Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45600-5 — Assembly of the Executive Mind Michael W. Hoffmann Index More Information Index abaragnosis, 35 Alvarez bolide impact theory, anosognosia, 196, 198–199 abstract art 21 Antarctic ice sheet response to, 207–208 Alzheimer’s disease, 10, 70, periods of expansion, 36 abstract thought, 58 71, 82, 102, 126, 128, 146, Antarctica, 19, 30, 32 abulia, 54, 91 154, 201, 209, 214 anterior cingulate circuit, 54 Acanthostega, 18 acetylcholine deficit, 78 anthropoids, 36 acetylcholine, 53, 78, 146, 147 amyloid hypothesis, 140 definition, 36 effects of depletion, 146 amyloid-β accumulation antisocial personality disorder, functions and evolutionary and sleep disturbance, 56 role, 79 157 anxiety action observation treatment, default mode network evolution of the mammalian 182 (DMN) and, 127 fear module, 22–23 Adapidae, 29 music therapy, 175 anxiety disorders, 56 addictions, 192 network dysfunction and, apathy, 54, 91 addictive behavior 62 ape–monkey divergence, 36 dopamine and the reward vascular dysregulation aphasia, 70, 97, 98, 201 pathway, 197–198 hypothesis, 140 Apollo 11 cave, Namibia, 110 Aegyptopithecus, 36, 37 amantadine, 10, 198 apotemnophilia, 199 Afar basin, 60 for severe TBI, 182–183 apraxia, 28, 98 Africa American football aqua–arboreal phase, 195 early primate species, 36–38 repetitive brain injury and aqua–arboreal theory of Miocene fossils, 36–37 CTE, 131–132 bipedalism, 39–40 African Middle Stone Age amino acids, 15, 16 dietary and nutritional (AMSA), 110 amoebae factors, 44–45 African Rift valley formation, adaptive responses, 16 support for, 40–43 32 amputation aquatic ape hypothesis, 38, Africans brain networks and, 66 39 evolution of, 112–114 amusia, 176 arachidonic acid (AA), 45 Afrotheria, 37 amygdala, 194, 199, 205, 207, arboreal way of life, 21 aging 214 archaea, 15 maintaining brain health, effects of stress, 144–145 archeology, 1 210–211 amyloid-β accumulation evidence for increased brain agraphesthesia, 35 effects of sleep disturbance, intra-connectivity, 115–118 airline pilots 157 Archeulean technology, 101, sleep disruption, 214 anarchic hand syndromes, 107 akinetic mutism, 54, 91 96, 200 Archicebus achilles, 21 alcohol consumption anatomically modern humans archosaurs, 18 evolutionary factors, 22 evolutionary origin, 109–112 Arctic Pond, 32 alexithymia, 54, 91 social complexity and brain Ardèche Gorge cave art, alien hand syndromes, 101–102, development, 118–120 France, 119 196, 200 ancient cave rock paintings, 1 arithmetic skills, 59 corpus callosal variant, angiosperm evolution, 27 repurposed brain circuitry, 200 anhedonia, 91 61 frontal variant, 200 animal-assisted therapy and Arnsten, Amy, 149 ictal variant, 200 interventions, 172 arousal disorders, 57 posterior parietal variant, anisodiaphoria, 209 arteriovenous malformation, 200 annelids, 17 7 alogia, 91 anosodiaphoria, 198 arthropods, 17 219 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45600-5 — Assembly of the Executive Mind Michael W. Hoffmann Index More Information 220 Index artistic ability Balint’s syndrome, 28, 101 comparative neuroanatomy, emergent expertise, 102 Bar-On Emotional Intelligence 64–66 hyperfunction syndromes, Test, 4 Brain Age, 176 200–201 basal ganglia–thalamocortical brain connectivity arts circuitry, 127 diet as driver, 115 repurposed brain circuitry, Begun, David, 37, 38 link with socialization, 61 behavior 196 value of interdisciplinary appearance of modern brain connectome collaboration, 207–208 behavior, 118–120 brain hardware vital Asians Behavior Rating Inventory statistics, 71 evolution of, 112–114 of Executive Function clues from neurological asociality, 91 (BRIEF), 4, 9 lesions, 137–138 asomatognosia, 198 behavioral abnormalities, 57 components of, 51 Asperger’s syndrome, 71 behavioral inheritance, 81–82 effects of hub failure, 206 aspirin, 209 Bereitschaftspotential, 197 evidence for the network astereognosis, 35 bilaterians, 17 configuration, 70 asteroid impact bioinformatics, 141 evolutionary development, 66 million years ago, 19 biophilia, 171–172 71 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) bipedalism, 22, 38, 195 high-value hubs, 70–71 extinction event, 21 aqua–arboreal theory, 39–40 interaction with complex astrocytes, 70 origins of, 38–40, 59 networks, 140 functions of, 74 range of theories about interaction with other subtypes, 73–74 origins, 43 networks, 71 astroglial networks, 70, 71–72 Savannah hypothesis, 38–39 major macroscopic astrogliosis, 133 support for the aqua- hardwired tracts, 52–53 ataxia arboreal theory, 40–43 neurochemical tracts, 53–54 inherited syndromes, 57 bipolar disorder, 78, 146, 150, neurodegenerative disease atelids, 38, 39 214 and, 71 Atlantic Meridional birds, 18 non-conscious activity, 71 Overturning Circulation evolution, 21 brain connectome mapping, (AMOC), 11, 32 Blind Man’s Stick hypothesis, 138–139 attention, 91–92 206 intrinsic functional attention deficit hyperactivity blindsight connectivity, 139–140 disorder (ADHD), 146 evolutionary explanations, brain development attention disorders, 57 23 evolutionary legacy, 205–211 attentional network, 127 Blombos cave, South Africa, potential for future Aurignacian culture, 112 58, 109, 116, 206 development, 205–211 Australians blood–brain barrier, 71, 74 rhythms of life, 205 evolution of, 112–114 Blue Earth phase, 15 brain electrographic devices, australopithecines, 36, 40, 78, blue green algae, 15 180–182 98, 107, 118 Bodo skull (Ethiopia), 89, 108 brain evolution Australopithecus afarenesis body clocks, 205 changes at macro- and (Lucy), 42 body dysmorphic disorder, 55 microscales, 74–76 autism, 78, 82, 126, 214 body hair in mammals, 19 cranial development, 17 autonomic dysfunction, 55 body integration disorder, development of the autonomy 199 premotor and ventral loss of environmental body integrity identity premotor cortices, 32 autonomy, 55, 192 disorder, 196 diet and nutritional autononetic memory, 196 body size requirements, 44–45 autopsy-verified lesion factors in body size increase, encephalization quotient locality, 4 17–18 (EQ), 19–20 autoscopy, 196, 197 Bond events, 12 epigenetic factors, 44–45 bonobo chimpanzees, 38, 40, human legacy from primate baboons, 43 46 lineage, 46–47 baclofen, 198 Boston Crowbar case, 3 influence of climate change, bacteria, 15 bottlenose dolphin 11–12 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-45600-5 — Assembly of the Executive Mind Michael W. Hoffmann Index More Information Index 221 lateral geniculate nucleus brain–machine interfaces, 206 cancer, 28, 208 (LGN), 23 brain maturation Capgras syndrome, 56, 99, 199 networking evolution of the considerations in Carboniferous period, 19 human mind, 124–125 adolescents, 213–215 cardiovascular disease, 28, 208 neurotransmitter systems, 17 brain network organization risk factors, 205 notochord development, 17 assessing network integrity, Cassirer, Ernst, 82 pinniped brain capabilities, 66 catarrhines, 31, 35, 36, 37 46 challenges of brain Cefaly device, 181–182 prefrontal cortex (PFC) enlargement, 61–62 cell-to-cell signaling, 15 development, 32–35 changes at macro- and in ancient prokaryotes, 15 progressive enlargement in microscales, 74–76 cellular agility, 16 early mammals, 19–21 cognitive evolution, 77–78 cellular evolution repurposed neural circuitry, contemporary hypotheses, ability to adapt, 16 61 125 complex cells (eukaryotes), six-layer cortex, 22, 27–28 diagnostic tools, 66 15–16 social complexity as driver, effects of network development of cellular 118–120 dysfunction, 62 structures, 16 superior colliculus (SC) evolutionary sequence, 63 features of ancient system, 22–23 high-value hubs, 61 unicellular prokaryotes, brain fitness rules, 154, 198, imaging modalities, 66 15 205, 206, 212 influences from nature and transition to multicellular brain food, 166–171 nurture, 62 forms, 16 avoiding what the body large-scale cerebral cellular signaling does not need, 169 networks, 62 cyclic AMP, 16 intermittent metabolic lattice topology, 61 cephalization (head switching (IMS), 168 mosaic evolution and brain formation), 17 Mediterranean diet, 166–167, reorganization, 77 cerebellar cognitive affective 169 neurological disease and, syndrome, 57, 102 microbiome awareness and 137 cerebellar cognitive dysmetria, monitoring, 169–170 potential locations for 102 proposed evolution-based consciousness, 62–63 cerebellar syndrome, 57 diet, 170–171 random topology model, 61 cerebellum recommended key brain plasticity, 206 evolutionary expansion, performance indicators, brain processing 59–61 171 astrocyte subtypes, 73–74 cerebral small-vessel disease, relation of nutrition to sleep astroglial networks, 71–72 140 and exercise, 169 functions of astrocytes, 74 cerebral torpor, 91 six taste senses, 168 glioneuronal unit, 72–73 cerebrovascular disease, 28 what the body needs, gliotransmission, 71–72 disease modifying 168–169 microglia, 73 therapies, 210–211 brain health quadripartite synapses, 73 cetaceans considerations at different brain size comparative neuroanatomy, ages, 213–215 relation to intelligence, 82 63–66 disease modifying BrainHQ, 10, 176 Chauvet cave art, France, therapies, 210–211 Broca, Paul, 209 110 brain intra-connectivity Broca’s aphasia, 3, 209 chemical elements archeological evidence, Brodmann, Korbinian, 138 origins of, 15 115–118 Brodmann areas, 138 Chicxulub crater, Gulf of brain lesions Brodmann’s area 10 (BA10). Mexico, 21, 27 contribution of See frontopolar cortex chimpanzees, 40, 43, 73, 76,