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Wikipédia : Controverses Autour De La Démocratisation Dans La Production Du Savoir

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Wikipédia : Controverses Autour De La Démocratisation Dans La Production Du Savoir Wikipédia : controverses autour de la démocratisation dans la production du savoir Malik TEFFAHI-RICHARD Mémoire de 4e année Séminaire : Identités & Mobilisations Sous la direction de : Christian LE BART 2011 - 2012 Remerciements Je remercie Jean-François Polo Dominique Malieski et plus particulièrement Christian Le Bart qui m'a orienté lors de mes recherches Je remercie également toutes les personnes qui m'ont accordé un entretien et ont ainsi rendu possible ce travail et, notamment, le groupe informel de Wikirencontres de Rennes Table des matières Remarques lexicales...............................................................................................................4 Glossaire propre à l'encyclopédie Wikipédia.........................................................................5 Introduction..........................................................................................................................12 Wikipédia en quelques chiffres..........................................................................................12 La question piège de la fiabilité du contenu.......................................................................13 Sphère réelle, sphère virtuelle............................................................................................14 Démocratisation dans l'accès au savoir, sa production, sa réception, son usage................16 Les composantes de Wikipédia..........................................................................................19 Méthodologie de recherche................................................................................................20 Chapitre 1 – Wikipédia : un projet encyclopédique, un cadre socio-technique novateur, une licence libre..........................................................................................................................23 I - Une utopie ancienne renouvelée par l'innovation technologique...............................23 A) L'encyclopédisme et la fondation de Wikipédia....................................................23 - Brève socio-histoire des des encyclopédies.........................................................23 - La fondation de Wikipédia : sur les ruines de Nupedia.......................................26 - Le financement de Wikipédia : son indépendance et sa gratuité en question......29 B) Des principes fondateurs et des règles a minima : une volonté d'ouverture..........34 - la hiérarchie des normes sur Wikipédia :.............................................................34 - La souplesse des règles et les utopies de l'autorégulation :.................................38 II – Le déterminisme technologique et la libération juridique du savoir.........................40 A) L'influence de la structure socio-technique wiki sur la communauté Wikipédia..41 - le wiki comme source de motivation des contributeurs.......................................41 - La « sousveillance », du panoptique à l'holoptique.............................................44 B) Les enjeux de la licence libre et de la libre-circulation du savoir..........................47 Chapitre 2 – La communauté Wikipédia et la régulation des controverses.........................52 I – Une communauté de bénévoles anonymes.................................................................54 A) Identités et motivations des contributeurs.............................................................54 - Quel profil type du contributeur ?........................................................................54 - Bénévolat, plaisir et gratification identitaire........................................................55 - le "Wikipédiholisme" :.........................................................................................57 B) L'anonymat contre la notoriété : la fin des asymétries de légitimité personnelles ? .....................................................................................................................................58 -l'anonymat des contributeurs et l'autonomisation du contenu..............................58 - le respect de la vie privée contre l'auto-censure..................................................61 - au-delà de l'anonymat : la réinvention de stratégies de différenciation identitaires ................................................................................................................................62 II – Le fonctionnement des dispositifs de régulation des controverses...........................64 A) L'émergence d'une «culture communicationnelle»................................................64 - la disjonction entre discussion et discutants........................................................64 - l'humour comme moyen de régulation sociale....................................................65 B) Le Comité d'Arbitrage (CAr) : l'imputation de la faute.........................................67 Conclusion :..........................................................................................................................71 Bibliographie........................................................................................................................73 Annexes................................................................................................................................75 I. Grille d'entretien...........................................................................................................75 Wikipédia : controverses autour de la démocratisation dans la production du savoir Malik TEFFAHI-RICHARD Remarques lexicales • Le mot « Wikipédia » peut être considéré indifféremment comme masculin ou féminin. • Ambiguïtés autour du mot « wiki » : ➔ Le mot « wiki » ne désigne rien d'autre qu'un site web dont les pages sont modifiables par les visiteurs afin de permettre l'écriture et l'illustration collaboratives. La simple présence de ce mot ne fait donc pas nécessairement référence à l'encyclopédie Wikipédia. Exemples :Wikileaks, Wikitravel, Wikisearch, Wiki-Rennes, Wiki-Brest, WikiPol.. sont autant de sites internet utilisant le système du wiki, mais totalement indépendants de l'encyclopédie Wikipédia. ➔Cependant, Wiktionary (dictionnaire en ligne), Wikiquote (recueil de citations), Wikibooks (ouvrages pédagogiques librement consultables), Wikimedia Commons (médiathèque en ligne), Wikisource (bibliothèque en ligne), Wikispecies (répertoire nomenclatural en ligne destiné à recenser les espèces vivantes), Wikinews (source d'informations liées à l'actualité) et Wikiversity (espace pédagogique virtuel communautaire ) sont tous des projets-frères et projets-soeurs de Wikipédia, disponibles dans une multitude de langues. fonctionnant sur des principes analogues, et tous chapeautés par la Wikimedia Foundation, ➔La Wikimedia Foundation ou Fondation Wikimédia est une organisation à but non lucratif régie par les lois de l'État de Floride aux États-Unis qui héberge les projets en ligne Wikipédia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikimedia Commons, Wikisource, Wikispecies, Wikinews et Wikiversity.. Il est à noter que la Wikimedia Foundation ne se contente que d'un rôle de promotion, de coordination technique et de financement de ces projets, et n'a aucun rôle éditorial. ➔Wikimédia France est la branche française de la Wikimedia Foundation, c'est une association loi 1901 oeuvrant au soutien et à la promotion des projets hébergés par la Wikimedia Foundation. Tout comme la Wikimedia Foundation, elle n'a aucun rôle éditorial. ➔Le MediaWiki désigne quant à lui le logiciel, le moteur de wiki utilisé par l'ensemble des projets de la Fondation Wikimédia. 2012 4/76 Wikipédia : controverses autour de la démocratisation dans la production du savoir Malik TEFFAHI-RICHARD Glossaire propre à l'encyclopédie Wikipédia Remarque : La non-maîtrise des termes techniques propres à Wikipédia ne gêne pas à la compréhension du mémoire, ces termes étant toujours expliqués dans leur contexte dans le corps du mémoire. La lecture du glossaire donne toutefois un bon aperçu du fonctionnement technique et du « folklore » propres à Wikipédia. ➔Administrateur : Désigne les personnes qui peuvent effacer définitivement une page ou la bloquer. Ils ont aussi la capacité de bloquer un utilisateur anonyme ou enregistré. Toute personne ayant contribué pendant un certain temps peut le devenir. Il suffit de le faire savoir. S'en suit un vote durant lequel tous les « wikipédiens » (=contributeurs de Wikipédia) sans exceptions sont invités à exprimer leur avis. ➔ÀMHA : Abréviation de « à mon humble avis ». Autre variante : àmho qui est l'abréviation de à mon humble opinion. Ces abréviations sont souvent utilisées dans les discussions ayant cours sur Wikipédia. En anglais : IMHO (in my humble opinion) ➔Anonyme/Adresse IP : Un anonyme ou adresse IP est un utilisateur qui n'est pas enregistré, et ne possède pas de compte sur Wikipédia. Ces individus peuvent modifier le contenu de Wikipédia. Ils sont toutefois identifiés par l'adresse IP de leur machine. Rester sous IP peut être le fruit d'une méconnaissance de la possibilité d'ouvrir un compte, ou un choix délibéré de la part de l'utilisateur. Les modifications effectuées par les anonymes ou adresses IP, sont généralement considérées comme moins fiables par la communauté Wikipédia. On remarquera d'ailleurs que plusieurs propositions de limitation des droits des adresses IP (et notamment l'interdiction de modification) ont été soumises au vote par des membres de la communauté, mais celles-ci ont toujours été rejetées.1 ➔Autopatrolled : Terme technique servant
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