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Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize Winners Part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin
Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize winners part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin By Cambridge News | Posted: January 18, 2016 By Adam Care The News has been rounding up all of Cambridge's 92 Nobel Laureates, celebrating over 100 years of scientific and social innovation. ADVERTISING In this installment we move from 1951 to 1974, a period which saw a host of dramatic breakthroughs, in biology, atomic science, the discovery of pulsars and theories of global trade. It's also a period which saw The Eagle pub come to national prominence and the appearance of the first female name in Cambridge University's long Nobel history. The Gender Pay Gap Sale! Shop Online to get 13.9% off From 8 - 11 March, get 13.9% off 1,000s of items, it highlights the pay gap between men & women in the UK. Shop the Gender Pay Gap Sale – now. Promoted by Oxfam 1. 1951 Ernest Walton, Trinity College: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei 2. 1951 John Cockcroft, St John's / Churchill Colleges: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei Walton and Cockcroft shared the 1951 physics prize after they famously 'split the atom' in Cambridge 1932, ushering in the nuclear age with their particle accelerator, the Cockcroft-Walton generator. In later years Walton returned to his native Ireland, as a fellow of Trinity College Dublin, while in 1951 Cockcroft became the first master of Churchill College, where he died 16 years later. 3. 1952 Archer Martin, Peterhouse: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for developing partition chromatography 4. -
Penicillin's Discovery and Antibiotic Resistance
YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 90 (2017), pp.135-145. Perspectives Penicillin’s Discovery and Antibiotic Resistance: Lessons for the Future? Mariya Lobanovska* and Giulia Pilla* Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Undoubtedly, the discovery of penicillin is one of the greatest milestones in modern medicine. 2016 marks the 75th anniversary of the first systemic administration of penicillin in humans, and is therefore an occasion to reflect upon the extraordinary impact that penicillin has had on the lives of millions of people since. This perspective presents a historical account of the discovery of the wonder drug, describes the biological nature of penicillin, and considers lessons that can be learned from the golden era of antibiotic research, which took place between the 1940s and 1960s. Looking back at the history of penicillin might help us to relive this journey to find new treatments and antimicrobial agents.This is particularly relevant today as the emergence of multiple drug resistant bacteria poses a global threat, and joint efforts are needed to combat the rise and spread of resistance. FLEMING’S DISCOVERY AND OXFORD’S Experimental Pathology in 1929 [2], where he showed BREAKTHROUGH 1928 TO 1941 that penicillin is able to inhibit bacterial growth in vitro. Fleming thought that penicillin could be useful as a local The discovery of penicillin was much more than just antiseptic, but did not manage to purify penicillin or char- a lucky accident, although it did start with a mistake. In acterize its activity [1,3]. 1928, after returning from holiday, Alexander Fleming, Fleming’s article on penicillin served as a basis for a bacteriologist working at St. -
ACA 2009 Toronto, Ontario Bruker AXS
AMERICAN CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION Number 2 Summer 2009 ACA 2009 Toronto, Ontario Bruker AXS HELIOS MX MULTILAYER OPTICS The Ultimate Optic for Protein Crystallography Bruker AXS Inc.‘s HELIOS MX delivers next generation multilayer optics technology that has twice the signal-to-noise ratio of previously available optics. The HELIOS MX optics feature optimized divergence for cell axis up to approximately 150 Å with capability to quickly reduce divergence allowing resolution of large unit cells with axis up to and beyond 450 Å. The HELIOS MX delivers superior data quality from your weakest diffracting samples. www.bruker-axs.com • 1-800-234-XRAY • [email protected] think forward Crystallography American Crystallographic Association ACA HOME PAGE: www.amercrystalassn.org Table of Contents 2 President’s Column 3 Notes from the Treasurer 4 News from Canada 6 ACA Balance Sheet 7 Awards and Notices 8 Les Lessinger (1943-2009) 8-10 Fred Richards (1925-2009) 10 Robert Newnham (1929-2009) 12 Audrey Rossmann (1928-2009) 14-15 ACA Awards -Who was Peggy Etter 16 Texas Teaching Standards on Evolution 17 News from South America 18 WebCS - Cambridge Online 20-21 PSI-SG Knowledgebase 21-22 6th Annual SER-CAT Symposium 24-25 Book Reviews 26-30 President Obama Speaks at the NAS 30 Galileoscopes 31 ACA Corporate Members 32-40 Candidates for ACA Offices in 2010 42 ACA 2009 - Travel Grantees Contributors to this Issue 43 ACA 2009 - SIG Lecturers - Sponsors - Exhibitors 44 Calendar of Future Meetings Index of Advertisers What’s on the Cover Contributions to ACA RefleXions may be sent to either of the Editors: Please address matters pertaining to advertisements, membership inquiries, or use of the ACA mailing list to: Connie Rajnak ......................................... -
James A. Mccloskey, Jr
CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION JAMES A. MCCLOSKEY, JR. Transcript of Interviews Conducted by Michael A. Grayson at the McCloskeys’ Home Helotes, Texas on 19 and 20 March 2012 (With Subsequent Corrections and Additions) James A. McCloskey, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This oral history is one in a series initiated by the Chemical Heritage Foundation on behalf of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. The series documents the personal perspectives of individuals related to the advancement of mass spectrometric instrumentation, and records the human dimensions of the growth of mass spectrometry in academic, industrial, and governmental laboratories during the twentieth century. This project is made possible through the generous support of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. This oral history is designated Free Access. Please note: Users citing this interview for purposes of publication are obliged under the terms of the Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) Center for Oral History to credit CHF using the format below: James A. McCloskey, Jr., interview by Michael A. Grayson at the McCloskeys’ home, Helotes, Texas, 19-20 March 2012 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # 0702). Chemical Heritage Foundation Center for Oral History 315 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) serves the community of the chemical and molecular sciences, and the wider public, by treasuring the past, educating the present, and inspiring the future. CHF maintains a world-class collection of materials that document the history and heritage of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries; encourages research in CHF collections; and carries out a program of outreach and interpretation in order to advance an understanding of the role of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries in shaping society. -
TRAPPING a STAR in a MAGNETIC DOUGHNUT the Physics of Magnetic Confinement Fusion
Spring 2016, Number 8 Department of Physics Newsletter TRAPPING A STAR IN A MAGNETIC DOUGHNUT The physics of magnetic confinement fusion RATTLING DARK MATTER THE CAGE: IN OUR GALAXY Making new superconductors Novel dynamics is bringing the Galaxy's and gravitational waves: using lasers dark matter into much sharper focus a personal reaction ALUMNI STORIES EVENTS PEOPLE Richard JL Senior and Elspeth Garman Remembering Dick Dalitz; Oxford Five minutes with Geoff Stanley; reflect on their experiences celebrates Nobel Prize; Physics Challenge Awards and Prizes Day and many more events www.physics.ox.ac.uk SCIENCE NEWS SCIENCE NEWS www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research Prof James Binney FRS Right: Figure 2. The red arrows show the direction of the Galaxy’s gravitational field by our current DARK MATTER reckoning. The blue lines show the direction the field would have if the disc were massless. The mass © JOHN CAIRNS JOHN © IN OUR GALAXY of the disc tips the field direction In the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics novel dynamics is towards the equatorial plane. A more massive disc would tip it bringing the Galaxy's dark matter into much sharper focus further. Far right: Figure 3. The orbits in In 1937 Fritz Zwicky pointed out that in clusters of clouds of hydrogen to large distances from the centre of the R plane of two stars that both galaxies like that shown in Fig. 1, galaxies move much NGC 3198. The data showed that gas clouds moved on z move past the Sun with a speed of faster than was consistent with estimates of the masses perfectly circular orbits at a speed that was essentially 72 km s−1. -
The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 4 June 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0035.v1 Be introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): the great-grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor) Francisco Prosdocimi1*, Marco V José2 and Sávio Torres de Farias3* 1 Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e de Sistemas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 2 Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, Mexico. 3 Laboratório de Genética Evolutiva Paulo Leminsk, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of Darwin idea of common ancestry. The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) has been normally considered as the ancestor of cellular organisms that originated the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Recent studies about the nature of LUCA indicate that this first organism should present hundreds of genes and a complex metabolism. Trying to bring another of Darwin ideas into the origins of life discussion, we went back into the prebiotic chemistry trying to understand how LUCA could be originated 1 © 2018 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 4 June 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0035.v1 under gradualist assumptions. Along this line of reasoning, it became clear to us that the definition of another ancestral should be of particular relevance to the understanding about the emergence of biological systems. -
Beyond the Big Bang • the Amazon's Lost Civilizations • the Truth
SFI Bulletin winter 2006, vol. 21 #1 Beyond the Big Bang • The Amazon’s Lost Civilizations • The Truth Behind Lying The Bulletin of the Santa Fe Institute is published by SFI to keep its friends and supporters informed about its work. The Santa Fe Institute is a private, independent, multidiscipli- nary research and education center founded in 1984. Since its founding, SFI has devoted itself to creating a new kind of sci- entific research community, pursuing emerging synthesis in science. Operating as a visiting institution, SFI seeks to cat- alyze new collaborative, multidisciplinary research; to break down the barriers between the traditional disciplines; to spread its ideas and methodologies to other institutions; and to encourage the practical application of its results. Published by the Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA phone (505) 984-8800 fax (505) 982-0565 home page: http://www.santafe.edu Note: The SFI Bulletin may be read at the website: www.santafe.edu/sfi/publications/Bulletin/. If you would prefer to read the Bulletin on your computer rather than receive a printed version, contact Patrisia Brunello at 505/984-8800, Ext. 2700 or [email protected]. EDITORIAL STAFF: Ginger Richardson Lesley S. King Andi Sutherland CONTRIBUTORS: Brooke Harrington Janet Yagoda Shagam Julian Smith Janet Stites James Trefil DESIGN & PRODUCTION: Paula Eastwood PHOTO: ROBERT BUELTEMAN ©2004 BUELTEMAN PHOTO: ROBERT SFI Bulletin Winter 2006 TOCtable of contents 3 A Deceptively Simple Formula 2 How Life Began 3 From -
Crystal Vision Dorothy Hodgkin & the Nobel Prize “Few Were Her Equal in Generosity of Spirit, Breadth of Mind, Cultivated Humaneness, Or Gift for Giving
Crystal Vision Dorothy Hodgkin & the Nobel Prize “Few were her equal in generosity of spirit, breadth of mind, cultivated humaneness, or gift for giving. She should be remembered not only for a lifetime’s succession of brilliantly achieved structures. While those who knew her, experienced her quiet and modest and extremely powerful influence, learned from her more than the positioning of atoms in the three-dimensional molecule, she will be remembered not only with respect, and reverence, and gratitude, but more than anything else, with love. Let that be her lasting memorial.” Anne Sayre, in the Autumn 1995 Newsletter of the American Crystallographic Association Cover image © Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/Science Photo Library Letter from the Principal Dr Alice Prochaska, Somerville College Many remarkable woman scientists have passed through Somerville, but few rival Dorothy Hodgkin, whose path-breaking work in crystallography showed a mind not only attuned to high science but one also able to envision a crystal structure from the pattern made by its X-ray diffraction. Her ability to ‘see’ molecules such as cholesterol, penicillin, vitamin B and insulin transformed her field. 2014 sees the fiftieth anniversary of Professor Hodgkin’s Nobel prize. It is also the International Year of Crystallography, marking the 100th anniversary of Max von Laue’s Nobel Prize for Physics, awarded for his discovery that X-rays could be diffracted by crystals. That discovery underpinned Dorothy Hodgkin’s work. We are proud that Somerville supported her at a time when there was widespread opposition to married women pursuing academic careers. -
RSC Branding
Royal Society of Chemistry National Chemical Landmarks Award Honouree Location Inscription Date The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester ICR scientists on this site and elsewhere pioneered numerous new cancer drugs from 10 Institute of Cancer Beatty Laboratories, 237 the 1950s until the present day – including the discovery of chemotherapy drug December Research Fulham Road, Chelsea carboplatin, prostate cancer drug abiraterone and the genetic targeting of olaparib for 2018 Road, London, SW3 ovarian and breast cancer. 6JB, UK The Institute of Cancer ICR scientists on this site and elsewhere pioneered numerous new cancer drugs from 10 Research, Royal Institute of Cancer the 1950s until the present day – including the discovery of chemotherapy drug December Marsden Hospital, 15 Research carboplatin, prostate cancer drug abiraterone and the genetic targeting of olaparib for 2018 Cotswold Road, Sutton, ovarian and breast cancer. London, SM2 5NG, UK Ape and Apple, 28-30 John Dalton Street was opened in 1846 by Manchester Corporation in honour of 26 October John Dalton Street, famous chemist, John Dalton, who in Manchester in 1803 developed the Atomic John Dalton 2016 Manchester, M2 6HQ, Theory which became the foundation of modern chemistry. President of Manchester UK Literary and Philosophical Society 1816-1844. Chemical structure of Near this site in 1903, James Colquhoun Irvine, Thomas Purdie and their team found 30 College Gate, North simple sugars, James a way to understand the chemical structure of simple sugars like glucose and lactose. September Street, St Andrews, Fife, Colquhoun Irvine and Over the next 18 years this allowed them to lay the foundations of modern 2016 KY16 9AJ, UK Thomas Purdie carbohydrate chemistry, with implications for medicine, nutrition and biochemistry. -
Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg. -
Asymmetric Terracing of Lunar Highland Craters: Influence of Pre-Impact Topography and Structure
Proc. L~lnorPli~nel. Sci. Corrf. /Of11 (1979), p. 2597-2607 Printed in the United States of America Asymmetric terracing of lunar highland craters: Influence of pre-impact topography and structure Ann W. Gifford and Ted A. Maxwell Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institition, Washington, DC 20560 Abstract-The effects of variable pre-impact topography and substrate on slumping and terrace for- mation have been studied on a group of 30 craters in the lunar highlands. These craters are charac- terized by a distinct upper slump block and are all situated on the rim of a larger, older crater or a degraded rim segment. Wide, isolated terraces occur where the rim of the younger crater coincides with a rim segment of the older crater. The craters are all located in Nectarianlpre-Nectarian highland units, and range in age from Imbrian to Copernican. A proposed model for formation of slump blocks in these craters includes the existence of layers with different competence in an overturned rim of the pre-existing crater. Such layering could have resulted from overturning of more coherent layers during formation of the Nectarian and pre-Nec- tarian craters. A combination of material and topographic effects is therefore responsible for terrace formation. Similar terrain effects may be present on other planets and should be considered when interpreting crater statistics in relation to morphology. INTRODUCTION Slumping, terracing or wall failure is an important process in formation and mod- ification of lunar craters. The process of slumping has been investigated by both geometrical (Cintala et a1 ., 1977) and theoretical models (Melosh, 1977; Melosh and McKinnon, 1979); however, these studies are dependent on morphologic constraints imposed by the geologic setting of the craters. -
Concepts, Historical Milestones and the Central Place of Bioinformatics in Modern Biology: a European Perspective
1 Concepts, Historical Milestones and the Central Place of Bioinformatics in Modern Biology: A European Perspective Attwood, T.K.1, Gisel, A.2, Eriksson, N-E.3 and Bongcam-Rudloff, E.4 1Faculty of Life Sciences & School of Computer Science, University of Manchester 2Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR 3Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), University of Uppsala 4Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 1UK 2Italy 3,4Sweden 1. Introduction The origins of bioinformatics, both as a term and as a discipline, are difficult to pinpoint. The expression was used as early as 1977 by Dutch theoretical biologist Paulien Hogeweg when she described her main field of research as bioinformatics, and established a bioinformatics group at the University of Utrecht (Hogeweg, 1978; Hogeweg & Hesper, 1978). Nevertheless, the term had little traction in the community for at least another decade. In Europe, the turning point seems to have been circa 1990, with the planning of the “Bioinformatics in the 90s” conference, which was held in Maastricht in 1991. At this time, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) had been newly established in the United States of America (USA) (Benson et al., 1990). Despite this, there was still a sense that the nation lacked a “long-term biology ‘informatics’ strategy”, particularly regarding postdoctoral interdisciplinary training in computer science and molecular biology (Smith, 1990). Interestingly, Smith spoke here of ‘biology informatics’, not bioinformatics; and the NCBI was a ‘center for biotechnology information’, not a bioinformatics centre. The discipline itself ultimately grew organically from the needs of researchers to access and analyse (primarily biomedical) data, which appeared to be accumulating at alarming rates simultaneously in different parts of the world.