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Wikis Y Web 2.0 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORÍA E HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Wikis en tareas educativas Aplicaciones de la web 2.0 en Secundaria y Bachillerato. ANDRÉS A. GARCÍA MANZANO. Director: Prof. Dr. JOAQUÍN GARCÍA CARRASCO SALAMANCA, 2010. 1 2 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORÍA E HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Wikis en tareas educativas Aplicaciones de la web 2.0 en Secundaria y Bachillerato. ANDRÉS A. GARCÍA MANZANO. Director: Prof. Dr. JOAQUÍN GARCÍA CARRASCO SALAMANCA, 2010. 3 4 Dedicada a mi mujer, Elvira, y a mis hijos Clara, Andrés y Antonio, a quienes robé miles de horas con la elaboración de este trabajo. 5 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento al director de esta tesis Dr. Joaquín García Carrasco, por el apoyo prestado durante estos años y sus certeras valoraciones e ideas. A mi hermana, Julia Esther García, por sacrificar parte de sus vacaciones en la tediosa tarea de ayudarme a depurar errores y mejorar el texto final. A los compañeros con los que he trabajado en diferentes seminarios, cursos de formación del profesorado, proyectos de innovación y, por supuesto, a pie de aula durante estos últimos años. A todos, muchas gracias. 7 8 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................... 13 1.- Originalidad y grado de innovación ....................................................................... 14 2.- Objetivos generales ................................................................................................. 16 3.- Metodología ............................................................................................................ 17 4.- Estructura de la tesis ............................................................................................... 20 Capítulo 1: Alumnos de la Generación Net ............................................................ 25 1.- Rasgos identitarios de la Generación Net ............................................................... 25 2.- Rasgos diferenciales y variables educativas ........................................................... 28 3.- Neotribalismo, rizomas y competencias básicas .................................................... 32 4.- ¿Ciberciudadanos? .................................................................................................. 34 Capítulo 2: Modelos pedagógicos de la web social ................................................ 39 1.- La metodología IC+ ................................................................................................ 40 2.- IC+ y estilos de aprendizaje.................................................................................... 42 3.- IC+ y construcción colaborativa del conocimiento ................................................ 44 Capítulo 3: Variables educativas de la web social ................................................. 51 1.- Roles docentes y discentes ..................................................................................... 51 2.- Contenidos, procesos y tareas ................................................................................. 60 3.- Los dispositivos tecnológicos ................................................................................. 73 4.- La evaluación .......................................................................................................... 78 5.- Cuadro general de variables ................................................................................... 85 Capítulo 4: Wikis y Web 2.0 .................................................................................... 89 1.- El fenómeno wiki y la web social ........................................................................... 89 2.- Wikis: Definición y características ......................................................................... 93 3.- Relaciones entre wikis y otros dispositivos ‗Web 2.0‘ ......................................... 101 4.- Tecnología wiki: Principales plataformas en diferentes contextos educativos .... 105 9 Capítulo 5: Hacer y pensar en clave wiki .............................................................. 111 1.- El paradigma de la participación y la producción entre iguales ........................... 111 2.- El espíritu wiki y su filosofía ................................................................................ 118 Capítulo 6: Tipología de proyectos wiki en el ámbito educativo ......................... 125 1.- Primera taxonomía: Wikis y dominios del conocimiento .................................... 126 2.- Segunda taxonomía: Wikis y arquitecturas de aprendizaje .................................. 127 3.- Tercera taxonomía: Wikis y usos prácticos .......................................................... 130 Capítulo 7: Eduwikis y variables del modelo pedagógico .................................... 143 1.- Variables relacionadas con la retención, comprensión y transformación de la información ................................................................................................. 143 2.- Variables relacionadas con el contexto socio-técnico .......................................... 147 3.- Variables de las concreciones didácticas: Técnicas y estilos de aprendizaje ..... 150 Capítulo 8: Roles docentes y discentes en la wikisfera educativa ....................... 155 1.- Roles docentes y metodología basada en preguntas y respuestas ........................ 155 2.- Roles docentes y metodología basada en problemas ............................................ 160 3.- Roles docentes y metodología basada en casos .................................................... 161 4.- Roles docentes y metodología basada en proyectos ............................................. 162 5.- Roles y competencias de los estudiantes en las plataformas wiki ........................ 164 Capítulo 9: La construcción del conocimiento: Contenidos, tareas y procesos . 175 1.- Producción colaborativa de contenidos ................................................................ 175 2.- Tareas y procesos con relación a la taxonomía de wikis educativas .................... 179 Capítulo 10: Seguimiento y evaluación de wikis educativas ................................ 213 1.- ¿Qué se evalúa? .................................................................................................... 214 2.- ¿Desde qué presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos se evalúa? ........................... 216 3.- ¿A quién se evalúa? .............................................................................................. 219 4.- ¿Cuáles son las modalidades e instrumentos más idóneos? ................................. 222 5.- ¿Cómo se valoran e interpretan los resultados del proceso evaluador? ............... 225 10 6.- Anexo sobre instrumentos de evaluación ............................................................. 230 Capítulo 11: El fenómeno Wikipedia y la producción colaborativa on-line ...... 243 1.- Enciclopedia tradicional versus Wikipedia .......................................................... 244 2.- Wikipedistas y construcción social del conocimiento .......................................... 256 3.- Wikipedia y comunidades virtuales ...................................................................... 268 Capítulo 12: La Wikipedia como recurso educativo ............................................ 275 1.- Sobre el uso de la Wikipedia en el aula ................................................................ 275 2.- Uso responsable y creativo de la Wikipedia ......................................................... 280 3.- Experiencias didácticas con la Wikipedia ............................................................ 285 CONCLUSIONES GENERALES ............................................................................. 301 1.- El ciclo de producción de actividades wiki .......................................................... 302 2.- ¿Hacia una wikisfera educativa? .......................................................................... 307 3.- Sobre el buen uso de las wikis en tareas escolares ............................................... 311 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...................................................................... 315 11 12 INTRODUCCIÓN En el momento de escribir esta tesis la llamada Web 2.0, anunciada por O‘Reilly en 2004, se consolida como una inmensa ‗infosfera‘ multidireccional basada en la partici- pación y el intercambio. El fenómeno Internet, en poco más de una década, se ha trans- mutado por completo; deja de ser un inmenso tablón de anuncios de grandes empresas y organismos públicos para convertirse en ágora digital o lugar de encuentro ubicuo, y casi permanente, de una nube inconmensurable de usuarios con intereses, voluntades y motivaciones distintas. Más que a una serie de tecnologías revolucionarias, asistimos a un profundo cambio de mentalidad en el uso de la Red. El perfil del internauta medio ya no es el de una persona ávida de información, sino el de alguien que quiere construir colaborativamente (wikisfera), comunicar sus experiencias e ideas (blogosfera) o buscar afinidades y complicidades en una determinada comunidad (socisofera). Este trabajo de investigación se centrará en el estudio, desde el marco teórico de la pe- dagogía interactiva, de uno de los productos más representativos de la cultura on-line: las wikis. Esta tecnología vertebra, junto con los blogs y las redes sociales, la arquitec- tura de la llamada web
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