Arnold 119 Arnot

(juality, and a very small part of the classical workers in the Punjab. lie is the autlior of portion of it Las alone stood the test of * Oakfield, or FelloAvsliip in the Knst,' a novel ' time. In an article in ' Frasei'*s Magazine in two volumes, published in 1858 under the for February 1853, which was afterwards pseudonym of 'Punjabee.' It depicts the published in pamphlet form, and has been struggles of a young officer of exceptional attributed, correctly, as we believe, to Ur. cultiire and seriousness to elevate the Ioav J. W. Donaldson, the author of the * New tone of the military society about him, and Cratylus,' the attempt was made in very the trials and problems forced upon him by forcible language to throw discredit on the this peculiar form of quixotism. It is well whole of Arnold's classical schoolbooks. But Avritten and deeply interesting, imbued ia the unmeasured vituperation of the criticism, every line with the spirit of the author's il- which attracted considerable attention at lustrious father ; but, as is usually the case- the time, is only very partially justified. In when the ethical element largely predomi- u temperate reply, written a few weeks before nates, is open to the charge of insufficient his death, Arnold successfully rebutted some sympathy with types of character alien from of the more sinister imputations on his cha- the writer's own. He also translated Wiese's

' ' racter introduced into the article ; and he Letters on English Education (1854), and justly remarks, in reference to the miUtipli- published in 1855 four lectures, treating re- city of his works, that ' regular industry Avith spectively of the Palace of Westminster, the a careful division of time and employment, English in India, Caste, and the Discovery carried on, with hardly any exception, for of America. six days in every week, will accomplish a [Prospective Review, x. 274-303 ; information gi-eat deal in fifteen years.' The popularity from Miss Frances Arnold.] E. G. of a few of the books that Donaldson specially denounced has, moreover, survived his fierce ARNOT, HUGO (1749-1786), historical attack, and his Latin and Greek ' Prose Com- writer, was son of a merchant at Leith, where positions,' new editions of which, revised by he was born 8 Dec. 1749. He changed his leading scholars, appeared in 1881, are valued name from Pollock to Arnot on succeeding to highly at the present day by many teachers his mother's property of Balcornio, Fifeshire. of eminence. He became an advocate 5 Dec. 1772. In 1 777 [Gent. Mag. (new series), xxxix. 667; Athe- he published a satirical paper, called an * Es- say on Nothing,' read before the iispum for 1853, i. 353 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Ar- Speculative nold's Few AVords in Answer to the Attack on Society, and made himself unpopular by his my Classical School Books (1853).] S. L. L. sarcasms. In 1779 he published his ' History

of ' (a second edition appeared in DELAFIELD ARNOLD, WILLIAM 1817), and in 1785 a ' Collection of Celebrated (182&-18o9), Anglo-Indian official and no- Criminal Trials in .' Both works velist, the second son of Thomas Arnold, were pirated in Ireland. He published the D.D., was born at Laleham, 7 April 1828, second at his OAvn expense in defiance of the and was educated at Rugby. lie was Edinburgh booksellers, and the gross proceeds elected a student of Christ Cliurch, Oxford, were 600/. His books shoAv reading and in 1847, and in the following year proceeded shrewdness. He became prematurely old to India as ensign in the 58th regiment of from asthma, and his irritability and caustic native infantry. lie soon became an assistant language hindered his success at the bar. commissioner in the Punjab, and in 1856 Many anecdotes are told of his eccentricity. was appointed by Sir John Lawrence director He Avrote many papers on local politics, op- of public instruction. The department Avas posed local taxation, and is said to have re- new, and its organisation fell entirely upon tarded for ten years the erection of the South Arnold, who, after much invaluable service, Bridge in Edinburgh. He died 20 Nov. 1786, Avas obliged to quit India on sick leave, and and left eight children. He was a favourite died at Gibraltar on his Avay home, 9 April, subject Avith John Kay, the Edinburgh cari- 1859. His Avife, Frances Anne, daughter of caturist, who took full advantage of the ex- Major-general Hodgson, had died shortly treme slimness of his figure. before in India. Their joint memories are cele- [Kay's Edinburgh Portraits, with biographic brated by his brother MattheAV in ' ASouthern sketches, Nos. v, viii,lxvi, cxxxii, and pp. 16, 25, Night,' one of the most beautiful memorial 157, 324, ed. 1877 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation.] poems in our language. Arnold's name is further perpetuated by an annual distribution ARNOT, WILLIAM (1808-1875), of medals, bearing his likeness, to the best preacher and theological writer, was bom at pupils in the schools AA'hich he founded, pro- Scone, where his father was a farmer, 6 Nov. vided from a fund subscribed by his felloAV- 1808. In early life he was apprenticed to a ;:

Arnot Arnott

' gardener ; but the deep impression made on 1. Life of James Halley.' 2. ' The Race for his mind by the death of a religiously minded Riches, and some of the Pits into which the brother led him to study for the ministry. In Runners fall : six lectures applying the Word his university career in Glasgow he gained dis- of God to the traffic of man. It liad a wide tinction in spite of his poverty, especially in circulation both in this countiy and America, the Greek classes. He had for classfellows two as following up the principles of Chalmers's men, whose biographies he afterwards wrote ' Commercial Discourses.' 3. ' The Drunkard's James Ilalley, Avho died quite early, and Progi-ess, being a panorama of the overland James Hamilton, afterAvards minister of the route from the station of Drouth to the gene- National Scotch Church in Kegent Square, ral terminus in the Dead Sea, in a series of . Arnot was of an honest, joyous, thirteen views, drawn and engraved by John unconventional, hearty nature, with a dash of Adam, the descriptions given by John Bun- originality almost amounting to eccentricity. yan, junior.' 4. ' Laws from Heaven for Life

AVriting to his father he revealed the true on Earth ; Illustrations of the Book of Pro-

' secret of his character : I love, in a greater verbs.' 2 vols. This was one of his most or less degi-ee, every person whom I know, characteristic and successful books, treating and also all that I do not know ; and this is of the maxims of Hebrew wisdom viewed from one gi-and source of my happiness.' a christian standpoint in the nineteenth cen- Soon after completing liis theological tury. 5. * Roots and Fruits of the Christian studies he was called, in 1838, to be minister Life.' 6. 'The Parables of our Lord.' 7. 'Life of St. Peter's Church in Glasgow, one of the of James Hamilton, D.D.' 8. ' This Present new churches built under the extension World.' Some thoughts on the adaptation of scheme of Dr. Chalmers. He soon became man's home to the tenant. 9. A posthumous one of the most popular ministers of the city. volume of sermons. His ministry, which after 1843 was car- [Autobiography, with Memoir by his daugli- ried on in connection with the Free Church, ter, 1877.] W. G. B. was marked by an intense love of nature, united with a poetical temperament ; by sym- ARNOTT, GEORGE ARNOTT pathy with young men ; by ardent advocacy WALKER (1799-1868), botanist, was born of temperance, and a strong appreciation of at Edinburgh, 6 Feb. 1799. His early years ethical Christianity. He strongly sympa- were spent at Edenshead and Arlary, on thised with all movements fitted to advance the borders of Fife and Bjnross ; in 1807 the welfare of the working class. he went to Edinburgh, entering the univer- In the year 1863, on the appointment of sity in 1813, where he took his A.M. degree Dr. Rainy to a professorship, Arnot was in 1818. He studied for the law, and was called to be minister of one of the leading admitted to the faculty of advocates in congregations of the Free Church in Edin- 1821 ; but the profession was uninteresting burgh, where for the last ten years of his life to him, and he soon abandoned it. His at- he was a conspicuous figure. During that tention some three or four years previously time he edited a monthly religious magazine, had been turned to botany, and to this called the ' Family Treasuiy.' He thrice study he now devoted himself, becoming visited America : in 1845, to render important acquainted with Wight and Greville, and ministerial service in the dominion of Canada a little later with Dr. (afterwards Sir Wil- in 1870 as a delegate from the Free Church liam) Hooker. In 1821 he went to France, of Scotland to congratulate the presbyterian where he worked in the Paris herbaria, churches in the northern states on their happy and published two papers on mosses. He reunion; and for the third time, in 1873, as afterwards visited Spain and Russia, and, on a member of the Evangelical Alliance, to at- his return to Scotland, man-ied in 1831 Miss tend its meetings at New York. Having Mary Hay Barclay, of Paris, Perthshire. From been a steady sympathiser with the northern 1830 to 1840 he was engaged with Sir Wil- states and the anti-slavery movement, he was liam Hooker upon an account of the plants received in the United States with extra- collected in Captain Beechey's voyage to the ordinary cordiality. Pacific and Behring's Straits, which formed The degree of D.D. was virtually offered a quarto volume published in 1841. During to Mr. Arnot by the university of Glasgow, these ten years he was very active in pub- and afterwards formally by the university of lishing descriptions of new plants from South

New York ; but for personal reasons he de- America, India, and Senegambia, in various clined to avail himself of it in either case. He periodicals ; he co-operated with Wight in his died after a short illness at Edinburgh, 3 June ' Illustrations of Indian Botany,' and in tlie 1875. ' Prodromus Florae peninsulae Indije Orien-

His chief works were the following : talis.' In 1839 he temporarily took Dr, Arnott 121 Arnott

Hooker's place as botanical lecturer at Glas- in the following year made a second voyage ] gow, and in 1845 was appointed professor of ! to China. He performed a novel operation botany in that university, leaving Arlary in for stricture, which saved the life of the 1846, and taking up his residence in Glasgow. captain, and devised new modes of ventilat- In 1850 he was associated with Sir William ing the ship. Hooker in the sixth edition of the ' British Qn his return to London, in 1811, he com- Flora.' About this time he took up the study menced practice in Hunter Street, Bruns- of Diatoms, of Avhich he foi-med a lai'ge and wick Square, in partnership with a friend valuable collection, publishing several me- named Darling, and he soon afterwards began moirs on the subject. In 1868 his health, a course of lectures on Natural Science ap- which had previously begun to fail, gave plied to Medicine at the Philomathic Institu- way, and the delivery of his university tion, which, in 1827, were published under course liad to be abandoned. Jaundice set the title of ' Elements of Physics.' In 1813 in, and he died on 17 April 18(58, and was he obtained the diploma of the College of buried in the Lighthill cemetery, Glasgow, Surgeons, and in 1814 the university of He left three sons and five daughters. His Aberdeen confen-ed upon him the degree of large collections subsequently became the M.D. He continued to practise as a physician property of the university of Glasgow. He till the year 1855, and enjoyed a large and was a good correspondent, an esteemed pro- lucrative practice. fessor, an accurate observer, and a zealous Arnott's catholic connections and know- worker. ledge of languages helped him in his profes- sion. consulted him. [Trans. Bot. Sec. Ediubiurgh, ix. 414-26.] Many foreigners In J. B. 1816 he became physician to the French, and some time aftei-wards to the Spanish em- ARNOTT, NEIL (1788-1874), physician bassy. In the same year he dissolved his and natural philosopher, was born at Ar- partnership with Darling, who had married, broath, in Scotland, where his father held a and took up his residence in a large house, valuable farm. His father had become a No. 38 Bedford Square, where he remained catholic in early life ; and his mother, Ann, to the end of his professional life—more than daughter of Maclean of Boteray, was of forty succeeding years. During the next the same faith. Misfortunes compelled the seven or eight years but few changes appear father to give up his fann and settle first to have taken place in his career. at Blair and aftei"wards in Aberdeen. Neil About 1823 he began to prepare his 'Phy- was taught by his mother and at the parish sics.' Sir David Barry was at this time pro- school of Lunan, and in November 1798 pagating his views concerning the circulation entered Aberdeen grammar school. In 1801 of blood through the capillary tubes and the he was entered as a student in the Max-ischal veins; and he attributed this to atmosi)heric College, with a small bursaiy, where he re- pressure. The view was opposed by Dr. mained during four sessions, and was especi- Armstrong, who begged Arnott to take up ally interested by the lectures of Patrick his cause. This led to the delivery of lectures Copland on natural philosophy. He gradu- on medical physics in 1825 in Arnott's house.

' ated M.A. in 1805, and at once commenced Professor Bain says : The lectures made a the study of medicine in Aberdeen. He great impression, and there was a strong supported himself partly by acting as shop- desire expressed that he should repeat them.'

* assistant to a chemist. In September 18{)6, The first volume of Arnott's Physics ' ap- he went to London, and became a student peared in 1827, and it was received with at St. George's Hospital, under Sir Everard enthusiasm. A second edition was printed in Home. A year later Home's favour obtained the same year, a third in 1828, and a fourth, him an appointment as surgeon in the East together with Part I. of the second volume, India Company's service, and he sailed for in 1829. In 1833 appeared a fifth edition of China in April 1807. During the long and the first volume, with a second of vol. ii. stormy voyage he appears to have made a Part I. It was speedily translated into number of physical and meteorological ob- Spanish, French, Dutch, and German. The servations i-egarding ocean currents, tides, book went out of print, and Arnott spent winds, and other atmospheric phenomena, much time upon a sixth edition, half of which w^aves, &c., many of which are recorded in appeared in 1864, and a second half, with new

' his Elements of Physics.' He learned chapters, in 1865 ; a seventh edition has ap- languages and gave lectures to the captain peared since his death. and officers. He also turned his attention About the year 1855, he gave up his prac- to sanitary matters, clothing, and ventila- tice, and turned liis attention more especially tion. In 1809, he returned to , and to scientific and sanitary matters. His name Arnott 122 Arran had become well known many years earlier man. He was perfectly sound in health, in connection witli the invention of a smoke- and for more than sixty years he lived in less gi-ate, known as ' Arnott's Stove,' Avhich the heart of London, and rarely sought or combined economy of fuel and consumption required a lioliday. In many manual exer- of the smoke with uniformity of combustion. cises, sucli as handicraft and games, drawing, For this he was awarded the Rumford medal and playing upon musical instruments, he of the Royal Society in 1854. He devised excelled. He possessed a gi-eat aptitude for the water-bed in 1832, and in 1838 he pub- languages—wrote English elegantly, and lished an important essay on ' Warming and gave fluent speech to Italian, Spanish, and Ventilation,' in Avhich both his stove and French. When his 'Physics 'was translated ventilator are fully described. He declined into German, he began the study of that to patent any of his inventions, and was language. His intellect was very versatile. never more happy than Avhen he could devise It widely embraced both languages and or apply any means of lessening human science. As an inventor he possessed many suffering, or extending man's dominion over resources. He was a very sociable man, was nature. For his various inventions he was extremely amiable, and always full of phi- awarded a gold medal by the jurors of the lanthropic aims and objects. There is a Paris Exhibition of 1 855, and Napoleon III. crayon drawing of Arnott by Mrs, W, Car- gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour, penter in the Royal Society, and a portrait He was one of the founders of the university by Partridge in Marischal College, Aberdeen. of London in 1836, and an original member [Obituary notice of Dr. Neil Arnott, in the of the senate. In the following year he was Proceedings of the lioyal Society, vol, xxv, appointed one of the physicians extraordi- 1877 ; Bain's Biographical Memoir of Dr. Neil

nary to tlie queen ; in 1838 he was elected Arnott, read before the Aberdeen Philosophical a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1854 Society, 1881.] G. F. K. a member of the Medical Coimcil. In 1861, ARNOUL or ARNULF. [See Eknitlf.] he published a ' Survey of Human Progress,' which reached a second edition in 1862. It ARNWAY, JOHN (1601-1653), royalist was well received, though criticised as re- divine, was of a Shropshire family and heir to f)resenting a 'narrow xitilitarianism.' In 1867 a considerable estate. He Avas a commoner of le wrote a small tract on arithmetic, and in St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, and in 1635 rector 1870 a pamphlet on national education. of Ilodnet and Ightfield. (For difficulties con- To a great age Dr. Arnott retained clear nected with these appointments see State Pa- faculties, and his old spirit of inventiveness pers, Dom. 1634-5.) His abounding charity never forsook him. Among his last devices and devoted loyalty were conspicuous. When was a chair-bed for preventing sea-sickness. he repaired to the king at Oxford in 1642, Having a large circle of scientific friends, and the parliament garrison at Wem plundered being a prominent member of the Royal In- his house so completely that (according to stitution, he lived much in the society of his own account) they left him neither bible, the most progressive men of science in Lon- nor money, nor clothes. He was promoted don, His benefactions were widely spread. to be archdeacon of Lichfield and Coventiy In 1869 he gave 2,000Z. to the university of and prebendary of Woolvey. Resuming his London, and 1,000/. to the universities of activity in the royal service, his estate was Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Glasgow, and St, An- sequestrated and he imprisoned till after the drews, In 1865 Mrs, Arnott gave 1,000/, to king's death. He was then exiled, and took each of two ladies' colleges in London, and refuge at the Hague, where (in 1650) he pub- after her husband's death carried out his lished two pamphlets, (1) the ' Tablet,' a vin-

wishes by giving 1,000/. to each of the four dication of the king against Milton's ' Eikono- Scotch imiversities. clastes,' and (2) ' An Alarum to the Subjects In 1859 he caught cold, which brought on of England,' an account of the oppressions a deafness, gradually increasing, and ulti- which he and others had suffered. He was mately limiting greatly his sociable habits. compelled by poverty to accept an invitation A fall in 1871 produced a concussion of the to exercise his function among the English in brain and weakened his mind. He died 22 Virginia, where he died, it is supposed in March 1874, and was buried in Edinburgh. 165.3. Both his tracts were reprinted in 1661 His wife, whom he married in 1856, survived by William Rider of Merton College. him two years. She Avas the widow of one [Wood's Athenaj Oxen. (Bliss), iii. 307 : Fasti, of his oldest friends, Mr. Knight, and the i. 397, 415.] R. C. B. daughter of Mr. G. II. Holley, of Blickling, in Norfolk. ARRAN, Earls of. [See Hamilton and Dr. Arnott was physically a very strong Stewart.]