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Smart Grid Security Smart Grid Security Annex I. General Concepts and Dependencies with ICT [Deliverable – 2012-04-19] Smart Grid Security I Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT This document is Annex 1 (of 5) to the ENISA study ‘Smart Grid Security: Recommendations for Europe and Member States, June 2012’. Contributors to this report ENISA would like to recognise the contribution of the S21sec1 team members that prepared this report in collaboration with and on behalf of ENISA: Elyoenai Egozcue, Daniel Herreras Rodríguez, Jairo Alonso Ortiz, Victor Fidalgo Villar, Luis Tarrafeta. Agreements or Acknowledgements ENISA would like to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Wouter Vlegels and Mr. Rafał Leszczyna to this study. 1 S21sec, the contractor of ENISA for this study is an international security services company with offices in several countries. Smart Grid Security II Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT About ENISA The European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) is a centre of network and information security expertise for the EU, its member states, the private sector and Europe’s citizens. ENISA works with these groups to develop advice and recommendations on good practice in information security. It assists EU member states in implementing relevant EU legislation and works to improve the resilience of Europe’s critical information infrastructure and networks. ENISA seeks to enhance existing expertise in EU member states by supporting the development of cross-border communities committed to improving network and information security throughout the EU. More information about ENISA and its work can be found at www.enisa.europa.eu. Contact details For contacting ENISA or for general enquiries on CIIP & Resilience, please use the following details: E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.enisa.europa.eu For questions related to ‘’Smart Grid Security: Recommendations for Europe and Member States’’, please use the following details: E-mail: [email protected] Legal notice Notice must be taken that this publication represents the views and interpretations of the authors and editors, unless stated otherwise. This publication should not be construed to be a legal action of ENISA or the ENISA bodies unless adopted pursuant to the ENISA Regulation (EC) No 460/2004 as lastly amended by Regulation (EU) No 580/2011. This publication does not necessarily represent state-of the-art and ENISA may update it from time to time. Third-party sources are quoted as appropriate. ENISA is not responsible for the content of the external sources including external websites referenced in this publication. This publication is intended for information purposes only. It must be accessible free of charge. Neither ENISA nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. © European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA), 2012 Smart Grid Security III Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT Contents 1 Smart grid basic concepts ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Definition of the smart grid ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objectives of the smart grid ........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Drivers for the adoption of the smart grid ..................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Europe ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 US ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Japan ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.4 China ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.5 South Korea ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.6 Brazil ........................................................................................................................ 6 2 The smart grid architecture .................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Quick overview on related standardisation efforts ....................................................... 7 2.2 The smart grid along the electricity value chain ............................................................ 8 2.2.1 Electricity generation in the smart grid .................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Electricity transmission ......................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Electricity Distribution........................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Customers ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.5 Markets ................................................................................................................. 12 3 ICT in the smart grid ............................................................................................................ 13 3.1 IT in the generation domain ......................................................................................... 13 3.2 IT in the operation of transmission networks .............................................................. 14 3.2.1 Substations: types and basic components ............................................................ 14 3.2.2 Automation of electricity transmission ................................................................ 15 3.2.3 Smartening the transmission grid ......................................................................... 16 3.3 IT in the operation of distribution networks ................................................................ 16 3.3.1 Basic aspects of distribution grids......................................................................... 16 3.3.2 Automation of power distribution ........................................................................ 17 3.3.3 Advanced Distribution Automation ...................................................................... 19 Smart Grid Security IV Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT 3.4 IT in Advanced Metering and Energy Management Automation ................................ 20 3.5 Communications networks in the smart grid ............................................................... 22 3.5.1 Communication networks at the customer premises .......................................... 23 3.5.2 Communication networks supporting distribution-related information technologies and applications ............................................................................................ 24 3.5.3 Communication networks supporting transmission-related information technologies and applications ............................................................................................ 25 3.5.4 Common Communication networks supporting transmission and distribution .. 25 3.5.5 Communication networks at the generation domain .......................................... 26 3.5.6 The role of the Internet in the smart grids ........................................................... 26 3.6 Communication technologies ...................................................................................... 27 4 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 30 5 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 46 Smart Grid Security V Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT List of Tables Table 1 Chief objectives of the smart grid in the EU and in the USA. Sources: EC Task Force for Smart Grids’ Expert Group 1 (5) and US DoE Smart Grid System Report (6) ............................... 3 Table 2 Application level communication protocols and related standards in the smart grid .. 28 Table 3 Communication media and low-level protocols ............................................................ 29 Smart Grid Security VI Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT List of Figures Figure 1 Past, present and future of the Smart Grid. The drawing is based on IEA’s Smart Grids Roadmap (4) .................................................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2 Relationship between NIST SP 1108 and IEEE 2030 concepts. The drawing is based on IEEE P2030 standard (14) .............................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3 The smart grid’s power transport domains .................................................................... 9 Figure 4 Substations and customer types in the power grid ...................................................... 14 Figure 5 the power system and its underlying communication infrastructure (based on (14)) 23 Smart Grid Security 1 Annex I. General concepts and dependencies with ICT 1 Smart grid basic concepts 1.1 Definition
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