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Honran a Los Combatientes En Trafalgar 01 Ok 15/11/05 13:52 Página 3 01a cub import 14/11/05 22:35 Página 1 ESPAÑOLA Suplemento del número 212 / octubre 2005 REVISTADE DEFENSA 1805-2005 REINO UNIDO, FRANCIA Y ESPAÑA honran a los combatientes en Trafalgar 01_ok 15/11/05 13:52 Página 3 sumario 4 HONOR Y GLORIA A LOS COMBATIENTES DE TRAFALGAR Esther P. Martínez 10 UN BICENTENARIO EN CLAVE CULTURAL Esther P. Martínez 16 ANTECEDENTES Y CONSECUENCIAS Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González 22 LA CAMPAÑA DE 1805 Alfredo Florensa de Medina 26 21 DE OCTUBRE, EL COMBATE José Ignacio González-Aller Hierro 36 VÍCTIMAS DEL TEMPORAL Miguel Aragón Fontenla 42 LOS REGIMIENTOS EMBARCADOS Javier de Mazarraza 44 TRAFALGAR EN LOS MUSEOS NAVALES ESPAÑOLES Marcelino González Fernández 48 LA HISTORIA EN LOS LIBROS Esther P. Martínez 50 LOS HÉROES EN EL CALLEJERO Raúl Díez ESPAÑOLA REVISTADE DEFENSA Suplemento del número 212 / octubre 2005 Director: José Luis Fernández Peña Subdirector: Jesús Gómez Sanmiguel. Redactor jefe: Alfredo Florensa de Medina. Arte y Diseño: Rafael Navarro Fernández. Edición: Elena Ruiz Castellanos. Fotografía: Pepe Díaz, Hélène Gicquel Pasquier y Museo Naval. Edita: Ministerio de Defensa. Paseo de la Castellana número.109. 28071-MADRID. Teléfonos: 91 395 54 15 (dirección), 91 395 52 99/91 395 52 26 (redacción). Fax: 91 395 51 91. Correo electrónico:[email protected]. Página web: www.mde.es. Administración, distribución y suscripciones: Secretaría General Técnica. Centro de Publicaciones: C/. Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, n. 30. 28071-Madrid. Tfno.: 91 205 42 22. Fax: 91 205 40 25. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Publicidad: Vía Exclusivas S. L. C/. Albasanz, 14. bis 28010-Madrid. Teléfono: 91 448 76 22. Fax: 91 446 02 14. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Fotomecánica e impresión: Gráficas Monterreina, S. A. D. L.: M8620-1988. NIPO: 076-05-010-4 (Edición en papel). NIPO: 076-05-071-0 (Edición en línea). ISSN: 1131-5172. Portada: Mascarón de la maqueta del navío Santa Ana, participante en Trafalgar, que se conserva en el Museo Naval de Madrid. La figura a proa del león coronado y engallado fue tra- dicional en los buques de guerra españoles desde finales del siglo XVII hasta comienzos del XIX en que comenzó a sustituirse por imágenes alusivas al nombre del propio barco. 02 07 14/11/05 17:02 Página 4 Sendos actos celebrados en el Panteón de Marinos Ilustres (sobre estas líneas), el Parque Genovés de Cádiz (derecha) y en la mar (arriba) homenajearon el 21 de octubre pasado a todos quienes participaron en el combate. 02 07 14/11/05 17:03 Página 5 Trafalgar 1805-2005 ,< REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DEFENSA 5 honor y gloria a los combatientes de Trafagar Británicos, franceses y españoles honran, doscientos años después de la batalla, la memoria de los contendientes y la generosidad del pueblo de Cádiz L 21 de octubre de 1805, los navío Santísima Trinidad, fue marco para el encuen- cielos de Cádiz auguraban mal tro de los descendientes de varios de los marinos tiempo y cumplieron su presa- participantes en Trafalgar —Nelson, Collingwood, gio. 200 años después, los Burstasl, Pascoe, River, Villeneuve, Gravina, Hidalgo mapas de isobaras tampoco de Cisneros, Uriarte, Alcalá Galiano, Churruca, eran halagüeños; la lluvia había Valdés, Vargas, De Jado, Alsedo, Gastón, Páramo y Earreciado durante la jornada anterior, como lo haría en González, De Azcárraga, De Alcedo, Escaño, De los días siguientes. Sin embargo, el viernes 21 de Florez, y Gardoqui— en un acto de homenaje a los octubre de 2005 el sol hizo un alto en su descanso más de 4.800 caídos de resultas del combate. para sumarse a los actos conmemorativos del comba- Muy cerca de la capilla donde reposan —junto a te de Trafalgar celebrados ese día en el entorno de la los de Escaño o Álava— los restos de Federico Gravi- ciudad andaluza. Unos actos en los que tres naciones na, su descendiente José María Castillejo y Oriol, hoy firmes aliadas, Reino Unido, Francia y España, no conde de Floridablanca, junto a Rose MacMurray, quisieron rememorar ni una victoria ni una derrota, sino heredera de Horatio Nelson, y el conde André Ville- honrar el recuerdo de cuantos participaron en la bata- neuve, escoltados por una escuadra de honores de la lla y, también, del pueblo gaditano que se entregó en Armada y oficiales de las respectivas Marinas deposi- socorrer a las víctimas sin distinción de banderas. taron sendas coronas de laurel al pie de un gran cirio La conmemoración del bicentenario se iniciaba al bajo el altar mayor. Desde aquí, el arzobispo castrense filo de las 10 de la mañana en el Panteón de Marinos español, monseñor Francisco Pérez, y el capellán de la Ilustres, en San Fernando. El monumental templo, fragata británica Chatham, reverendo Ned Kelly, reza- cuya entrada custodian dos cañones de a 36 del ron sendos responsos por las almas de los fallecidos, 02 07 14/11/05 17:03 Página 6 6 REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DEFENSA < Trafalgar 1805-2005 entonándose luego el canto de la Oración Marinera los Batallones de Voluntarios de Cataluña, cuya te o como consecuencia de él, así como la labor por el batallón de alumnos de la Escuela de Subofi- uniformidad de época también lucía la escuadra de humanitaria de los gaditanos, volcados en ayudar a ciales de la Armada que rendía honores. honores formada ante la tribuna presidencial. todos aquellos que llegaron a la costa sin preguntar Cumplido este «acto de justicia histórica» —en Completaba la formación una compañía de la Armada bajo qué bandera habían luchado. El AJEMA destacó palabras del relator—, en el que estuvieron presentes, con dos secciones de marinería y una tercera de también la importancia de asumir una Historia cuyo entre otras autoridades, el presidente de la Junta de Infantería de Marina, con Bandera, escuadra y banda. resultado es la comunidad de valores de paz y libertad Andalucía, Manuel Chaves; el ministro de Defensa, que une hoy a las entonces naciones enemigas. De los José Bono, y los embajadores en Madrid de Londres, Redoble de campanas combatientes de antaño, el almirante Zaragoza desta- Stephen Wright, y París, Claude Blanchemaison, la Tras el solemne izado de las banderas nacionales de có la capacidad de sacrificio por su Patria, señalándola conmemoración continuó en Cádiz capital, ciudad y España, Francia y el Reino Unido, el ministro español como referencia a seguir en nuestros días. puerto de donde partió la flota combinada franco- de Defensa y los embajadores británico y francés El acto en el Parque Genovés concluía con el española para cumplir con su heroico destino. depositaron sendas coronas de laurel ante un nuevo desfile, en la contigua avenida Doctor Gómez Ulla, de monolito levantado en memoria de las dotaciones las tropas que habían rendido honores. Monumento a la memoria participantes en el combate y en el que se pueden Entre el público, los más entusiastas fueron un Una hora más tarde, el Parque Genovés era escenario leer los nombres de los navíos implicados en el grupo de colegiales de preescolar del centro Josefina de un nuevo acto de homenaje, al que en esta oca- mismo. A toque de chifle (el silbato de los contra- Pascual, que sentados en la acera y en primera fila, sión se unieron cientos de gaditanos. Allí permanecía maestres) y mientras eran leídos los nombres de los mostraban el nombre de la batalla con letras de colo- formado un batallón de honores integrado por sendas buques, se procedió luego al acto de rendir honores res realizadas por ellos mismos con ayuda de sus escuadras de marinería pertenecientes a las fragatas a los caídos, concluido con una descarga de fusi- profesores, y que no cesaron de pedir «¡más desfile, Montcalm de la Marine de Guerre francesa y HMS lería. En ese mimo momento, en torno al mediodía, más desfile!» al final de la parada. Chatham de la Royal Navy británica, así como por una las campanas de las iglesias de Cádiz y San Fernan- Especial entusiasmo despertaron también entre los escuadra de gastadores del Regimiento Córdoba 10 do se unían al emotivo acto doblando a difuntos. asistentes los Voluntarios de Cataluña, tocados con las y una sección de granaderos del Regimiento Inme- En unas breves palabras, el almirante jefe del Esta- características barretinas payesas y con los que todo el morial del Rey ambas tocadas con uniformes de do Mayor de la Armada, almirante general Sebastián mundo quería fotografiarse. El propio ministro José época. Estas unidades de Infantería participaron, Zaragoza, recordaba posteriormente la memoria de Bono no dejó de acercarse a saludarles, charlando con embarcadas, en el combate de Trafalgar, al igual que los casi cinco mil hombres que murieron en el comba- algunos de los soldados de procedencia gerundense. 02 07 14/11/05 17:03 Página 7 Trafalgar 1805-2005 < REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DEFENSA 7 Tropas francesas, británicas y españolas, algunas con uniformes de época, rindieron honores ante el monolito conmemorativo de Trafalgar levantado en el Parque Genovés gaditano. Homenaje de la Universidad La sucedió en el uso de la palabra el titular de Sobre las cuatro de la tarde zarpaban del puerto Las autoridades presentes ya citadas, junto a las que Defensa, quien destacó que «el día 21 de octubre de de Cádiz las fragatas Montcalm, HMS Chatham y la también se encontraban, entre otras, la alcaldesa 2005 no revivimos ni una derrota ni una victoria, sino española Reina Sofía para participar en la entrega de de Cádiz, Teófila Martínez; el secretario de Estado de que recordamos a todos los participantes en el coronas a la mar en la extensa zona donde se desa- Defensa, Francisco Pardo; el jefe del Estado Mayor de combate». Unos hombres, recalcó José Bono, que rrolló el combate.
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