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Costa Rica Y El Sistema Del Tratado Antártico

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Costa Rica Y El Sistema Del Tratado Antártico UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COSTA RICA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PROGRAMA DE POSGRADOS COSTA RICA Y EL SISTEMA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO JORGE MARINO PROTTI QUESADA Tesis sometida a consideración del Tribunal Examinador para optar por el grado de Magíster Scientiae en Relaciones Internacionales y Diplomacia con énfasis en Proyectos de Cooperación Internacional Heredia, Costa Rica Agosto 2018 2 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COSTA RICA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PROGRAMA DE POSGRADOS COSTA RICA Y EL SISTEMA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO JORGE MARINO PROTTI QUESADA Tesis sometida a consideración del Tribunal Examinador para optar por el grado de Magíster Scientiae en Relaciones Internacionales y Diplomacia con énfasis en Proyectos de Cooperación Internacional Heredia, Costa Rica Agosto 2018 DEDICATORIA Solo a mujeres: María del Rosario Anne Marie Isabel Anne Donatella Sofía María Auxiliadora Susan Ynid ii PREFACIO Quizás para comprender mejor el contenido y motivación de este trabajo de tesis, podría ayudar conocer por qué un sismólogo tropical, de una de las zonas de subducción más activas del mundo, se convierte en un intruso de las relaciones internacionales y desarrolla su tema de tesis sobre un lugar tan frío (el tema no es para nada frío) y el menos tectónicamente activo del planeta, como lo es el continente antártico. Esto podría ayudar también a los académicos de las ciencias sociales a prepararse psicológicamente a no esperar una obra maestra de gran desarrollo y debate socio-político, sino un trabajo simple, más conciso y “frío” como lo son en las ciencias exactas y naturales. Treinta y tres años trabajando en investigaciones geológicas, sismológicas y tectónicas en Costa Rica, siempre envuelto en proyectos de cooperación científica internacional con colegas de muchas partes del mundo, me enseñaron que la cooperación científica internacional es transparente, la ayuda es mutua y que en esas iniciativas de cooperación todos los participantes salen ganando. Fue por eso que quise volver a las aulas para aprender más sobre cooperación internacional y para aplicar ese conocimiento en contribuir en el proceso de internacionalización de las ciencias en Costa Rica. Es así como decidí, sin interrumpir mis trabajos de investigación en sismología, invertir tiempo en obtener una maestría en Relaciones Internacionales y Diplomacia, con énfasis en Cooperación Científica Internacional, en la Universidad Nacional. He aprendido que existe la ayuda oficial al desarrollo (AOD), pero que la misma ha probado ser poco efectiva en contribuir al desarrollo de los países menos afortunados y que, hasta ha creado una dependencia de algunos Estados que viven de ella y a los cuales no les conviene desarrollar su país. Si más recursos de esa AOD se destinaran a la iii ciencia y la tecnología en países en vías del desarrollo, mayor posibilidad habrá de alcanzar ese desarrollo. Como Costa Rica, por haber sido declarada un país de renta media, ya no es elegible para la AOD, podría de todas formas tener acceso a esos recursos vía cooperación triangular. Ese instrumento de cooperación internacional no solo beneficiaría a Costa Rica sino que nos permitirá apoyar a otros países con el desarrollo científico y tecnológico que se ha alcanzado y potenciaría la participación de Costa Rica en la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo, (OCDE). Decidí desarrollar el tema de esta tesis gracias a la oportunidad que me dio la Dra. Susan Y. Schwartz, de la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz, de participar en una expedición a la Antártida para la instalación de instrumentación sismológica. Durante esa expedición, en enero de 2013, cuando me encontraba a mitad de camino de completar los cursos de la maestría en relaciones internacionales, conocí, aprendí y me interesó enormemente el tema del Tratado Antártico (TA), como una excelente combinación de intereses científicos y políticos, en los que la cooperación internacional es el núcleo que amarra todas las iniciativas alrededor de ese Tratado. Dado que el Tratado Antártico reserva todo un continente para la conservación y la investigación científica y que lo aísla además de toda acción militar con fines bélicos, resultaba, desde mi perspectiva, una contradicción que Costa Rica no fuera parte del mismo. Es una contradicción porque, aun después de más de medio siglo de haber entrado en vigencia y teniendo Costa Rica como banderas de su política exterior la paz y la conservación, en nuestro país no han habido esfuerzos por parte de la comunidad política ni científica, para formar parte de este histórico, importante y trascendental tratado. iv Esta tesis pretende ser una contribución a solventar esa contradicción, aportando criterios científicos y políticos que puedan motivar a nuestras autoridades gubernamentales y legislativas para adscribir a Costa Rica al Sistema del Tratado Antártico (STA). Aún si esa adscripción no se diera por razones políticas, el dar a conocer en Costa Rica las bondades del Tratado Antártico, contribuirá a eliminar la poca información que existe en el país con respecto a uno de los tratados internacionales más importantes firmados durante la Guerra Fría. v COSTA RICA Y EL SISTEMA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO Tesis sometida a consideración del Tribunal Examinador para optar por el grado de Magíster Scientiae en Relaciones Internacionales y Diplomacia con énfasis en Proyectos de Cooperación Internacional Agosto de 2018 vi RESUMEN En este trabajo se presentan los antecedentes históricos, geográficos, científicos y políticos que llevaron a la firma del Tratado Antártico (TA), en diciembre de 1959 y de las posteriores convenciones internacionales y protocolo que conforman el Sistema del Tratado Antártico (STA). Como investigación en el campo de las relaciones internacionales, se hace un análisis tanto idealista como realista, sobre la importancia histórica, presente y futura de este régimen internacional. Se descubre la razón por la cual Costa Rica no es parte del TA y se analizan las conveniencias que representarían para el país adherirse a este tratado. Como parte de este trabajo se obtuvo apoyo político y científico para avanzar hacia la adhesión y asegurar una participación activa de Costa Rica en las investigaciones en la Antártida, en caso que se diera dicha adhesión. Se investiga también sobre la geopolítica alrededor de la Antártida y los temas en los que Costa Rica podría tener un liderazgo. A través de conversaciones informales en las embajadas en San José, de países miembros consultivos del Tratado Antártico, se obtuvo una muy buena respuesta para la posibilidad de que científicos costarricenses se integren y aporten en expediciones de esos países a la Antártida. Por las características pacifistas, conservacionistas, de fomento a la investigación y el liderazgo internacional de Costa Rica en esos ámbitos, se concluye que Costa Rica debería ser parte del STA. Por lo tanto, como conclusión de esta investigación, se recomienda la adscripción de Costa Rica, inicialmente como miembro no consultivo, al TA. Se contribuye aquí con un borrador del proyecto de ley para solicitar a la Asamblea Legislativa la aprobación de esta adhesión. Se recomienda además, que una vez adscrito al TA, Costa Rica inicie las negociaciones para formar parte de la Convención sobre la Conservación de los Recursos Vivos Marinos Antárticos y que firme el Protocolo Ambiental del TA, con lo completará su membresía al STA. vii DESCRIPTORES Antártida, Sistema del Tratado Antártico, Regímenes Internacionales, Cooperación científica internacional, Diplomacia científica. viii ABSTRACT This work presents the historic, geographic, scientific and political background that lead to the signing of the Antarctic Treaty (AT) in December 1959, and the later international conventions and protocol which made up the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). As an investigation in international relations, both idealist and realist analyses are made on the historic, present and future importance of this international regime. The reason why Costa Rica is not part of the AT is found, and an analysis is made of the benefits for Costa Rica to join this treaty. As part of this work, political and scientific support was obtained to promote the adherence and to ensure an active participation of Costa Rica in antarctic research. An analysis is made of the geopolitics surrounding Antarctica and of topics Costa Rica could take a leading role in. Through informal conversations in the embassies in San José of consultative members of the AT, a favorable response was obtained for the possibility that Costarrican scientists could join in and contribute to antarctic expeditions carried out by those countries. Because of its pacifist and conservationist characteristics and the international leadership that Costa Rica has in these subjects, this country should be part of the ATS. Therefore, as a conclusion to this work, the adherence of Costa Rica to the AT is recommended, initially as a nonconsultive member. A draft of the bill to request this adherence to Congress is also presented. Furthermore, once Costa Rica adheres to the AT, it is recommended to enter negotiations to join the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and to sign the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, to complete Costa Rica's membership in the ATS. ix KEYWORDS Antarctica, Antarctic Treaty System, International Regimes, International scientific cooperation, Science diplomacy.
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