’s ’s Adventures in and Through the Looking Glass

A Publishing History

Zoe Jaques and Eugene Giddens LEWIS CARROll’S ALICE’S AND THROUGH THE LOOKING GLaSS

Emerging in several different versions during the author’s lifetime, Lewis Carroll’s Alice novels have a publishing history almost as magical and mysterious as the stories themselves. Zoe Jaques and Eugene Giddens offer a detailed and nuanced account of the initial publication of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass and investigate how their subsequent transformations through print, illustration, film, song, music videos, and even stamp-cases and biscuit tins affected the reception of these childhood favourites. The authors consider issues related to the orality of the original tale and its impact on subsequent transmission, the differences between the manuscripts and printed editions, and the politics of writing and publishing for children in the 1860s. In addition, they take account of Carroll’s own responses to the books’ popularity, including his writing of two major adaptations and a significant body of meta-textual commentary, and his reactions to the staging of Alice in Wonderland. Attentive to the child reader, how changing notions of childhood identity and needs affected shifting narratives of the story, and the representation of the child’s body by various illustrators, the authors also make a significant contribution to childhood studies. Ashgate Studies in Publishing History

Offering publishing histories of well-known works of literature, this series is intended as a resource for book historians and for other specialists whose scholarship and teaching are enhanced by access to a work’s publication and reception history. Features include but are not limited to sections on the text’s composition, production and marketing, contemporary reception, textual issues, subsequent editions, and archival resources. The series is designed to allow for flexibility in presentation, to accommodate differences in each work’s history. Proposals on works whose publishing histories are particularly significant for what they reveal about a writer, a cultural milieu, or the history of print culture are especially welcome. Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass A Publishing History

ZOE JAQUES Anglia Ruskin University, UK

and

EUgENE GIDDENS Anglia Ruskin University, UK First published 2013 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2013 Zoe Jaques and Eugene Giddens

Zoe Jaques and Eugene Giddens have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Jaques, Zoe. Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass: a publishing history / by Zoe Jaques and Eugene Giddens. pages cm. — (Ashgate Studies in Publishing History) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-1903-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Carroll, Lewis, 1832–1898. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. 2. Carroll, Lewis, 1832– 1898. Through the Looking Glass. 3. Carroll, Lewis, 1832–1898—Adaptations—History and criticism. 4. Children’s stories—Publishing—Great Britain—History—19th century. 5. Publishers and publishing—Great Britain—History—19th century. 6. Fantasy fiction, English—Adaptations—History and criticism. 7. Alice (Fictitious character: Carroll) I. Giddens, Eugene. II. Title. PR4611.A73J37 2013 823’.8—dc23 2013012947

ISBN: 9781409419037 (hbk) ISBN: 9781315592275 (ebk) For Alice Elizabeth This page has been left blank intentionally Contents

List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements xiv

Introduction: Alice through the Ages 1 1 The Origins of Alice 7 2 Early Adaptation 61 3 Becoming a Classic 95 4 Textual Afterlives 153 5 Alice Beyond the Page 201

Bibliography 229 Index 243 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Illustrations

1.1 Carroll’s manuscript drawing of Alice in the ’s House, from the facsimile of Alice’s Adventures Under Ground (London: Macmillan, 1886). Authors’ copy. 12

1.2 Tenniel’s rendition of the same scene from the Appleton edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Appleton, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 13

1.3 Detail of Tenniel’s illustration of the Mad Hatter on page 103 of the Appleton edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Appleton, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 15

1.4 Title page from the rejected Macmillan UK printed edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1865). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 20

1.5 Title page from the authorized Macmillan UK printed edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 21

1.6 Title page from the Appleton US printed edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Appleton, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 25

1.7 Illustration of Alice at the table from page 10 of the Macmillan edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 28

1.8 The same image from page 10 of the 1866 Appleton edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Appleton, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 28

1.9 Illustration of Alice in the White Rabbit’s house from page 45 of the Macmillan edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 29

1.10 Illustration of the Mad Hatter from page 103 of the Appleton edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Appleton, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 31 x Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

1.11 Title page from the first edition of Through the Looking-Glass (London: Macmillan, 1872). Authors’ copy. 43

1.12 Detail of the text above the Red King illustration on page 80 of the first edition of Through the Looking-Glass (London: Macmillan, 1872). Authors’ copy. 54

2.1 Tenniel’s illustration of Alice and the Dodo from the Macmillan edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 67

2.2 The same scene, coloured, from The Nursery ‘Alice’ (London: Macmillan, 1890). Authors’ copy. 68

2.3 The cover of The Nursery ‘Alice’ with illustration by Gertrude Thomson (London: Macmillan, 1890). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 69

2.4 An example of the Looking-Glass ‘children’s tin’, produced by Messrs Barringer, Wallis, and Manners, Tin Plate Decorators and Manufacturers of Decorated Enamelled Tin Boxes, Mansfield. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 84

2.5 Images of the Duchess’s baby-pig on ‘The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case’ (1890) and the accompanying pamphlet. Authors’ copy. 92

3.1 Illustration after Tenniel of Alice at the table from the Lee and Shepard edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1869). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 117

3.2 Cover of the 1887 George Munro ‘Seaside’ edition of Through the Looking-Glass (New York: Munro, 1887). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 121

3.3 Illustration after Tenniel of Alice emerging from the mirror from the Thomas Y. Crowell edition of Through the Looking-Glass (Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893). Baldwin Library of Historical Children’s Fiction, University of Florida. 123

3.4 A version of the same image as the frontispiece of the Henry Altemus Company edition of Through the Looking-Glass (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Company, 1897). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 123 List of Illustrations xi

3.5 Tenniel’s frontispiece depicting the trial of the Knave of Hearts from The Nursery ‘Alice’ (London: Macmillan, 1890). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 125

3.6 A version of the same image as the frontispiece for the McLoughlin Brothers Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: McLoughlin Brothers, c. 1903). Baldwin Library of Historical Children’s Fiction, University of Florida. 126

3.7 Illustration of the ‘Entrance to Wonderland’ by L. J. Bridgeman from the Thomas Y. Crowell edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 128

3.8 Illustration of an elf by L. J. Bridgeman from the Thomas Y. Crowell edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 129

3.9 Tenniel’s illustration of Alice and the White Rabbit from the Macmillan edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 130

3.10 The same scene as depicted by L. J. Bridgeman in the Thomas Y. Crowell edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 130

3.11 Frontispiece of Alice and the Duchess by Beatrice Stevens from the P. F. Collier & Son edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1903). Baldwin Library of Historical Children’s Fiction, University of Florida. 131

3.12 Frontispiece of Alice and her crown by M. L. Kirk from the Frederick A. Stokes Company 1905 edition of Through the Looking-Glass (New York: F. A. Stokes, 1905). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 132

3.13 Illustration of the Red Queen pegging out the chessboard by B. McManus for the 1899 A. Wessels Company edition of Through the Looking-Glass (New York: A. Wessels, 1899). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 134 xii Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

3.14 Illustration of Alice and the Flamingo by Fanny Cory from the 1902 Rand, McNally & Co. edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (New York: Rand, McNally & Co., 1902). Authors’ copy. 135

3.15 Illustration of the caucus race by Peter Newell from the 1901 Harper & Brothers edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1901). Authors’ copy. 137

3.16 Illustration of the fighting hedgehogs by Peter Newell from the 1901 Harper & Brothers edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1901). Authors’ copy. 138

3.17 Cartoon by E. T. Reed entitled ‘Tenniel’s “Alice” Reigns Supreme’, which appeared in Punch, or the London Charivari on 4 December 1907. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 140

3.18 Illustration of Alice and the White Rabbit by Arthur Rackham for the Heinemann edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Heinemann, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 144

3.19 Tenniel’s illustration of the tumbling cards from the Macmillan edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1866). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 145

3.20 Rackham’s illustration of the same scene from the Heinemann edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Heinemann, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 145

3.21 Illustration of Alice, the king, and the cat by Thomas Maybank from the Routledge edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Routledge, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 147

3.22 Illustration of Alice emerging from the Pool of Tears by W. H. Walker from the John Lane edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: J. Lane, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 148

3.23 Illustration of Alice in the Pool of Tears by Charles Robinson for the Cassell & Company edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Cassell, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 149 List of Illustrations xiii

3.24 Illustration of Alice awarding prizes by Millicent Sowerby for the Chatto & Windus edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: Chatto & Windus, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 150

4.1 A modified version of one of Tenniel’s illustrations of Alice emerging from the mirror for the Macmillan Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There: Adapted for Very Little Folks from the Original (New York: Macmillan, 1903). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 157

4.2 Illustration of Alice and the Gryphon by Bessie Pease Gutmann from the Dodge edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: Dodge, 1907). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 162

4.3 Illustration of Alice hiding the cards by Bessie Pease Gutmann from the John Milne edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (London: J. Milne, 1908). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 163

4.4 Illustration of the White Rabbit’s House by Mabel Lucie Attwell from the Raphael Tuck & Sons edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (New York: R. Tuck & Sons, 1910). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 165

4.5 Illustration of the Jabberwock by Harry Rountree from the Collin’s Clear-Type Press edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (London: Collins’ Clear-Type Press, 1928). Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. 167

4.6 Illustration by Edward Bloomfield of Uncle Wiggily, the Duchess, the baby, the cook, and Alice from the M. A. Donohue & Company edition of Uncle Wiggily and Alice in Wonderland (New York: M. A. Donohue & Company, 1917). Authors’ copy. 191 Acknowledgements

We are most grateful for the help and support we have received in writing this book. Firstly, thanks must go to the British Academy whose generous award of a Small Research Grant provided funding for the inclusion of illustrations. The photoduplication team at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, has also been extremely helpful in authorizing and processing the reproduction of most of the images in this volume, and the Center must also be thanked for awarding Dr Jaques a Limited Editions Club Endowment Fellowship, which permitted an extensive consultation of the magnificent store of Lewis Carroll materials held in their Warren Weaver and Byron W. Sewell and Susan R. Sewell collections. Thanks are also due to the Houghton Library at the University of Harvard, which supported the development of this project via a Katharine F. Pantzer Jr. Fellowship in Descriptive Bibliography for Dr Jaques, and the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation, which afforded us a grant to explore Japanese appropriations of Lewis Carroll’s Alice. In addition to these supportive institutions, many individuals have been instrumental to the development of the project. Mark Richards of the Lewis Carroll Society has answered numerous enquiries and has been kind enough to supply copies of hard-to-find articles. In the course of producing this book, we have visited the libraries of the universities of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida at Gainesville. We would particularly like to thank Suzan Alteri, Curator of the Baldwin Collection at Gainesville, who kindly met with us to discuss the collection and who authorized the inclusion of three illustrations to the volume. Dr Brian Sturm at the University of North Carolina generously shared with us his magnificent edition of the ‘Dali’ Alice. We also greatly appreciate the guidance of Professor Patrick Scott at the University of South Carolina, who gave us an unforgettable tour of the vaults of the Thomas Cooper Library. At the Harry Ransom Center, Francisca Folch was kind to locate an exemplar of the Looking- Glass children’s tin, and Jill Morena has been helpful in the acquisition of a photograph of this rare item. At the Houghton Library, Peter Accardo provided valuable insights into the holdings of the wonderful Harcourt Amory collection and gave generously of his time to discuss our project. Our thanks are also due to colleagues at Anglia Ruskin University and the University of Cambridge, and in particular the team at the Cambridge / Homerton Research and Teaching Centre for Children’s Literature who have been helpful advisers throughout the writing of this book. Finally, we would like to thank Ann Donahue at Ashgate for her patience and help as editor. Introduction Alice through the Ages

On a beautiful summer’s day in a tranquil Oxford, Charles Dodgson, Robson Duckworth, and three of their young friends rowed up the River Thames. Dodgson decided to tell the story of a perplexed little girl who ventures into a curious wonderland, and the fantasy of Alice began. Or so it goes … A publishing history of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, by Lewis Carroll (the name that we will use for the author throughout this book), must begin with the oral nature of the tale. An oral story is a live event, spontaneous, adventurous, and performative. Publishing history instead invokes the fixed, the textual, and, often, the dead. Yet it is the living nature of the Alice stories that makes them so exciting today. Lewis Carroll’s fierce possessiveness over his tales soon gave way to invasions from marketers, profiteers, perverts, and marauders. Carroll’s fantasy has inspired all of these groups, as well as five or six generations of children and adults, yet the transition of the tale from an 1862 rowboat to the present has by no means taken a smooth trajectory. When first published the story was seen as strangely appropriate for adults; some reviewers even thought that it was not particularly suitable for children. No one thought that the story addressed girl readers more than boys. At an expensive 7s 6d per copy and only available as a hardbound book, it was first accessible only to the wealthy. Carroll had no interest in selling the book in the United States – he did not care much for the American market – but he did wish to see his work translated into French and German. Little of that initial context applies today, but it discloses how far the text has ventured from Carroll’s original intentions. This book aims to consider the publishing history of Carroll’s Alice in a broad sense that accords with ideas of the ‘sociology of the text’, a phrase usefully coined by D. F. McKenzie. McKenzie outlines a scope for texts that ‘include[s] verbal, visual, oral, and numeric data, in the form of maps, prints, and music, of archives of recorded sound, of films, videos, and any computer-stored information …’.1 Such a range of material is appropriate for a publishing history of Lewis Carroll’s famous works, which have been republished in all of these various forms and more. Lewis Carroll’s iconic Alice novels have a publishing history almost as magical and mysterious as the stories themselves. They emerged in several different versions (both intended and accidental, manuscript and print) during the author’s lifetime, and have since undergone hundreds of transformations. At the same time, these transformations are difficult to assemble into a single book, as they occupy very different cultural contexts. The ‘sociology’ of Alice’s textual history,

1 D. F. McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 13. 2 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass following McKenzie, becomes useful, for it ‘directs us to consider the human motives and interactions which texts involve at every stage of their production, transmission, and consumption.’2 This book is concerned, therefore, not just with the material and immaterial cultural objects that can be called ‘Alices,’ but with the stories surrounding their creation and use. An important consideration behind this broad focus will be: what is Alice? Any publishing history of Lewis Carroll’s Alice works must negotiate the difficulty of what exactly they are, and what to call them. Carroll himself wavered about the titles of both Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking- Glass and What Alice Found There. Moreover, these texts are often reduced in the public mind and in post-Carroll adaptations to ‘Alice in Wonderland’, a title used long before Disney. Because Carroll himself frequently modified his works, and because adaptations pick and choose material from both books (and often also from Carroll’s life), we will use the shortened form of Alice, as Carroll himself occasionally did in his letters and diaries. That such a wide body of work can be reduced to a single-word title is indicative of the ways that Carroll’s works are both infinitely inflatable and infinitely collapsible. Alice has become much larger than Carroll’s initial conception for the story, first at the instigation of the author himself, but subsequently because his texts were seen as fruitful sources for adaptation in print, art, music, drama, dance, and film. At the same time, our book largely excludes works that adopt the phrase ‘Alice in …’ and yet make no other reference to Carroll’s works. It is surprising how often the talismanic properties of Alice are used to grab attention, without further explanation or connection to the originals. The contemporary novel Alice in Bed by Cathleen Schine or Alice in Genderland by Richard J. Novic are examples of this type of marketing.3 Our aim overall, admittedly a somewhat subjective one, has been to include works that make artistically, culturally, or politically interesting uses of Alice source material. (One of the strange facts about Alice is that it is rarely used to discuss political systems – except in the case of parodies, an oddity given the anti-monarchist or anti-dictator uses to which the texts might be put.) No previous publishing history of Alice has attempted to examine the period from 1862 to the present. Although some areas of this history have been well explored – especially Carroll’s initial telling of Alice’s Adventures Under Ground, or how he cancelled the first edition ofWonderland – some mysteries have remained. No one, to our satisfaction, has yet to come up with a convincing explanation for why and Carroll rejected the printing of the 1865 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland illustrations. (Some scholars, in fact, have continued to argue that those illustrations are superior, as we discuss in Chapter 1.) In our discussion of this well-known crux, we point to issues of show-through and paper quality being the likely causes for complaint.

2 Ibid., 15. 3 C. Schine, Alice in Bed (New York: Picador, 1983); R. J. Novic, Alice in Genderland (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2005). Introduction 3

In Chapters 2 and 3, we analyse Carroll’s own adaptations and the earliest unauthorized versions, many of which have received scant attention. We also address wider lacunae in Alice studies. The largest perhaps, is the surprising neglect of the visual and illustration history surrounding these texts. Most of the work done so far on this topic has been better suited to the coffee table than the study. Stephanie Lovett Stoffel’s The Art of Alice in Wonderland (1998), for instance, although lavishly illustrated, contains little analysis.4 Graham Ovenden and John Davis’s The Illustrators of ‘Alice in Wonderland’ and ‘Through the Looking Glass’ (1972) has only a 16-page introduction.5 More recent texts are similarly appropriate for casual entertainment, but contain little or no discussion.6 Such a famous work as Alice deserves a scholarly analysis of its illustration history. Alice has also been filmed for 110 years – and some of these adaptations have taken over the public imagination about what constitutes the story – yet there is no history of Alice on film and television. Our discussions in Chapters 4 and 5 cover these important histories. Alice scholarship, especially textual and publishing scholarship, has been invigorated by what might be called the tradition of ‘gentlemen scholars’ and private collectors.7 Much of this research has been inspired by a sense of the pleasure of acquisition. As such, it tends to focus on identification and differentiation, producing extraordinarily useful lists of editions, adaptations, and appropriations, and uncovering essential primary source material. Often, such scholarship includes contextual or critical discussion about these works, but usually the main aim is to list and categorize them. Without this important work, our book would have taken multiple decades to write. The bedrock of the early chapters of our publishing history has been the invaluable 1902 biography by Carroll’s nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood; the Lewis Carroll Handbook, originally compiled by Sidney Herbert Williams and Falconer Madan; and Lewis Carroll and the House of Macmillan, an edition of important letters collected by Morton N. Cohen and Anita Gandolfo.8 These works, together with Lewis Carroll’s Diaries, edited by Edward Wakeling, make available many of the raw materials that we then subject to further critical study. It is especially significant that so many of Carroll’s letters survive, as they permit us to trace his precise

4 S. L. Stoffel, The Art of Alice in Wonderland (New York: Smithmark, 1998). 5 G. Ovenden and J. Davies, The Illustrators of ‘Alice in Wonderland’ and ‘Through the Looking Glass’ (London: Academy Editions, 1979). 6 See L. Sunshine, All Things Alice (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2004). A partial exception is made by the quirky Tate Liverpool exhibition catalogue Alice in Wonderland Through the Visual Arts, (eds) G. Delahunty and C. B. Schulz (London: Tate, 2011). 7 Here the Lewis Carroll Society needs special mention for producing so much important scholarship. The work of Selwyn Goodacre and Edward Wakeling in particular deserves recognition. 8 S. H. Williams, F. Madan, and R. L. Green, The Lewis Carroll Handbook (London: Oxford University Press, 1962); M. Cohen and A. Gandolfo (eds), Lewis Carroll and the House of Macmillan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 4 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass dealings with his illustrators, printers, and publishers. Although these letters have been well trodden by biographers of Carroll and critics of Alice, we offer new insights into the ways that Carroll was concerned about the quality, dissemination, and marketing of his texts. We also discuss, especially in the final chapters, new material that has not yet been scrutinized by scholars of Alice. The variety of adaptations and publishing methods that have appeared in the past 150 years resist grand narratives. Carroll fastidiously kept control over his Alice texts, but even in his lifetime, that control began to slip. The extraordinary flexibility of the episodic books means that they have been an unusually fruitful source for reappropriation. The central trajectory of this book, therefore, will be the movement from authorial control towards new narratives and art forms that are increasingly distant from the originals. Each of our chapters wrestles with this larger movement while investigating individual published works. The progression of this book is broadly chronological up to Chapters 4 and 5, which split to discuss textual and non-textual adaptations. We recognize that readers might come with particular interests that do not necessitate reading this book from cover to cover, and towards that end, each of the following chapters can be read in isolation from the others without great loss of the thread of our argument. We outline each chapter in summary form below. Chapter 1 is concerned with the initial publication of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, and covers the period from 1862 to 1875. We argue against the popular conception, encouraged by Carroll’s nephew, that the author composed the story in a single day. We trace in detail the process of Carroll’s negotiations with Macmillan, and also discuss his dealings with his illustrator, John Tenniel, including the vexed issue of printing quality. The bare- bones history of these changes is interesting enough, but this chapter goes further by investigating the story behind these differences. We investigate, for instance, how the oral nature of the tale as originally told impacts upon its subsequent transmission. Carroll’s surprising skill as a marketer of children’s texts is revealed, as is his business savvy in dealing with printers and booksellers. We examine how the initial Alice’s Adventures Under Ground manuscript differs from the resultant printed edition. Importantly, we trace why Carroll and Tenniel were dissatisfied with the initial sheets of Wonderland. We also investigate Macmillan’s dealings with US publishers. Central to this chapter is a consideration of the politics of writing and publishing for children in the 1860s, including issues of illustration, moral didacticism, and market. The responses of early reviewers are at the heart of this discussion. Chapter 2 traces the impact the Alice novels had for early audiences, and how Carroll responded to the popularity of the books by writing two major adaptations and a significant body of meta-textual commentary. The Nursery ‘Alice’ of 1890, adapted for the very young with some of Tenniel’s illustrations, raises important issues about the notion of childhood in the late nineteenth century and the resulting age-dependent mix of didacticism and ‘play’. Macmillan must have been exasperated when Carroll objected to the initial print run’s 10,000 copies for being Introduction 5 garishly rendered. (Tenniel had hand-coloured a selection of his illustrations for it.) More importantly, Carroll condensed the story to around one-fifth of its length and an analysis of these changes is central to the chapter. The chapter also considers Henry Savile Clarke’s stage adaptation Alice in Wonderland of 1886 and Lewis Carroll’s response to it ‘“Alice” on the Stage’ as published in the Theatre. We investigate the product tie-ins that Carroll developed for his works, including his stamp case, instructions on letter writing, and even a biscuit tin. Finally, Carroll’s other responses or meta-texts to his tale are considered, including ‘To all child- readers of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’ and ‘An Easter greeting to every child who loves Alice’. Building upon Carroll’s own responses to Alice’s success, Chapter 3 looks at the explosion of the availability of printed copies, both in English and translation. It considers the ways that Alice became first a children’s classic, and then a canonical work of literature, 1890–1907. We discuss the major revisions that Carroll made to his work in the 1880s and 1890s, which variously survive in today’s editions of the text, but have also prompted editorial conflict regarding the ‘definitive’Alice text. We further consider the many different formats that Macmillan published around the turn of the century, including for foreign markets. Of especial importance here are the traditions of publishing Alice in the United States – in editions authorized by Macmillan and in unauthorized copies. Our book offers the fullest discussion of this significant aspect of the publishing history ofAlice yet available, and it also identifies the first instances of ‘gendering’ the texts for girls. The chapter closes with a discussion of the many editions published in 1907, when Macmillan’s UK copyright of Alice expired – again, a topic that has been insufficiently explored. Chapter 4 continues by tracing the multifarious ways in which Alice has been adapted in various ‘textual afterlives’ up until the present day. Alice has appeared in everything from pop-up books to limited editions to iPad applications, and the fluctuating nature of these reinventions of the book reflect an oscillating interest in marketing editions to adult or child audiences. Much of this discussion considers what paradoxically becomes missing from the text, or how far Alice can be removed from the originals and maintain a sense of Aliceness, as it has been adapted for various audiences over the past 100 years. The chapter therefore focuses on editions, adaptations, and imitations as three levels of removal from Carroll’s books. An especially important focus of this chapter is illustration history. The Alice books have now been copiously illustrated; we focus on how new illustrations relate to issues of marketing and audience. One of the most fascinating and immediate elements of the history of Alice is its varied body of adaptation for stage, screen, and other media. Chapter 5 therefore considers non-textual afterlives. We discuss the alternative visual and non-visual traditions, such as the many film versions and adaptations in music video. Of particular importance in this chapter is the movement towards ‘adult’ appropriations of Alice, and its uses in non-Western culture. We also investigate the Disneyfication and simplification of Alice, and the different ways in which transformations of the text have been gendered. 6 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

What Sanjay Sircar has called ‘other Alices’ might now be taken to conflate towards a meta-Alice, a work that of necessity creates intertextual relations amongst many.9 We do not attempt to trace every Alice book or appropriation.10 Such a task would be either inappropriately large, or inappropriately dull, or both. On the other hand, we do not, like Will Brooker’s Alice’s Adventures: Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture (2004),11 offer a narrow selection of examples for in-depth analysis. The purpose of our book is to disclose the complex publication history that emerges over 150 years and to investigate how these transformations have impacted upon a wide variety of receptions of this childhood favourite. Our publication history traces the full and surprising journey that Alice has taken from its inception to the present day.

9 S. Sircar, ‘Other Alices and Alternative Wonderlands: An Exercise in Literary History’, 13.2 (1984): 23–48. 10 A useful, but not exhaustive, list of adaptations of Alice in print can be found in ‘Alice and Her Imitators’, Book and Magazine Collector 300 (2008): 34–5. 11 W. Brooker, Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture (London: Continuum, 2004). Bibliography

Editions and Adaptations

Adair, G. Alice Through the Needle’s Eye. 1984. London: Pan Books Ltd, 1985. Alice. Music by Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan. Text by Paul Schmidt. Directed by Robert Wilson. Hamburg, Thalia Theatre, 1992. Dramatic production. Alice. Dir. J. Švankmajer. Condor Films, 1988. Film. Alice. Dir. N. Willing. Showcase, 2009. Television production. Alice for the iPad. Atomic Antelope, 2010. Alice in Concert. Dir. Joseph Papp. New York, Public Theatre, 1980. Dramatic production. Alice in Ganderland. Adapted by Laurence Housman. London, Lyceum, 1911. Dramatic production. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. C. Hepworth and Percy Stow. American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, 1903. Film. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. W. W. Young. American Film Manufacturing Company, 1915. Film. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. N. Z. McLeod. Paramount, 1933. Film. Alice in Wonderland. New York, Madison Square Garden, 1939. Ice review. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. C. Geronimi, W. Jackson, and H. Luske. Walt Disney Productions, 1951. Film. Alice in Wonderland. Comp. I. Fine, 1953. Music. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. J. Miller. British Broadcasting Company, 1966. Film. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. N. Willing. NBC, 1999. Television Production. Alice in Wonderland. Adapted by Tim Kane. London, Little Angel, 2010. Puppet show. Alice in Wonderland. Dir. T. Burton. Walt Disney Pictures, 2010. Film. Alice in Wonderland. Adapted by Theresa Heskins. Newcastle, New Vic, 2011. Dramatic adaptation. Alice in Wonderland and Other Strange Tales. Dir. Lou Bunin. Lou Bunin Productions, 1949. Film. Alice in Wonderland: An X-Rated Musical Fantasy. Dir. Bud Townsend. Cruiser Productions, 1976. Film. ‘Alice: Madness Returns’. PC, Xbox 360, or PlayStation 3. Electronic Arts, 2011. Alice Through the Looking-Glass. Dir. G. M. O’Ferrall. British Broadcasting Company, 1937. Film. Alice Through the Looking-Glass. Dir. A. Bresciani and R. Slapczynski. Burbank Films Australia, 1987. Film. Alice Through the Looking Glass. Dir. J. Henderson. Channel 4 Television, 1998. Film. 230 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Dir. W. Sterling. Joseph Shaftel Productions, 1972. Film. Alice’s Egg Plant. Dir. W. Disney. Walt Disney Productions, 1925. Alice: Some of Her Adventures in Wonderland. Dir. G. M. O’Ferrall. British Broadcasting Company, 1946. Alice’s Wonderland. Dir. W. Disney. Laugh-O-Gram Studio, 1923. Allen, A. M. Gladys in Grammarland. 1897. Ed. M. Everson. Evertype, 2010. ‘American McGee’s Alice’. PC or MAC. Electronic Arts, 2000. Anon. The Guinness Alice. Dublin: St James’s Gate, 1933. Print advertisement. Armatrading, J. ‘Alice’. Whatever’s for Us. Cube Records, 1972. Banner, F. ‘Arsewoman in Wonderland’. London, Tate Britain, 2001. Installation piece. Beddor, F. The Looking Glass Wars. 2004. London: Egmont, 2005. Benjamin, M. Alice I Have Been. New York: Delacorte Press, 2009. Carroll, L. Abenteuer im Wunderland. Trans. A. Zimmermann. London: Macmillan, 1869. ———. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Hayes Lithographing Company, 1910. ———. Alice in Wonderland. London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, 1920. ———. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Maxton Publishers, 1947. ———. Alice in Wonderland. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1952. ———. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Random House, 1955. ———. Alice in Wonderland. London: Bancroft & Co., 1960. ———. Alice in Wonderland. London: Ward, Lock & Co., 1964. ———. Alice in Wonderland. London: Dennis Dobson, 1967. ———. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Graphics International, 1968. ———. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Modern Promotions, 1970. ———. Alice in Wonderland. London: Octopus Books, 1980. ———. Alice in Wonderland, and Through the Looking-Glass. Stockholm: Jan Förlag, 1945. ———. Alice in Wonderland Panorama, with Moveable Pictures. London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, c. 1920. ———. Alice in Wonderland / Through the Looking Glass. Vol. 10. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Co., 1908. ———. ‘“Alice” on the Stage’. Theatre 1 April 1887. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1865. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Appleton, 1866. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1866. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1869. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1872. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1877. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: George Munro, 1885. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: John W. Lovell Company, 1885. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1887. Bibliography 231

———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1897. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan, 1898. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Gilbert H. McKibbin, 1899. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: M. F. Mansfield and A. Wessels, 1899. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Barse & Hopkins, c. 1900. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company, c. 1900. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1901. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1902. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: McLoughlin Brothers, c.1903. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1904. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Heinemann, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Routledge, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: J. Lane, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Cassell, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Chatto & Windus, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Books for Bairns, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Nimmo, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Ward, Lock & Co., 1907 ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Dodge, 1907. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: John Milne, 1908. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: R. Tuck & Sons, 1910. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Blackie & Son, 1912. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1913. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Ward, Lock & Co., 1916. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Boston: Ginn and Co., 1917. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1922. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1929. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Dobson, 1967. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Maecenas Press–Random House, 1969. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Julia MacRae Books, 1988. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Walker Books, 1999. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Bloomsbury, 2001. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Penguin Books, 2012. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Adapted for Very Little Folks. New York: Macmillan, 1903. 232 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Boston: Lothrop Pub. Co., 1898. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. New York: Rand, McNally & Co., 1902. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1903. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1928. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1946. ———. Adventures of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. London: Heirloom Library, 1949 ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Ed. H. Haughton. London: Penguin, 1998. ———. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Ed. P. Hunt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ———. Alice’s Adventures Under Ground. London: Macmillan, 1886. ———. Alice’s Wonderful Birthday Book. London : Griffith and Farran, 1884. ———. Aventures d’Alice au Pays des Merveilles. Trans. H. Bué. London: Macmillan, 1869. ———. ‘Bruno’s Revenge’. Aunt Judy’s May-Day Volume for Young People 1868: 65–78. ———. ‘Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing’. Oxford: Emberlin and Son, 1890. ———. Le Avventure d’Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie. Trans. T. Pietrocòla- Rossetti. London: Macmillan, 1872. ———. ‘Letter’. Nineteenth Century November 1887: 744. ———. Lewis Carroll’s Wunderhorn. Ed. M. Ernst. Stuttgart: Manus Press, 1970. ———. More Annotated Alice. Ed. M. Gardner. New York: Random House, 1990. ———. Phantasmagoria, and Other Poems. London: Macmillan, 1869. ———. ‘Puzzles from Wonderland’. In Aunt Judy’s Christmas Volume. Ed. M. Gatty. 1871. 101–2. ———. ‘Some Popular Fallacies about Vivisection.’ 1875. In The Complete Works of Lewis Carroll. London: Nonesuch, 1939. 1071–1082. ———. . London: Macmillan, 1889. ———. Sylvie and Bruno Concluded. London: Macmillan, 1893. ———. . Ed. M. Gardner. New York: Penguin Books, 1960. ———. The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. Ed. M. Gardner. New York: Norton, 1999. ———. The Children’s Alice. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1936. ———. The Complete Works of Lewis Carroll. London: Macmillan, 1939. ———. The Hunting of the . London: Macmillan, 1876. ———. The Nursery ‘Alice’. London: Macmillan, 1889. ———. The Nursery ‘Alice’. London: Macmillan, 1890. Bibliography 233

———. The Nursery ‘Alice’. 1890. Facsimile edition. London: Macmillan, 1986. ———. The Songs from ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. Comp. W. Boyd. London: Weekes & Co., 1870. ———. The Songs from ‘Through the Looking-Glass’. Comp. W. Boyd. London: Weekes & Co., 1872. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: Macmillan, 1872. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: Macmillan, 1872. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1872. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: John W. Lovell Company, 1885. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: Macmillan, 1887. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: George Munro, 1887. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Boston: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1893. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: Macmillan, 1897. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Co., 1897. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: A. Wessels, 1899. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Chicago: W. B. Conkey, Co. 1900. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1902. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1905. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. New York: Dodge, 1909. ———. Through the Looking-Glass. New York: Maxton Publishers, 1947. ———. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1972. ———. Alice Through the Looking-Glass and What She Found There. Berkeley, CA: Pennyroyal Press, 1983. ———. Alice Through the Looking-Glass and What She Found There. London: Walker Books, 2005. ———. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. London: Merrell, 2006. ———. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There: Adapted for Very Little Folks. New York: Macmillan, 1903. 234 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

———. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There: Adapted for Very Little Folks from the Original. Buffalo, NY: Berger Publishing Co., 1919. Carryl, C. E. Davy and the Goblin, or, What Followed Reading ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. 1895. Morris Plains, NJ: Unicorn Publishing House, 1988. Carter, R. J. Alice’s Journey Beyond the Moon. Tolworth: Telos Publishing, 2004. Chin, Unsuk. Alice in Wonderland. Libretto by David Henry Hwang. Bavarian State Opera, 2007. Opera. Daisy Dares You. ‘Number One Enemy’. Rush. Jive Recordings, 2010. Song. . Dir. G. Millar, 1985. Film. Evarts, R. C. Alice’s Adventures in Cambridge. 1913. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008. Ewing, J. H. ‘Amelia and the Dwarfs’. 1870. King of the Golden River and Other Stories. Ed. J. Ruskin. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2003. . Dir. S. Koshi and T. Sugiyama. TV Osaka, 1983–1984. Garis, H. R. Uncle Wiggily and Alice in Wonderland. Chicago: M. A. Donohue & Co., 1918. Gaskell, A. wonder. 1996. Photographic series. Gregory, R. Return to Wonderland. 2007. Horsham, PA: Zenescope, 2010. ———. Wonderland: House of Liddle. Horsham, PA: Zenescope, 2011. Hartley, G. T. A Few More Chapters of ‘Alice Through the Looking-Glass’. Bournemouth: Sydenham’s Library. Heath, P. The Philosopher’s Alice. London: Academy Editions, 1974. Hood, T. From Nowhere to the North Pole: A Noah’s Ark-Aeological Narrative. London: Chatto and Windus, 1875. Hope, E. Alice in the Delighted States. New York: Lincoln Mac Veagh : Dial Press, 1928. Horne, P. ‘Alice, DVD review’. Telegraph 23 May 2011, telegraph.co.uk/culture/ film/dvd-reviews/8530450/Alice-DVD-review.html. Ingelow, J. Mopsa the Fairy. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1869. In Memory of a Summer Day. Comp. D. D. Tredici, 1980. Jabberwocky. Dir. J. Švankmajer. STM, 1971. Film. Jabberwocky. Dir. T. Gilliam. Python Films, 1977. Film. Jambon, J. Our Trip to Blunderland. Edinburgh: W. B. Blackwood and Sons, 1877. Jefferson Airplane. ‘White Rabbit’. Surrealistic Pillow. RCA Victor, 1967. John, Alan. Through the Looking-Glass. Libretto by Andrew Upton. Victoria Opera, 2008. Opera. Knayfel, A. A. Alice in Wonderland. St Petersburg, 2001. Opera. Kovac, T. and S. Liew. Wonderland. New York: Disney Press, 2008. Lavigne, A. ‘Alice’. Almost Alice. Buena Vista Records, 2010. Le Gallienne, E. Alice in Wonderland. New York: Civic Repertory Theater, 1932. Malice in Wonderland. Dir. S. Fellows. Sony Pictures, 2009. Martens, A. C. Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. Woodstock, IL: Dramatic Pub. Co., 1965. Bibliography 235

Martin, M. Adventures from the Original Alice in Wonderland. New York: Wonder Books, 1951. Miyuki Chan in Wonderland. Cham. Kadokawa Shoten, 1993–1995. Mitchell, L. ‘Sometimes I Feel Like Alice’. Said One to the Other. Warner Music, 2007. Mochizuki, J. Pandora Hearts. In Monthly GFantasy (2006–). Moore, A. and M. Gebbie. Lost Girls. Vol. 3. Portland: Top Shelf Productions, 2006. Munro, H. H. ‘’. The Novels and Plays of . New York: Viking, 1933. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. ‘Watching Alice’. Tender Prey. Mute Records, 1988. Song. Nicks, S. ‘Alice’. The Other Side of the Mirror. Modern Records, 1989. Song. Noon, J. . 1996. London: Corgi, 1997. Novic, R. J. Alice in Genderland. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2005. ‘One Hour in Wonderland’. Walt Disney Productions, 1950. Television Special. Outcault, R. F. Buddy Tucker Meets Alice in Wonderland. New York: Cupples & Leon, 1907. Pamyu, K. P. ‘Tsukema Tsukeru’. Warner Music Japan, 2011. Song. Pearson, H. ‘A Disney Flop, “Alice”, Set for 1st Reissue’. Deseret News 27 February 1974: 14B. Polke, S. Alice in Wonderland. 1971. Paintings. Porter, P. Alice in Wonderland. Northampton, Royal and Derngate Theatre, 2011. Pantomime. Prade, E. L. Alice in Orchestralia. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926. Rae, J. New Adventures of ‘Alice’. Chicago: P. F. Volland Company, 1917. Richards, A. M. A New Alice in the Old Wonderland. 1895. Gillette, NJ: First Wildeside Press, 2000. Roiphe, K. She Still Haunts Me. London: Headline, 2001. Sabuda, R. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Schine, C. Alice in Bed. New York: Picador, 1983. Scieszka, J. Walt Disney’s Alice in Wonderland. New York: Disney Press, 2008. Sheppard, K. Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There. Westport: Evertype, 2009. Stefani, G. ‘What Are You Waiting For?’ Love, Angel, Music, Baby. Interscope Records, 2004. Song. Stone, M. Children’s Stories That Never Grow Old. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Co., 1908. Sweeney, K. Exeunt Alice. United States: Kevin Sweeney, Black Rainbows Press, 2008. Talbot, B. . London: Jonathon Cape, 2007. The Beatles. ‘I Am the Walrus’. Magical Mystery Tour. EMI Records, 1967. Song. 236 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

The Muppet Show. ‘Episode 506: Brooke Shields.’ ITC Entertainment, 7 April 1980. Three Choruses from Alice in Wonderland. Comp. I. Fine, 1943. Through the Looking-Glass. Comp. D. Taylor, 1918. Through the Looking-Glass. Dir. W. Lang. 1928. Film. . Dir. D. Hand. Walt Disney Productions, 1936. Film. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. ‘Don’t Come around Here No More’. Southern Accents. MCA Records, 1985. Weatherly, F. E. Elsie’s Expedition. London: Fredrick Warne and Co., 1874. Werner, J. Alice in Wonderland Finds the Garden of Live Flowers. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1951. ———. Alice in Wonderland Meets the White Rabbit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1951. ———. Mad Hatter’s Tea Party. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1951. Wheeldon, C., choreographer. Alice in Wonderland. London, Royal Opera House, 2011. Wilson, Y. More ‘Alice’. London TV. Boardman & Co. Ltd, 1959.

Secondary Material

‘Alice and Her Imitators’. Book and Magazine Collector 300 (2008): 34–5. ‘“Alice” App for iPad Points the Way towards a New Generation of Pop-up Books’. Independent 10 April 2010, independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ books/alice-app-for-ipad-points-the-way-toward-a-new-generation-of-popup- books-1944652.html. ‘Alice in Disneyland’. Life Magazine 18 June 1951: 87–91. Alpert, H. ‘Disney against Bunin, or Vice Versa’. Saturday Review 11 August 1951: 30–32. ‘“Alice” on the Screen’. Times 6 December 1933. ‘Alice Translated’. Spectator 7 August 1869. ‘An Alice.’ John O’ London’s Weekly XXVI (5 March 1932). Anderson, Z. ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Royal Opera House, London’. 19 March 2012, Opera. independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ theatre-dance/reviews/alices-adventures-in-wonderland-royal-opera-house- london-7577434.html. Atkinson, B. ‘Alice in Fourteenth Street’. New York Times 25 December 1932. Auerbach, N. ‘Falling Alice, Fallen Women, and Victorian Dream Children.’ In Romantic Imprisonment: Women and Other Glorified Outcasts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. 149–68. Ayres, H. M. Carroll’s Alice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936. ———. ‘Carroll’s Withdrawal of the 1865 Alice’. Huntington Library Bulletin 6 (1934): 153–63. Bibliography 237

Bates, K. L. ‘Introduction to the Series’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. L. Carroll. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1902. Berman, R. ‘Alice as Fairy-tale and Non Fairy-tale’. Carrollian 11 (Spring 2003): 51–62. Blake, K. Play, Games and Sports: The Literary Works of Lewis Carroll. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974. Blake, P. ‘Behind the Scenes: In Conversation with Peter Blake’. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. London: Merrell, 2006. 99–112. Bohem, H. ‘The First Edition of Through the Looking-Glass’. Jabberwocky 13 (1984): 87–95. ‘Book Notices’. Aunt Judy’s Magazine VIII (1 November, 1869): 61. ‘Books for Children’. Pall Mall Gazette 19 January 1867, n.p. Bond, W. H. ‘The Publication of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. Harvard Library Bulletin 10 (1956): 306–24. Brooker, W. Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture. London: Continuum, 2004. Brown, S. ‘Alice in Wonderland (1903)’. BFI Screenonline, screenonline.org.uk/ film/id/974410/. Burch, P. ‘Alice Falls into Deep, Dark Hole’. Australian 23 May 2008, theaustralian.com.au/archive/arts-arc/alice-falls-into-deep-dark-hole/story- e6frg8po-1111116417473. ‘Children’s Books’. Nation 12 November 1896: 372. Chimori, M. ‘Shigeru Hatsuyama’s Unpublished Alice Illustrations: A Comparative Study of Japanese and Western Art’. Carrollian 4 (2009): 45–62. ‘Christmas Books’. Times 21 December 1876: 6. ‘Christmas Entertainments’. Times 24 December 1907: 9. Clark, Anne. Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Dent: London, 1979. Clark, Beverly Lyon. ‘What Went Wrong with Alice?’ Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 11.1 (1986): 29–33. Cohen, M. N. ‘Alice Under Ground’. Jabberwocky 7.4 (1978): 83–4. ——— (ed.). The Letters of Lewis Carroll. 2 Vols. London: Macmillan, 1979. ———. Lewis Carroll: A Biography. London: Vintage, 1996. ———. ‘Another Wonderland: Lewis Carroll’s The Nursery “Alice”’. Lion and the Unicorn 7/8 (1983–1984): 120–26. Cohen, M. N. and A. Gandolfo (eds). Lewis Carroll and the House of Macmillan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Cohen, M. and E. Wakling (eds). Lewis Carroll and His Illustrators: Collaboration and Correspondence, 1865–1898. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. Collingwood, S. D. The Lewis Carroll Picture Book. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1899. ———. The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll. 1898. London: Thomas Nelson, 1900. Cott, J. (ed.). Beyond the Looking Glass: Extraordinary Works of Fairy Tale and Fantasy. New York: Stonehill Publishing, 1973. 238 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

Crawford, E. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. New York: Routledge, 2001. Cripps, E. A. “Alice and the Reviewers’. Children’s Literature 11 (1983): 32–48. Crompton, S. ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Royal Opera House: review’. Daily Telegraph 1 March, 2011, telegraph.co.uk/culture/ culturereviews/8353808/Alices-Adventures-in-Wonderland-Royal-Opera- House-review.html. Damrosch, W. ‘Foreword’. Alice in Orchestralia. Ed. E. La Prade. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926. Davies J. ‘Introduction’. The Illustrators of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Ed. G. Ovenden. London: Academy Editions, 1979. Delahunty, G. and C. B. Schulz (eds). Alice in Wonderland Through the Visual Arts. London: Tate Publishing, 2011. Derrida, J. ‘The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow)’. Trans. David Wills. Critical Enquiry 28 (2002): 369–418. Dolan, J. D. ‘David Del Tredici (Interview)’. Bomb 60 (Summer 1997). Duffy, M. ‘The Illustration of Peter Newell and John Tenniel in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. Jabberwocky 21.3 (1992): 59–65. ‘Editorial’. Jabberwocky 21.3 (1992): 58. Empson, William. Some Versions of Pastoral. 1935. London: Hogarth Press, 1968. Finch, C. The Art of Walt Disney. New York: Abrams, 2011. Fisher, J. The Magic of Lewis Carroll. New York: Bramhall House, 1973. Fliotsos, A. L. and W. Vierow. American Women Stage Directors of the Twentieth Century. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2008. Gattegno, J. Lewis Carroll: Fragments of Looking-Glass. Trans. R. Sheed. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976. ‘Gladys in Grammarland’. The Literary World: A Monthly Review of Current Literature 19 February 1898: 62. Godman, S. ‘Lewis Carroll’s Final Corrections to “Alice”’. Times Literary Supplement 2 May 1958: 258. Goodacre, S. ‘Consideration of Physical Factors’. Jabberwocky 7.2 (1978): 71–4. ———. ‘Lewis Carroll’s 1887 Corrections to Alice’. Library 28.2 (1975): 131–46. ———. ‘Lewis Carroll’s Alterations for the 1897 6s. Edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. Jabberwocky 11.3 (Summer 1982): 67–76. ———.‘The Nineteenth-Century American Alice’. Proceedings of the Second Annual Lewis Carroll Conference (1994): 68–74. ———.‘The Textual Alterations to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 1865–1866’. Jabberwocky 3.1 (1973): 17–20. Goodacre, S. and J. Stern. ‘Savile Clarke’s Alice in Wonderland – A Dream Play, or The Case of the Crucial Comma’. Jabberwocky 15.1–2 (1986): 7–13. Guiliano, E. (ed.). Lewis Carroll: A Celebration. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc/Publishers, 1982. ——— (ed.). Lewis Carroll Observed. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1976. Bibliography 239

Gussow, M. ‘A Grande Dame Returns as White Queen’. New York Times 19 December 1982, n.p. Hancher, M. ‘Alice’s Audiences’. Romanticism and Children’s Literature in Nineteenth-Century England. Ed. J. H. McGavran. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009. ———. ‘Punch and Alice: Through Tenniel’s Looking Glass’. Lewis Carroll: A Celebration: Essays on the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. Ed. E. Guillano. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc./Publishers, 1982. 26–49. ———. The Tenniel Illustrations to the ‘Alice’ Books. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985. Hartmann, M. ‘Alice in Wonderland: “Refreshingly Feminist”, Lacks Heart’. Jezebel 5 March 2010, jezebel.com/5486801/alice-in-wonderland-refreshingly- feminist-lacks-heart. Haughton, H. ‘A Note on the Text’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. L. Carroll. London: Penguin, 1998. lxx–lxxiv. Hearn, M. P. ‘Alice’s Other Parent: John Tenniel as Lewis Carroll’s Illustrator’. American Book Collector 4.3 (1983): 11–20. Heath, P. ‘Alician Parodies’. Jabberwocky 13.3 (Summer 1984): 68–84. Herford, O. ‘The Illustrator’s Apology’. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. L. Carroll. Boston: Ginn and Co., 1917.vii–viii. Hodnett, E. Image and Text: Studies in the Illustration of English Literature. London: Scholar, 1982. Holden, S. ‘Tortured Repression in Wonderland’. New York Times 9 October 1995, nytimes.com/1995/10/09/theater/tortured-repression-inwonderland. html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Hollingsworth, C. (ed.). Alice Beyond Wonderland: Essays for the Twenty-First Century. Iowa City: Iowa University Press, 2009. Hudson, D. Lewis Carroll: An Illustrated Biography. New York: American Library, 1977. Hunt, P. ‘Note on the Text’. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. L. Carroll. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. xliv–xlv. Jennings, L. ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland – Review’. Guardian 6 March 2011, guardian.co.uk/stage/2011/mar/06/alice-adventures-wonderland- review. Jones, J. E. and J. F. Gladstone. The Alice Companion: A Guide to Lewis Carroll’s Alice Books. London: Macmillan, 1998. Kelly, R. ‘Contemporary Reviews of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. L. Carroll. Ontario: Broadview Press, 2000. 270– 86. ———. ‘“If you don’t know what a Gryphon is”: Text and Illustration in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. In Lewis Carroll: A Celebration. Ed. E. Guiliano. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc./Publishers, 1982. 62–74. 240 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

Kibbee, D. ‘When Children’s Literature Transcends Its Genre: Translating Alice in Wonderland’. Meta: Translators’ Journal 48.1–2 (2003): 307–21. Kincaid, J. R. ‘Preface to the Pennyroyal Alice’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Berkeley, CA: Pennyroyal Press, 1982. 5–12. King, S. ‘“Alice in Wonderland”: Sixty Years Later, Former Disney Child Star Looks Back’. Los Angeles Times 18 February 2011, herocomplex.latimes. com/2011/02/18/alice-in-wonderland-sixty-years-later-former-disney-child- star-looks-back/. Lamberton Becker, M. ‘Introduction’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. L. Carroll. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1946. 7–11. Leach, K. In the Shadow of a Dreamchild: The Myth and Reality of Lewis Carroll. 1999. London: Peter Owen, 2009. Livingstone, M. ‘Preface to the 2006 Edition Illustrated by Peter Blake’. Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. London: Merrell, 2006. 8. Lowenstein, J. Ben Jonson and Possessive Authorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Lovett, C. Alice on Stage: A History of the Early Theatrical Productions of ‘Alice in Wonderland’. Westport, CT: Meckler, 1978. Lovett, C. and S. Lovett. Lewis Carroll’s Alice: An Annotated Checklist of the Lovett Collection. Westport, CT: Meckler, 1990. Lusty, N. Surrealism, Feminism, Psychoanalysis. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. Macdonald, G. George MacDonald and His Wife. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1924. Martin, E. S. ‘Introduction’. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1901. McKenzie, D. F. Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Merrit R. and J. B. Kaufman. Walt in Wonderland: The Silent Films of Walt Disney. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Mulderig, G. P. ‘Alice and Wonderland: Subversive Elements in the World of Victorian Children’s Literature’. Journal of Popular Culture 11 (1977): 320–29. Ovenden, G., and J. Davies. The Illustrators of ‘Alice in Wonderland’ and ‘Through the Looking Glass.’ London: Academy Editions, 1979. Phillips, R. Aspects of Alice: Lewis Carroll’s Dreamchild as Seen Through the Critics Looking-Glasses 1865–1971. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1972. Pilinovsky, H. ‘Body as Wonderland: Alice’s Graphic Iteration in Lost Girls’. Alice Beyond Wonderland: Essays for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. Cristopher Hollingsworth. Iowa City: Iowa University Press, 2009. Ramey, P. Irving Fine: An American Composer in His Time. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, 2005. Reed, E. T. ‘Tenniel’s “Alice” Reigns Supreme’. Punch, or the London Charivari 4 December 1907: 411. Bibliography 241

Reichertz, R. The Making of the Alice Books: Lewis Carroll’s Use of Earlier Children’s Literature. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997. ‘Reprinted Reviews of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, First Published in 1865’. Jabberwocky 9.1 (1979/80): 3–8. ‘Reprinted Reviews of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, First Published in 1865, 1866 and 1867’. Jabberwocky 9.2 (1980): 27–40. ‘Reviews of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Originally Published in 1866’. Jabberwocky 9.3 (1980): 55–8. Rich, F. ‘The Stage: Meryl Streep Sings in “Alice in Concert”’. New York Times 8 January 1981, theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=950CE7DA 173BF93BA35752C0A967948260. Romney, C. ‘The First French Translator of Alice: Henri Bué’. Jabberwocky 10.4 (Autumn 1981): 89–94. Ross, A. ‘Looking-Glass Opera’. New Yorker 30 July 2007, newyorker.com/arts/ critics/musical/2007/07/30/070730crmu_music_ross?currentPage=all. Ross, R. ‘Forward’. In Alice in Wonderland. New York: Maxton Publishers, Inc., 1947, n.p. Rossetti, W. M. The Family Letters of Christina Rossetti. New York: Scribner’s, 1908. Salmon, E. ‘Literature for the Little Ones’. Nineteenth Century October 1887. Schulz, C. B. ‘Down the Rabbit Hole and into the Museum: Alice and the Visual Arts’. In Alice in Wonderland Through the Visual Arts. Eds. G. Delahunty and C. B. Schulz. Liverpool: Tate Publishing, 2012. 8–35. Self, W. ‘Introduction.’ In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001. Sewell, B. ‘Curiouser and Curiouser’. Jabberwocky 12.2 (1983): 42–4. ———. ‘John W. Lovell’s Attempt at Cornering the American Stereotype Plate Market in the 1890s and Its Impact on the American Editions of the Alice Books’. Jabberwocky 11.3 (1982): 77–83. Shaylor, J. The Fascination of Books with Other Papers on Books and Bookselling. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co., 1912. Sibley, B. ‘The Nursery “Alice” Illustrations’. Jabberwocky 4.4 (1975): 92–5. Sigler, C. Alternative Alices: Visions and Revisions of Lewis Carroll’s Alice Books. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999. ———. ‘Brave New Alice: Anna Marlack Richards’s Maternal Wonderland’. Children’s Literature 24 (1996): 55–73. Sircar, S. ‘Other Alices and Alternative Wonderlands: An Exercise in Literary History’. Jabberwocky 13.2 (1984): 23–48. Spender, J. A. ‘Foreword to the Westminster Alice’. In The Novels and Plays of Saki. Ed. H. H. Munro. New York: Viking, 1933. Smith, Z. ‘Introduction’. In Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001. Stanfield, S. ‘Alice and the Pirate’.Jabberwocky 21.1 (1991/2): 3–7. 242 Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

Stevens, C. ‘Making Alice for the iPad’. Literary Platform 14 April 2010, theliteraryplatform.com/2010/04/making-alice-for-the-ipad/. Stern, J. Lewis Carroll Bibliophile. Luton: White Stone Publishing, 1997. ———. ‘Lewis Carroll the Surrealist’. Lewis Carroll: A Celebration: Essays on the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. Ed. Edward Guillano. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc./Publishers, 1982. 132–53. Stott, R. Oyster. London: Reaktion Books, 2004. Sunshine, L. All Things Alice. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 2004. Susina, J. The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children’s Literature. London: Routledge, 2010. Stoffel, S. L. The Art of Alice in Wonderland. New York: Smithmark, 1998. Telotte, J. P. ‘Disney’s : A Life of Illusion and the Illusion of Life’. Animation 5 (2010): 331–40. Thomas, D. Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background. London: John Murray, 1996. ‘The New Alices and the Old’. Times Literary Supplement 5 December 1907: 372–3. Wakeling, E. (ed.). Lewis Carroll’s Diaries: The Private Journals of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. 10 Vols. Luton: Lewis Carroll Society, 1993–2007. ———. ‘The Illustration Plan for Through the Looking-Glass’. Jabberwocky 21 (1992): 27–35. Weaver, W. Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964. ———. ‘Ink and Pen Used by Lewis Carroll’. Jabberwocky 4.1 (1975): 3–4. ———. ‘The First Edition of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: A Census’. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 65 (1971): 1–40. Weaver, W. and A. C. Berol. The India Alice. Marchbanks Press, 1963. Woolf, V. The Moment: And Other Essays. London: Hogarth, 1947. Williams, S. H., F. Madan, and R. L. Green. The Lewis Carroll Handbook. 1931. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. Wilson, O. ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: A Survey of the Important Editions and Issues of One of the Outstanding Book Rarities of Nineteenth Century Literature’. Rara Libri 1 (1937): 1–41. ‘Young Folk’s Column’. Newcastle Weekly Courant 21 January 1887.