epidemics, enhancing our understanding of the intrasphenoidal synchondrosis (ISS) at three post- long-term impacts of epidemic events on human Intra-individual variation in the cross-sec- natal stages in a tamarin (Saguinus oedipus).We biology and society. Furthermore, these results tional geometry of the first metatarsal, serially sectioned and stained heads of newborn, are broadly applicable to the current COVID-19 femur, and tibia one-month-old, and juvenile cadaveric tamarins. pandemic, informing predictions of how the JESSICA WOLLMANN and MICHELLE CAMERON The zone of proliferating chondrocytes (ZPC) at SARS-CoV-2 virus may shape population health Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto each age was then assessed for the presence of and demography in years to come. proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA), using Cross-sectional geometric properties (CSGP) immunohistochemistry. Both synchondroses ASU Center for Bioarchaeological Research Pilot Grant; of leg bones can inform about levels of terres- remain patent in all specimens from birth to Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant; American trial mobility. Typically, these analyses focus Association of University Women – American Fellowship juvenile stages. PCNA reactivity is detected in on the femur and tibia, but it is questioned if the ZPC of both synchondroses at all ages. At metatarsals are equally informative. This study the early ages, SOS had better organization than examines femora, tibiae, and first metatarsals to Accounting for Neanderthal ancestry ISS, with more numerous chondrocytes organ- evaluate variation in the CSGP between groups differences in Eurasians using archaic ized into longitudinal rows. The most notable with different mobility patterns and the relation- SNP identification and simulations change across age is a marked reduction in ship between CSGP of bones within the lower limb. KELSEY E. WITT1,2, FERNANDO VILLANEA1,2,3 and cross-sectional area of the ZPC relative to the The sample consists of protohistoric Andaman EMILIA HUERTA-SANCHEZ1,2 total cross-sectional area of both synchondrosis, Islanders (n=28) and Holocene (10,000 – 2,000 1Center for Computational and Molecular Biology, especially in the juvenile compared to the younger BP) Later Stone Age (LSA) Southern Africans Brown University, 2Department of Ecology aged specimens. Furthermore, in the juvenile the (n=36). Data were acquired from past studies of and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, longitudinal rows of proliferating chondrocytes 3 these groups. Mann Whitney U-tests and multivar- Department of Anthropology, University of was reduced to only two to four cells in both iate statistics evaluated variation between groups. Colorado - Boulder synchondroses. Our findings imply synchon- Ordinary least squares regression evaluated the Neanderthal ancestry is found in all modern droses are of greatest importance for promoting intra-individual relationships between CSGP of the Eurasian populations, although it is distributed longitudinal growth in tamarins during infancy. femur, tibia, and first metatarsal. LSA Southern unevenly – East Asians have more Neanderthal Our findings also reveal ISS patency is prolonged Africans had significantly more robust femora and ancestry than Europeans. Multiple demographic in at least one New World primate. In contrast, tibiae, but not first metatarsals, than Andaman models have been suggested to explain this differ- previous work has demonstrated early (perinatal) Islanders. LSA Southern Africans also had a much ence, including additional archaic gene flow from fusion of the ISS in humans. Further work should broader range of variation in CSGP. The strength Neanderthals into the ancestors of modern East determine whether early ISS fusion is a human, or of relationships between the CSGP in the leg is Asians and “dilution” of Neanderthal ancestry in hominoid characteristic. dependent upon loading pattern. Additionally, Europeans due to gene flow from an unadmixed while the femur and tibia are always closely Funded, in part, by National Science Foundation grants modern human population. To attempt to under- related, the relationships to the first metatarsal are BCS-1830919; BCS-1830894. stand this difference, we identified archaic SNPs in variable. LSA Southern Africans are more terres- modern Eurasian human populations (sequenced trially mobile than Andaman Islanders and have a by the 1000 Genomes Project) and compared Evolution of hominin pelvic sexual wider range of variation in their CSGP, but these patterns of individual- and population-specific dimorphism differences are not reflected in first metatarsals. archaic coverage between the European (EUR) MIRELLA A. WOODERT1, VIKTORIA A. KRENN1,2, The femur and tibia experience similar patterns of and East Asian (EAS) populations. While East CINZIA FORNAI1,2, NICOLE M. WEBB1,3 and MARTIN loading, specifically in compression and tension, Asians and Europeans carry approximately the HAEUSLER1 but this loading pattern is different in the first same number of archaic alleles across the popu- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University metatarsal. First metatarsals do not reflect the lation, East Asians have a higher rate of allele of Zurich, 2Department of Evolutionary same biomechanical patterns as seen in the leg. 3 sharing between individuals and therefore a Anthropology, University of Vienna, Department larger number of Neanderthal variants per indi- of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research vidual than Europeans. We then ran simulations Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt

Abstract Book 115 ABSTRACTS

The marked sexual dimorphism in pelvic shape (n=400). The average age of the female cohort The second epidemiological transition: of modern humans is traditionally attributed to a (n=197) was 16.72 years and the average age Survivorship and industrialization in tradeoff between adaptation to bipedal locomo- of the male cohort (n=203) was 15.39 years. As London tion and obstetric sufficiency. Accordingly, sexual expected, females’ progression of puberty was, on SAMANTHA L. YAUSSY1, SHARON N. DEWITTE2 dimorphism is assumed to be minor in great average, earlier than that of males in the sample. and GAIL HUGHES-MOREY3 apes and in small-brained Australopithecus. We Menarche was found to have been achieved by an 1Department of Sociology, Social Work, and therefore hypothesize that pelvic sexual dimor- average age of 16.17 years and males reached Anthropology, Utah State University, 2Department phism correlates with birth difficulty and a tighter deceleration at a mean age of 16.27 years. This of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, cephalopelvic fit during hominin evolution. As the study demonstrates that pubertal growth can be 3Department of Biology, Russell Sage College central portion of the hipbone is best preserved in assessed from CT scans in order to understand The second epidemiological transition describes fossils, we focused our analysis on two sexually adolescent growth in contemporary populations. a shift in the most common causes of death in diagnostic characteristics of modern humans, Detrimental factors known to be associated with human populations from infectious diseases to the greater sciatic notch and the arc composé. membership of marginalized groups such as degenerative (non-communicable) diseases. In Our sample comprised multiple reconstructions low socioeconomic status and food insecurity England, the transition began in the mid-1800s, of A.L. 288-1 and KSD-VP-1/1 (Australopithecus may have delayed skeletal development and the and though there is relatively reliable historical afarensis), Sts 14, Sts 65 and StW 431 (A. afri- onset of puberty of some individuals in the study data on age at death and cause of death following canus), MH1 and MH2 (A. sediba), KNM-WT sample. the transition, there is less information available 15000, KNM-ER 3228 and OH 28 (Homo erectus), regarding age at death in the periods prior to the the Neanderthals from La Chapelle-aux-Saints transition. Previous bioarchaeological work exam- and Kebara, modern humans (n=130), and Pan, Longitudinal body mass variation of indi- ined mortality patterns prior to the transition in Gorilla, and Pongo (n=40). The shape of the viduals from 20 strepsirrhine populations London but relied on conventional age estimates greater sciatic notch and the arc composé was at the Duke Lemur Center that are biased and not informative about demo- quantified on surface models using 3D geometric GABRIEL S. YAPUNCICH graphic patterns at later adult ages (>45 years). In morphometric methods and 6 fixed and 5 sliding Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University this study, we examine the relationship between landmarks. The principal component analysis of Body mass is an important biometric that covaries adult age at death and time period in individuals Procrustes shape coordinates showed a clear with many other ecological variables in primates. from four sites in London (New Churchyard, New separation of the sexes in modern humans driven Although there have been some efforts to quantify Bunhill Fields, St. Bride’s Lower Churchyard, and by greater sciatic notch shape and the presence body mass variation within primate populations, St. Bride’s Church Fleet Street) prior to and during of an arc composé in females, and also the fossil the degree to which body mass varies within an the period of industrialization (c. 1569-1853 CE) hominins plotted according to their presumed individual over their adult lifespan has received using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Adult (>15 sex. The results were independent of the recon- little attention. Here, using historical data, longi- years) age-at-death was estimated using the structions of the fossil remains. In contrast, the tudinal variation in body mass is calculated for method of transition analysis (second edition). great apes showed extensive overlap of the 357 adult individuals representing 20 captive Survival analysis results indicate significantly sexes. This might suggest that obstetric selection strepsirrhine populations at the Duke Lemur lower survivorship among individuals prior to was already present in early hominins including Center. All recorded body masses of an individual industrialization (c. 1569-1670 and 1670-1739 CE) australopithecines. were binned into biannual “seasons” and the time compared to individuals in the industrial period (c. This research was funded by the Swiss National Science intervals with the densest representation within a 1740-1853 CE) (p < 0.001). These results suggest Foundation (Grant No. 31003A_176319) population (a minimum of eight seasonal obser- that, in London, survivorship was improving in vations of eight individuals) were identified for the mid- or late 18th century, prior to the recog- analysis. Body masses measured during known nized beginning of the second epidemiological Identifying the timing of puberty in a illnesses or pregnancies were excluded. In most transition itself and resulting in older mean ages modern skeletal sample from the United populations (n=17), mean individual coefficients at death for individuals in the industrial period States of variation (CVs) were constrained between compared to previous centuries. JORDAN T. WRIGHT and JONATHAN D. BETHARD 4.96 and 8.26. Cheirogaleids, which experience Funding was provided by the National Science Anthropology, University of South Florida large fluctuations of body mass associated with Foundation (BCS-1649757), SPARC Graduate Research Biological anthropologists investigate the onset seasonal torpor, exhibited substantially larger Grant (University of South Carolina), and the University of and progression of puberty in order to gain insight individual longitudinal CVs (Cheirogaleus medius: South Carolina Office of the Vice President for Research. into marked social changes surrounding the tran- 12.49; Microcebus murinus: 14.01). Daubentonia sition to adulthood in both contemporary and individuals showed less longitudinal variation Leveraging the Language of Modern Video past populations. It is well known that numerous (2.49) than other strepsirrhines. There were no Creation in Science Engagement factors influence the pubertal growth spurt and significant correlations between individual CVs 1 the implication of this reality is important for and individual body mass. Across all populations, KATRINA E. YEZZI-WOODLEY and SAMANTHA T. 2 biological anthropologists interested in contem- females exhibited significantly greater longitu- PORTER 1 2 porary human skeletal biology, as well as for those dinal variation (median CV=7.17) than males Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Liberal researchers interested in understanding how (median CV=5.84). On average, individual CVs Arts Technologies and Innovation Services, University of Minnesota pubertal growth has changed over time. Recent were 63% as large as CVs calculated across the work by Henderson and Padez (2017) examined population, so that throughout their adult life, indi- All forms of media, from academic journal articles, pubertal timing in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal viduals achieved approximately two thirds of the to television and film have their own “language.” collection and demonstrated that females variation observed across a population at any one This language is the unique way words and matured faster than males. In this study, skel- time. Overall, these results highlight the dynamic visuals are used to convey meaning. Regular etal markers of puberty described by Lewis et nature of body mass in adult strepsirrhines. consumers of these media become versed in al. (2015) were recorded from CT scans drawn these languages, even if they are not consciously from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database aware. Thus, if a piece of media breaks from the

116 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS expected language the reader / viewer can find potentially related to anti-predator strategies. We Changing patterns of variability in human it jarring, perplexing, or simply uninteresting. For observed two sleeping tree individuals used by lower limb skeleton during growth and the example, bad film editing and cinematography different gibbon groups during the study period, implications for human evolution can produce a viscerally negative or derisively indicating the likely absence of strong compe- AN-DI YIM1 and CHARLES C. ROSEMAN2 humorous reaction in viewers. tition over sleeping trees. Our results indicate 1Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois that sleeping trees might be a limited resource, 2 Like the forms of media mentioned above, at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Evolution, although not limited enough to be a subject of modern social media content platforms have Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at severe competition in Javan gibbons. their languages and tropes. In order to effectively Urbana-Champaign leverage these platforms for science commu- Funding for this research was provided by the Amore A population’s response to natural selection is nication, one must also become fluent in these Pacific Foundation and Ewha Womans University. dependent on the variational properties of its languages. In this poster, we synthesize common phenotype. While the variational properties of elements of the language of YouTube. Specifically, Toward the understanding of dietary adap- human limb skeleton are well-studied in adults, we list and provide examples of common tion of Gigantopithecus blacki: A bite force it is currently unknown whether or how variation elements of popular vlog style videos, for example, analysis on lower postcanine dentition changes during ontogeny (growth and develop- cut-aways, pop-ups, animations, editor commen- ment) within or among different groups. This tary, and reaction videos. We demonstrate how ZHIXING YI study compares the cross-sectional variance-co- these elements can be leveraged to create videos School of Earth Sciences, China University of variance (VCV) matrices of femur and tibia linear on human evolution that are engaging to modern Geosciences (Wuhan) measurements across different age stages in a viewers, particularly youth, by creating a video Objective: Bite force (BF) is an important indi- sample of two contemporary groups of different using an example from paleoanthropology. cator in dietary reconstruction. The bite force was geographic origins (n = 650 for South African By providing a starting lexicon of this language, we systematically analyzed for mandibular cheek children aged 0-15 years; n = 791 for American hope to aid science communicators in creating teeth of Gigantopithecus blacki. children aged 0-18 years). We found that VCV matrices of the two groups are highly correlated engaging content for a younger social media Methods and Materials: Sixteen permanent in corresponding age stages (r ranges for femur: savvy audience. mandibular teeth (Chuifeng cave and Mohui Cave, 0.912-0.999; for tibia: 0.973-0.996) except for Guangxi, China) were scanned by micro-com- Funding for this project was provided by the IF/THEN? the juvenile period (7-11 years of age, r = 0.750 initiative of Lyda Hill Philanthropies. puterized tomography, followed by routine for femur, 0.713 for tibia), this is consistent with processes to generate virtual mesial sections. juvenile growth period being more variable, both in Two parameters, cuspal enamel thickness (CET) timing and growth rate. Additionally, we found the Javan gibbons select their sleeping trees and dentine horn angle (DHA), were measured VCV matrices change drastically during growth to avoid predation and not because of on the functional cusp of mesial sections. A for both groups. Using relative eigenanalysis intraspecific competition based on long- recent study, using both fracture experiments to visualize the change of VCV matrix in covar- term data and Finite Element Analysis, demonstrated that iance space, we found that VCV matrices of the YOONJUNG YI1,2, AHYUN CHOI2, RAHAYU bite force can be estimated on tooth cusp and a two samples move through covariance space OKTAVIANI3, SAEIN LEE2, HYEIN JO3 and JAE C. corresponding equation, linking BF to CET and differently in both breakdown by age stage and CHOE3 DHA, was proposed. This method was adopted to breakdown by year comparison. The results show 1College of biology and environment, Nanjing assess BF. Forestry University, 2Interdisciplinary Program of that the covariance structure of human limb skel- Results: The average molar BF is 1512N, which EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, 3Division of eton is not constant during growth, and that each EcoScience, Ewha Womans University is larger than taxonomically broad primate taxa. group has its unique patterns of change. This indi- Besides, G. blacki shows a distal-ward reduction cates natural selection will have differing effects Sleeping related behaviors are critical for individual in BF, with the average BF of premolar (2217N) across different age stages and in different fitness in relation to predation and/or intraspecific being approximately 1.5 times that of molar. This groups. competition. We conducted a long-term study distal-ward BF reduction is mainly attributed to to investigate characteristics of sleeping trees in This work is supported by the National Science the distal-ward DHA increment, but not to the Foundation (NSF BSC 1945797) and the Wenner-Gren a diurnal primate, the Javan gibbon (Hylobates slight distal-ward CET increment. moloch) in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Foundation for Anthropological Research (Dissertation Fieldwork Grant 9868). Indonesia. We collected data on sleeping trees Discussion: In a new way, the great BF strength- from three habituated gibbon groups over 392 ened previous consensus that G. blacki is capable days (n = 910 data points) from 2014 to 2020. of consuming food that hard to crush/ abrade. Investigating the relationship between the During the study period, gibbons used 35 tree The significant BF difference between premolar mental and mandibular foramina, tooth species and preferred relatively tall and thick trees and molar suggests their different roles in feeding root surface areas, and diet (i.e. Altingia excelsa:62%, Lithocarpus sundaicus: processes. A possible scenario is that hard food is CAITLIN B. YOAKUM and CLAIRE E. TERHUNE 12%). Adult females and males from the same crushed into small particles by premolars owing Anthropology, University of Arkansas group slept on different trees in 84% of cases. to larger BF and the subsequent grinding process Even though the gibbons reused 27% of sleeping is mainly performed by molars due to larger The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) enters the trees more than once, 70% of reused trees were occlusal surface area. mandible via the mandibular foramen, supplies reused only once, suggesting that they have nervous sensation to the mandibular teeth, and relatively numerous sleeping trees. They also exits via the mental foramen to supply all sensa- reused sleeping trees at least several months tion to the lower lips and gums. While some later. Moreover, as in other Hylobates species, research has examined the relationship between the Javan gibbons did not move once they sat on mental foramen diameter and diet, little work has the sleeping trees, suggesting that their sleeping examined the relationship between diet, tooth root tree selection and sleeping related behaviors are surface area, and the cross-sectional area (CSA)

Abstract Book 117 ABSTRACTS

of both the mental and mandibular foramina. identity. This assimilation was likely concomitant for Forensic Imaging at the University of New While the enamel surface of teeth is the primary with genetic admixture that assured the biological Mexico. The sample includes 44 females and 48 interaction point with food items, the tooth roots viability of these small-scale communities and males, aged 0-21 years. I collected three-dimen- are the anchors within the mandible that provide contributed to successful adaptation and, eventu- sional landmark coordinate data representing support and nerve/vessel pathways. This study ally, population growth. thoracic shape in SlicerMorph and completed aims to examine the relationship between the geometric morphometric analyses in R mental and mandibular foramina and root surface Geomorph and Morpho. Results from a two-block area, and the relationship between the root surface Assessing Asymmetry in the Platyrrhine partial least squares analysis indicate significant area and diet in 49 species of primates (n =126). Postcrania covariation (p=.001) between the upper and lower

PGLS regressions for all tooth classes (M1, P4, C1, LIAM M. ZACHARY and LESLEY H. EASON ribcage across ontogeny, with both regions most

I1) found significant relationships between root Anthropology, University of Arkansas prominently showing mediolateral expansion, 2 surface area and mandibular length (p < 0.001, R Postcranial skeletons are rare in the primate fossil increased rib curvature, and rib lowering with = M1:0.88, P4:0.83; C1:0.91; I1:0.89). A PGLS for root record. In this context, determining whether left age increase. The first latent variable explains surface area and foramen CSA showed significant and right specimens of the same skeletal element 95.9% of the total covariation. A comparison of relationships for both the mandibular foramen belong to the same individual is important for slopes between males and females shows similar 2 (p<.005; R = M1:0.91, P4:0.89, C1:0.73, I1:0.80) and accurate paleobiological reconstructions of taxa. patterns of upper and lower ribcage covariation. 2 mental foramen (p<0.001, R = M1:0.63, P4:0.63; A better understanding of the degree of postcra- The magnitudes of this covariation in sex-specific C1:0.68; I1:0.60). No significant relationships were nial asymmetry in extant primate clades can aid two-block partial least squares analyses are also found between root surface area and primary diet, in these determinations. Here, asymmetry was similar. These results suggest that the observed though results hinted at a relationship between assessed in paired (left and right) postcranial thoracic dimorphism in adults does not stem molar and incisor root surface area and frugivo- elements of platyrrhines using three-dimensional from sex differences in upper and lower ribcage rous and folivorous secondary diets. This study geometric morphometrics (3DGM). Paired skel- covariation across ontogeny. A common relation- provides a framework for future work examining etal elements belonging to the same individual ship between thoracic size and shape in males the relationship between the above hard-tissues, were predicted to be morphologically more and females of this sample suggests that allom- the surrounding soft-tissues, and the IAN. similar to each other than to elements belonging etry plays a key role in adult sex differences in This work was funded in part by NSF SBE Doctoral to different individuals. Homologous landmarks thoracic shape. Dissertation Improvement Grant #1944642. were collected on the left and right talus and distal humerus of four atelid species (n=4). Landmark A reassessment of the variability of Homo sets were collected twice, and both trials were Assessing the migration of early farmers erectus: the case of analyzing different included in subsequent analyses to assess the in the American Southwest through biolog- cranial regions impact of intraobserver error. Trials on the same ical and cultural markers CHI ZHANG specimen cluster together in the PCA plot of the 1,2 1,2 AARON J. YOUNG and JAMES T. WATSON GPA-aligned coordinates, and the left and right Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh 1School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, specimen pairs are clearly separated along the Most previous geometric morphometric anal- 2 Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona PCA axes. The results suggest that for platyrrhine yses (GMAs) have consistently shown that Homo The biological consequences of migration tali and distal humeri, left and right pairs can be erectus is less variable than Homo sapiens or increase the genetic and phenotypic diversity matched using 3DGM. Results also support the various non-human primate species based on and resilience among small-scale communities. use of samples with both left and right tali and analyzing variations in overall cranial shapes. Differences in the presence of projectile point distal humeri for comparative morphological Less attention has been paid to individual cranial type during the Early Agricultural period (EAP) analyses. However, homologous landmarks may bones. Therefore, this study examines whether (2100 BC-AD 50) in the American Southwest indi- not be the best method for evaluating postcranial GMAs focusing on different cranial regions can cate that migration likely occurred from northern asymmetry because there were instances where yield differential variabilities of Homo erectus. Mexico into the Tucson Basin. A projectile point, error on the same specimen exceeded differences For this purpose, semilandmark and landmark endemic to northern Mexico, appeared in the between left and right specimens. Further study is datasets that cover the entire cranium, the Tucson Basin during the early San Pedro phase of needed to assess postcranial asymmetry in other posterior cranium, the temporal region, and the the EAP and disappeared from the Basin during primate clades and skeletal elements. frontal region were collected from 3D models of the following phases. The authors test this migra- fossil and extant hominin crania (including 35 tion hypothesis by comparing mortuary patterns Homo sapiens crania). Variability within a group among sites in the Tucson Basin and northern Upper and lower ribcage covariation is calculated as the sum of pairwise Procrustes Sonora. Our comparison indicates that groups across ontogeny in human males and distances (SSD) between specimens. To deter- at both geographic locations practiced a unique females mine whether Homo erectus is significantly more mortuary pattern. Mortuary patterns for indi- SARAH M. ZALESKI variable than Homo sapiens, the SSD of Homo viduals postdating the early San Pedro phase in Anthropology, University of Florida erectus is compared with 10,000 SSDs of Homo the Tucson Basin are dominated by flexed body Previous research has shown that sexual dimor- sapiens randomly generated by the bootstrap position (89%) and north-south orientation (64%). phism in human adult thoracic morphology method. Principal component analysis (PCA) was These patterns are not present among individuals relates to divergent growth trajectories between used to visualize patterns and degree of overall from northern Sonora or individuals in the Tucson males and females. Other research demonstrates variations among individual specimens. Results Basin dating to the early San Pedro phase. These that the upper and lower thoracic regions differ show that the temporal and frontal bones of findings support that migration into the Tucson in ontogenetic shape change. The current study Homo erectus are significantly more variable than Basin during the early part of the EAP likely tests for sex differences in upper and lower Homo sapiens, whereas the entire and posterior occurred, which resulted in the display of a distinct ribcage covariation across ontogeny using dece- cranial shapes are not. This incompatibility is likely social identity that then disappeared due to the dent computed tomography data from the Center because the analyses of individual bones place assimilation of groups into the dominant local more weight on small-scale, localized variations

118 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS than do the analyses of the entire and posterior Determinants and influences of infant cranium, as demonstrated by PCA. Overall, this spatial relationships with adult males in a study suggests that future GMAs should also wild primate: a mechanism for intergener- analyze individual cranial bones and localized vari- ational transmission of early adversity? ations to provide a comprehensive understanding MATTHEW N. ZIPPLE1, CHELSEA A. of Homo erectus variability. SOUTHWORTH2, STEFANIE P. CLINTON1, ELIZABETH A. ARCHIE2,3 and SUSAN C. ALBERTS1,3,4 1Biology, Duke University, 2Biology, University Intraspecific Shape Variation in the of Notre Dame, 3Institute of Primate Research, Primate Cranium and Mandible: a National Museums of Kenya, 4Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics Approach Anthropology, Duke University 1,2,3 3,4,5 JULIA M. ZICHELLO , CHRIS ROBINSON and A primate infant’s experience during early life is CHARLES ROSEMAN6 heavily influenced by characteristics of its biotic 1 Department of Natural Sciences, College of Mount environment, including characteristics of its Saint Vincent, 2Division of Anthropology, American mother and its broader social environment. For Museum of Natural History, 3New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, CUNY, 4Department example, infant baboons are more likely to die if of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community their mothers experienced high levels of early life College, 5Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The adversity. These intergenerational effects may be Graduate Center, CUNY, 6Department of Evolution, mediated by differences in the social environment Ecology and Behavior, University of Illinois at experienced by infants born to mothers that expe- Urbana-Champaign rienced high levels of early adversity. Adult males Identifying patterns of cranio-mandibular shape play an especially important role in infants’ experi- variation within extant primate species is central ence by providing protection and a zone of relative to understanding the processes that influence safety in which an infant can develop. Here we morphological evolution. Here we use a quanti- present the most detailed analysis to date of the tative genetics approach which brings together determinants of the immediate adult male social population genetic data with intraspecific environment that infants experience and the influ- cranio-mandibular shape data. The central aim is ences of adult males on a wide range of infant to determine if taxa with more shape variation in behaviors. We show that the average number of the skull are also those that are more genetically adult males within 5m of infant baboons is signif- diverse at neutral loci. We quantified intraspecific icantly repeatable over time (R = 0.15) and that shape variation in the primate cranium, and the this repeatability is partially explained by the levels mandible, in 11 extant hominoid taxa using 3D of early life adversity experienced by the infant’s geometric morphometrics. Two major objectives mother. We also show that the number of adult of this study are: 1) determine if the magnitude males in close proximity to an infant predicts of intraspecific shape variation in the mandible a wide range of fundamental infant behavioral is congruent with neutral genetic diversity (π) for traits, including the mother-infant spatial relation- each taxon. 2) Compare results from the cranium ship, infant activity budgets, and the frequency of to those from the mandible. Previous work has both positive and negative social interactions with shown that cranial vault shape variation within non-mothers. Our results are consistent with the hominoids is consistent with neutral genetic possibility that the effects of maternal early life diversity. Surprisingly, our results here show that adversity can be transmitted, in part, via differ- the magnitude of shape variation in the hominoid ences in the early life social environments that mandible is also largely congruent with neutral infants of high-adversity mothers experience. genetic diversity. This is unexpected given the Behavioral data collection was funded by grants from the selective and developmental pressures on the Leakey Foundation, NSF (Bio Antrho DDRIG: #1826215), mandible related to mastication. Importantly and the Duke University Population Research Institute though, humans are the exception and do not (NIA P30 award) follow this pattern. Mandibular shape variation in humans exceeds the expectations of neutrality. We hypothesize that greater shape variation in the human mandible compared to other primates is driven by human dietary heterogeneity. This quantitative approach can further decipher how evolutionary processes have shaped the extant primate skull and provide a new lens for under- standing shape variation within extinct hominin species. This research was funded by NSF BSC 1515053

Abstract Book 119