Jan., 1910. J THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES.

/ the world, by Captain Thomas Candish or / ?riijiiml Articles. Cavendish, who found the island inhabited by only a few slaves of the Portuguese, and speaks of seeing a cross, with the date 1571, and a THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES. church, and mentions that the Portuguese Indiamen usually touched at the island on their By D. G. CRAWFORD, m.b., homeward voyages.(2) The island was formally LIEUT-COL., I.M.S., occupied by the Dutch in 1633, but abandoned Civil Surgeon, Hughli. by them in 1651, when they took possession of the of Good When the Dutch left Most of our readers are aware that, Cape Hope. probably St. Helena, the East India occupied ever since the scattered individual medical Company the island, and their was confirmed officers in India were, from 1st January possession serving a charter from King Charles IT, dated 3rd united into one the Indian Medical b}^ 1764, body, 1661. In 1673 the Dutch the that Service has been divided into three April captured Service, but it was retaken in the same and island, year by branches, the Bengal, Madras, Bombay William " Sir) Munden, R.N., as used to be called. Captain (afterwards Establishments," they and to the Company by a new charter, the Court of Directors of the East regranted And, though dated 16th December The East India India insisted that officers 1673.(3) Company always retained possession of the island to one be Company appointed Establishment might posted the to were until LS34, except during years 1815 1821, to either of the or wherever they others, when the British Government held it as a such transfers have, for nearly a required,(1) residence for who died there on 5th made. The names of Napoleon, century past, rarely been 1821. When acts 3 and 4 of William IV, the officers in these three Services were combined May cap. 85, in 1833, abolished their trade, the Com- in one in the Indian list, for the first time, to the pany ceded the island Crown. Army List of 1st October 1906. But they lo As might be expected, from the size of the still remain on lists for promotion, separate the St. Helena Medical Service was a very these three Services, thirteen years ago, was place, all small one. At most, there appear to have been added a the Service, in which fourth, junior four or five men serving at one time, of whom the are on one for This members list promotion. on one would usually be furlough. In 1813 there Service was created G. G. 0. No 260 of 6th by were, a Medical Superintendent, a Head March with effect from 1st 1896. Surgeon, 1896, April one and two In There are four different branches Surgeon, Assistant-Surgeons. now, therefore, all, I have only been able to collect some thirty of the I. M S, and these four branches presumably names of officers in this Service, two in 1749, the will continue to exist for 20 to 25 years more, others during the years 1771 to 1834, when the until the last members of the senior Services was closed. The on one Service finally last officer the have died or after which only retired; list, George Brown Waddell, who entered in 1828, Imperial Medical Service will remain. But by was murdered by pirates on 6th 1830. that time there will be a large Provincial April probably The last survivor of this small Service was Medical Service recruited in India. entirely James M.A., M.D., of Marischal The East India however, besides Arnott, 1812, 1825, Company, Aberdeen, who entered in and the Indian Medical Service, used to maintain College, 1825, large died in London on 4th March 1883. several smaller Medical Services, viz :? The St Helena Medical Service. II.?The Malay Islands and West Coast The West Coast (of Sumatra) Medical Service. Service. The Prince of Wales Medical Service. Island The East India first factories in the rlhe China Medical Service. Company's East were in the Malay islands, not in India There was also, of course, the very numerous itself. Captain James Lancaster, who com- Marine Medical the Medical Service, comprising manded the first founded a officers of the Indiamen. These Company's voyage, Company's factory at Bantam, in Java, in and officers were not united into a service, but each 1603; Captain Hippon, in the seventh voyage, founded to a for one voyage. appointed particular ship a in Siam in no factory 1610-11. The Service at sea was by English frequently, though were from Bantam the Dutch means a to into one of expelled by always, passport entry in 1621, and on 16th 1823 occurred the the land Services. The of the ship February majority massacre at Amboyna, when the never entered the land service, most ol English Agent, Surgeons Captain Gabriel Towerson, and almost all of his the men in the Services, had not regular previous- staff, were seized, tortured, and executed the ly served at sea by Dutch on account of an alleged plot(4). Owing to the of the the I.?The St. Helena Medical Service. enmity Dutch, Company's factories in the Malay islands, Siam, Japan, The island was first of St. Helena discovered by etc., were abandoned in a Achin, & 1624; only few, Portuguese Navigator, Juan de Nuora Castella, Jambi, Japara, and Macassar, being retained. ?n 31st In 1588 it May 1501 (St. Helena's day). The at Bantam was re-established as ^as factory visited, on his return from a vogage round subordinate to Surat in 1629, but in 1634-35 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Jan., 1910. was made an independent Presidency. Madras mention the building of a new hospital at Fort was a subordinate factory to Bantam from its Marlborough. Numerous other settlements were foundation in 1640 up to 1653, when it also was gradually founded in Sumatra, subordinate to made an independent Presidency. Balam- Fort Marlborough or Bencoolen, viz., Priaman, bangan, in the Sulu Islands, was occupied by Padang, Moco-Moco, Natal, and Croee. All these the English from 1671 to 1675, when the factory places lay along the South-west coast of the was moved to Labuan. Factories were also estab- island, so the men serving there were called the lished and occupied by the Company from time West-coast Service. to time at.? Throughout the greater part of the eighteenth Macassar, South-west corner of Celebes. century, Sumatra appears to have been officered Manilla, West coast of Luzon, Phillippiue from Madras, and to have been subordinate to islands. that Presidency. Service on the West-coast Tywau, or Tai-wan, the island of Formosa. was not popular, and men who were not wanted Jambi, North-east coast of Sumatra, near in Mrdras seem to have been relegated there. South-east end. But after the foundation of the Calcutta Medical Patani, East coast of Malay Peninsula. Board in 1786 correspondence from Medical Pulo Condore, island off South coast of Cam- officers in Sumatra passed to Government bodia. through that Board. Jakatra, West end of North coast of Java, After the I. M. S. had been constituted (now Batavia). in 17(34, up to the end of the eighteenth century, Japara, North coast of Java. the Medical Officers serving on the West-coast Sukadana, South-west coast of Borneo. formed a small separate service of their own, Ternate, Molucca islands, North-east coast. which gradually died out in the first years of the Tidore. Molucca islands, North-east coast. nineteenth century. The West-coast Service Banjarmassim, South-east coast of Borneo. was still maintained, but was officered entirely In the 1677 Javanese, instigated by the from India, chiefly from Bengal, with a few men Dutch, attacked the factory at Bantam and from Madras These men served temporarily murdered the Agent. Bantam was taken by the on the West-coast, retaining their places in in and the to Dutch 1682, English had withdraw their own service, and reverting to it after a from all its subordinate factories, including tour of duty in Sumatra. After 1792, no new Tonquin, (founded 1678), and Amo}7, (founded names, other than those of officers of the I. M. S. 1679). appear among them. As a these each a rule, factories had Medical This Service came to an end in 1825, the officer of some sort, or were supposed to have British possessions in Sumatra being handed one. They must often have been left without over to the Dutch, in exchange for the territory any Surgeon, for, when a man died, the interval of Malacca, in the Malay Peninsula, by the before a successor could be sent from England, Treaty of 17th March 1824. The Medical Officers or obtained from one of the India- Company's serving in Sumatra then rejoined their own men, must have been long. The Company's Presidencies. officers at Masulipatam, on 6th November 1630, wrote to the President and Council at Surat Ill?The Prince of Walics Island Medical that surgeons were required at Bantam and Service. Jambi(5). This report in time reached head- The island of Penang was ceded to the East quarters, and was acted on, for in the Court India Company in 1786 by the Raja of Kedah minutes of 20th November we find an or name 1633 Quedah and was given the of Prince to John order Woodall, the Company's Surgeon- of Wales Island. The same potentate in 1798 to send General, experienced Surgeons to ceded a tract of country on the mainland opposite and and Bantam Jambi, also two chests of Penang, to which was given the name of The or chirurgery(6). origin, at least the Province Wellesley. Malacca was first occupied pretext, for the Amboyna massacre, was a by the Portuguese in 1511, taken from them drunken freak of the factory Surgeon, Abel bj' the Dutch in 1G40, and taken from the Price, who, when intoxicated, attempted to set Dutch by the British in 1795. The British fire to a Dutchman's hous9. He was seized and retained it up till 1818, when it was given imprisoned by the Dutch, and under torture back to Holland. As stated above, the Treaty confessed to a on the of plot, probably imaginary, 17tli March 1824 gave Sumatra to the Dutch the to attack and part of English, muider the in exchange for Malacca, the Dutch also recog- the victims of the massacre was Dutch. Among nizing British sovereignty over Singapore, also a second Surgeon, Timothy Johnson(7). which they had previously disputed. Singapore After the}7 had abandoned their factories in was occupied by the British in 1819, and Java and further east, the Company made a formallv ceded to them by the Raja of Johore settlement at Bencoolen, on the South-west in 1824. where built Fort York coast of Sumatra, they In 1801 it was proposed to form a fourth in 1685?87, ami Fort Marlborough in 1715. Presidency, besides those of Bengal, Madras, and The Madras Press Lists of 14th October 1737 Bombay, to include the Company's possessions Jan., 1910.] THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES. iu Further India and the islands, with the These settlements were supplied with Medical seat of Government at Penang. Dundas was Officers from Bengal for the next thirty-seven to have been Governor. The post of Presi- years, until in April 1867 they were removed dent of the Medical Board was offered to Dr. from the control of the Indian Government and MeGrigor, then serving as a Medical Officer of incorporated into a Crown Colony, under the British troops in India (8) He had jusfc accom- name of Straits Settlements. the to i" 1801, as panied expedition Egypt IV.?The China Medical Service. Principal Medical Officer, the Company giving was the him a Commission as Superintending Surgeon The China Service smallest of all, in their Service, in addition to his Commission and consisted of never more than two men at in the King's Service, in order to invest him with one time, serving in the Company's factories authority ?over the Indian troops serving in at Canton and Macao. The East India never owned in Egypt. This officer was the celebrated Sir Company any territory China, James McGrigor, Bart., who held the post of Hongkong was taken possession of by the Director-General of the Army Medical Depart- British in January 1841, and formally ceded b}7 ment from 1815 to 1851- After consideration the Treaty of Nankin in 1842. of 55 lie declined the offer, partly on account of the The Statute George III, Cap. 155, in protest against their supersession which would 1813, abolished the Company's monopoly of trade them with that of have been made by the Company's Medical with India, but left the China Acts III and IV of William Officers. The scheme was never carried out. trade. IV, Cap. 85, The Medical Officers in these settlements were in 1833, abolished their trade altogether. Their in China were and the China supplied partly by a small separate Service, part- factories closed, came to an end. ly by men lent temporarily from Bengal. The Medical Service ten names in numbers were few, only some fourteen or fifteen I have only got all, for this from to and two of these in all, besides the men lent. G. 0. No. 00 of Service, 1756 1834, 5th May 1826, published in the Calcutta. Gazette, ten probably never joined. One of the other of 8th May 1826, increases the strength of the eight was a man of some mark, Thomas Born in Bengal Medical Service by 5 men, 20 Surgeons Richardson Colledge. 1796, he joined and 30 Assistant-Surgeons. The 5th paragraph the Canton Factory in 1831, being the last man of When the this order runs as follows :? appointed to the service. Company withdrew from China, he continued to serve at "Singapore, one of the stations enumerated by the Canton under the Crown, but returned to Medical Board as requiring an Asst. Surgeon, will be sup- England plied with Medical Servants from the Establishment of in 1841, when his appointment of Surgeon to the the Incorporated Settlements of Prince of Wales Island, Canton Consulate was abolished. He settled at Singapore, and as soon as the of Malacca, complement Cheltenham, where he lived for 38 years, and Medical Servants for these Settlements shall have been furnished " died there on the 28th October 1879. In 1839 he took the of M.D. of In 1830 degree King's College, there were only four men left in the Aberdeen, became F.R.C.P., Edinburgh, in Service, one of whom, John James Boswell, was 1840; F.R S., Edinburgh in 1844, and F.R.C.S., transferred to Bengal in that year. The other England, in 1853. While still serving in China, three were transferred in 1831, by the following in 1837, he founded the Medical General Missionary Order in the Calcutta Gazette of Society of China. 3rd October 1831. Ceylon was first occupied by the Portuguese in "The undermentioned Assistant Surgeons of the 1507- They were dispossessed by the Dutch Penang Medical Service are transferred, under instruc- about a and a half later. When tions century England from the Honorable the Court of to the Directors, was at war with France, and consequently with Bengal with rank above Establishment, immediately Holland at the end of the cen- Assistant Surgeon J. J Boswell. also, eighteenth the E. I. sent an to Asst. John tury, Company expedition Surgeon Campbell Boswell. and seized the Dutch settlements there, it n Adam Thompson, Ceylon, i. in and annexed them to the Madras Presi- it Thomas Oxley", 1796, dency. Five years later, in. 1801, handed The last they survivor, Thomas retired on over to the British and it 20th Oxley, Ceylon Government, January 1857, and died at on became a Crown to that date, 6th March Southampton Colony. Up 1886, having long survived the other however, Portuguese, Dutch, and posses- tliiee, both in English length of service and in length sions, in Ce}7lon, were only a strip along the of years. seacoast, with a few scattered settlements. The One officer of this Service attained some Company never constituted any separate service note, Charles He was Mackinnon. appointed to for Ceylon, which, while they held it, was consi- the China Ser vice in 1836, but probably never dered part of the Madras Presidency, and officered joined, being transferred to Prince of Wales from Madras. Island the same year. He retired on 14th Madras Military Consultations of 25th Sep- November 1821, was elected M. P. for tember in Ipswich 1798 (Volume CCXLII) record the ap- 1826, 1830 and and died at 1831, Beauvais pointment of Mr. J. Ewart, of the Army, in France on 19th King's November 1834. as Physician to the Forces, and Inspector- THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Jan., 1910.

General of in The Fenton, and others, found grossly ignorant and incompe- Hospitals Ceylon. Company's tent and for Medical Officers in served under this discharged. The orders displacing Charley Ceylon countermanded. In future all Surgeons to be examined Officer to 1801. up before engaged. Dr. Winston offers his services for tlis One Medical Officer,however, whose name does purpose free." not appear in the Madras list, appears to have Letter from President Ftirsland and Council, Bata- to E. I. 1622 been appointed to Ceylon by the Company. vict, Co , 6th March {Vol. Ill, p. 21, Thomas Christie was born in 1773, educated at No 43).?" Lewis Smith, John Ferrers, and Chambers, as vicious Aberdeen and entered the Surgeon of the Supply, sent home drunken, University, Compa- villains." ny's service in 1797, to Trincomali. being posted Letter Richard Fur Batavia, to E.I. Co., In 1800 he was of from sland, appointed Superintendent 9th February 1623, Vol. Ill, p. 109, No. 64)?Also in His services military hospitals Ceylon. Richard Wood, Pickering, and Spottis, Surgeons, honest appear to have been taken over the British men, long in the country, for whom at present they have by " Government, for he remained in Ceylon until no employment (sent home, among others). 1810, serving in the war against the King of Letter from Thomas Brockedon, Batavia, to E I. Co., in 14th December 1623 Ill, p. 202, No. 368.).? 1803. In 1810 he went home, and " (Vol. Kandy The and would in the he settled in at ^Surgeon's provisions physical drugs following year practice be much more beneficial if there were a sufficient man to where he died on 11th October Cheltenham, administer them ; more need of a physician than of a 1829. He was appointed Physician extra- surgeon ; and the one at present here, named Bradshaw, ordinary to the Prince Regent in 1813. is Bud a continual drunkard that nothing can restrain him, so that, though he have reasonable skill, that beast V.?The Marine Medical Service. like vice overthrows all his other good parts." The Marine Medical Service of the East India It seems curious that the President at Bata- form not for a Company might material, only via did not send home Bradshaw, instead of one but for a book. From separate article, complete of the men sent home the the earliest times the for the good previous Company provided February. medical requirements of their ships' crews. The next extract orders the introduc- On the first voj^ages in 1601, four ships set out. quoted an new It under the command of James Lancaster, the tion of examination for Surgeons. of Scourge, or (Red Dragon), the Hector, Assen- simply repeats the order 27th February 1622, above. The result of Parke's tio'H and Susan, with a small tender, the quoted examination, on that to show that it was Gwift. Each of the four ships carried "Sur- occasion, would go as to examine the old men as the geons twoe and a Barber.:' In the first volume necessary of Sainsbury's Calendar of State Papers, already new ones. quoted, No. 279, of 8th to 31st December 1600, Court Minutes of E. I. Co., 5th February 1624 (Vol. " No. the motion that the orders are quoted to pay to Ralph Salter, III, V 243, 404),?"To Surgeons entertained it was answered that the of the Red ?32, for be examined, Surgeon Dragon, furnishing of this fleet are all experienced men who his chest with all kinds of necessaries and reme- Surgeons liave been in the Indies long, have performed extra- At same same dies." the time, and fcr the per- ordinary cures, and are men approved for their suffi- pose, James Loveinge, Surgeon of the Hector, ciency in tlieir profession, and such as will scorn to be examined the of the Court received ?25 ; and Newchurch, ; thereupon opinion Christopher was that such as come home well of the and John surgeons ap- Surgeon Assention, Gamond, proved from the Indies and again shall not be of the proceed surgeon Susan, ?20 each. Throughout subject to examination, but if a new unknown man be the existence of the Company, their ships al- propounded, then to have him examined.'' ways carried Medical Officers; the large India- The next a offer on the men, which made the voyage to India in the entry shows sporting which the Com- early part of the nineteenth century, carried part of Surgeon George Turner, to three, a Surgeon and two mates. Even so early pany declined. Turner did, however, go India soon not on the terms he as 1633 we find an Indiaman, the Great James, after, though carrying three Surgeons. propose;3. A letter from President Kerridge In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the and Council at Surat to the factors in Persia, Turner's standing and position of the medical profession, dated 7th December 1626, gives George name in a men to Persia from apart from a few leading men in London, was list of sent and he be either by no means high ; and the Company's Marine Surat, says that may employed as factor or as as Service, naturally, did not attract the best men. Surgeon, required. (10) Turner's name Sainsbnry's Calendar, which covers the period On page 314 of the same work in a list of the servants in up to 1634, contains many references to the Sur- appears Company's a the as "an geons of the Company's ships, few extracts Indies, unprofitable chirurgion," from which will shew that they got both good drawing ?40 a year. men and bad. Court Minutes of E. I. Co , 9,7th January 1626 ( Vo'. Court Minutes of E. /. Co., 25 th February 1622 (Vol, IV, p. 143, No. 248). ?" George Turner, late Surgeon in III,p. 17, iVo. 38).?" Edward Charley, Surgeon of the the William, offered his services in the Indies for five Blesting, displaced. liichard Parkes, who has been years, on condition of being paid 5001, at the end of that he within the time then Surgeon on five voyages, to take Charley's place." time if be alive, but if he die Ditto, VIth February 1622.?"Parkes, the Surgeon, to expect nothing; he was offered 501, per annum examined in the presence of TV. ,vuiston(9) and Mr. upon that contingency, but utterly refused same." Jan., 1910.] THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES.

Calendar is being done this voyage, Sr. you may impose upon some of your Sainsbury's gradually officers and sailors who do not understand them laws E. A further ; continued by Miss Sainsbury. but know that I have read all the marine laws in in 190/, volume, Calendar, 1635?39, published practice, and p.ticularly those of Olerone Wisby Geiaid contains the following curious story and the Hanstownes ; with the statute laws appointed Charles the second for the the Pol man, a merchant, after traversing many l>y King regulating gem with Jure Maritime and Lex Mercatoria in search of stones, in the Nav} Royall, countries precious to marine and have read some of the an relateing laws, a home on board year 1631 took passage common and statute laws of England ; as also of the Persia. He had English East Indiaman from civill laws upon which both the other depends, and and am that with me and some with him a large collection of gems piecious sensible your proceedings others on board are and without a stones, collected the thirty yeais illegal precedent, during previous for no man by the law of Olerone is to be beaten for On the homeward Polman was voyage poisoned on shoar, but his wages are to be deducted for the ot the and lyeing by Abraham Porter, Surgeon ship, time, and what damages are sustained by his absence, the crew, lhe is men his goods were divided among he is to make good ; neither any obliged to receive from a master of a merchant more crime becoming known, parts of his estate ship any East than one blow and retire; if the master p.sue him came into the hands ot the ultimately he has liberty to defend himself; all Commission India of of to whom Company, the Earl Lindsey, relateing to martiall or marine laws without instruc- in behalf letters of administration were granted tions are void, and all Commissions relateing to of the true heirs, and of others. A suit was marine affairs which are not from the Commissioners tiie are void a tiled for of the Nothing is of Admiralty by grant from their Majes- recovery property. ties to them, during his Mejesties continueing them recorded as to the result. in their office. As for a pretended or assumed power as on board on Indiaman The life of a Surgeon Capt. of an East Indiaman, it is both illegall and arbi- must have been hard. Probably there was no trary, and a master of a Collier of 50 tons to Newcastle assume the same as as an great amount of work, but accom- may power legally East professional Indiaman. All this I have concealed hitherto modation and were and much must (not- food bad, the first I have ot withstanding provocations had from you have depended upon the personal qualities to doe otherwise and shall for some time still doe the did not on well the Captain. A Surgeon who get same) both from your officers and sailors lest it should with his Commander must have had a hard lessen you and your officers command over your sailors. time. The letter of complaint, from Sr. I have served their Majesties in three severall of their following as master chirurgeon, I have served them John of an Indiaman in 1695, capitall ships Leckie, Surgeon also as Principall Surgeon to their hospitall at Plymoth to forth decided the Captain, certainly puts and Surrey or overall Surgeons of the western ports of grievances. Though, from the whole tone of England, and likewise I have served aa Chirurgeon the letter, and specially from his appeal to the Generall of their Majesties hospitalls in Flanders, and " since as to his where Laws of one is inclined to think that Chirurgeon Majesties household, Oleron," was with his son the " I intrusted p. during the time of the writer was a bit of a sealawyer."(ll) engagement agains!) the French at Landew. I have had betwixt five and six thousand wounded men under August the 24txi, 1695. Goombroon, my care for cure this war; and have been intrusted Capt. Edgecombe?Sr. The many abuses I have reed, with about forty thousand pounds of their Majesties from you, with your unjust, illegall and arbitrary moneys which I did faithfully dispence to the uses I proceedings against me by a pretended power as Capt. had it for, for all the services I have ample certificates of an East India Ship, hath made me assume the liberty to show ; yet am taxed by you as a rogue and cheat and to informe you that your beating me with your cutlass imbeezler of the medicines belonging to the ship. There- at Mohilla upon the 15th March, with your beating fore to cure you of that jealousie I have lieie inclosed and wounding me of 19th June, as also beating my sent you the list of what medicines were at first in the servant and barber the same day without any crime cheat as also what medicines have been expended, which and your makeing me fast in order to duck me upon does not value of 5 pounds. Your chest and medicines the 21st June, which is the next punishment unto death cost ?55 and I doe affirme there is not a bad or spoiled and a not to be inflicted without martiall law after medicine amongst them, which by my care I have suffict. triall and proof, of being guilty of some preserved. Sr. in consideration of the abuses I have notorious crime, but your accusation proveing false received from you, the denying me the priviledges and both before men your officers and rendred the ducking liberty which all Cliirurgeons enjoy, I doe desire you odious to not them, in so much that they would obey to let me know what my crimes are, being hitherto you and notwithstanding your cutlass threatening, ignorant of them ; and if I doe not acquit myself of my knowing innosetise and your justice ; your sending accusation and plainly make it appear that your infor- to your Steward to your cooke, with your order not mers are prating and malitious rogues, I will willing let the barber or come into the my servant cookroome, suffer what punishment you will please to inflict upon and if not they come to take notice that they should me, and will with all sub- throw publickly beg your pardon any of my powders amongst your victualls ; mission immagineable and true sorrow if guilty. Sr. for you did or had believe yourself poysoned gotten your with this and modest desire of mine a dose complying juat already in your water gruell, because fur the will make me forget all the injuries done to me and four was well nor could not eat days past you not ; reestablish that love and respect which I bore to you your me as a on board without detaining prisoner before the Mohilla abuses. Sr. I humbly beg you to me the cause and letting know ; your keeping detaining take this into consideration, for if this is not complyed three of Cordiall waters on board to pints belonging within three days, I will deliver you your keys of your me wch I had to Mr. in a small presented Popham chest and will act no longer as Chirurgeon of your ship, case of his me from some ; your hindreing sending goods let the consequence* of it be what it will. I therefore ashoar which I had the Companies liberty for; your desire if you doe not come on board yourself, that you severall other that are due to me denying priviledges would let me come ashoar, that I may prove myselfe as me with the law of chirurgeon ; your threatening either an honest man or a rogue, and I shall alwajB have or else Clerone, which I presume you forgetting, acknowledge the obligation and ever after remaine. Sr. would not them so often as have have exceeded you your most humble servant. John Leckie. THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Jan., 1910.

Gombroon, where the above letter was written, Indiaman, in 1792-93. After his return he spent on coast of is the modern Bandar Abbas, the some years in practice near Selkirk. He sailed Persia. Mohilla is one of the Comoro Islands, off for West Africa, on his first expedition to try to the coast of Mozambique. Oleron is an island discover the services of the Niger, on 22nd May on the west coast of France, near La Roche! le, 1795, and, after four years in West Africa, now in the of Charente Inferieure. reached England again on 22nd December 1799. department ? ? Wish)7; or Wisbeach, is a town in Cambridgeshire, He started on his second expedition on 30th formerly a seaport on the Wash. The punish- January 1805, and was last heard of on the as next (o ment of ducking referred to being Niger on 17th November of the same year, after that of death, is the old naval punish- which no further news was received. The " probably ment of Keelhauling" in which the victim was mystery of his disappearance was not finally fastened to a rope carried from the ships yard- cleared up until 1812, when it was ascertained arm 011 one side, underneath, to the other, and so that, after a fight with the natives, he was dragged under the keel. drowned in the Niger, towards the end of 1805. The Captains of Indiamen were necessarily in- A statue of Mungo Park stands in the centre vested with considerable over all very powers of the public square at Selkirk. His eldest son, on a date board. More than century after the of also named Mungo, received a commission in the Dr. Leckie's letter, in 1818, an Indiaman arrived Madras Medical Service on 8th May, 1822, but in with a on board who had Bombay passenger had a very short career in India, dying of cholera been in The irons for twenty-one days. culprit at Trichinopoly on 20th January 1823. His was a Lieutenant in the and the young army, second son, Thomas, a midshipman in the Navy, offence was on the in the whistling quarterdeck, in 1827 got leave to make an attempt to reach of he had been presence the Captain, after told Boussa on the Niger, in search of traces of his to desist 1 This exercise of cost arbitrary power father, but died of fever on the way, on 31st the Captain a fine of five thousand rupees (12). October, 1827. And in " Courtmartials" is Hough's page 572, James Lind was born in Scotland on 17th noted a case in which an Assistant-Surgeon on May, 1836. In 1766-67 lie visited India and the about was Bengal Establishment, 1814, China as Surgeon to an Indiaman, and in 1768 a blow the seriously injured by given by Captain graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh with a thesis an on which he was a " of Indiaman, passenger. entitled, Be Felre Remittente Putrida Palli- He the in the Court prosecuted Captain Supreme dum quce grassabatiiv in Bengalia A.D. 1762," at and Rs. Calcutta, got 5,000 damages. a translation of which was in 1772. That were liable and published Surgeons to, sometimes He became F.R.C.P. Ed., in 1770, and F.R.S. is shewn an deserved, punishment, by entry on 18th December, 1777. In 1777 he was in a of the to India of log voyage Captain appointed physician to the Royal Household at fleet in extracts from which are Blyth's 1625, Windsor. He died in London on 17th October, Foster This notes on quoted by (18). log that, 1812. with him was another 15th within a week of Edward Contemporary April, sailing, James Lind or who served in the Bengal and Basil of Lynd, Baynham, purser, Hull, Surgeon, Medical Service from 1771 to 1797, and was the the were into the bilboes for Falcon, put getting author of a once work on drunk and to attend popular Tropical refusing prayers. Diseases, which reached its sixth edition in Employment as a Surgeon in the Marine 1808. Service was often, no means invari- though by John Clark was born at Roxburgh in 1744. a to a commission in the ably, steppingstone After at he enter- land services. medical studying divinity Edinburgh, regular Newly qualified ed the E.I. Co.'s service as mate on an men made one or two in an Surgeon's frequently voyages Indiaman, in the marine service up to Indiaman as do now in the steam serving they great 1775. He got the of M.D., St. Andrews, for the sake of a and to see some- degree lines, change, in 1773, and the of Ed., of the before in diplomas L.R.C.P., thing world, setting practice, and F.R.C.P., in 1785. After the with no intention of the Ed., quitting joining Company's sea, he settled in at where he a practice Newcastle, service as permanency. Many men who served founded the Newcastle dispensary, which deve- in this way, as Surgeons of Indiamen, after- loped into the Newcastle Infirmary, of which wards attained considerable success, and became lie became senior He died at Bath on more or less well known, in other differ- physician. totally 15th April, 1805. He was the author of two ent lines of life. Of some of these we will " give works, Observations on Fevers and on the short notices. The list is not but exhaustive, Scarlet Fever with Ulcerated Sore-throat at a out of " only includes few many names. " Newcastle in London, 1780 ; and Obser- Of all such men, who served in 1778; temporarily vations on the Diseases in to Hot the marine medical the most long Voyages Company's service, Countries, the East 2 vols. famous is the African particularly Indies," explorer, Mwngo Park. London, 1792. He was born near Selkirk on 10th September Charles Maclean had a somewhat stormy educated at and 1771, Edinburgh University, career. He entered the marine medi- took the of L. R. C. in 1791. He Company's diploma P., Ed., cal service about and served successively served as mate of the East 1790, Surgeon's Worcester, as Surgeon to the William Pitt, the Northumber- Jan., 1910.J THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES.

is mentioned in Hume in 1845 as to the land, and the Haughtuii. He Examining Physician 1 / E. I. Go. He died of on 18th the Madras Press List*;on 16th September 9o, angina January, The 1859. as of the Haugldon. Dictionary Surgeon ]U of National Biography says that he ^was James Spence was born in Edinburgh on 31st about but in charge of a hospital in Calcutta 1/92, March, 1812, became L.R.C.S., Edin., 1832, medica two as to an East his name does not appear in any Bengal and made voyages Surgeon across otliei his return list, nor have I ever come an}7 Indiaman in 1832-33. After he settled in In as a in became reference to any service of his Bengal. in practice Surgeon Edinburgh, on in 1798 he was serving at Batavia and Bencoolen, F.R.C.S., Ed., in 1849, Lecturer Surgery was de- and, according to the same authority, the Extramural School the same year, Assistant- ported order of the newly-appointed Gover- Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary in 1850, and full by in nor-General, Lord Mornington ( Wellesley ) Surgeon in 1854, Professor of Surgery at Edin- the of in President of the the same year. In 1800 he got degree burgh University 18G4, Royal M.D. from Marischal College, Aberdeen. In College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1867-68, Medical April 1804, he was appointed to the Army Surgeon-in-ordinary to the Queen in Scotland in Department, and served at York Hospital, 1868, and Member of the General Medical Council Chelsea, and at Chelmsford, but left the service in 1881. He died in Edinburgh on 6th June, the " Hue without leave, and was advertised in 1882. A few of the older members of the Service " were and Cry as a deserter. No further steps still remember him as Professor of Surgery at taken against him. In 1809 or 1810 he was Edinburgh. E. I. Co. on the appointed Lecturer to the We may conclude a few well- he by mentioning Diseases of hot climates; in 1815 to 1817 known members of the 1. M. S. who had served travelled in the East, and in 1818 was re-appoint- in the Marine Service previous to 1824. receiving ed to the same lectureship. He died about commissions in the land forces. He was both medi- the author of several works, Francis Buchanan Hamilton, the well-known cal and is too to political, the list long quote, author of "A journey from Madias through the all are since " long forgotten. countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar," an Neil was Arbroath on 15th " " Arnott born at Account of the of Nepal, The Fishes Aber- Kingdom" May 1788, studied at Marischal College, of the Ganges," and Eastern India," made four where he M.A. in and at St. deen, became 1805, as to an Indiaman. He sailed and marine voyages Surgeon entered the Company's on George's, as Surgeon of the Duke of Montrose 22nd May medical service in making two voyages to 1807, 1785 for Bombay, returning in May 1787 ; in China. After the sea, he settled in leaving the same to Bombay and China in 1788-89 ; London in the and ship 1811, and got diplomas in the Phoenix, to the Coromandel Coast and of M.D., Marischal degrees M.R.C.S., 1813; Bengal, in 1791-92 ; and in the Rose, to Bengal College, in 1814; L.R.C.P., London, Aberdeen, in 1794, On arrival in Bengal lie was in 1817. In 1816 he became to the appointed physician an Assistant Surgeon on the Bengal Establishment French, and afterwards to the Spanish Embassy. on 26th September 1794. He retired on 14th He invented the water bed in 1832,and Arnott's August 1816, and died on 15th June 1829. stove in 1838. He was appointed an original William Charles whom a few seniors member of the Senate of London University in Maclean, still remember as Professor of Medicine 1836, Physician Extraordinary to the Queen in Military at was born at on 29th November 1838, F.R.S. in 1838, and member of the Netley, Ayr, became in and General Medical Council in 1854. In the same 1811, M.D., Edinburgh, 1833, served as to the Castle year, 1854, he received the Rumford medal of Surgeon Indiamen, Upton the and Camden, in 1833-35. He entered Royal Society ; and the Legion of Honour, Marquis the Madras Service as Assistant on 27tli with a gold medal, at the Paris Exhibition of Surgeon served in the China War of 1855. He died in London on 22nd March 1871'. April 1838, 1840-43, and afterwards as at He was the author of several works," The Residency Surgeon Haidera- was Professor of Medicine Elements of Physics," 1827, which ran through bad, appointed Military in the Medical School at Fort seven editions, and was translated into French, Army Pitt, " in March and held German, Dutch and Spanish ; A Survey ofChatham, 1861, subsequently " the same at Human 1861 Arithmetic," 1867 ; appointment Netley up to 1885. He Progress," ; " " died at on 10th and a pamphlet on National Education in Sidmouth, Devon, November 1870. 1898. John 8cott was born at Benholme, Kincardine, Joseph Hume was born at Montrose on 22nd on 26th January 1797, studied at MarischalJanuary 1777, and served as (unqualified) College, Aberdeen, from 1810 to 1814, but didSurgeon to an Indiaman in 1797-99. He entered not graduate there, took the diploma of L.R C S.,the Bengal Service as Assistant Surgeon on 27th Ed., in 1817, and the M.D. of Edinburgh inAugust 17y9, served in the second Maratha War 1820, studied also at the London Hospital, andof 1802-04, with the 18th Native Infantry, and went for two voj'ages as surgeon in an Indiaman,resigned in February 1808, with a fortune of the second in the Farquharson. He settled?40,000, said to have been made out of Army in practice at Barnes in 1824, and succeeded Dr.contracts. He was elected M. P. for Weymouth THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Jan., 1910.

in 1812, and subsequently sat for the Montrose Burghs, 1813-1830 ; for Middlesex, 1830-37 ; Kilkenny town, 1837-41, and the Montrose Burghs again 1842-55. He was created a Privy Councillor, an honour which only one other member of the I. M. S. has attained, and died at Burnley Hall, Norfolk, on 20th February 1855. Alexander Grant was born in January 1817, became L. R. C. S., Ed., in 1838, and made a voyage to Madras, Calcutta, and China, as Surgeon to the Indiaman Thames in 1838-40. He entered the Bengal Service on 11th November 1840, and served in the China War of 1841-4^, and with the Depot Hospital in the Sutlej Campaign of 1845-46. After serving as Civil Surgeon of Bhagalpur, 1845 and 1846-48, and Chapra, 1848-49, he was ap- pointed Medical Officer to the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, and served in that capacity till Dalhousie left India in the spring of 1856, when he accompanied the Governor-General on the voyage home. Shortly before he left India, Dalhousie appointed Grant, Superintendent of the Calcutta General Hospital. He joined in December 1856, but only held that appointment for one month, becoming Apothecary-General (Principal Medical Store-keeper) in January 1857. He left India on 22nd February 1861, was appointed Honorary Surgeon to the Queen on 6th September 1861, retired on 23rd August 1863, and died in London on 3rd January 1900. Along with John Grant, his predecessor as Apothecary- General, (no relation, though both bore the same surname), he started the Indian Annals of Medical Science in October 1853, and continued to edit that journal up to November 1860. Alexander Grant's life was written, a few years ago, by Dr. George Smith, ll.d. c.i.b:., under the title of "Physician and Friend" (London. Murray, 1902), a most interesting work.

References. (1) Letter from Court 17th March 1784, published in " Some old Eighteenth Century Army Lists,"\Indian Medical Gazette, June 1909. p. 235. (2) Hakluyt, Everyman's Library Edition, Vol VIII, p 254. (3) Among the parchment records at the India office, in the List of General Records, 1599 to 1879, are No 18a, "Proclama- tion of the Dutch on taking possession of St Helena" dated 1633, and "Letters Patent granting the island of St Helena to the East India Company" dated 16th December 1673. (4) Dryden wrote a tragedy on the Massacre at Amboyna. (5) Sainsbury, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan, Vol. V, p. 76, No. 91. p. 486, No. 513. (6) Ibid, " Ibid, Vol. Ill, page 296, No. 483. The Nar- (7) " original rative of the massacre will be found in this volume, pp. 303, et. seq. (8) Autobiography of Sir James McGregor, page. 116. (9) Thomas Winston (1575-1655)?one of the leading London physicians of the the time, was M.A., 1602, M.D., 1608, of Cambridge ; also M.D., Padua. (10) Foster, English Factories in India 1624?1629, p. 164. (11) Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and other State Papers preserved in the Bombay Secretariat. Home Series Vol. I. Edited by G. W. Forrest, B.A., Elpliinstone College. Printed at the Government Central Press, 1887.?(Selections from the Bombay Letters, 1677?1742, p. 165.) (12) Glimpses of Old Bombay and Western India," by James Douglas, p. 30. Foster.?" The English Factories in India, 1624? (13) " 1629, p. 103.