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Caso Del Penal Miguel Castro Castro Vs. Perú Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos Caso del Penal Miguel Castro Castro Vs. Perú Sentencia de 25 de noviembre de 2006 (Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas) En el caso del Penal Miguel Castro Castro, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (en adelante “la Corte Interamericana”, “la Corte” o “el Tribunal”), integrada por los siguientes jueces∗: Sergio García Ramírez, Presidente; Alirio Abreu Burelli, Vicepresidente; Antônio A. Cançado Trindade, Juez; Cecilia Medina Quiroga, Jueza; y Manuel E. Ventura Robles, Juez, presentes, además, Pablo Saavedra Alessandri, Secretario, y Emilia Segares Rodríguez, Secretaria Adjunta; de acuerdo con los artículos 62.3 y 63.1 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (en adelante “la Convención Americana” o “la Convención”) y con los artículos 29, 31, 53.2, 55, 56 y 58 del Reglamento de la Corte (en adelante “el Reglamento”), dicta la siguiente Sentencia. I INTRODUCCIÓN DE LA CAUSA 1. El 9 de septiembre de 2004, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 61 de la Convención Americana, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (en adelante “la Comisión” o “la Comisión Interamericana”) sometió ante la Corte una demanda contra el Estado del Perú (en adelante “el Estado” o “el Perú”). Dicha demanda se originó en las denuncias No. 11.015 y 11.769, recibidas en la Secretaría de la Comisión el 18 de mayo de 1992 y el 5 de junio de 1997, respectivamente. 2. La Comisión presentó la demanda con el fin de que la Corte declare que el Estado es responsable por la violación de los derechos consagrados en los artículos 4 (Derecho a la Vida) y 5 (Derecho a la Integridad Personal) de la Convención Americana, en relación con la obligación establecida en el artículo 1.1 (Obligación de Respetar los Derechos) de la misma, en perjuicio de “al menos 42” reclusos que fallecieron; la violación del artículo 5 (Derecho a la Integridad * El Juez Diego García-Sayán se excusó de conocer del presente caso (infra párrs. 91 y 92). Asimismo, el Juez Oliver Jackman no participó en la deliberación y firma de la presente Sentencia, ya que informó que, por motivos de fuerza mayor, no podría participar en el LXXIII Período Ordinario de Sesiones del Tribunal. -2- Personal) de la Convención, en relación con la obligación establecida en el artículo 1.1 (Obligación de Respetar los Derechos) de la Convención, en perjuicio de “al menos 175” reclusos que resultaron heridos y de 322 reclusos “que habiendo resultado ilesos [supuestamente] fueron sometidos a trato cruel, inhumano y degradante”; y por la violación de los artículos 8.1 (Garantías Judiciales) y 25 (Protección Judicial) de la Convención, en relación con la obligación establecida en el artículo 1.1 (Obligación de Respetar los Derechos) de la misma, en perjuicio de “las [presuntas] víctimas y sus familiares”. 3. Los hechos expuestos por la Comisión en la demanda habrían ocurrido a partir del 6 de mayo de 1992 y se refieren a la ejecución del “Operativo Mudanza 1” dentro del Penal Miguel Castro Castro, durante el cual el Estado, supuestamente, produjo la muerte de al menos 42 internos, hirió a 175 internos, y sometió a trato cruel, inhumano y degradante a otros 322 internos. Los hechos también se refieren al supuesto trato cruel, inhumano y degradante experimentado por las presuntas víctimas con posterioridad al “Operativo Mudanza 1”. 4. Asimismo, la Comisión solicitó a la Corte que, de conformidad con el artículo 63.1 de la Convención, ordene al Estado que adopte determinadas medidas de reparación indicadas en la demanda. Por último, solicitó al Tribunal que ordene al Estado el pago de las costas y gastos generados en la tramitación del caso. II COMPETENCIA 5. La Corte es competente para conocer el presente caso, en los términos de los artículos 62 y 63.1 de la Convención, en razón de que Perú es Estado Parte en la Convención Americana desde el 28 de julio de 1978 y reconoció la competencia contenciosa de la Corte el 21 de enero de 1981. Además, el Estado ratificó la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir y Sancionar la Tortura el 28 de marzo de 1991 y la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la Violencia contra la Mujer el 4 de junio de 1996. III PROCEDIMIENTO ANTE LA COMISIÓN 6. El 18 de mayo de 1992 la señora Sabina Astete remitió una denuncia ante la Comisión Interamericana1, la cual se encuentra firmada por personas que indican ser miembros del Comité de Familiares de Presos Políticos y Prisioneros de Guerra. Dicha denuncia fue identificada bajo el número 11.015, y se refería a los supuestos “genocidio del 6 al 9 de mayo de 1992” en el Penal Castro Castro y falta de información “a los familiares y opinión pública” acerca de los sobrevivientes, fallecidos y heridos. Asimismo se refería a supuestos “traslad[os] clandestin[os] a diferentes penales” de Perú, sin permitir el “acceso […] de los familiares [y] abogados”. 7. Los días 12 de junio, 9 de julio, 10, 12 y 21 de agosto de 1992, 17 de agosto de 2000, 23 de enero y 7 de febrero de 2001, y 31 de mayo de 2001 la Comisión transmitió al Estado información adicional respecto al caso. Esta información se refería, inter alia, a los malos tratos, “torturas”, “requisas” y “aislamiento” a que supuestamente fueron sometidas las presuntas víctimas de los hechos del Penal Miguel Castro Castro, con posterioridad al 9 de mayo de 1992 y durante los traslados de los internos a otros penales del Perú. Asimismo, se refería a las alegadas condiciones “infrahumanas” en que se encontraban las presuntas víctimas en los centros a los 1 Como respuesta a la solicitud de prueba y aclaraciones para mejor resolver realizada por el Presidente de la Corte, la Comisión indicó en su comunicación de 3 de noviembre de 2006 que este escrito de 18 de mayo de 1992 fue “la petición inicial que originó el expediente del caso 11.015”. -3- que fueron trasladadas. Además se informó del “hostigamiento” a los familiares de las presuntas víctimas por parte del Estado. 8. El 18 de agosto de 1992 la Comisión solicitó al Estado la adopción de medidas cautelares en relación a los hechos ocurridos en el Penal Miguel Castro Castro, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 29 del Reglamento de la Comisión. Entre las medidas solicitadas se encontraba la autorización de “visitas de familiares y abogados de los detenidos”, y el ingreso de “ropas y medicinas”. Asimismo, se solicitó que el Estado brindara “atención médica” a quiénes la requirieran y que remitiera a la Comisión “la lista oficial de […] muertos y desaparecid[os] a partir de los hechos [del] Penal ‘Miguel Castro Castro’”. 9. El 11 de septiembre de 1992 el Estado presentó un escrito, mediante el cual remitió información “sobre las medidas adoptadas en relación con la solicitud formulada por la Comisión” respecto a “los ‘sucesos’ ocurridos a partir del 6 de mayo de[ 1992]” en el Penal Miguel Castro Castro”. El 21 de octubre de 1992 el Estado presentó un escrito y anexos, mediante los cuales remitió el informe elaborado por la Fiscalía de la Nación del Perú, respecto de los sucesos ocurridos “en el penal Castro Castro el 6 de mayo de [1992]”. 10. El 9 de noviembre de 1992 el Estado presentó un escrito y sus anexos, mediante los cuales remitió el informe elaborado por la Fiscalía de la Nación respecto de la información adicional que le fue transmitida (supra párr. 7). 11. El 25 de noviembre de 1992 la Comisión presentó al Tribunal un escrito y sus anexos, mediante los cuales remitió una solicitud de medidas provisionales en relación con los casos 11.015 y 11.048 en trámite ante la Comisión, sobre la grave situación en que se encontrarían los centros penales peruanos Miguel Castro Castro y Santa Mónica en Lima, Cristo Rey en Ica y Yanamayo en Puno. 12. El 14 de diciembre de 1992 el Presidente de la Corte (en adelante “el Presidente”) emitió una Resolución, mediante la cual resolvió “[q]ue no proced[ía] solicitar por el momento[…] medidas urgentes de carácter preliminar” y decidió “[s]ometer a la Corte en su próximo período ordinario de sesiones la solicitud presentada por la Comisión Interamericana”. 13. El 27 de enero de 1993 el Tribunal emitió una Resolución respecto de la solicitud de medidas provisionales realizada por la Comisión (supra párr. 11), mediante la cual resolvió “[n]o dictar, por el momento, las medidas provisionales […] solicitadas”. Asimismo, la Corte consideró necesario “[s]olicitar a [la Comisión] que en ejercicio de las atribuciones que le confieren la Convención, el Estatuto y el Reglamento, solicit[ara] las pruebas o reali[zara] las investigaciones necesarias para cerciorarse de la veracidad de los hechos” señalados en la solicitud de medidas. 14. El 5 de junio de 1997 el señor Curtis Doebbler, en representación de la señora Mónica Feria Tinta, presentó una denuncia ante la Comisión, la cual fue identificada bajo el número 11.769. Dicha denuncia se refería, inter alia, a los sucesos en el Penal Miguel Castro Castro a partir del 6 de mayo de 1992, así como a la “tortura”, tratos crueles, inhumanos y degradantes a los que supuestamente fueron sometidas las presuntas víctimas en este caso durante el “ataque” al referido penal y con posterioridad al mismo. 15. El 29 de junio de 2000 el caso 11.769 (supra párr. 14) fue desglosado en dos expedientes: 11.769-A y 11.769-B, en aplicación de lo establecido en el artículo 40.1 del Reglamento de la Comisión vigente en esa época. El expediente 11.769-B se refería a “los hechos denunciados […] que conciernen a los sucesos ocurridos en la prisión Castro Castro, de Lima, en mayo de 199[2]”, y el 11.769-A a la “detención, juicio y demás hechos […] concernientes directa y personalmente a la [señora] Mónica Feria Tinta”.
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