Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments in a book can be likened to the acts of humble recognition, expressions of joyful gratitude, practices of soulful meditation, and even delivery of hopeful petition that comprise that other vital discourse called prayer. The litany here, in no way a protestation of anything, begins properly with the Creator, and then the Blessed Mother, my patron saints and guardian angels, and finally, the ancestors and the spirits of the places covered in this book. Onward to more temporal matters and to more human beings. I want to thank the following people who provided commentaries on earlier drafts of the whole manuscript: Lawrence Cunningham, Greg Dening, Christine DeLisle, Phil Deloria, Greg Dowd, David Hanlon, Robert Kiste, Rodrigue Lévesque, Lamont Lindstrom, Susan Najita, Vince Rafael, Dean Saranillio, and Teresia Teaiwa; and those who read specific chapters: June Howard, Gina Morantz Sanchez, Damon Salesa, and Amy Ku'uleialoha Stillman. Of this particular bunch, Cunningham, Hanlon, Deloria, Rafael, Stillman, and Teaiwa deserve special recognition: Hanlon’s patience kept me in the game, while Deloria recognized the form of the final essential book in the penultimate manuscript. On the sidelines, Cunningham, Rafael, Stillman, and Teaiwa cheered, and pushed me, when needed. Because of this book’s provenance as a doctoral dissertation (at the History of Consciousness program at the University of California–Santa Cruz), I also must thank my mentors, James Clifford, Donna Haraway, Gary Lease, and Noel King, and of course former classmates, many of whom have become lifelong friends: Elena Tajima Creef, Vivek Dhareshwar, Ron Eglash, John Hartigan, Mary John, Yves Labissiere, Nancy Luna-Jimenez, Lata Mani, Ruth Frankenberg, Glen Mimura, Marita Sturken, Teresia Teaiwa, and Raul Villa. I also cannot forget those who mentored me earlier, who first set me on my intellectual voyage of critical analyses. These include Professors Michael Shapiro, Manfred Henningson, Glenn Paige, and James Dator at the Univer- sity of Hawai'i–Mānoa (UHM) Political Science Department; Tom Dinnell and Luciano Minerbi at the UHM Urban and Regional Planning Depart- ment; Joe Tobin, Pat Couvillon, Hidetoshi Kato, and Wimal Dissanayake at

xiii xiv Acknowledgments the East-West Center, and Diane “Metgot” Strong and Robert Sajnovsky at the University of Guam. Most of the research occurred in bursts, over the past three decades, at the University of Guam Richard T Flores Micronesian Area Research Center. Former directors Don Rubinstein and Hiro Kurashina, and research faculty Marjorie Driver, Fr Tom McGrath, and Dirk Ballendorf were especially sup- portive. I am also grateful to Elaine Concepción, Lavonne Guerrero-Meno, Rose Hatfield, Lou Nededog, Carmen Quintanilla, John Sablan, Chilang Salvatore, Monique Storie, and Rose Tosco for their technical assistance. In Guam, the list of those to thank is like a long procession, and I ask forgiveness if my memory fails me in recognizing a patron or two. My study relied heavily on interviews and conversations with the late Msgr Oscar Lujan Calvo, his sister Aunty Mag, Frank Agualo, Archbishop Anthony Apuron, Fr David Quitugua, Deacon Joseph Barcinas, Juan Borja Dueñas, Engracia “Acha” Dueñas Camacho, Maria “Tita” Leon Guerrero Mesa, Eduardo Siguenza, and John Benavente. Fr Juan Ledesma, SJ provided important perspective as the compiler of San Vitores’s Historico Positio. Dangkulo na si Yu'os ma'åse' to Robert A Underwood, Laura M T Souder, and Penelope Bordallo-Hofschneider, whose critical scholarship first inspired me. Thanks also to Guam’s revered historians, the late “Doc” Pedro Sanchez and Rev Joaquin Sablan, and to Tony Palomo. I am especially indebted to the members, writers, and staff of the Guam Political Status Education Coordinating Commission (PSECC) with and for whom I had the pleasure of working. My years with the commission grounded and cor- rected my thinking about many things, and I thank former PSECC Director Katherine Aguon and Chairman Tony Palomo for their leadership. Joey Muñoz is responsible for bringing me on board. At the University of Guam, where I taught Pacific history and Microne- sian studies, I received solid support from administrators, fellow faculty, and students. President Wilfred Leon Guerrero hired me, and John Salas took care of me. Deans Remington Rose-Crossley, Culley Carson-Grefe, the late Joyce Camacho, Helen Whippy, Mary Spencer, and Jeff Barcinas always supported my research. My understanding of Guam and Chamorro culture, history, and politics was deepened by discussions with the following colleagues: Rosa Palomo, Benit Camacho Dungca, Jose Cruz, Marilyn Salas, Arlene Salas, Peter Onedera, Anne Hattori, Evelyn Flores, Lilli Iyechad, Joe Babauta, Rick Castro, Vivian Dames, Gerhardt Schwab, Nick Goetzfridt, Bill Wuerch, Becky Stephenson, Gary Heathcote, Jim Sellmann, Robert Rogers, Dick Wytenbach-Santos, Don Shuster, Don Platt, and the late Pete Patac- sil. Former students in my history of Guam classes might recall some of this book’s central claims. As graduate students in Micronesian studies, the following individuals gave feedback to portions of earlier chapters: Nicole Santos, Kayoko Kushima, Maria Yatar, Vince Diego, Betsy Kalau, and Kelly Marsh. I cannot recall the Mangilao years without thanking Joseph and Acknowledgments xv

Tony Perez, Angel Petros, and Moses Francisco at the Robert F Kennedy Library, and Rudy Villaverde, Joseph “Jojo” Perez, and A J Tiong at the Computer Center. In the wider community, both on and off the island, I want to acknowledge the intellectual support of Michael Perez, Faye Untalan, Miget Bevac- qua, Ron Stade, Laurel Monnig, and Joakim Peter. On Guam, the following individuals were also caring supporters: Bert Unpingco, Tony Lamorena, the late Angel Santos, the late Ron Rivera, Judy Flores, Cecilia “Lee” Perez, Chris Perez Howard, Debbie Quinata, John Benavente, Ed Benavente, Michael Phillips, Leland Bettis, Manet Dueñas, Toni Ramirez, Hope Alva- rez-Cristobal and Andy Cristobal, Ron Teehan, William Hernandez, Al Lizama, José Garrido, Patty Garrido, Phil Alcon, Herman Crisostomo, Kim and Simeon Kihleng, Martha Dueñas, Tez Perez, Dazdo Dueñas, Frank Rabon, Leonard Iriarte, Eddie Alvarez, Howard Hemsing, Carl Alerta, and Marc Pido. In this book the outrigger canoe and seafaring are important analytic motifs. The Chamorro canoe builders, Rob Limtiaco and Gary Guerrero, jump-started me in the learning process and introduced me to master navigators in Polowat Atoll, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. Kirisou chapwur to those who became my own mentors: the late Chief Manipy, the late Sosthenis Emwalu, and my canoe house brothers-in-arms Celestino Emwalu, Santiago Onopey, Mario Benito, and Mike Emwalu. In Guam, Man- nas Ikea took over after Sosthe’s untimely passing and continues to mentor my fellow seafarers, including Joe Tuquero, Erwin Manibusan, Ward Kranz, Ken Perez, Gus Cruz, and Tom and Anicia Taisipic of the Guam Traditional Seafarers Society. I am especially grateful to Lawrence Cunningham and Frank Cruz for their inspired and dedicated leadership, and all the members, past and present, who had made my association with the canoe house Sahyan Tasi Fachemwaan a foundation of my life and my scholarship. At the University of Michigan’s Program in American Culture (AC), I want to thank my colleagues in Asian/Pacific Islander American Studies (A/PIA)—a kind of canoe itself—beginning with its visionary and navi- gator, Amy Stillman, and its intrepid crewmembers Susan Najita, Damon Salesa, Scott Kurashige, Emily Lawsin, Phil Akutsu, Sarita See, and Matt Briones. A/PIA is also, as my parents would say, my barcada, my principal fellow travelers, and the reason I am in Michigan. Switching metaphors, I want to thank my “comrades” in our sister ethnic studies units for their solidarity: Nadine Naber, Evelyn Asultany, Andy Smith, Tiya Miles, Joseph Gone, Maria Cotera, Larry LaFountain-Stokes, Tony Mora, Jesse Hoffnung- Garskof, and Catherine Benamou. I have received nothing but enthusias- tic support and encouragement from all my colleagues in the wider AC community. Alan Wald, Phil Deloria, and Greg Dowd provided outstanding guidance, and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, June Howard, Julie Ellison, Sandra Gunning, Penny Von Eschen, Magda Zaborawska, Matt Countryman, Jay xvi Acknowledgments

Cook, and Paul Andersen have been especially nurturing. Dick Meisler and Hap McCue have been the Ann Arbor equivalents of the Polowat master navigators whose experience and wisdom I consult. In the AC program, I also want to thank our staff, who have been amazing in their warmth and assistance. Linda Eggert first welcomed me to Michigan. Judy Gray, Tabby Rohn, Mary Freiman, and Marlene Moore continue to run things smoothly, with more of the same grace and style. Also at AC, I have had the pleasure of working with an outstanding group of doctoral students who have prob- ably done more than anybody else to keep me on my toes. Among them I want to thank those who are pushing at the boundaries of Pacific Islands studies: Kealani Cook, John Low, Veronica Pasfield, Kiri Sailiata, Dean Saranillio, Lani Teves, and Lingling Zhou. Low and Pasfield, in particular, have broadened my knowledge of the first peoples of the US Great Lakes region. At the University of Michigan, Pacific Islands studies also receives rigorous treatment in the form of the Pacific Islands Workshop, founded by my A/PIA colleague Damon Salesa, and led by Stuart Kirsch, David Akin, Sela Panapasa, and the aforementioned Najita and Stillman. Pacific studies also has a very attentive and able librarian in Susan Go. These Pacific scholars have opened their homes to my family, but in this regard, my deepest appreciation goes to Kaafi and Sharon Tuinukuaafe and Damon and Jenny Salesa for the warmest (and most delicious) elements of that island- oriented hospitality. My decision to publish this book in the Pacific Island Monograph Series was motivated by my admiration for the series and my intellectual and scholarly indebtedness to the University of Hawai'i–Mānoa (UHM). My biggest debts are to Robert Kiste, Geoff White, and David Hanlon for their stalwart support. Terence Wesley-Smith, Vilsoni Hereniko, Tisha Hickson, and Linley Chapman have been the best colleagues in a department to which I never formally belonged, the UH Center for Pacific Islands Studies (CPIS). For their heroics in the pre-production of this book, I thank CPIS Managing Editor Jan Rensel and her graduate assistant, Marata Tamaira. This book’s copy editor, Jackie Doyle, ensured its readability and continued to safeguard academia’s biggest secret: that even scholars make repeated typographical and other errors of grammar, diction, and exposition. Si Yu'os ma'åse' to Joe and Delores Taitano Quinata and James Viernes for correcting the Chamorro spellings. I am also grateful to the following people who assisted me in finding photographs, including giving me permission to draw from their personal collections: Professors Lawrence Cunningham and Marita Sturken; Mr Bill Fliss of the John P Raynor, SJ, Library, Marquette University; Mr and Mrs David L Sablan (for permission to use his painting); Mrs Therese Carlos Santos; and Aunty Mag Calvo. From my years as an undergraduate and graduate student at UH Mānoa, and through subsequent workshops, conferences, and meetings, I have Acknowledgments xvii gained the deepest appreciation and inspiration for 'Ō'iwi Maoli scholarship, particularly as it challenges mainstream academic and colonialist production of knowledge. At the UH Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge I acknowledge Haunani-Kay Trask, Lilikalā Kame'eleihiwa, Jon- athan Kamakawiwo'ole Osorio, and the late Kanalu Terry Young. Across the UH campuses, Ty Kāwika Tengan, Daviana Pōmaika'i McGregor, Noenoe Silva, Hokulani Aikau, Noelani Arista, Leilani Basham, and Noelani Good- year-Ka'opua have been important friends and allies. Across the seas there are yet other friends and allies—new and old— whose constant encouragement, comfort, criticism, and love have kept me going. Kalahngan to J Kēhaulani Kauanui, Dan Taulapapa McMullin, Audra Simpson, Mishuana Goemann, Lisa Hall, David Wilkins, Dale Turner, Brendan Hokowhitu, Roger Maaka, Bobby Hill, Alice Somer- ville, Anna Christian, Katerina Teaiwa, April Henderson, Paul Spickard, Elizabeth Deloughrey, Virginia Dominguez, Jane Desmond, and Margaret Jolly. I began this section by acknowledging the Creator, and spiritual and temporal friends and ancestors. I end it by recognizing my extended, virtual, and immediate familia. At the flanks are my compadres and coma- dres: John and Maryann Carr, Bubba and Clarissa Artero, Tony Diaz and Yvette DeLisle, Vince Muñoz and Alicia Limtiaco, Jesse (Sholing) and Julie Martinez Perez, Gerry Dacanay, Tony Sanchez, Willie Atoigue, Randall Sgambelluri, and Melissa Taitano. Here, too, are virtual family members: Keith and Juliann Camacho, Mark and Polly Paulino, Dan and Lizzie Guerrero, and Lawrence and Cheryl Cunningham. Closer in proximity, at one side, are my immediate and extended families, too numerous to name, but who are self-identified collectively as Todos los Diazes. Todos is led by Pappy and Mammy, better feared and loved in Guam as Judge Ramon V and eskuelan påle' teacher, Josefina C Diaz, respectively. At the other side are members of the Juan and Maria Taitano clan (Familian Lucas), especially the Duke and Maria DeLisle branch. A subbranch particularly important to me consists of Nicole DeLisle Dueñas, Elliot Marques, and Sol, who, like me, is kept in line from above and below, respectively, by Gabriela DeLisle Diaz and Eva Pilar Diaz. Christine Taitano DeLisle (who is Nikki, Gabby, and Eva’s mother) also happens to be my partner, confidante, colleague, best friend, and most valued critic. Tina has helped me through this voyage more than any other person in any other place, and for her I reserve my deepest gratitude and eternal love.