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Download File “It Depends on Where You Go!” The Transnational Racial Consciousness of Dominican Immigrants Lucinda Bratini Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 LUCINDA BRATINI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT “IT DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU GO!” THE TRANSNATIONAL RACIAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF DOMINICAN IMMIGRANTS Lucinda Bratini This study aimed to explore transnational racial consciousness among immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Racial consciousness is the process whereby the people develop awareness and understanding of social oppression (Freire, 1971; Quintana & Segura-Herrera, 2003, p. 274). Fifteen self-identified Dominican immigrants participated in semi-structured interviews, focused on their understandings of skin-color, racialization, racism, and group membership. A grounded theory design framed from a constructivist and critical social justice approach guided the analysis of the data. The theoretical framework that emerged from the analysis of the data suggests a core narrative of “negotiating contradicting cultural scripts” about race and racialization and “contradicting notions of self” from a racialized perspective. Participants shared experiences with racialization, colorism, and racism both in the Dominican Republic and in the United States, which heightened their awareness of issues of racial oppression. Additionally, they described a cultural socialization that emphasized deracialized cultural notions that avoid explicit reference to race-specific material. Contradicting messages existed at institutional, cultural, and interpersonal levels. Participants identified racial encounters in the context of social/interpersonal interactions. They elaborated on the meanings they have constructed in attempts to understand their varying and conflicting experiences with racialization. They also expressed complex emotional reactions triggered by experiences with discrimination and racism. Encounters with racism resulted in changes or shifts in consciousness for some participants. The importance of negotiating the contradictions that emerged in racialized interactions across social context implies that transnational racial consciousness is both interpersonal and intrapsychic for these participants. Suggestions for further research include continuing to examine the experiences of those who may be categorized as both Latino/a, as a result of language and culture, as well as Black, due to skin-color and descent. Implications for practice and training include a need for increased attention to the multiple locales and contexts in which immigrants are embedded. The transnational bonds, connections, and ties to systems of oppression that immigrants maintain need be explore in terms of the psychological processes these produce. Finally, expanding the role of psychologists and other mental health professionals, to more active agents of social justice at the local and transnational levels is also suggested. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ i List of Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 Purpose of Study and Researcher Worldview ...................................................................11 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................13 Racialized Social Systems .................................................................................................13 The Social Construction of Race .......................................................................................14 Racism and Hegemony ......................................................................................................16 The Internalization of Racialization ...........................................................................................17 Immigration and Transnationalism ....................................................................................22 The Racialization of Dominicans.......................................................................................30 The Empirical Literature on Dominican Immigrants.........................................................43 Purpose of this Study .........................................................................................................51 CHAPTER III: METHOD .............................................................................................................54 Context of Study ............................................................................................................................54 Participants .........................................................................................................................57 Procedure ...........................................................................................................................59 i Data Collection ..................................................................................................................59 Demographic Data .............................................................................................................60 Interview Protocol ..............................................................................................................61 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................62 Researcher Worldview .......................................................................................................63 Coding ................................................................................................................................67 Open Coding ..........................................................................................................67 Focused and Axial Coding .....................................................................................68 Theoretical Coding.................................................................................................69 Memo-writing ........................................................................................................70 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS .............................................................................................................72 Core Story: Negotiating Contradictions.............................................................................77 Negotiating Contradicting Cultural Scripts .......................................................................77 Negotiating Contradicting Notions of Self ........................................................................79 Deracialized Consciousness ...............................................................................................84 La Gente No Se Identifica (The People Don’t Identify) ....................................................84 Shared Humanity ...................................................................................................84 Socialized Around Silence .....................................................................................85 Buena Presencia (Good Presence).........................................................................87 ii Dichotomy Doesn’t Work ..................................................................................................89 Challenging the Binary ..........................................................................................89 Focus on Mixture ...................................................................................................90 Racial Undertones ..............................................................................................................91 It’s Color, Not Race ...............................................................................................91 Elaborate Descriptors .............................................................................................92 Fluid Definitions of Race .......................................................................................93 Racialized Encounters ........................................................................................................95 Colorism .................................................................................................................95 Attitudes About Color ................................................................................95 Hierarchy of Colors....................................................................................97 Discrimination Toward Dark-Skinned .......................................................98 Color is Classed .......................................................................................100 U.S. Racialization ................................................................................................101 Immigration and the American Dream ....................................................101 U.S Racial Categories ..............................................................................102 Encountering Racism ...............................................................................104 Interactions and Reactions ...............................................................................................106
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