DOCSLIB.ORG

Hammond-Dissertation-2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hammond-Dissertation-2014 Copyright by Lauren Whitney Hammond 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Lauren Whitney Hammond Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Outpost of Empire, Endpost of Blackness: African Americans, the Dominican Republic, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1869-1965 Committee: Frank A. Guridy, Supervisor Juliet E. K. Walker Leonard Moore Minkah Makalani Tiffany Gill Seth Garfield Outpost of Empire, Endpost of Blackness: African Americans, the Dominican Republic, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1869-1965 by Lauren Whitney Hammond, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication To my grandmothers, Ruth and Sylvia, and my parents, Pierre and Joyce. Acknowledgements Throughout the research process, I had the privilege and pleasure of visiting several archives in the United States and the Dominican Republic. In the United States, I would like to thank the staffs of the Library of Congress, Howard University’s Moorland- Spingarn Research Center, the National Archives, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the Houghton Library at Harvard University, and the Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas at Austin. In the Dominican Republic, I would like to thank the archivist and librarians at the Archivo Histórico de Santiago, the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, and the Archivo General de la Nación. I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee for their valuable advice and support through the research and writing process, as well as my development as a teacher and scholar. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Frank Guridy, who helped me conceptualize the project and first pointed me in the direction of foreign policy as a possible research topic. He also played an important role in my development as a scholar of the African diaspora. Seth Garfield provided much of the essential training I needed as Latin Americanist, in addition to giving me critical feedback on my writing. Tiffany Gill has been a wonderful mentor, highlighting the importance of knowing your worth in the academy. She also provided me one of the first opportunities I had to teach. Juliet E. K. Walker played a critical role in my professional development and was my biggest cheerleader besides my parents. Leonard Moore has modeled for me how to be an excellent scholar and teacher while holding true to my faith and values in the v academy. Minkah Makalani provided important feedback in the final stages of the process. I would also like to thank members of the University of Texas at Austin academic community and my circle in Austin. Professors Toyin Falola, Susan Deans-Smith, Laurie Green, Virginia Burnet, Emilio Zamora, Ni Lu, and Edmund Gordon all played an important role in my development at various phases during my time at UT. I also would like to give a special thanks to my friends and cohort members, Claudia Rueda and Juandrea Bates, who began this process with me and helped see me it through to victory. In many ways, they formed a core community for me from our first days in the program, and they played a key role in my development as a scholar. I would like to thank Takkara Brunson, who was both a friend and a mentor through much of the process. I am also grateful to my friends and writing partners, Jeffery Parker and Julie Grigsby, with whom I exchanged numerous drafts and spent countless hours with in coffee shops, particularly during Austin’s hot summers. And I would like to thank Jaqueline Smith, Christina García Lopez, Kwame Essien, Melissa Kravetz, and Irene Garza for their friendship and support over the years. I would like to thank my friends Jenny García and Sandra Zaragoza, who was also my roommate, for their support. I am also grateful to the staff at Flight Path Coffee House, particularly Angie, the morning barista, who always had a cup ready for me. I also had an amazing group of friends before I arrived at the University of Texas at Austin. In high school, I met my best friend, Meredith Hope. While our friendship waxed and waned over more than a dozen years, she has played a critical role in my development as a person and provided crucial support through prayer and laughter during the past two years. I was blessed to attend the University of Virginia before coming to UT. There I met at fabulous group of ladies I am grateful to: Shamia Morgan, Melissa vi Mason, Leigh Chapman, Chela Wallace, Stephanie Shannon, Regina Joice, Schuyler Espirit, Todne Thomas, and Yadira Pérez Hazel. I would also like to thank my mentors and advisors from the University of Virginia. Professor Corey D. B. Walker guided me through the process of deciding whether to choose a professional degree in law or a doctorate in History. Through him, I met Professors Reginald Butler and Scott French, who hired me to work at the Carter G. Woodson Institute, which is where this journey began. They introduced me to the methods of historical research and guided and supported me through the graduate school application process. I am also grateful to Milton Vickerman and Deborah McDowell for their support while I was at the University of Virginia. Last, but not least, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my family for their loving support over the years. My grandmothers, Ruth Scott and Sylvia Shamburger, are where much of this starts. Because they each pushed for something better for their families in segregated Virginia and Washington, D.C., I am who I am today. I am especially grateful to my nana, Ruth, and to my Aunt Kathi, would laid cornerstones for me in my faith in Jesus Christ, and who have prayed for me and with me throughout this process. I was, and am, blessed by my parent’s marriage, which has provided a firm foundation for me throughout my life. My parents have always made sure I had whatever I needed throughout this process. I am thankful for my dad, who instilled in me a love for history and architecture as a young child and helped me through the big decisions, the highs, and the lows. I am grateful to my mother, who never stopped praying, called me all the time, and made sure I took care of myself. I am also grateful to, and proud of, my two younger sisters, Adrienne and Breonna, who have achieved much in life. My sisters have saved me at difficult moments and at times made me laugh so hard I cried. They are my rays of sunshine. There are not enough words to vii express my gratitude to these people or to the God who gave them to me. This dissertation is for them and for Him. viii Outpost of Empire, Endpost of Blackness: African Americans, the Dominican Republic, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1869-1965 Lauren Whitney Hammond, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2014 Supervisor: Frank A. Guridy This dissertation explores African-American interests in U.S.-Dominican relations from 1869 to 1965. From President Grant’s Reconstruction scheme to annex the Dominican Republic to the U.S. intervention in Santo Domingo at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans and Dominicans confronted U.S. racial ideologies that undergirded Jim Crow and U.S. empire. Yet in spite, or perhaps because of, American racism and paternalism, Dominican elites crafted an Indo-Hispanic identity, notwithstanding Dominicans’ significant African heritage. In examining how the idea of shared African ancestry motivated African-American interest in U.S.-Dominican affairs despite the Dominican state’s projection of a non-black dominicanidad (Dominicanness), the dissertation highlights the power and limits of diasporic politics and argues that diplomacy is a potent tool of diasporic practice. African Diaspora Studies has illuminated much about diasporic politics and practice between black- and/or African- identified groups, yet there has been little consideration of how diasporic politics function in regard to countries like the Dominican Republic, where the state has stifled such identities. As the dissertation examines a series of episodes – the 1869 U.S. attempt to ix annex the Dominican Republic, the 1937 slaughter of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic during the Trujillato, OCIAA efforts to cement U.S.-Dominican ties during World War II, and President Johnson’s 1965 decision to send troops to Santo Domingo – it illuminates how African-American elites sought to use their limited influence in the public sphere and foreign policy circles to shape U.S. engagement with the Dominican Republic. The study uses periodicals, organizational records, and the personal and public writings of prominent and lesser known African-American intellectuals, activists, and journalists. Contextualizing these sources in the socio-political milieus of American Jim Crow, Dominican hispanophilia, and U.S. empire uncovers the thoughts, discursive strategies, and actions of African Americans who navigated these complexities for what they believed was the benefit of the Dominican people. Additionally, the project explores changes and continuities in African-American readings of U.S. foreign policy and understandings of Dominican politics and identity. What emerges is an intellectual history that contributes to Latin American and African-American history, African Diaspora Studies, and the history of U.S. foreign relations. x Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Outpost of Empire, Endpost of Blackness: African Americans, the Dominican Republic, and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1869-1965 ........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.UNA ISLA Y DOS NACIONES: LAS RELACIONES DOMÍNICO
    Ciencia y Sociedad ISSN: 0378-7680 [email protected] Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo República Dominicana Carrón, Hayden UNA ISLA Y DOS NACIONES: LAS RELACIONES DOMÍNICO-HAITIANAS EN EL MASACRE SE PASA A PIE DE FREDDY PRESTOL CASTILLO Ciencia y Sociedad, vol. 40, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 285-305 Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=87041161003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto UNA ISLA Y DOS NACIONES: LAS RELACIONES DOMÍNICO-HAITIANAS EN EL MASACRE SE PASA A PIE DE FREDDY PRESTOL CASTILLO An island and two nations: The Dominican-Haitian relations in The Slaughter Walk Pass by Freddy Prestol Castillo Hayden Carrón * Resumen : La frontera entre la República Dominicana y Haití ha sido tradicionalmente un lugar difuso, mítico y también trágico. A través de ella se cuentan historias de las poblaciones de dos países muy cercanos en composición étnica, pero muy diversos en el plano cultural. Esta porosa región de la isla fue testigo de la más sangrienta matanza étnica que ha tenido lugar en el Caribe durante el siglo XX . En 1937, el dictador dominicano Rafael Trujillo ordenó el asesinato de todos los haitianos que se encontraran del lado dominicano de la frontera. Este horrendo episodio ha sido contado en numerosas ocasiones por escritores haitianos.
    [Show full text]
  • Poor Bedfellows: How Blacks and the Communism
    Poor Bedfellows: How Blacks and the Communist Party Grew Apart in the Post-War Era Jill Ferris November 30, 2007 Culture and Society in Cold War America Prof. Wall Ferris 2 The decade following the end of World War II is characterized by the building of the Cold War consensus. Virulently anti-Communist in nature, this consensus poised the nation in a moral battle against the Soviet Union. With the 1948 arrest and prosecution of eleven Communist leaders under the Smith Act, as well as well-publicized investigations conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and later Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Government Operations Subcommittee on Investigations, the government fostered the development of the second “Red Scare” in the twentieth century. This decade also represents a complicated and challenging time within the historical context of the civil rights struggle. Many black veterans returned home from the war, only to find themselves shut out of veteran’s organizations like the American Legion and, in general, the post-war American dream. 1 Until 1954 when the landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, the civil rights movement was marked by small battles, successes and losses. Individuals and organizations struggled to define the movement within the new era and formulate a successful strategy to bring about significant change in the treatment of blacks in America. The combination of these two environments – strong anti-communist sentiment and a factional civil rights movement – created a challenging situation for the Communist Party’s relationship to the black community.
    [Show full text]
  • BRINGING HISTORY to LIFE Seesseeee Ppapagesgesgeses 32-33!
    JuneJJuunen 201722001177 BRINGING HISTORY TO LIFE SeeSSeeee PPaPagesgesgeses 32-33! 1:72 Scale Eighth Air Force: B-17G and Bomber Re-supply SetIURP$LUÀ[ See Page 3 for complete details. Over 200 NEW Kits and Accessories Inside These Pages! PLASTIC MODELOD ELE L KITS K I T S • MODEL ACCESSORIES SeeS bback cover for full details. BOOKS & MAGAZINES • PAINTS & TOOLS • GIFTS & COLLECTIBLES OrderO Today at WWW.SQUADRON.COM or call 1-877-414-0434 June Cover 1.indd 1 5/10/2017 6:18:07 PM DearDFid Friends June is always a busy month at Squadron; especially with the upcoming shows we are attending. There is Scale Fest in Grape- vine, Texas and of course our main event of the year, EagleQuest, just to name a few. If you didn’t get tickets yet, there is still time. Visit our website at www.SquadronEagleQuest.com for updates. Every year this event has grown and the exquisite work from highly skilled modelers that is being displayed is a testament to the success of the show. So come and join us and bring friends and family for a modeling experience like no other. We’ll see you there! Another big convention that we attend every year is the IPMS Nationals in July. This year it is hosted in Omaha Nebraska. The “Nationals” is an event I always look forward to because of Squadron’s outreach to the public. We love to meet you and hear your feedback in person! Be sure to stop by and see us if you plan to attend.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Cold War Contested Truth
    Cold War Contested Truth: Informants, Surveillance, and the Disciplining of Black Radicalism, 1947-1957 Charisse Burden-Stelly, PhD Africana Studies and Political Science Carleton College [email protected] (510) 717-9000 Introduction During the height of the era of McCarthyism, roughly 1947-1957, Black radicalism was surveilled, disciplined, discredited, and criminalized through a multitude of anticommunist technologies. These included “parallelism,” red-baiting, infiltration, and guilt by association. McCarthyism was constituted by a range of legislation meant to fortify the U.S. security state against the Communist threat, starting with the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, and including the Alien Registration Act of 1940 (commonly known as the Smith Act); the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 (often referred to as the Taft-Hartley Act); Executive Order 9835 of 1947 (the “Loyalty Order”) and its supersession by Executive Order 10450 in 1953; the Attorney General’s List of Subversive Organizations; and the Internal Security Act of 1950 (also known as the McCarran Act). It was under this legal architecture that scores of activists and scholars who defied Cold War statist pedagogy were indicted, deported, incarcerated, surveilled, and forced underground. This paper uses the examples of the the Peace Information Center (PIC) the Sojourners for Truth and Justice (STJ), and the Council on African Affairs (CAA) to elucidate that career confidential informants, “stool pigeons,” and “turncoats” were instrumental to the Cold War state apparatus’s transmogrification of Black radicals committed to anti-imperialism, anticolonialism, antiracism, peace, and the eradication of economic exploitation into criminals and subversives. Black 1 radicalism can be understood as African descendants’ multivalent and persistent praxis aimed at dismantling structures of domination that sustain racialized dispossession, exploitation, and class-based domination.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan Smuts, Howard University, and African American Leandership, 1930 Robert Edgar
    Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita Articles Faculty Publications 12-15-2016 "The oM st Patient of Animals, Next to the Ass:" Jan Smuts, Howard University, and African American Leandership, 1930 Robert Edgar Myra Ann Howser Ouachita Baptist University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/articles Part of the African History Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Edgar, Robert and Howser, Myra Ann, ""The osM t Patient of Animals, Next to the Ass:" Jan Smuts, Howard University, and African American Leandership, 1930" (2016). Articles. 87. https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/articles/87 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “The Most Patient of Animals, Next to the Ass:” Jan Smuts, Howard University, and African American Leadership, 1930 Abstract: Former South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts’ 1930 European and North American tour included a series of interactions with diasporic African and African American activists and intelligentsia. Among Smuts’s many remarks stands a particular speech he delivered in New York City, when he called Africans “the most patient of all animals, next to the ass.” Naturally, this and other comments touched off a firestorm of controversy surrounding Smuts, his visit, and segregationist South Africa’s laws. Utilizing news coverage, correspondence, and recollections of the trip, this article uses his visit as a lens into both African American relations with Africa and white American foundation work towards the continent and, especially, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Lives
    Civil War Book Review Fall 2004 Article 5 African American Lives Erica L. Ball Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cwbr Recommended Citation Ball, Erica L. (2004) "African American Lives," Civil War Book Review: Vol. 6 : Iss. 4 . Available at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cwbr/vol6/iss4/5 Ball: African American Lives Review Ball, Erica L. Fall 2004 Gates, Henry Louis Jr., Editor and Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks, Editor. African American Lives. Oxford University Press, $55.00 ISBN 019516024X 611 voices Fleshing out historical figures The scholarly literature on African American history has grown dramatically since the 1982 publication of Rayford Logan and Michl Winston's Dictionary of American Negro Biography. Since that time, scholars have drawn upon unexamined primary sources, applied new methodologies to old questions, and published a wealth of monographs and syntheses that both complicate and expand our understanding of the experiences, history, and influences of Africans and their American-born descendants. The editors of African American Lives, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, make the most of the scholarly developments of the last two decades. These two respected and distinguished scholars have combined their expertise with those of the fellows at Harvard University's W.E.B. DuBois Institute for African and African American Research, and the editors of Oxford University Press to create a thorough and engaging reference work. African American Lives includes 611 alphabetically organized biographies ranging from the sixteenth century to the present day. They include the experiences of the most well known black Americans, the life histories of the once-famous and now-forgotten, and a number of ordinary people, whose lives of distinction shaped the contours and content of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Questioning Whiteness: “Who Is White?”
    人間生活文化研究 Int J Hum Cult Stud. No. 29 2019 Questioning Whiteness: “Who is white?” ―A case study of Barbados and Trinidad― Michiru Ito1 1International Center, Otsuma Women’s University 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-8357 Key words：Whiteness, Caribbean, Barbados, Trinidad, Oral history Abstract This paper seeks to produce knowledge of identity as European-descended white in the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Trinidad, where the white populations account for 2.7% and 0.7% respectively, of the total population. Face-to-face individual interviews were conducted with 29 participants who are subjectively and objectively white, in August 2016 and February 2017 in order to obtain primary data, as a means of creating oral history. Many of the whites in Barbados recognise their interracial family background, and possess no reluctance for having interracial marriage and interracial children. They have very weak attachment to white hegemony. On contrary, white Trinidadians insist on their racial purity as white and show their disagreement towards interracial marriage and interracial children. The younger generations in both islands say white supremacy does not work anymore, yet admit they take advantage of whiteness in everyday life. The elder generation in Barbados say being white is somewhat disadvantageous, but their Trinidadian counterparts are very proud of being white which is superior form of racial identity. The paper revealed the sense of colonial superiority is rooted in the minds of whites in Barbados and Trinidad, yet the younger generations in both islands tend to deny the existence of white privilege and racism in order to assimilate into the majority of the society, which is non-white.
    [Show full text]
  • Negro Historiography with Special Emphasis on Negro Historians of the New School
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-1968 Negro Historiography With Special Emphasis on Negro Historians of the New School Ella D. Lewis Douglas Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Douglas, Ella D. Lewis, "Negro Historiography With Special Emphasis on Negro Historians of the New School" (1968). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 689. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/689 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEGROHISTORIOGRA PHY WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON NEGROHISTORIANS OF THE NEWSCHOOL by Ella D. Lewis Douglas Report No. 1 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTEROF SCIENCE in Socia l Scie nc e Plan B UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan , Uta h 1968 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special attention is given here to the racial leaders of twenty years ago who spoke of developing race-pride an d stimulating race­ consciousness, and of the desirability of rac e solidarity. This report is a special tribute to them. The writer is also indebted to Dr s. G, S. Huxford and Douglas D. Alder for the courtesy and encourageme nt which they extended in the construct ing of this report. Ella D. Lewis Douglas TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii Chapter I.
    [Show full text]
  • The USS Arizona Memorial
    National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial (National Park Service Photo by Jayme Pastoric) Today the battle-scarred, submerged remains of the battleship USS Arizona rest on the silt of Pearl Harbor, just as they settled on December 7, 1941. The ship was one of many casualties from the deadly attack by the Japanese on a quiet Sunday that President Franklin Roosevelt called "a date which will live in infamy." The Arizona's burning bridge and listing mast and superstructure were photographed in the aftermath of the Japanese attack, and news of her sinking was emblazoned on the front page of newspapers across the land. The photograph symbolized the destruction of the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor and the start of a war that was to take many thousands of American lives. Indelibly impressed into the national memory, the image could be recalled by most Americans when they heard the battle cry, "Remember Pearl Harbor." More than a million people visit the USS Arizona Memorial each year. They file quietly through the building and toss flower wreaths and leis into the water. They watch the iridescent slick of oil that still leaks, a drop at a time, from ruptured bunkers after more than 50 years at the bottom of the sea, and they read the names of the dead carved in marble on the Memorial's walls. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial Document Contents National Curriculum Standards About This Lesson Getting Started: Inquiry Question Setting the Stage: Historical Context Locating the Site: Map 1.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Dominican Republic Eugenio D
    World Languages and Cultures Publications World Languages and Cultures 6-2011 Sovereignty and Social Justice: The "Haitian Problem" In the Dominican Republic Eugenio D. Matibag Iowa State University, [email protected] Teresa Downing-Matibag Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_pubs Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ language_pubs/89. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the World Languages and Cultures at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Cultures Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sovereignty and Social Justice: The "Haitian Problem" In the Dominican Republic Abstract THE ISSUE OF DOMINICAN SOVEREIGNTY with regard to the rights of those of Haitian parentage seeking to secure Dominican nationality came to the fore recently in the case of Haitian rights activist Sonia Pierre. The ominicaD n Central Electoral Board produced evidence that Pierre’s parents obtained citizenship for their daughter, born on a sugar plantation in the Dominican Republic in 1963, by irregular means – that is, with forged documents. Legislator Vinicio A. Castillo Seman invoked the United Nations Assembly Resolution 869 IX General Assembly of 4 December 1975, Article 8, to the effect that the revocation of nationality can be justified in the cases in which it is proven that citizenship was obtained through fraud or false statements.
    [Show full text]
  • The TMCA News Volume 44 Issue I April 2020
    Tennessee Military Collectors Association The TMCA News Volume 44 Issue I April 2020 2020 Spring Show Where: Franklin Marriott Conference Center / Hotel . Cool Springs 700 Cool Springs Blvd., Franklin, TN 37067 When: Friday, April 10th - Dealer Set-up & Members Only 8 am - 12 pm Public Admitted 12 Noon - 6 pm Club News 1 Saturday, April 11th - 8 am - 3 pm Admission: $5. for Non-Members. TMCA Members get in free early - Firing Battle Rifles 2-3-4 Wear Badge, Children under 15 free. Also admitted free Members of US USS Tennessee 5 Military, Fire, Police, and if in uniform R.O.T.C. and J.R.O.T.C members. What Will Be There: Uniforms, Medals, Insignia, Badges, Helmets, Award Winners 6 Weapons, Veterans. Buy-Sell-Trade-Display-Appraisals. Classified Ads 7 Table Reservations ‘310’ 6 FT. Tables ~ Members Only ~ Back Cover Photos 8 Sale and Display Tables - $50 each. SOLD OUT, call for waiting list To reserve contact Ronnie Townes @ 615-661-9379 - [email protected] 1 Manford von Richtofen Room Reservations at Hotel: Call 615-261-6100 or 1-888-403-6772, and 2 Franklin Roosevelt ask to receive the TMCA discount rate of $109, plus tax (normal rate is 3 Franklin Roosevelt $209). Deadline for this Special Rate is March 26, 2020 4 George S Patton 5 Winston Churchill Club News 75th Anniversary of the Pacific Theater Theme: Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal To commemorate the 75th anniversary of WW2 in the Pacific. The TMCA will be giving out an award for the best, Pacific Theater display during our Spring 2020 show.
    [Show full text]
  • How Race Counts for Hispanic Americans
    How Race Counts for Hispanic Americans John R. Logan Lewis Mumford Center University at Albany July 14, 2003 Mumford Center research assistants Hyoung-jin Shin and Jacob Stowell contributed to the analyses reported here. Hispanics are now the largest minority group in the U.S. They are also quite diverse. A previous Mumford Center report analyzed differences among Hispanics by national origin. This report assesses racial differences among Hispanics. Census data do not allow us to measure how people are actually perceived in the neighborhoods where they live and work and go to school. They do enable us to count Hispanics with different racial identifications, compare them in terms of social and economic background, evaluate their residential integration with whites, blacks, and other Hispanics, and assess whether other characteristics of their neighborhoods are more similar to the neighborhoods where whites, blacks or other Hispanics live. Since 1970 the U.S. Census has asked all Americans to identify their race and, separately, whether they are Hispanic. This means Hispanics can be of any race. It is widely understood that there is a small black minority among Hispanics. Less well known is that only about half of Hispanics in Census 2000 identified themselves in standard racial categories such as white, black, or Asian on their census form. Nearly as many people instead wrote in their own term, most often “Latino,” “Hispanic,” or a similar word. Many of these people might be perceived by non-Hispanics as “white” – but apparently they do not see themselves in that way. In this report they are referred to as “Hispanic Hispanics.” We find substantial differences among these Hispanic racial groups: • Hispanic Hispanics are the fastest growing segment, and very likely they will soon be an absolute majority of Hispanic Americans.
    [Show full text]