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MAY^JUNE 1976 VOLUME 4, NUMBER 3 Scientific Notes And 3 rpRvw\i*J 4iV V .JLU* A ' MAY^JUNE 1976 VOLUME 4, NUMBER 3 Scientific notes and summaries of investigations in geology, hydrology, and related fields OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government The Journal of Research is Correspondence and inquiries concerning the Printing Office, Washington, DC published every 2 months by the Journal (other than subscription inquiries and 20402. Annual subscription rate U.S. Geological Survey. It con­ address changes) should be directed to Anna M. $18.90 (plus $4.75 for foreign tains papers by members of the Orellana, Managing Editor, Journal of Research, mailing). Single copy $3.15. Geological Survey and their pro­ Publications Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Make checks or money orders fessional colleagues on geologic, 321 National Center, Reston, VA 22092. payable to the Superintendent of hydrologic, topographic, and Documents. other scientific and technical Papers for the Journal should be submitted Send all subscription inquiries subjects. through regular Division publication channels. and address changes to the Su­ perintendent of Documents at the above address. Purchase orders should not be The Secretary of the Interior has determined that the publication of this periodi­ sent to the U.S. Geological Sur­ cal is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this vey library. Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Library of Congress Catalog- Director of the Office of Management and Budget through June 30, 1980. card No. 72-600241. GEOLOGY /Mississippian history of the northern Rocky Mountains region HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY Factors affecting declining Hydrogeology of a drift-filled water levels in a sewered bedrock valley near Lino area of Nassau County, N Lakes, Anoka1. County, Minn GEOLOGY ediment-filled pots in upland gravels of Maryland^and Virginia '^ '"~^ s (type Delmontian) GEOLOGY f Ocher as a prospecting \ GEOLOG)! medium in the Montezuma nhydra and Enhydriocfanjfrom district of central Colorado the Pacific coast of North GEOLOGY America \ I Marine diatom and silicoflagellate biostrati- (type Bo/iVino 'obl/'quo) graphy of the type Delmontian Stage and type Bofivina obliqua Zone, California GEOLOGY A reconnaissance study of the _jjrjiiium and thorium contents "of plutonic rocks O of the southeastern Seward Peninsula! Alaska HYDROLOGY Epifauha at Jackson Point in O Port Valdez, Alaska, December 1970 through September 1972 \ GEOGRAPHIC INDEX TO ARTICLES See "Contents" for articles concerning areas outside the United States and articles without geographic orientation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the U.S. Geological Survey Vol. 4 No. 3 May-June 1976 CONTENTS Abbreviations__________________________ ____ __________________ II Metric-English equivalents_______________ II TOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES Intermediate-scale mapping__________________ J. L. Ward 253 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES Factors affecting declining water levels in a sewered area of Nassau County, N.Y._ ________________________________________M. 8. Garber and D. J. Sulam 255 Hydrogeology of a drift-filled bedrock valley near Lino Lakes, Anoka County, Minn ____________________________________T. C. Winter and H. 0. Pfannkuch 267 Two-dimensional steady-state dispersion in a saturated porous medium Akio Ogata 277 A simplified slope-area method for estimating flood discharges in natural channels H. C. Riggs 285 Development of a standard rating for the Price pygmy current meter ______________________________,._______V. R. Schneider and O. F. Smoot 293 Epifauna at Jackson Point in Port Valdez, Alaska, December 1970 through September 1972 _____________________________________J. W. Nauman and D. R. Kernodle 299 GEOLOGIC STUDIES Enhydra and Enhydriodon from the Pacific coast of North America _ -C. A. Repenning 305 Mississippian history of the northern Rocky Mountains region W. J. Sando 317 Marine diatom and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy of the type Delmontian Stage and the type Boli- vina obliqua Zone, California ___________ __ J. A. Barron 339 Sediment-filled pots in upland gravels of Maryland and Virginia _ ____________________________L. C. Conant, R. F. Black, and J. W. Hosterman 353 Ocher as a prospecting medium in the Montezuma district of central Colorado _____________________G. J. Neuerberg, Theodore Botinelly, and J. R. Watterson 359 A reconnaissance study of the uranium and thorium contents of plutonic rocks of the southeastern Seward Peninsula, Alaska_______________________T. P. Miller and C. M. Bunker 367 Recent publications of the U.S. Geological Survey_ Inside of back cover ABBREVIATIONS A ______ampere EROS __Earth Resources Observation m.y. ___million years A _____angstrom System fical _i__microcalorie ADP ___ammonium dihydrogen g-mol ___gram-mole fig ______ microgram phosphate ID _____inside diameter fjil ________microlitre atm __ atmosphere J _____-joule nm _______micrometre avg ____average Jtu ____ Jackson turbidity unit N -_____ normality B.P. ___before present K _____kelvin nm ____nanometre kPa _ __kilopascal b.y. ____billion years OD ____outside diameter kV ____kilovolt ppb _____part per billion °C _____degree Celsius 1m _____lumen calc __ calculated M ________molarity; molar (concentra­ ppm ___part per million c/s ____counts per second tion) quad. ___quadrangle dc _____direct current (d-c as unit meq ____milliequivalent RAP ___rubidium acid phthalate modifier) MIBK __methyl isobutyl ketone wt ___ weight deg ____degree min ____minute w/v __ weight per volume diam __ diameter ml _____millilitre yd ____yard eq _____equation mol ____mole yr __ year METRIC-ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS Metric unit English equivalent Metric unit English equivalent Length Specific combinations Continued millimetre (mm) = 0.03937 inch (in) litre per second (1/s) = .0353 cubic foot per second metre (m) = 3. 28 feet (ft) cubic metre per second kilometre (km) = .62 mile (mi) per square kilometre [(m3/s)/km2] Area square mile [(ft3/s)/mi2] metre per day (m/d) square metre (m2) = 10.76 square feet (ft2) conductivity) (ft/d) square kilometre (km2 = .386 square mile (mi2) metre per kilometre hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (m/km) = 5. 28 feet per mile (ft/mi) kilometre per hour (km/h) = .9113 foot per second (ft/s) Volume metre per second (m/s) 3.28 feet per second cubic centimetre (cm3 ) = 0.061 cubic inch (in3) metre squared per day litre (1) = 61.03 cubic inches (mVd) = 10.764 feet squared per day (ftz/d) cubic metre (m3) = 35.31 cubic feet (ft3 ) (transmissivity) cubic metre = .00081 acre-foot (aqre-ft) cubic metre per second cubic hectometre (hm3 ) =810.7 acre-feet (m3/s) = 22.826 million gallons per day litre = 2.113 pints (pt) (Mgal/d) litre = 1.06 quarts (qt) cubic metre per minute litre = .26 gallon (gal) (mVmin) = 264.2 gallons per minute (gal/rain) cubic metre = .00026 million gallons (Mgal or litre per second (1/s) = 15.85 gallons per minute 10« gal) litre per second per cubic metre = 6.290 barrels (bbl) (1 bbl = 42 gal) metre f(l/s)/m] = 4.83 gallons per minute per foot [(gal/min)/ft] kilometre per hour Weight (km/h) .62 mile per hour (mi/h) gram (g) = 0.035 ounce, avoirdupois (oz uvdp) metre per second (m/s) = 2.237 miles per hour gram = .0022 pound, avoirdupois (Ib avdp) gram per cubic tonne (t) = 1.1 tons, short (2,000 Ib) centimetre (g/cm3 ) = 62.43 pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) tonne = .98 ton, long (2,240 Ib) gram per square centimetre (g/cm2) gram per square Specific combinations centimetre .0142 pound per square inch (lb/ln2) kilogram per square centimetre (kg/cm2) = 0.96 atmosphere (atm) Temperature kilogram per square centimetre = .98 bar (0.9869 atm) degree Celsius (°C) = 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) cubic metre per second degrees Celsius (m3/s) = 35.3 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (temperature) = [(1.8x°C)+32] degrees Fahrenheit Any use of trade names and trademarks in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. II Jour. Research U.S. Geol. Survey Vol. 4, No. 3, May-June 1976, p. 253-254 INTERMEDIATE-SCALE MAPPING By J. LeROY WARD, Reston, Va. Abstract. The U.S. Geological Survey has introduced an use planning on a larger scale. Because of a number of intermediate-scale map series (1:100,000 and 1:50,000) in re­ simplifications in design and construction, either gen­ sponse to the demand for maps at scales between the 1:24,000 and 1:250,000 standard series. The goal is to provide basic eral-purpose or special-purpose base maps can be pro­ cartographic data at the level of detail and in the format duced with equal ease, and the data can be stored in selected by Federal, State, regional, county, and other users. digital form. A major innovation is the preparation of feature-separation drawings which provide great flexibility in constructing maps. PRODUCTION The new series is designed with digitization in mind, ultimate­ ly to facilitate forming a digital cartographic data base. All five mapping centers of the U.S. Geological Sur­ vey are producing the new intermediate-scale maps. The maps are derived from available 7.5- and 15- In response to the increasing demand for maps at minute topographic maps and (if needed) other scales that fill the gap between the 1:24,000 and sources, such as aerial photographs. A major innova­ 1:250,000 series, the U.S. Geological Survey has in­ tion is the preparation of feature-separation drawings troduced an intermediate-scale (1:100,000 and 1:50,- as well as color-separation drawings, which provide 000) map series. These new products reflect the goals great flexibility in constructing maps. For computer of today's National Mapping Program (an expansion compatibility, certain symbols have been modified to of the familiar National Topographic Mapping Pro­ forms that lend themselves to trouble-free digitization. gram) to make graphic or digital cartographic data Maps in the 1:100,000-scale series are cast on the and services readily available for a multiplicity of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection uses.
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