Driving Instructor Training Material

DRIVING INSTRUCTOR

TRAINING MATERIAL With Dyslexia friendly fonts & backgrounds. Created by; Garry Alan Cope 2020 2nd Edition.

This edition of Driving Instructor training material is a concise but informative training book, and has been compiled by me Garry Alan Cope a Driving Instructor, and is mainly designed for Driving Instructors and Instructor trainers, but is also for Learner drivers and full licence holders to improve their knowledge and driving skills.

The information provided in this book has been taken from THE OFFICIAL HIGHWAY CODE, KNOW YOUR TRAFFIC SIGNS, THE OFFICIAL DVSA GUIDE TO DRIVING THE ESSENTIAL SKILLS, ROADCRAFT THE POLICE DRIVER’S HANDBOOK, and also from fellow Driving Instructors, Because the information used is from official publications you can rely on this publication for accuracy. The sole reason for me producing this book is because I couldn’t find any training material that stuck to the official publications so I decided to compile my own.

This book takes you through the learning to drive process used by the vast majority of Driving Instructors in the UK. You may notice that all the manoeuvres are near to the end of the book. This is purely to keep them together and separate from the other training material as Driving Instructors choose to cover manoeuvres at varying stages of the learning process. I personally aim to begin covering the manoeuvres very early on, as i find it helps to understand clutch control and boosts confidence in learners making the learning process much easier. But it really is up to each Instructor or Trainer as to when they prefer to cover the manoeuvres.

2nd edition revised March 19th 2020.

“Remember the road is a story, we just learn to read it”... Carl Smuff Smith ADI

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved INDEX 1 Eye sight test 65 Motorway signs and gantry signs 2 Cockpit checks 66 Motorways joining and leaving 3 Foot controls 67 Motorway variations 4 Hand controls 68 Motorway roadworks 5 Gear changing 69 The system of car control & limit points 6 The use of mirrors 70 Limit points approach 7 L.T.D Routine 71 Limit points arrive 8 M.S.M routine 72 Limit points through 9 Moving off and stopping + hill starts 73 Bends 10 Emergency stop 74 Country roads and single track roads 11 Stopping distances 75 Overtaking 12 Left turns 76 Show me tell me 1 13 Right turns 77 Show me tell me 2 14 T-junction emerging (open) 78 Parallel park and Angle start 15 T-junction emerging (closed) 79 Bay parking, start of test (bays in line) 16 T-junction (bell mouth) 80 Bay parking, end of test (bays in line) 17 T-junction unmarked or faded, surface changes 81 Bay parking, start of test (bays in line) 18 T-junction on a bend 82 Bay parking, end of test (bays in line) 19 Anticipation 83 Bay parking, start of test (staggered bays) 20 Meeting and clearance 84 Bay parking, end of test (staggered bays) 21 One way streets and one direction systems 85 Bay parking, forwards 22 Y-junction 86 Pull up on right, reverse, rejoin road 23 Y-junction 87 Turn in the road (three point turn) 24 D-junction 88 Turn in the road (two point turn) 25 Bus, cycle & high occupancy lanes 89 Left reverse (types of corners) 26 Cycle lanes & boxes 90 Left reverse (around a corner) 27 Cycle lanes &boxes work station 91 Right reverse (around a corner) 28 Traffic lights 92 U-turn (taxi manoeuvre) 29 Level crossings 93 Darkness & night driving (basics) 30 Pedestrian crossings 94 Weather conditions 31 Pedestrian crossings diagrams 95 Legal responsibilities 32 Arm signals & authorised persons 96 Environmental issues 33 Traffic calming measures 97 Passengers and carrying loads 34 Crossroads (types) 98 Security 35 Crossroads and staggered junctions 99 Petrol stations 36 Box junctions & traffic light junctions 100 Emergency services 1 37 Box junction work station 101 Emergency services 2 38 Traffic light junction (normal staggered) 102 Emergency services 3 39 Traffic light junction (abnormal staggered) 103 Drivers record activities covered 40 Traffic light junction (nearside pass) 104 Drivers record progress 41 Traffic light junction (offside pass) 105 Reflective log 42 Traffic light junction (left turn filter lane) 106 Mock test sheet 43 Traffic light junction (with sensory lights) 107 Walshaw cross 44 Hatch markings & right turn pockets 108 Tottington junction 45 Right turn pockets (back to back) 109 Bolton road 46 Right turn pocket (long run up) 110 Edenfield roundabout 47 Right turn with separation hatch markings 111 Edenfield roundabout 2 48 Road markings (various) 112 Brook street & Moorgate junction 49 Know your traffic signs (basic) 113 Moorgate & Walmersley road junction 50 Roundabouts explained 1 114 Peel way & Moorgate junction 51 Roundabouts explained 115 Peel way & Bolton street junction 1 52 Roundabout (left 1st exit) 116 Peel way & Bolton street junction 2 53 Roundabout (intermediate 2nd exit) 117 Manchester road & Knowsley street junction 54 Roundabout (intermediate 3rd exit ahead 118 Manchester road & Dumers lane junction 55 Roundabout (intermediate 4th exit) 119 Bell lane roundabout 56 Roundabout (right 5th exit) 120 Pilsworth roundabout 57 Roundabout (full circle) 121 Chequerbent roundabout 58 Roundabout with traffic lights 122 Kearsley roundabout 59 Mini roundabouts 123 Bury driving test centre 60 Spiral and multiple roundabouts 124 Bolton driving test centre 61 Dual carriageways joining and leaving 62 Dual carriageways with side roads 63 Dual carriageways with central areas 64 Satellite navigation

FIRST THINGS FIRST CAN YOU READ A NUMBER PLATE FROM 20.5 METRES AWAY?

CLOSED PROPERLY Doors flush in mirrors, Warning light on dash, Rattle and wind noise when driving.

BEFORE OPENING Use the Dutch reach method, Check over shoulder (pedestrians, cyclists), HOLD Use both hands (In windy conditions).

SEAT BASE - height and position, Depress the clutch to check leg room, You should have a slight bend in your knee, Make sure it is locked into position.

RAKE - Slight bend in elbows when holding the steering wheel.

HEAD RESTRAINT –Rigid part at eyes/ears level.

STEERING WHEEL –Height/position adjustment. Airbag warning sign

SEAT BELTS Lap belt low over hips, Shoulder belt across chest and shoulder, No twists or turns, Height adjuster shouldn’t cut into neck area, Pull to test it’s working, Driver is responsible for under 14s. Seat belt Warning sign

MIRRORS Gives view of traffic behind and to the sides of the vehicle, Three mirrors 1 interior, 2 exterior, (additional blind-spot mirrors may be of use) Interior; flat glass, true view, so most important mirror, Anti-dazzle setting, Exterior; convex glass, things appear to be smaller and further away, Adjust your mirrors so it is easy to see without straining your head, Use your mirrors when using the M.S.M routine.

BLIND SPOTS / AREAS Areas not covered by your mirrors, Over your left shoulder, Over your right shoulder, Parts of the car bodywork.

FUEL Turn ignition on (if necessary). Do you have enough fuel for your journey.

ACCELERATOR A

Gas pedal, right foot only, Keeping your heel on floor helps to know which pedal you are over, Apply gentle pressure, (sensitive), Controls fuel to engine, B Common phrases, “Set gas”, “off gas”, “more gas”, C Check mirrors before increasing speed, The amount of gas required is between 1000 & 2000 rps, Practice listening to the sound of the engine at around 1500 rps, RIGHTONLY FOOT Then practice listening without looking at the rev’ counter, This helps to understand the amount of gas required to set off

LEFT FOOT ONLY FOOTBRAKE

Powerful control, right foot only, Try to keep heel on floor, Operates on all four wheels, Brake progressively, (light, firm, light), Brake lights, warning signal to others, Anti-lock braking system (ABS) ? Duel circuit braking system - extra safe, Check mirrors before braking, Practice pivoting right foot.

Anti-lock braking system Brake light warning light warning light

CLUTCH

Provides drive from engine to wheels via gears, Used by left foot only, with heel slightly off the floor, Try locking your foot in place and use your knee joint to raise the pedal, Then try locking your knee in place and ease your foot up, Either way work well, but find a way that works best for you, Make sure your foot doesn’t get stuck between the pedal and floor, About half way up you will feel the biting point (at this point keep foot still), The clutch plates meet at this point, Engine noise drops and deepens, You must keep the clutch at or near the biting point, This would be the point when you would look all around before releasing the handbrake, or parking brake, or hold facility to move off, The car creeps forward slowly, Then you should bring your foot off very slowly counting to five, As if stacking pound coins one at a time, pausing after each coin stacked! You should at this point be using the gas pedal, Listening to the engine helps to understand the control needed, Any sudden movement will stall or jerk the car, Practice clutch control with and without gas. Also practice setting off in second gear.

 Some vehicle have a hold system fitted to the foot brake, others have a button that holds the vehicle still after stopping  Operates on rear wheels only on some vehicles  To apply the handbrake - press the button in, pull the lever up, release the button  Try to avoid “ratcheting” although this is not worthy of recording on tests as a fault  To release - pull the lever up, press the button in, push the lever down  You may only need to press a button or jab the foot brake on some vehicles  Some vehicles are fitted with „hill assist‟  Some vehicles release the brake when setting the gas HOLD

GEAR LEVER (USE WITH CLUTCH) 0-10 20-30 40-50  Multiple forward gears, 1 reverse and neutral, 1st gear is the most powerful for moving off  Select the most suitable gear for your speed  The “palming” method is a good way to change gear  Avoid looking down at the gear lever, with practice, changing N gear becomes second-nature  Adding a zero to the gears, helps to simplify gear to speed,1st up to 10mph, 2nd up to 20mph, 3rd up to 30mph, etc.  If you are stuck in mud or snow, use second gear, as first gear 10-20 30-40 50+ may turn the wheels too quickly to move off

STEERING WHEEL

 Turns front wheels left and right  Hold with both hands however you feel comfortable  Common ways are “10 to 2” or “¼ to 3” position (consider position of airbag)  Grip wheel firmly but not tightly  Hold the wheel so that your palms are on the rim  Extend your thumbs on the rim so that your nails are towards you  Don't wrap your thumbs around the wheel, if your vehicle hits a kerb, the steering wheel may spin sharply and injure your wrapped around thumbs  Pull push technique may help (don‟t be too worried if you cross your hands)  Look to where you want your car to go - “your hands follow your eyes”  Although one handed steering is not a test fail, it is not advised

INDICATORS

 The indicators enable you to show other road users which direction you intend to take  Correct use of the direction indicators is vital to safe driving  Self-cancelling indicator switches might not cancel after a slight change of direction  Always check that the signal has been cancelled. You can do this by checking the Repeater warning light or the audible warning (usually a ticking noise)  Most modern vehicles are fitted with lane changing indicators. Flicking the stalk in either direction gives you three flashes and removes the need to cancel the indicator, useful for overtaking when on motorways and dual carriageways  You should be able to operate the indicators without taking your hand off the steering wheel. If indicators fail, the warning sound will sound faster, Consider the use of hand signals

IGNITION SWITCH AND STARTER

 Check handbrake is on and gear lever in neutral  Some vehicle have a button to start the engine, other use a key or card  Most vehicles have an anti-theft device incorporated into the ignition switch  Insert key and turn clockwise. The first position releases the steering lock  The second position (all the instrument lights come on)  Diesel vehicles have a glow plug warning light, wait until it goes out  The third position operates the starter, (hold, release - engine starts)  Don‟t operate the starter when the engine is running. This can damage the engine Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Gear changing. 5 To make gear changing simple, use the correct palming method, and remember that you can skip gears if desired. It is important to know that all gear gaiters have two side walls, and that neutral sits directly in the middle between these two walls. It is also important to know that gear levers are spring loaded, so that no matter what gear you are in, by simply moving the gear lever forwards or backwards the gear lever will spring into neutral. This is very useful to know as it is then easier to locate the gear you want.

Neutral N N N Side walls

To select 1st gear, with the palm of your hand to the right of the gear stick, move the gear stick to the left side wall, then move it forwards, do this in two moves.

To change from 1st gear to 2nd gear , with the palm of your hand to the right of the gear stick but slightly further forward than before. Keep the gear stick pressed towards the left side wall, whilst sliding the gear stick backwards. Do this slowly enough and you should feel a slight bump as your hand passes through the neutral bar.

To change from 2nd to 3rd gear, use the back of the palm of your hand to gently nudge the gear stick forwards, just enough so that the gear stick springs into neutral, then gently nudge the gear stick forwards again into 3rd gear. This should be done in two nudges. IMPORTANT; (do not grab the gear stick or try to move it across towards 3rd gear as you may end up in 5th gear by mistake, use the NUDGE, NUDGE technique)

To change from 3rd to 4th gear, with the palm of your hand at the front of the gear stick, simply nudge the gear sick backwards in two nudges into 4th gear. If you do it slowly enough you should feel the gear stick passing through the neutral bar.

To change from 4th to 5th gear, with the back of the palm nudge forward into neutral, then push the gear stick towards the right wall, then push forwards into 5th gear. This should be done in three moves. If you try to do it in less than three moves you may end up in the wrong gear.

To change from 5th to 6th gear, with the palm of your hand on the left of the gear stick, simply slid the gear stick down the right wall into 6th gear. You should fell the neutral bar as you pass through it.

Reverse gear is located in different places on different vehicles.

Function - Gives you a view of the road behind and to the sides to keep you up to date. They help you make safe & sensible decisions based on the position and speed of other traffic. Defensive driving - Use them to keep up to date, act safely and sensibly on what you see. Flat glass - (interior) does not distort view. Convex glass; (exterior) make things look smaller & further away Extended-arm mirrors - Fitted when towing caravans & trailers. Mirror adjustment - Get the best possible view to the rear and to the sides, your vehicle should be just visible in the side mirrors. Do not adjust them on the move. Electric mirrors - These have switches inside the vehicle, some have heating elements to clear frost etc. Anti-dazzle mirrors - Use this at night to prevent dazzle or distraction by the lights of following traffic. Use your mirrors well before you approach a hazard, slow down, speed up, manoeuvre, move off, signal, change direction or lane, turn left or right, or overtake, stop, open your door. Blind spots - Areas you can’t see in your mirrors. The main blind spots are the areas between what you see as you look forward and what you see in your exterior mirrors. Also the area obscured by the bodywork of the vehicle. Modern technology -Don’t rely on any reverse assist, cameras, radars, lane assist etc. Use all around observation. Auxiliary mirrors - Also know as blind spot mirrors can help reduce blind spots and help with manoeuvres. Checking blind spots on the move - It may be too dangerous to look over your shoulder, so a sideways glance may be all it takes to check your blind spot. Take a quick sideways glance, before changing lanes, joining a motorway or dual carriageway from a slip road, before manoeuvring in situations where traffic is merging from the left or right.. Don’t stay in other drivers blind spots. Mirrors and hazards - When approaching a hazard, you should use your mirrors and be prepared to change speed and/or direction. Hazards include bends in the road, junctions, pedestrian crossings, road-works, livestock on the road. Keeping up to date - Keep up to date with the position and speed of traffic behind you. The position of traffic changes rapidly on some roads. Frequent glances in your mirrors keeps you up to date with what’s behind. Driving on high speed roads - On motorways or dual carriageways, check your mirrors earlier than you would on ordinary roads. Higher speeds are more difficult to judge and situations can develop more quickly. Remember, if you can’t see the mirrors of the vehicle in front, then they can’t see you.

FORWARD ZONE

PERIPHERAL VISION PERIPHERAL VISION ZONE ZONE

NEARSIDE OFFSIDE BLIND SPOT BLIND SPOT

INTERIOR MIRROR DOOR DOOR MIRROR MIRROR

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved L.T.D (LimiTeD) routine, limit the process not yourself 7 THE L.T.D ROUTINE CAN BE USED TO REPLACE THE M.S.P.S.G.L.A.D.A ROUTINE IN ORDER TO MAKE THE PROCESS MUCH EASIER TO LEARN AND MUCH EASIER TO USE. THIS ROURINE ALSO MAKES IT A MORE NATURAL WAY OF LEARNING TO DRIVE.

Look, around you and in your mirrors, Make sure you haven’t missed anything, especially your blind spots. Have you spotted all other road users?

Think, what to do, do you need to signal, if so when? will you get in someone else’s way? Are there any pedestrians or other road users? Have other road users spotted you might someone hit you?

Decide, how to do it, will your actions affect others? What position should you adopt and when? What speed is best and why? Which gear is best and why? Stop/give way or go?

Signal

Manoeuvre = (PSL) Position

Speed / Gear

Look = (ADA)

Assess

Decide

P.O.M BLIND SPOT PREPARE POM Check parking brake/handbrake/neutral, Start engine, clutch down, select 1st gear, Set gas, find biting point, KEEP FEET STILL.

OBSERVE Check if it is safe to move off, BLIND SPOT TIMING, Give a right signal if it will benefit other road users, using outstretched fingers, Check your blind spot AGAIN if needed, just before moving off!!!!!!!!

MANOEUVRE Release parking brake, KEEPING FEET STILL, feel the car moving forward, Add more gas, clutch up SLOWLY (as if stacking pound coins one at a time) Steer to about 1 m from the kerb, (the width of a cycle lane) or the centre of your lane. Straighten the car. Adapt your position to be safe in the space you have got. Look well ahead and check your mirrors for following traffic.

HILL STARTS Setting off on a hill requires slightly more gas with slower clutch control. STOPPING S.C.A.L.P

Look well ahead for a Safe, Convenient And Legal Place, Avoid driveways, footpaths, bends, brow of hills, junctions, Bus stops, trees, lamp posts near the kerb edge, pedestrian crossings, schools and yellow lines, Point to a stopping place in your mind, Stop about six inches from the kerb.

M.S.M

MIRRORS Which mirrors?

SIGNAL Signal if required.

MANOEUVRE Off gas, cover brake and clutch, Steer towards kerb, Use left door mirror or dashboard ref point if needed, to judge distance from kerb, Gently brake, (don't approach the kerb too fast or you may hit it), Clutch down to floor, Don't stop too soon or the rear of the car may still be sticking out, Stop the car smoothly (light, firm, light). Keep feet still, until you have; 1- Applied the handbrake, or hold, 2- Selected neutral, 3- Cancelled the signal if given. Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Emergency stop. 10

STOPPING IN AN EMERGENCY An emergency stop is when you need to stop suddenly to avoid an accident.

To reduce the sudden need to stop in an emergency, you need good to use observation, anticipate other road users, and keep safe gaps.

In normal conditions, a good driver shouldn’t need to brake really hard. However emergencies can happen, for instance, when a child runs into the road in front of you.

Remember even when stopping quickly follow the rule of progressive braking - pushing the brake pedal harder as the vehicle slows down.

A quick reaction is crucial in an emergency. The sooner you start braking the sooner you’ll stop.

Don’t signal – you need both hands to control the steering.

Don’t make a special point of looking in the mirror, if you’ve been using your mirrors regularly you should know what’s behind.

Keep both hands on the steering wheel. You need as much control as possible.

Avoid braking so hard that you lock the wheels, a skid may cause serious loss of control.

Don't press down the clutch pedal until just before you stop. This helps with your braking and stability. For vehicles fitted with ABS, read the owner’s manual. The manufacturer may advise a different technique to get the best out of it’s system. Pressing down the brake and clutch at the same time is acceptable,

Don't use the parking brake while the vehicle is moving. Most parking brakes work on the back wheels only. Extra braking here can cause skidding.

Unless you’re moving off again straightaway, put the parking brake on and the gear lever into neutral.

P.O.M. Look all-around before moving off. This includes both left and right blind spots.

SKIDDING Skidding is caused by the driver, the road and weather conditions.

ABS brakes help you to continue steering while braking, but on wet or slippery roads this will be less effective. The brakes are only as good as the tyres’ grip on the road.

If your car is skidding, release the brake pedal fully. and you should steer into the skid if the car slides left or right. If you have ABS brakes you should follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

ANTI-SKID TECHNOLOGY Electronic stability control (ESC), sometimes known as Electronic Stability Program (ESP) allows the vehicle to turn exactly where the driver expects and remains under control – providing the speed of the vehicle isn’t excessive for the situation. The system comprises the functions of ABS and traction control system and aims to prevent a vehicle from skidding sideways. It’s key benefits are; continual readiness, becoming active when vehicle skidding is imminent. Detecting the risk of a skid at an early stage, even before braking. Comparing the driver’s steering intention with actual travel directions (25 times per second). Selective braking intervention to restore vehicle stability. Blind ESC is widely available in new cars in the UK. people Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Stopping distances & variations. 11

20ft 20ft 40ft Thinking distance 6m 6m = 12m = Highway code statistics

19m + Braking distance = Highway code statistics

30ft 45ft 75ft Highway code statistics 9m 14m = 23m = Recent testing statistics 34m =

40ft 80ft 120ft 12m 24m = 36m

51m

50ft 125ft 175ft 15m 38m = 53m

71m

60ft 180ft 240ft 18m 55m = 73m

95m

70ft 245ft 315ft 21m 75m = 96m

121m

Recommended minimum following distances in Dry, Wet, and Snow or Ice. Dry conditions = 2 seconds (two chevrons on motorways) Wet conditions = 4 seconds (double) Snow and Ice conditions = 20 seconds (ten times the normal distance)

Stopping distances at 50mph with various tyre tread depths in wet conditions. 8mm tread depth = 25.9 metres 3mm tread depth = 31.7 metres 1.6mm tread depth = 39.5 metres

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Approaching junctions to turn left. 12 Advance information; Type of junction, amount of traffic, warning signs, road markings, direction signs, give way and stop signs, traffic lights, a break in the line of buildings, changes in the road surface.

ACT Look left & turn left. Look at kerb to guide you. Check your mirrors after turning so you know what’s following you on the new road. Cancel indicator.

DECIDE Is it safe to turn? Avoid steering too early or too sharply; your nearside rear wheel might mount the kerb. Don’t overtake cyclists then turn M across their path. Hold back and allow them to clear the junction.

L ASSESS Pedestrians already crossing have priority so give way, Other vehicles stopping to park or parked? Take special care when crossing a cycle track, bus lane or cycle lane. Sharpness of corner? Point of turn, kerb edge under mirror. Open or closed?

LOOK Ahead and into the minor road G

GEAR Select the correct gear (or you could swing too wide) “If you have a good view do it in two” “If your view has gone do it in one” Clutch up , avoid coasting! S

SPEED Left turns are often sharper than right turns. Slow down sufficiently.

POSITION Position well to the left and in P good time to let others know what you are going to do.

SIGNAL Signal left after passing the turning before yours. S Keep a special look out for cyclists coming up on your left.

MIRRORS Check your mirrors, particularly for cyclists and motorcyclists. These road users can approach very quickly from behind and are less easy to see than a larger vehicle. M Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Approaching junctions to turn right. 13 Advance information; Type of junction, amount of traffic, warning signs, road markings, direction signs, give way and stop signs, traffic lights, a break in the line of buildings, changes in the road surface.

Keep wheels straight to avoid being shunted into oncoming traffic. M ACT Look right & turn right

mirror Look at kerb to guide you to 1m Check mirror in new road

L DECIDE Is it safe to turn? Jog 10 mph or Walk 4 mph?

ASSESS Oncoming traffic? Open or closed? Pedestrians already crossing? Point of turn mirror on line?

G LOOK Ahead and into the minor road,

GEAR If it’s clear 2nd If its not clear S gear Select 1st gear No coasting Stop, handbrake Don’t cut corner Walk across rule

SPEED P Brake to jogging/walking pace (8/4mph)

POSITION Close to centre line. Why?

SIGNAL When? Which? S

MIRRORS Which? When? Why?

KEY POINTS, ZONE OF VISION

OPEN JUNCTION Hazard warning TURNING LEFT lines

M If parked vehicles are parked close to the junction on either side, you may extend the give way line to the width of the parked vehicles to get a better view.

G Give Way & Stop lines Should run under mirrors S

ZONE OF VISION VERY WIDE

KEY POINTS, ZONE OF VISION

CLOSED JUNCTION TURNING RIGHT M ZONE OF VISION VERY LIMITED

STOP L

G S

Give Way & Stop lines Should run under mirrors

BELL MOUTH JUNCTION

Hazard warning M lines

G S

Where two or more roads meet, most Councils will tarmac them in different coloured tarmac, or different shades of tarmac to make it easier to identify the direction of priority at junctions. So that even if the road paintwork has faded beyond recognition, the direction and colour or shade of the tarmac helps you to determine who may try to take priority.

Hazard warning lines are often used leading up to junctions, so make sure you are reading the road correctly at all times. These lines may have faded and be much harder to see, especially in bad weather conditions such as when the road is wet, especially at night time.

KEY POINTS, Awareness and planning

Hazard warning lines.

WHAT IS ANTICIPATION?

1. TRAINING (in this situation do this)

2. EXPERIENCE (I’ve met this before and need to do this)

3. PLANNING (what should I do now to prevent risk in the situation I can see?)

4. ANTICIPATION (what if?)

FORWARD PLANNING, Looking far ahead and in mirrors to predict the actions of other road users and then take ACTION.

WHO MUST WE ANTICIPATE?

DRIVERS Emerging unsafely,

Opening car doors suddenly.

CYCLISTS Changing direction suddenly to avoid pot holes and grids,

Moving up the nearside of your car.

PEDESTRIANS Crossing without looking,

Children near schools, play areas, buses, ice cream vans. ANTICIPATE WHAT MUST WE DO? M.S.M Drive defensively at a speed appropriate for the road and traffic conditions, observe other road users closely, look for clues to potential dangers, apply the m.s.m routine and keep safe gaps.

MEETING VEHICHLES If a road width is reduced because of; Parked vehicles, Single track road, Traffic calming. A You should check your mirrors and reduce speed, Assess the size of the gap, and who has priority. Copy and paste a ghost car into the gap to help judge the gap. Look for Safety Pockets for you and the vehicle approaching

Only use the safety pockets on your side of the road What are the dangers of waiting or parking on the opposite side Parked of the road? vehicles

PRIORITY Be prepared to give way to oncoming traffic when the obstruction is on the left. Don’t barge through! If the gap is wide enough, proceed with care (slow), Don’t assume priority (vehicle A) over vehicle B.

HOLDBACK (vehicle B) If there is oncoming traffic... Going through, only gives you a 50/50 chance of getting through, Holding back gives you a 100% chance of getting through safely, When holding back, position at least one car length back Safety from the obstruction and close to the centreline for a good view pocket and to allow others to see you, PASTE Keep assessing ahead and in mirrors for a safe gap (m.s.m). GHOST COPY CAR CLEARANCE, MARGINS OF SAFETY, CAR Allow a 1m gap to obstructions, Imagine the door open on the parked car or a cycle lane around it, Aim to avoid the vehicle that sticks out the most. ASSESS THE GAP If the gap is reduced, reduce your speed, Avoid “weaving” in and out unnecessarily,

FOLLOWING DISTANCE Two second gap in dry conditions in moving traffic, Four seconds in wet conditions, And 10 times the normal distance in snow and icy conditions, Tyres and tarmac in queues, (so you can get around a broken B down vehicle). Imagine the door open, or a cycle lane painted on the road around the vehicle.

KEY POINTS, road signs and markings Blue signs = one direction

G S

Only vehicles shown on the sign may Bus use the lane during the hours of operation, so ask yourself, what is the Lane time of day?

Some councils only fine drivers if they are in the bus lane for more than 20 metres. This is enough distance to pass a right turning vehicle. ? When there are no times shown, the bus lane is in operation for 24 hours a day. Don't park or drive in bus lanes when in operation. Mon-Fri 7am-10am 4pm-7pm ? Don't drive or park in a cycle lane marked by a solid white line during the times of operation shown on the sign. If the cycle lane is marked by a broken line, don't drive or park in it unless it’s unavoidable. If you park in a cycle lane at any time you make it very dan- Bus gerous for any cyclist using that lane. Lane Be extra careful when turning left in operating times - other road users may not be following the rules.

Use your mirrors Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

Do not undertake (pass on the left)

High-occupancy lanes You MUST NOT drive in these lanes During their period of operation unless your vehicle contains the Bus minimum numbers of people indicated on Lane the sign. Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Cycle Lanes & boxes as a general rule keep out of them!! 26

Advisory Cycle Lane Mandatory Cycle Lane

Advisory Cycle lanes are Mandatory Cycle lanes are to indicated by a broken white line be continued across minor and have no times of 1.5 accesses, private house drives operation. Motor vehicles are metres etc. allowed to cross the broken white line and enter the Cycle Mandatory cycle lanes have lane briefly, but only when no times of operation Cyclist is present. displayed. During these hours Advisory Cycle lanes also allow treat the white line of a cycle access to side roads. lane as the road edge (see red cars).

Mon-Fri 7.30am-9.30am 3.00pm-6.30pm

Remember Cyclists need a 1.5 metre clearance

Advanced stop lines. The provision of cycle facilities Are to allow cycles to be at traffic signals or complex positioned ahead of other traffic. junctions will be accompanied Motorists, including by the provision of Green, Red motorcyclists, must stop at the or Blue surfacing to reinforce first white line reached if the the compliance with the cycle lights are amber or red and facilities and encourage should avoid blocking the way or motor vehicles to stay out of encroaching on the marked area the cycle facilities. at other times, for example, if the junction ahead is blocked. If your vehicle has proceeded over the Cycle Superhighways aim to first white line at the time that the provide protected space for signal goes red, you must stop at cycling on some of London's the second white line even if your busiest roads. They connect vehicle is in the marked area. stations, town centres and key Allow cyclists time and space to destinations, making them more move off when the green signal Cycle Superhighways accessible and easier for shows. or (CS routes) are people to cycle to. painted blue

Mon-Fri 7.30am-9.30am 3.00pm-6.30pm

RED RED AND GREEN AMBER GREEN ARROWS Means stop. AMBER means go if the way is means Stop. You may go on you may go in the direction shown. Wait behind the Also means stop. clear. Take extra care only if the amber appears Always check that opposing traffic has stop line on the Do not pass the if you intend to turn left after you have crossed the stopped before proceeding. When the carriageway stop line until or right, and give way stop line or are so close to arrow no longer shows give way to until green green shows. to pedestrians who are it that to pull up might cause oncoming traffic. shows. crossing. an accident.

Signs may be placed with If movement is allowed in one Light FLASHING AMBER FLASHING AMBER signals to qualify the meaning direction only, the full green signals for means you must give means there may be of the full green signal where signal is normally replaced by a the control way to pedestrians children crossing movements through a green arrow. This may be of pedal on the crossings, but ahead. junction are restricted. supplemented by a sign to cycles. can continue if there reinforce the message. The lights is nobody on the have the crossing. same meaning as normal lights

Stop Stop. Proceed Proceed Proceed Flashing red lights mean you The signal mounted to the unless Ahead. Left. Right. Speed limit sign for must stop. They appear at right gives instructions to it is Tram drivers shown in level crossings, lifting tram drivers; these unsafe kilometres per hour. bridges, airfields, fire instructions may not be to do All diamond shaped stations etc.. the same as those given so. signs are for tram to drivers of other vehicles drivers only.

You MUST NOT proceed Change lane. Leave motorway at next exit. Temporary maximum speed. further in this lane. Advised and information message.

Reduced Lane End of Temporary Visibility Ahead Restriction. Maximum Ahead. Closed. Speed Ahead.

Green arrow - lane available White diagonal arrow - Red cross - lane closed to To traffic facing the sign. Change lanes in Traffic facing the sign. direction shown. Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Level crossings. 29 LEVEL CROSSINGS  Some have barriers on one or both sides, some have none. When a train is approaching you will see a flashing red light. But some don’t have lights.

 An audible alarm system will sound when a train is near. If a second train approaches quickly after the first, the tone of the audible alarm will change. Some have manually operated barriers.

 They may have red and green lights. When safe get out of the vehicle, open the barriers on both sides and drive through. You must then close both barriers before driving off. Some don’t have barriers, nor lights and without audible warnings! At a minimum, there should at least be a "Give Way" sign.

 At these types of level crossings, there may be a phone by the roadside. These connect to the local railway signal office. You should get out of your vehicle, use the phone to talk to the signal workers and ask them if it's safe to cross. When you have crossed, you should stop on the other side and use the phone there to let them know that you have crossed safely. If there isn’t a phone, you must stop at the "Give Way" sign, and look and listen carefully before crossing.

 Never park on the approach to a level crossing. Never attempt to overtake on a level crossing. Not all level crossings have full-length barriers. Many have barriers that will only block one side of the road. This is a safety feature designed to avoid trapping a person, animal or vehicle between the two lowered barriers, sealing them within the dangerous track space.

 Raised barriers at a level crossing don't necessarily mean it's safe to cross. Remember: it could be a manually operated crossing. An irresponsible driver could have raised the barriers, and then driven through without stopping to lower the barriers again.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Pedestrian crossings. 30 TYPES OF CROSSINGS ZEBRA (Black an white stripes) Uncontrolled crossing, Flashing beacon on either pavement, You must give way to anyone already crossing, Patrol Also anyone who has stepped onto the crossing. School Safety zone SPLIT ZEBRA CROSSINGS When a crossing is separated by a refuge island, Treat these as two separate crossings.

TIGER CROSINGS They are like Zebra crossing, but cycling is permitted.

PELICAN (PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled) Flashing amber after red. You may drive on if clear, When Staggered crossings are separate crossings, lights Spinning button under box for the blind. show

PUFFIN (Pedestrian User Friendly INtelligent) Normal traffic light sequence (go on green), School Sensor holds traffic lights on red until pedestrians are clear of the crossing (No flashing amber), 20 Spinning button under box for the blind. When

TOUCAN (two-can-cross) Lights show Operates the same as a puffin but shared by pedestrians and cyclists who can ride over the crossing, Spinning button under box for the blind, To help to remember them think (two can cross).

PEGASUS (Equestrian)(Horse riders) Operates the same as a toucan, This is a equestrian crossing for horse riders, They have a button higher up on the post.

SCHOOL PATROL (Lollypop person) Least easy to spot so look for early warning signs, Flashing amber warning lights are at dangerous locations, A patrol person wears a high visibility jacket, They may help adults as well as children to cross the road.

REFUGE ISLANDS (traffic island) They are islands with bollard protection (drivers have priority).

ON APPROACH TO CROSSINGS Look for signs, lights, pedestrians, zigzags, Check your mirrors and reduce your speed, Stop when necessary and apply your handbrake or hold facility.

ACTIONS TO AVOID You must not park on the crossing or within the zigzag area, You must not overtake the moving vehicle nearest to a crossing, You must not overtake the lead vehicle that has stopped to give way to pedestrians, Don’t wave pedestrians to cross (let them decide).

ZEBRA SPLIT ZEBRA

TIGER PELICAN

PUFFIN TOUCAN

PEGASUS STAGGERED

I intend to move in to the left or turn left I intend to move out to the right or turn right I intend to slow down or stop

Stop To beckon traffic on

Traffic approaching Traffic approaching from Traffic approaching from From the From the front From behind from the front both front and behind behind side

Arm signals to persons controlling traffic

I want to go straight on I want to turn left: I want to turn right Use either hand

Vehicle and Operator Services Agency & Highways Agency Traffic Officers

Highways VOSA Agency Traffic Traffic Officer Officer

These officers now have new powers to stop/direct vehicles and will be using hand signals and light signals similar to those used by police. You must obey any signals given

School crossing patrol

Not ready to Barrier to stop pedestrians crossing Ready to cross pedestrians, All vehicles must stop cross vehicles must be prepared pedestrians to stop Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Traffic calming measures. 33

Traffic calming measures are used to encourage people to drive at a lower speed than they might otherwise do. They’re used in particularly sensitive areas where it’s considered that a reduction in speed would benefit the immediate community. Various features can be provided to slow down traffic such as road humps, road narrowing, central islands and chicanes or mini roundabouts. Some areas are indicated only by 20 mph speed limit signs. These signs indicate that there may be traffic-calming features within the signed zone that may not be individually signed. You should drive at a steady speed within the speed limit and avoid frequent acceleration and deceleration within these areas.

Give way to oncoming vehicles

Road humps may be round or flat topped and may be used on roads with a speed limit of 30mph or less. They may be in the form of ‘cushions’ which cover only part of the lane and are designed so that large vehicles, especially buses and ambulances can straddle them. If road humps or cushions are provided outside 20mph zones there will normally be warning signs at the beginning of the section of road Priority over where the hump or series of humps is installed, and triangle and oncoming edge markings at each hump. vehicles

Roads may be narrowed by ‘build-outs’ on one or both sides of the road. If these are provided outside 20 mph zones, there will normally be warning signs indicating on which side of the road the narrowing occurs. ‘also give way’ road markings on one side of the road, accompanied by signs advising priority for oncoming vehicles. If they are on your side of the road, you must always give way to drivers approaching from the other direction. If priority isn’t given in either direction, then all drivers should ensure that they can pass though the narrowing without endangering vehicles approaching from the other direction. You should not accelerate as you approach the narrowing but be prepared to slow down or give way to approaching traffic. Hold back and allow cyclists and motorcyclists room to pass through. Don’t try to squeeze through at the same time.

Although no one has priority at unmarked crossroads. Some drivers may try to take priority. To help understand why, most councils will use a different colour or shade of tarmac on each road. They usually lay the tarmac and create the camber of the road in the direction of the most used road. So look at how the tarmac has been laid. Does it stop at the crossroads or does it carry on through the junction? Also look to see if the camber of the road arches over the road you are on, or does it look like you are going to go over a slight hump running across the junction. There are always exceptions, so this is why you should always proceed with caution at unmarked crossroads.

UNMARKED STOP / GIVE WAY CAMBER

OPEN

STOP CLOSED

NO ONE HAS PRIORITY - GO SLOW WHO HAS PRIORITY GIVE WAY IF NECESSARY MAJOR OR MINOR?

TRAFFIC LIGHT TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLED & CONTROLLED BOX JUNCTION

DON’T GO IN IF YOU CAN’T GET OUT & DON’T GO IN IF YOU CAN’T GET OUT & DON’T CROSS THE PATH OF DON’T CROSS THE PATH OF TRAFFIC UNLESS SAFE TRAFFIC UNLESS SAFE

HOW TO IDENTIFY CROSSROADS Watch for signs and road markings, Vehicles crossing the road ahead, Gaps in houses, the sun casting shadows, etc. OFFSIDE TO DANGERS AT CROSSROADS OFFSIDE Watch for emerging traffic. Be especially careful of vehicles trying to cut across, using gaps in traffic. They may misjudge your speed.

ON THE MAJOR ROAD Check your mirrors before starting to turn, especially if you’ve had to wait. Look into minor roads, Extra caution if closed junction. NEARSIDE TO ON THE MAJOR ROAD TURNING RIGHT NEARSIDE Three options if an oncoming vehicle is turning right, 1. Offside to offside, 2. Nearside to nearside, 3. Hold back and give way. Assess other drivers intention, Their road position and junction layout, Choose safest / best option.

STAGGERED JUNCTIONS When on the major road look well ahead for road signs and markings, Use MSM/PSL Routine. Watch for vehicles emerging from both sides and turning off the major road,

EMERGING FROM THE MINOR ROAD Watch for traffic approaching in all direction,

TURNING LEFT THEN RIGHT Use the walk across rule, If you would walk across, drive across, When it’s safe to emerge, drive to the centre of the major road, Check for traffic again before entering the minor road, Check the gap in traffic is wide enough in both directions, Look, assess, then decide. Act, either go if it’s safe, or wait. Make sure you do not cut across the centre line as you enter the road opposite.

ON THE MINOR ROAD Make eye contact, Be prepared to give way, Check in all directions before emerging, Make your own decision if beckoned, Never beckon others.

UNMARKED CROSSROADS Apply MSM routine, approach with caution

No one has priority EYE CONTACT Prepare to stop if necessary

TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLED CROSSROADS Apply MSM routine on approach, Follow light sequence, red stop, amber stop, green go.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Box Junctions, & traffic light controlled Junctions. 36 When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. As no one has priority.

The reason for the yellow criss-cross markings is to help strangers easily identify junctions they could get stuck in.

Yellow criss-cross lines mark a box junction. Their purpose is to keep the junction clear by preventing traffic from stopping in the path of crossing traffic. You must not enter the box until your exit road or lane is clear. However you may enter the box (behind other right-turning vehicles, if any) and wait for a gap in the oncoming traffic when you want to turn right, and are only prevented from doing so by oncoming traffic, or by other vehicles waiting to turn right. But only if the right turn exit or lane is clear. If there‟s a vehicle already on the junction waiting to turn right, you‟re free to enter behind it and wait to turn right - providing that you won‟t block any oncoming traffic wanting to turn right. If there are several vehicles waiting to turn, it‟s unlikely you‟ll be able to proceed before the traffic signals change. use your judgement to work out what route oncoming traffic may take!

Green filter arrow. This indicates a filter lane only. Do not enter that lane unless you want to go in the direction of the arrow. You may proceed in the direction of the green arrow when it, or the full green light shows. Give other traffic, especially cyclists, time and room to move into the correct lane.

At the junction. You must stop Advanced stop lines. behind the white „stop‟ line across your Are to allow cycles to be positioned side of the road unless the light is ahead of other traffic. Motorists, green. If the amber light appears you including motorcyclists, must stop may go on only if you have at the first white line reached if the already crossed the stop line or are so lights are amber or red and should close to it that to stop might cause a avoid blocking the way or collision. You must not move encroaching on the marked area at forward over the white line when the other times, e.g. If the junction red light is showing. Only go forward ahead is blocked. If your vehicle when the traffic lights are green if there has proceeded over the first white is room for you to clear the junction line at the time that the signal goes safely or you are taking up a position to red, you must stop at the second turn right. If the traffic lights are not white line, even if your vehicle is in working, treat the situation as you the marked area. Allow cyclists would an unmarked junction and time and space to move off when proceed with great care. the green signal shows.

If someone flashes their lights to Some junctions have cameras fitted to encourage you to go, make sure it record vehicles passing through on red. is safe first and that they mean And also to catch motorists speeding. you!! Other road users may also think the flashing is for them. Remember to “Gap search” and use the “walk across rule”

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Staggered traffic light junction normal layout. 38 When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Staggered traffic light junction abnormal layout. 39 When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Traffic light junction with left turn filter lane. 42 When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Some junctions, bends and pedestrian crossings have anti-skid tarmac leading up to them.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Traffic light T-junction with sensory lights. 43 When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority. Some traffic lights have motion sensors. They are usually found were one of the roads has very little use, so a motion sensor is used to detect any vehicles approaching from the quiet road and will only change if movement is detected. If you were to stall at this type of junction and fail to set off before the lights change. You would normally need to reverse back and re-approach in order for the sensor to detect your vehicle again.

SOLID

LINE

CLEAR

KEEP

Areas of white diagonal stripes or chevrons (Hatched markings), are to separate lanes or to protect traffic turning right.

They are either bordered by a solid white line or a broken white line.

If the area is bordered by a broken white line, you should not enter the area unless it is necessary and you can see that it is safe to do so. Therefore, as long as it is safe, you may cross into the hatched area bordered by a broken white line before you reach your turn, in order to avoid being cut off from turning, by following traffic, and to keep traffic flowing ahead.

If the area is marked with chevrons and bordered by a solid white line you MUST NOT enter it except in an emergency.

SOLID

LINE

CLEAR

KEEP

CLEAR

SOLID LINE

If the hatched area is bordered by a broken white line, you should not enter the area unless it is necessary and you can see that it is safe to do so..

Therefore, As long as it is safe, you may cross into the hatched area bordered by a broken white line to help take your turn, and is necessary to allow traffic to pass on your left to keep traffic flowing.

Road markings. 48

CLEAR

LOADING ONLY LOADING

TRAM

ONLY

KEEP

DISABLED

DOCTOR

STOP

BUS

TAXI

BUS STOP

Motorists need to know how the shape and colour of the sign effects what it is saying. Here are some reminders on how to “decode” traffic signs and how to act on them.

Understanding the shapes

The shape of the sign indicates if it is either compulsory or advisory. Round signs, such as speed limit signs are giving orders,

Triangles are there to give a warning i.e. give way or hazard ahead, Rectangle signs give information i.e. directions. The colours used within a sign gives you further information.

Red rings are regulatory signs and tell you what you must not do i.e. exceed 30mph or no stopping.

Blue signs are used for information, and to identify one way systems, or one direction only, such as bus lanes, cycle lanes, motorways, dual carriageways. on Motorways (M roads) they are used for directions

White signs are for local routes (B roads), green signs are used to give directions on primary routes (A roads), brown signs indicate a tourist attraction . Yellow signs are for diversion routes.

Variable message signs (VMS) provide motorists with information and advice about emergencies, incidents and network management on Motorways & Dual carriageways. Taking notice and acting on the information provided by the VMS motorists improves safety and minimises the impact of congestion.

Motorway junction signposts are usually positioned one mile and half-a-mile in advance to give prior warning to motorists and enable them to select a suitable lane position early. Reminder signs appear 300, 200 and 100 yards

before an exit.

Official signs provide the motorist with the information they need to be as safe as possible but sometimes unofficial signs can give you advanced warning of possible hazards ahead (a pub car park, for example, may have emerging traffic).

Give way signs and stop signs are a deferent shape to all other signs so that they can easily be identifiable when covered in snow.

W ARN, RDER, INFORM

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Roundabouts explained 1. 50 On approaching a roundabout take notice and act on all the information available to you, including traffic signs, traffic lights and lane markings which direct you into the correct lane. You should use Mirror-Signal-Manoeuvre at all stages. Decide as early as possible which exit you need to take. Give an appropriate signal. Time your signal so as not to confuse other road users. Get into the correct lane. Adjust your speed and position to fit in with traffic conditions. Be aware of the speed and position of all the road users around you. Keep an eye on the driver in front, they may stop suddenly.

When reaching the roundabout you should give priority to traffic approaching from your right, unless directed otherwise by signs, road markings or traffic lights. Check whether road markings allow you to enter the roundabout without giving way. If so, proceed, but still look to the right before joining. Watch out for other road users already on the roundabout, be aware they may not be signalling correctly or at all. Look forward before moving off to make sure traffic in front has moved off. In all cases watch out for and give plenty of room Following the road ahead to; There may be more than one lane that Pedestrians who may be crossing the approach leads to the road ahead or other exits. and exit roads. Traffic crossing in front of you on You should choose the appropriate lane the roundabout, especially vehicles intending to for your exit. The lane you choose is leave by the next exit. Traffic which may be the lane you use, see diagram. Do not straddling lanes or positioned incorrectly. drift across lanes, and watch for other Motorcyclists. cyclists and horse riders who may drivers drifting towards your lane. stay in the left-hand lane and signal right if they intend to continue round the roundabout. Allow them to do so. Long vehicles (including those towing trailers). These might have to take a different course or straddle lanes either approaching or on the roundabout because of their length. Watch out for their signals.

9 3 Blocker

Segregated left-turn lanes Some conventional roundabouts may have a segregated left-turn lane where drivers do not give way to traffic on the roundabout. This may be separated from the roundabout by either a solid island or chevron markings. Where the chevrons are bound by continuous lines, vehicles must not enter the area except in an Manchester A57 emergency. You should therefore choose the correct lane well before the Old roundabout. A directional sign in Trafford A5063 advance of the junction may show the segregated lane. Salford A5063 Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Eccles A57 Roundabouts explained 2. 51 Some roundabouts have yellow bar markings on the approach. These become closer together the nearer to the roundabout and provide a warning to drivers to slow down. Some may have lane markings to guide drivers to the appropriate exit. Keep a look out for emergency vehicles.

TAKING ANY INTERMEDIATE EXIT TAKING AN EXIT TO THE RIGHT or FULL Unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; CIRCLE Select the appropriate lane on approach. Unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; You should not normally need to signal on Check mirrors, signal right and approach in approach. Stay in this lane until you need to the right hand lane, reduce speed, look early, alter course to exit the roundabout. Reduce change gear emerge if safe. speed, look early, choose lower gear and Keep to the right on the roundabout until emerge if safe. Stay in lane, check mirrors. you need to change lanes to exit. Signal left after passing the exit before the one Check mirrors, signal left after passing the you want. And have a quick glance into your left exit before the one you want. blind spot, After leaving the roundabout check Give a quick glance into your left blind spot, your rear view mirror. After leaving the roundabout check your rear view mirror.

Look out for faded road markings.

Manchester A57

Old TAKING THE FIRST EXIT TO THE LEFT Trafford Unless signs or marking indicate otherwise; Check your mirrors and signal left. A5063 Approach in the left-hand lane, Salford Reduce your speed to a safe speed, A5063 Look right and ahead as early as possible,. Eccles A57 If safe, emerge in the most appropriate gear. Keep to the left on the roundabout, Continue signalling left on the roundabout, Continue signalling left to leave, After leaving the roundabout check your rear Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved view mirror. Roundabouts left 1st exit . 52

9 3