MICRONESIAN JOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

ISSN 1449-7336

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editors: Dirk H.R. Spennemann (Charles Sturt University, Australia) Samuel McPhetres (College of the , CNMI)

Book Review Editor (interim) Dirk H.R. Spennemann (Charles Sturt University, Australia)

Associate Editors: Dirk Ballendorf (Micronesian Area Research Center, ) Debra Cabrera (College of the Northern Mariana Islands, CNMI) Francis X. Hezel (Micronesian Seminar, FSM) David W. Look (US National Park Service, Oakland) Faustina K. Refuher (National Museum of Belau, Belau) Donald Rubinstein (Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam) Scott Russell (Humanities Council of the Northern Mariana Islands, CNMI) James M. Vincent (College of the Northern Mariana Islands, CNMI)

Front cover: Top: Gadao’s Cave, Inarajan, Guam. Bottom: Seisho Maru off Ollot, Maloelap Atoll, Marshall Islands

Published by HeritageFutures™ International, PO Box 3440, Albury NSW, Australia Persistent identifier: http://www.nla.gov.au/nla.arc-65664

MICRONESIAN JOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Vol. 5, nº 1/2 Combined Issue November 2006

CONTENTS

Heritage Management in at the beginning of the 21st millenium by Dirk HR Spennemann 1

Archeological Resources Fina’okso’ Antigu: Prehistoric Soil Mounds in the Interior of Rota by Lon Bulgrin 31 Conversations with I Man-Aniti: Interpretation of Discoveries of the Rock Art in the Northern Mariana Islands by Genevieve Cabrera and Herman Tudela 42 Talagi Pictograph Cave, Guam by Vic April 53 Skulls as Curios, Crania as Science: Some Notes on the Collection of skeletal material during the German Colonial Period by Dirk HR Spennemann 70 The Archaeological Manifestation of Contemporary Marshallese Burial Practices by Dirk HR Spennemann 79 Historic Preservation on the United States Army Base on Kwajalein Atoll By Leslie Mead 100

World War II Heritage Physical reminders of the British–Japanese Armament Trade in Micronesia By Dirk HR Spennemann 113 A British six-inch gun at Barcinas Bay, Tinian, CNMI By Dirk HR Spennemann 130 A CRM approach in investigating the submerged World War II sites in Chuuk Lagoon By William Jeffery 137 TIGHAR and the TBD in Jaluit By Thomas King 156 Submerged Cultural and Historic Resources of Maloelap Atoll, Marshall Islands By Matthew B. Holly 162 ii Contents

Impacts of recreational scuba diving on shipwrecks in Australia and the Pacific By Joanne Edney 201 Managing unexploded ammunition at and near cultural heritage sites By Dirk HR Spennemann 234 Examples of adaptive re-use of World War II artefacts in Micronesia By Dirk HR Spennemann 268 Micronesian World War II Songs and Chants : Serving a Variety of Functions By Tammy Duchesne 285

Canoes and Voyaging Carolinian voyaging in the new millennium By Eric Metzgar 293 Preservation and Revitalization of Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Perspective from Cultural An- thropological Research on Indigenous Navigation in the Republic of the Marshall Islands By Joseph H. Genz & Ben R. Finney 306 Restoring Traditional Seafaring and Navigation in Guam By Lawrence J. Cunningham, Ward Kranz & Manny Sikau 314

Resource Documentation The Joachim deBrum Photograph Digitization Project By Eric Lindborg and Cris Lindborg 319 Marshall Islands Traditional Music Recording Project By Scott Stege 331 GuamPedia, A Work of Legitimacy By Nick Goetzfridt 340 The Imagery of Postcards sold in Micronesia during the German Colonial Period By Dirk HR Spennemann 345

Cultural Tourism The Role of Cultural Attractions in the Motivations and Awareness Spectrum of Japanese Tourists in the CNMI By Elizabeth Sayers & Dirk HR Spennemann 375 The Attitudes of Japanese Tourists towards Cultural heritage attractions in the CNMI By Elizabeth Sayers & Dirk HR Spennemann 388 Cultural heritage attractions in the CNMI: Visitor Satisfaction of Japanese Tourists By Elizabeth Sayers & Dirk HR Spennemann 400 Provision of information on Cultural Attractions to Japanese Tourists in the CNMI By Elizabeth Sayers & Dirk HR Spennemann 413

Heritage and the Natural Environment Catching the Drift: Impacts of Oceanic Drift Material in the Marshall Islands By Nancy Vander Velde and Brian Vander Velde 431 Contents iii

Sea-Rafted Pumice at Mili Atoll, Marshall Islands: 3000 Km From Source By Frank R. Thomas & Michael D Rosenberg 450 Weed Infestation And Its Impact on The Preservation of a Japanese-Era Concrete Building In Micronesia By Dirk H.R. Spennemann & David Lorrence 458 Impact of Tropical vegetation On World War II-Era cultural resources in the Marshall islands By Dirk H. R. Spennemann & David W. Look 472

Issues of Heritage Policy Combining Curiosity with Political skill. The antiquarian interests of Georg Fritz By Dirk H. R. Spennemann 495 How Micronesia Changed The U.S. Historic Preservation Program And The Importance of Keeping It From Changing Back By Thomas King 505 Resource, Research, and Protection: a view from Pohnpei By Rufino Mauricio 517 Resources, Research, and Protection: One approach By Francis X. Hezel 521 Virtual Historic Preservation By Dirk A. Ballendorf 527 Role of historiography By Anne Hattori 530 Documenting oral history: an alternate approach By Rlene Santos Steffy 535 Perceptions of Micronesians on the effectiveness of the Historic Preservation Programs By John G. O'Neill & Dirk H.R. Spennemann 540 Heritage and Communities By Rita Olsudong 547

The Role of Agencies and Training War in the Pacific NHP in Micronesia: The Past and the Potential By Tammy Duchesne 556 Marshallese Cultural Center on Kwajalein By Eric Lindborg and Cris Lindborg 560 The ’s Master of Arts in Micronesian Studies in review: Fall 2001-Summer 2006 By Kelly Marsh 564 Archaeological Training Programs in Micronesian Island Nations By William Ayres 568 A review of Historic Preservation Funding In Micronesia 1986–2003 By John G. O'Neill & Dirk H.R. Spennemann 580 iv Contents

Heritage Futures Restoration of Traditional Knowledge to Enhance Self-Sufficiency By Felicia Beardsley 594 Waan Aelon Kein Project By Dennis Alessio 605 Digital Futures: cultural management and the role of the Micronesian expatriate communities in Hawaii and the mainland USA By Dirk HR Spennemann 613 From Soul to Somnolence: The Community Association of Guam, 1948 To 1997 By Francesca Remengesau & Dirk A. Ballendorf 629 Submission Guidelines 640