Jan., 1910. J THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES. / the world, by Captain Thomas Candish or / ?riijiiml Articles. Cavendish, who found the island inhabited by only a few slaves of the Portuguese, and speaks of seeing a cross, with the date 1571, and a THE MINOR MEDICAL SERVICES. church, and mentions that the Portuguese Indiamen usually touched at the island on their By D. G. CRAWFORD, m.b., homeward voyages.(2) The island was formally LIEUT-COL., I.M.S., occupied by the Dutch in 1633, but abandoned Civil Surgeon, Hughli. by them in 1651, when they took possession of the of Good When the Dutch left Most of our readers are aware that, Cape Hope. probably St. Helena, the East India occupied ever since the scattered individual medical Company the island, and their was confirmed officers in India were, from 1st January possession serving a charter from King Charles IT, dated 3rd united into one the Indian Medical b}^ 1764, body, 1661. In 1673 the Dutch the that Service has been divided into three April captured Service, but it was retaken in the same and island, year by branches, the Bengal, Madras, Bombay William " Sir) Munden, R.N., as used to be called. Captain (afterwards Establishments," they and to the Company by a new charter, the Court of Directors of the East regranted And, though dated 16th December The East India India insisted that officers 1673.(3) Company always retained possession of the island to one be Company appointed Establishment might posted the to were until LS34, except during years 1815 1821, to either of the or wherever they others, when the British Government held it as a such transfers have, for nearly a required,(1) residence for who died there on 5th made. The names of Napoleon, century past, rarely been 1821. When acts 3 and 4 of William IV, the officers in these three Services were combined May cap. 85, in 1833, abolished their trade, the Com- in one in the Indian list, for the first time, to the pany ceded the island Crown. Army List of 1st October 1906. But they lo As might be expected, from the size of the still remain on lists for promotion, separate the St. Helena Medical Service was a very these three Services, thirteen years ago, was place, all small one. At most, there appear to have been added a the Service, in which fourth, junior four or five men serving at one time, of whom the are on one for This members list promotion. on one would usually be furlough. In 1813 there Service was created G. G. 0. No 260 of 6th by were, a Medical Superintendent, a Head March with effect from 1st 1896. Surgeon, 1896, April one and two In There are four different branches Surgeon, Assistant-Surgeons. now, therefore, all, I have only been able to collect some thirty of the I. M S, and these four branches presumably names of officers in this Service, two in 1749, the will continue to exist for 20 to 25 years more, others during the years 1771 to 1834, when the until the last members of the senior Services was closed. The on one Service finally last officer the have died or after which only retired; list, George Brown Waddell, who entered in 1828, Imperial Medical Service will remain. But by was murdered by pirates on 6th 1830. that time there will be a large Provincial April probably The last survivor of this small Service was Medical Service recruited in India. entirely James M.A., M.D., of Marischal The East India however, besides Arnott, 1812, 1825, Company, Aberdeen, who entered in and the Indian Medical Service, used to maintain College, 1825, large died in London on 4th March 1883. several smaller Medical Services, viz :? The St Helena Medical Service. II.?The Malay Islands and West Coast The West Coast (of Sumatra) Medical Service. Service. The Prince of Wales Medical Service. Island The East India first factories in the rlhe China Medical Service. Company's East were in the Malay islands, not in India There was also, of course, the very numerous itself. Captain James Lancaster, who com- Marine Medical the Medical Service, comprising manded the first founded a officers of the Indiamen. These Company's voyage, Company's factory at Bantam, in Java, in and officers were not united into a service, but each 1603; Captain Hippon, in the seventh voyage, founded to a for one voyage. appointed particular ship a in Siam in no factory 1610-11. The Service at sea was by English frequently, though were from Bantam the Dutch means a to into one of expelled by always, passport entry in 1621, and on 16th 1823 occurred the the land Services. The of the ship February majority massacre at Amboyna, when the never entered the land service, most ol English Agent, Surgeons Captain Gabriel Towerson, and almost all of his the men in the Services, had not regular previous- staff, were seized, tortured, and executed the ly served at sea by Dutch on account of an alleged plot(4). Owing to the of the the I.?The St. Helena Medical Service. enmity Dutch, Company's factories in the Malay islands, Siam, Japan, The island was first of St. Helena discovered by etc., were abandoned in a Achin, & 1624; only few, Portuguese Navigator, Juan de Nuora Castella, Jambi, Japara, and Macassar, being retained. ?n 31st In 1588 it May 1501 (St. Helena's day). The at Bantam was re-established as ^as factory visited, on his return from a vogage round subordinate to Surat in 1629, but in 1634-35 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Jan., 1910. was made an independent Presidency. Madras mention the building of a new hospital at Fort was a subordinate factory to Bantam from its Marlborough. Numerous other settlements were foundation in 1640 up to 1653, when it also was gradually founded in Sumatra, subordinate to made an independent Presidency. Balam- Fort Marlborough or Bencoolen, viz., Priaman, bangan, in the Sulu Islands, was occupied by Padang, Moco-Moco, Natal, and Croee. All these the English from 1671 to 1675, when the factory places lay along the South-west coast of the was moved to Labuan. Factories were also estab- island, so the men serving there were called the lished and occupied by the Company from time West-coast Service. to time at.? Throughout the greater part of the eighteenth Macassar, South-west corner of Celebes. century, Sumatra appears to have been officered Manilla, West coast of Luzon, Phillippiue from Madras, and to have been subordinate to islands. that Presidency. Service on the West-coast Tywau, or Tai-wan, the island of Formosa. was not popular, and men who were not wanted Jambi, North-east coast of Sumatra, near in Mrdras seem to have been relegated there. South-east end. But after the foundation of the Calcutta Medical Patani, East coast of Malay Peninsula. Board in 1786 correspondence from Medical Pulo Condore, island off South coast of Cam- officers in Sumatra passed to Government bodia. through that Board. Jakatra, West end of North coast of Java, After the I. M. S. had been constituted (now Batavia). in 17(34, up to the end of the eighteenth century, Japara, North coast of Java. the Medical Officers serving on the West-coast Sukadana, South-west coast of Borneo. formed a small separate service of their own, Ternate, Molucca islands, North-east coast. which gradually died out in the first years of the Tidore. Molucca islands, North-east coast. nineteenth century. The West-coast Service Banjarmassim, South-east coast of Borneo. was still maintained, but was officered entirely In the 1677 Javanese, instigated by the from India, chiefly from Bengal, with a few men Dutch, attacked the factory at Bantam and from Madras These men served temporarily murdered the Agent. Bantam was taken by the on the West-coast, retaining their places in in and the to Dutch 1682, English had withdraw their own service, and reverting to it after a from all its subordinate factories, including tour of duty in Sumatra. After 1792, no new Tonquin, (founded 1678), and Amo}7, (founded names, other than those of officers of the I. M. S. 1679). appear among them. As a these each a rule, factories had Medical This Service came to an end in 1825, the officer of some sort, or were supposed to have British possessions in Sumatra being handed one. They must often have been left without over to the Dutch, in exchange for the territory any Surgeon, for, when a man died, the interval of Malacca, in the Malay Peninsula, by the before a successor could be sent from England, Treaty of 17th March 1824. The Medical Officers or obtained from one of the India- Company's serving in Sumatra then rejoined their own men, must have been long. The Company's Presidencies. officers at Masulipatam, on 6th November 1630, wrote to the President and Council at Surat Ill?The Prince of Walics Island Medical that surgeons were required at Bantam and Service. Jambi(5). This report in time reached head- The island of Penang was ceded to the East quarters, and was acted on, for in the Court India Company in 1786 by the Raja of Kedah minutes of 20th November we find an or name 1633 Quedah and was given the of Prince to John order Woodall, the Company's Surgeon- of Wales Island. The same potentate in 1798 to send General, experienced Surgeons to ceded a tract of country on the mainland opposite and and Bantam Jambi, also two chests of Penang, to which was given the name of The or chirurgery(6).