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Fossil Diatoms and Their Significance

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Fossil Diatoms and Their Significance Fossil diatoms and their significance Anil Chandra Chandra A 1992. Fossil diatoms and their significance. Palaeobotanist 40 : 429-467. A brief introduction to diatoms, an important group of siliceous organisms, is presented. This includes the histOry of diatom study, their classification and morphology, cell structure, ecology, nutrition and reproduction, palaeogeography and evolutionary history. Association of diatOms with volcanism and silica dissolution and overgrowth of fossil diatoms are also provided. Significance of fossil diatOms in palaeoecology and biostratigraphy including palaeoceanography is highlighted. Fossil diatOms known from India and a few DSDP sites of the Indian Ocean are listed alongwith their geological horizon. In India, reports of marine and freshwater diatOms were made from the Miocene rocks of Nancowry Island (Ehrenberg, 1851) and from the Karewa Formation of Kashmir (Lundquist, 1936), respectively_ Key-words-Fossil diatoms, Biostratigraphy, Palaeoecology, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kashmir. Anil Chandra, Birhal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007, India. ~llT ~-qn ~ ~ ~ lfffl ~'RT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ 3!ft11<f ST1:(Vll of; ~ if ~mu-'f"f if <tr t I if ST1:(Vll of; 3flWR 'fT ;j.{'fT I1,'f ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~, <irfllT'fT ~, ~, qTqur I1,'f 1f'iR'i, '!'T~I1,'f ""l(<'!('i&I£ldl 1J,'i fuf<;rq;r '!"R ~, ~ 'i~f4 ~ ~m ~ -@fq (I f1 ST1:(Vll 'fT mm d"m 3!ft11<f ST1:(Vll <tr 3!ftrq> '!fu <tr <tr t I ST1:(Vll <tr -jfq "''lltl 'i ~'l11 '1 if ~ ~ ~I 'l1T«f~d"m ~~4i\1f11'1( if~IH>TRT ~ ~ 3!ft11<fST1:(Vll<tr~~ ~~I ~if q"( 'l'ffrT Sf<1T 'T"IT ~ ~ q;r~ (~, ~if>ll'.ff.Wlftt1J,'i~~ ~ (~, 1851) <tr 11~ d"'.f1' of; <Rcu.!lt<1--tfI!i\ 1936) ST1:(Vll of;~~1 DIATOMS are the most abundant siliceous organisms 2.00 mm, respectively. Majority of them, however, in suspension. Radiolarians occupy the second place have a 10 to 100 J.lm size range. Chains of colonial of importance followed by the silicoflagellates. The species may be more than 7 cm in length. diatoms are microscopic, single celled, golden Diatoms are distributed in all lighted water brown algae. They possess a typical external box-like bodies both marine and freshwater. They are found skeleton or frustule of opaline silica (Si02 n. H2 0) in a variety of modern environments from freshwater which is the basic unit of their life cycle. The to hypersaline lakes, hot springs, melt water pools frustule is composed of two mirror image valves that on icebergs and soils. They may be free floating or enclose and protect the soft protoplasm of the cell. attached to rocks and other substrates (pebbles in Different types and patterns of surface streams, sea weed or even whales) within the spray ornamentation of frustules form the basis of diatom or the splash zones nearwater. The diatoms may be classification. In size, diatoms are less than 1 J.lm to benthic or planktonic, single or colonial and a few over 1000 J.lm, e.g., Chaetoceros galvestonensis are endosymbiotic. Amongst the approXimately 175 Collier & Murphy (Collier & Murphy, 1962), living and fossil diatom genera, 70 per cent are Cylindropyrix profunda Hendey (Hendey et aI., exclusively marine, 17 per cent are freshwater and 1969) and Ethmodiscus rex (Wallich in Rattray) Hendey in Weisman and Hendey (McHugh, 1954) Four Decades of IndIan PalaeobOtany have a diameter of 0.75 J.lm, 1.8 ~Lm to 2.00 J.lm and Fdlfors: B. s. Venkatachala & HP Singh Publisher Birbal Sahol Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 430 THE PAlAEOBOTANIST , 6'0 0 0 120 120 0 came in the form of monographic publications by various workers like Ehrenberg (1838), Schmidt et 0 -60 O<1million/g 60"- [] 1-15 million/g at. (1874-1959), Van Heurck (1880-1885) and many .15-100. million/g others which comprise numerous hand-drawn ~ illustrations of diatoms. One of the most famous -30 0 -, publications amongst these is by Schmidt et al. (1874-1959) which covers both marine and non­ - 0 0 marine diatoms. Diatom biostratigraphical study was 0"- started in the early twentieth century by Hanna and _30 0 Lohman who described many marine diatom 300 7 assemblages from the Cretaceous to Pliocene sediments of the North American continent. Hustedt (1927-1966) started a compilation of diatom taxonomy which is still treated as an ideal reference for diatom study. Detailed stratigraphical study of diatoms was initiated by Kanaya (1957). Significance of marine diatoms in biostratigraphy and palaeoecology was realized only after the collection of deep sea cores by the Oceanographic Institu'tions and the Deep Sea Drilling Project in 1960 and 1970 Text-figure I-Distribution of diatom frustules in surface sediments of the Indian and Pacific oceans in Millions per respectively. The real momentum in the study of gram of sediment (after Brasier, 1980) diatom morphology was gained through the aid of the Scanning Electron Microscopy and this has the remaining 13 per cent are either predominantly resulted in various changes at generic and higher marine or freshwater with only a few species levels of diatom taxonomy. crossing from one habitat to the other (Round & First report of marine fossil diatcJms in India was Sims, 1981). Brasier (1980) has shown the made by Ehrenberg in 1851 from the Miocene rocks distribution of diatom frustules in surface sediments of the Nancowry. Island w)1ile the first report of of the Indian and Pacific oceans in million per gram freshwater fossil diatoms is from the Karewa of sediment (Text-figure 1). Formation (Late Pliocene) of Kashmir by Lundquist Diatoms form an important base for the food (1936). These microfossils from Nancowry were later chain in marine and freshwater environments. And worked out by Grunow (867), Van Heurck (1880­ so, they are also known as 'grass of the sea'. They are 1885), Cleve (1883, 1894, 1895), Pentocsek (1889), the most important primary producers in modern Schmidt (1885-1944-illustrations), Cleve and Moller oceans and their abundance characterizes the most (1878), Tempere and Peragallo (1915), and Rattray fertile areas of the oceans. Beneath these fertile (1890). Further contributions on fossil diatoms up to waters, sea floor sediments consist of abundant 1950 have been made by De Terra and Paterson frustules of diatoms which are commonly known as (939)-freshwater, Iyengar and Subrahmanyan Diatom Oozes. These oozes become diatomites (1943)-freshwater, and Ghosh and Maitra (1947)­ (rocks) after lithification. Diatomaceous earth is soft marine. A large number of publications on fossil and friable. In the ocean's photic zone diatoms are diatoms of India appeared during the last four widely distributed (water depth typically less than decades and these are by Jacob and Shrivastava 100 m) and adopt various benthic life styles. At (1952 : marine), Desikachary and Maheshwari higher latitudes they may be very abundant and 0958 : marine), Das (1961 : freshwater), Rao and diverse in contrast to calcareous microfossils. They Awasthi (1963 : freshwater), Roy 1971, 1974, 1975, either live Singly or form colonies. Many diatoms 1979, 1982, 1984, 1988: freshwater), Singh and secrete a mucilagenous substance which covers the Vimal (1973, 1976: marine); Singh, Vimal and siliceous wall and serves to attach the cells in Nautiyal (1978: marine), Singh (1979: marine), colonies. It also attaches the benthic diatoms to a Srinivasan and Srivastava (1972, 1977: marine); substrate. and helps their. propulsion along a Mathur (1973, 1981, 1985, 1987 : marine), Mohan substrate. (1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990: freshwater), Mohan, Gandhi and Vora (1982 : freshwater), Mohan HISTORY OF DIATOM STUDY and Vora (1986, 1987, 1987a, 1987b, 1988 : freshwater), Gandhi and Mohan Taxonomical work on diatoms was initiated (1983 : freshwater), Gandhi, Mohan and Vora (1984, during the laterhalf of the nineteenth century. This 1986 : freshwater), Gandhi, Vora and Mohan (1984, CHANDRA-FOSSIL DIATOMS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE 431 .r". •. i/,.~~-.' - ,\ , "-j : 'I '< I •';<..;~~/ Thala ssiosira Triceratium Diploneis Cymbella Nitzschia CENTRIC DIATOMS PENNATE DIATOMS Text-figure 2-Two basic groups of diatoms_ Centric-radial symmetry and Pennate·bilateral symmetry (after Barron, 1987). 1985a, 1985b: freshwater), Gupta and Khandelwal structures at apprOXimately right angles from a (1984, 1986: freshwater), Khandelwal and Gupta median line which runs parallel to the long axis. (1989 : freshwater), and Desikachary and Ranjitha Standardization of diatom terminology, which is Devi (1986: marine), Fossil diatoms from the quite complicated yet clear, has been proposed by sediment cores of the Indian Ocean region were Annonymous (1975) and Ross et at. (1979). This has perhaps first described by Kolbe (1957). This was been done by the International Committees through followed by the contributions of Bukry (1974), the International Society for DiatOm Research. About Schrader (1974), Desikachary, Latha and Ranjitha 95 per cent cell wall of diatoms is impregnated with Devi (1984), Desikachary, Gowthaman and Latha opaline silica and this siliceous element forms the (1987), Desikachary (1989), Gowthaman and frustule and the girdle of a diatom. Components of a Desikachary (1989) and Prema and Desikachary frustule include two valves (Text-figure 3) which are (1989) from the DSDP samples of the Indian Ocean known as epivalve (larger one) and the hypovalve region. Gupta (1974) listed the fossil diatoms from (smaller one). These two valves are usually India followed by Roy (1988). connected by a thin circular band which is known as girdle (Text-figure 3). The girdle occupies the area CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY between the epivalve and hypovalve and is usually present in fossil records without any stratigraphical The classification of diatoms is based on the significance. The valve mantle is the junction of form and sculpture of the frustule, Hustedt (1930) valve margin and girdle. Valve face (Text-figure 4) is has elevated this algal group to an independent the part of the valve surrounded by mantle.
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