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Mdsa Sc6046 1 57.Pdf STATE OF MARYLAND BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, MINES AND WATER RESOURCES Joseph T. Singewald, Jr., Director BULLETIN IS Ground-Water Resources OF THE Southern Maryland Coastal Plain by E. G. Otton PREPARE!) IN COOPERATION WITH THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 1955 COMPOSED AND PRINTED AT THE Waverly Press, Inc. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. COMMISSION OF GEOLOGY, MINES AND WATER RESOURCES Arthur B. Stewart, Chairman Baltimore Richard W. Cooper Salisbury G. Victor Cushwa Williamsport John C. Geyer Baltimore Harry R. Hau Hyattsville CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Location of the area 2 Purpose and scope of the report 2 Previous investigations and acknowledgments 4 Geography 5 Physiography 5 Climate 6 Population, transportation, resources, and industry 8 General geology and hydrology 11 Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties 14 Pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks 14 Distribution and character 14 Configuration of the bedrock surface 15 Water-bearing properties 19 Cretaceous system 20 Lower Cretaceous series 20 Patuxent formation (Potomac group) 20 Distribution and character 20 Subsurface character 22 Mechanical analyses 23 Heavy minerals 25 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 26 Water-bearing properties 27 Permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients 29 Upper Cretaceous series 35 Arundel clay (Potomac group) 35 Distribution and character 35 Subsurface character 36 Mechanical analyses 36 Heavy minerals 36 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 38 Water-bearing properties 38 Patapsco and Raritan formations 38 Distribution and character 38 Subsurface character 39 Mechanical analyses 43 Heavy minerals 45 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 45 Water-bearing properties 48 Permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients 53 Magothy formation 56 Distribution and character 56 Subsurface character 58 Mechanical analyses 58 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 60 v VI Contents Water-bearing properties 61 Permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients 64 Matawan and Monmouth formations 68 Distribution and character 68 Subsurface character 68 Mechanical analyses 69 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 69 Water-bearing properties 69 Tertiary system 70 Paleocene series 70 Brightseat formation 70 Distribution and character 70 Subsurface character 70 Mechanical analyses 70 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 70 Water-bearing properties 71 Eocene series 71 Aquia greensand (Pamunkey group) 71 Distribution and character 71 Subsurface character 72 Mechanical analyses 73 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 73 Water-bearing properties 75 Permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients 77 Nanjemoy formation (Pamunkey group) 79 Distribution and character 79 Subsurface character 80 Mechanical analyses 81 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 81 Water-bearing properties 82 Permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients 84 Piney point formation (Jackson age) 85 Distribution and character 85 Subsurface character 86 Mechanical analyses 86 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 86 Water-bearing properties 88 Miocene series 89 Calvert formation (Chesapeake group) 89 Distribution and character 89 Subsurface character 91 Mechanical analyses 92 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 94 Water-bearing properties 95 Choptank formation (Chesapeake group) 95 Distribution and character 95 Subsurface character 96 Mechanical analyses 96 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 96 Water-bearing properties 97 Contents vii St. Marys formation (Chesapeake group) 97 Distribution and character 97 Subsurface character 97 Mechanical analyses 98 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 98 Water-bearing properties 98 Tertiary (?) and Quarternary systems 99 Pliocene (?), Pleistocene, and Recent series 99 Classification and origin 99 Pliocene (?) and Pleistocene (upland) deposits 99 Distribution and character 99 Subsurface character 100 Mechanical analyses 101 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 101 Water-bearing properties 103 Pleistocene and Recent (lowland) deposits 103 Distribution and character 103 Subsurface character 104 Mechanical analyses 104 Thickness and stratigraphic relations 105 Water-bearing properties 105 Occurrence of ground water 106 General principles 106 Water-table and artesian conditions 107 Movement of ground water 108 Rate of movement 108 Recharge and discharge 109 Springs Ill Distribution of artesian pressure 112 Patuxent formation 112 Patapsco and Raritan formations 113 Glen Burnie area 114 U. S. Naval Academy • 114 Magothy formation 114 Upper Marlboro area 114 Aquia greensand 116 Waldorf-Port Tobacco area 116 Mount Zion-West River area 117 Solomons-Patuxent River area 118 Nanjemoy and Piney Point formations 121 Dares Beach area 122 Patuxent River valley area 122 Utilization of ground water 124 History of ground-water development in Southern Maryland 124 Distribution of pumping and use of water during 1951 127 Water-level fluctuations 129 History of water-level measurements 129 Causes of water-level fluctuations 132 Fluctuations in the Patuxent formation 134 Fluctuations in the Patapsco and Raritan formations 135 vm Contents Fluctuations in the Magothy formation 137 Fluctuations in the Aquia greensand 139 Fluctuations in the Nanjemoy and Piney Point formations 142 Fluctuations in the Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene deposits . 145 Chemical character of ground water 149 Chemical constituents in relation to use 149 Dissolved solids 149 Hardness 149 Iron 152 Hydrogen-ion concentration 153 Free acid 153 Chloride 154 Minor constituents 155 Silica 155 Sulfate 155 Nitrate 155 Phosphate 156 Fluoride 156 Manganese 156 Aluminum 157 Geochemistry of ground water in relation to water-bearing formations and hydrology . 157 Methods of expression 157 Natural water softening by base exchange 160 Ground water from the Cretaceous aquifers 161 Patuxent formation 161 Patapsco and Raritan formations 161 Magothy formation 162 Monmouth formation 162 Ground water from the Eocene aquifers 163 Aquia greensand 163 Nanjemoy and Piney Point formations 163 Ground water from the Pliocene(?), Pleistocene, and Recent aquifers 165 Upland deposits 165 Lowland deposits 165 Geochemistry in relation to movement 166 Temperature of ground water 169 Summary of ground-water resources 172 Area 1 172 Area 2 174 Area 3 175 Area 4 176 Foraminiferal fauna of the geological formations—By Glenn G. Collins 178 References 181 Index 337 TABLES 1. Weather-reporting stations in Southern Maryland and annual precipitation and temperature 7 2. Mean monthly precipitation in inches in Southern Maryland 7 3. Population by counties in Southern Maryland 9 Contents ix 4. Population of towns in Southern Maryland 9 5. Mineral production of Southern Maryland in 1950 10 6. Geologic formations in Southern Maryland 16 7. Yields and specific capacities of crystalline-rock wells in Southern Maryland and adjacent areas 21 8. Thickness, in feet, and percentage of different types of sediments encountered in wells penetrating the Patuxent formation 23 9. Yields and specific capacities of wells screened in the Patuxent formation 28 10. Summary of permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients of the Patuxent formation 34 11. Thickness, in feet, and percentage of different types of sediments encountered in wells penetrating the Patapsco and Raritan formations 41 12. Yields and specific capacities of wells screened in the Patapsco and Raritan forma- tions 50 13. Summary of permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients of the Patapsco and Raritan formations 54 14. Yields and specific capacities of wells screened in the Magothy formation 62 15. Summary of permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients of the Magothy formation 65 16. Brightseat formation in wells in Southern Maryland 71 17. Yields and specific capacities of wells screened in the Aquia greensand .76 18. Summary of permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficients of the Aquia greensand 78 19. Yields and specific capacities of wells producing from the Nanjemoy formation 84 20. Thickness of the Piney Point formation in wells 87 21. Yields and specific capacities of wells producing from the Piney Point formation 89 22. Daily average pumpage at the Patuxent Naval Air Station 1944 through 1951 127 23. Major sources of ground-water pumpage in Southern Maryland in 1951 according to use 130 24. Observation wells ending in the Patuxent formation 136 25. Observation wells ending in the Patapsco and Raritan formations 136 26. Observation wells ending in the Magothy formation 140 27. Observation wells ending in the Aquia greensand 143 28. Observation wells ending in the Nanjemoy and Piney Point formations 146 29. Observation wells ending in the Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene deposits 147 30. Range in dissolved solids, hardness, iron, and pH in ground water in Southern Mary- land 150 31. Chemical analyses of ground water in Southern Maryland 184 32. Records of selected wells in the Southern Maryland and Baltimore areas 192 33. Drillers' logs of selected wells in Southern Maryland 248 34. Logs of selected wells from which sample cuttings were obtained 273 35. Distribution of Foraminifera in well cuttings 308 FIGURES 1. Map of Maryland showing physiographic provinces and location of the Southern Maryland area 3 2. Histograms of samples from the Patuxent formation 24 3. Geologic section near Jessup (Anne Arundel County) showing the Arundel clay over- lain by the Pliocene(?) upland deposits 37 4. Histograms of samples
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