New Series Volume 2, Issue 5 September I October 1997
:ALEXANDER DAVISON AGENT LONDON
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OASnews 3 Lt.-Colonel John Butler Ministry news 11 Homestead, Niagara-on-the-Lake- Idea exchange 12 Robert Mayer, Jim Wilson and Sean Douglas 6 Miscellanea 16 Editor's note
President With this issue ofArch Notes I have feached the end ofmy three year John Steckley .. 90S 951 2567 term as editor. While I have been offered a second term by the Board [email protected] ofDirectors, I have decided not to take it, because the editing is • Treasurer/Secretary diverting too much time and energy from my PhD research. So... we Henry van Ueshouf" 416 446 7673 need someone to fill this three year appointed volunteer position. We are looking for an enthusiastic, dedicated person with solid language Director ofChapter Services Suzanne Gero .. 313 393 9390 and computer skills who can devote a concentrated amount oftime every two months to produce this newsletter. Ifyou would like to find Director of Member Services out more about this position, please call Ellen at the OAS office. Jeff Bursey" 905 793 0170
Director of Professional Services Starting with the next issue, we will feature a regular book review Lise Ferguson" 416 392 6910 column, coordinated and partly authored by Sheri Bowman. Because we publish a peer-reviewed journal, we occasionally get sent books by Director of Publications ml\ior publishers in the anticipation that we will review them for Michael Kirby .. 519 986 4026 [email protected] Ontario Archaeology. Contact Sheri Bowman via the OAS office if you'd like to contribute some reviews. This is your chance to catch up Director of Public Services with the latest archaeology books and whet the reading appetites of Marcus Sanderson" 416 923 7931 your fellow members! ••• executive Director Please note that I have switched to a different email provider; my new Ellen Blaubergs .. 416 730 0797 address is [email protected] Editor, Ontario Archaeo/ogy Alexander von Gemet A reminder about advertising: call the office now for a discounted three- or six-issue run ofadverts for 1998. Editor, Arch Notes Suzanne Needs-Howarth To avoid confusion, I will remain in charge ofcopy for the next issue. ••• Please make sure material reaches the OAS office or my email by November 15. Please send contributions for the next Issue by September 15 to: OAS 126 Willowdale Ave North York ON M2N 4Y2
All email and camera-ready advertisements may be sent to: Editor, Arch Noles 14 Grlmthorpe Road Toronto ON M6C 1G3 416 652 9099 / [email protected]
AmI Not I am looking forward to seeing many OAS members at which thanks go to Ellen Blaubergs, our part-time the annual symposium, October 24-27. There will be paid, full-time occupied staff) or to any plans they presenters not only from Ontario, but from at least have concerning the future ofarchaeology in this eight different American states. For those ofyou who province. I am writing a letter to the Minister in this are there bright and early (9 am) on Friday morning, I regard, as well as to my local MPP. I encourage other will be doing the Call to Order and Opening Remarks. OAS members do so as well. Contact Ellen at the There will be a good number ofarchaeology books OAS office for details. John Steckley I available at the OAS book table, ably 'womaned' by Ella Kruse. Thanks go to Mima Kapches ofthe Notice ofAppointment ofNominating Committee ROM for donating eight boxes full ofarchaeological As was noted in the previous issue, Heather Hender literature to the book table. son has been appointed chair ofthe 1998 Nominating Committee. The task ofthe Committee is to prepare a Congratulations and thanks go to Charles Garrad, slate ofseven or more candidates for office as Direc former President and Executive Director ofthe OAS, tors ofThe Ontario Society during the business year for running yet another successful field school in the 1998. She now solicits nominations ofconsenting Collingwood area, and for again raising the profile of candidates for office in 1998. She also seeks two other archaeology and ofthe OAS in the local media. members to serve on his Committee. Written nomina The same goes for the Ottawa Chapter for their tions may be forwarded to the Nominating Committee Archaeology Day at Charleston Park on July 12, in confidence, care ofthe OAS Office, the envelope teaching several hundred campers, among other being marked "Attention - Nominating Committee". things, that it takes a lot ofhot rocks dumped into a Heather can be reached at home at 4169449687. The clay pot to make two cups ofwater boil. There was a Nominating Committee will present its slate and report well-run Archaeology Day at the Peel Heritage to the Board ofDirectors and general membership at Complex on July 20, with workshops led by Jeff the Annual Business Meeting in October, at which Bursey, Peter Hamalainen and Greg Purmal. time nominations may be made from the floor before closure. Ifan election is necessary, it will be held by As noted in her Editor's Note, Suzanne Needs- How mailed ballot accompanying the November-December arth will be stepping down as editor ofArch Notes 1997 issue ofArch Notes. This notice is intended to when her three year term expires at the end of comply with Article VI ofthe Society's Constitution. December. She has some absurd notion ofgetting her thesis completed before the beginning ofthe next Notice ofAnnual Business Meeting The 1997 As .millennium. On behalfofthe OAS I would like to announced in the previous issue, the Annual Business thank her for her efforts. Meeting ofThe Ontario Archaeological Society will be The province lost another important archaeologist in August, 1997, with the death ofOAS member Barry Welcome new OtiS members Mitchell ofDeep River. We send our condolences to (July - Sept.ember 1997) family and friends. David Doucette, Mississauga I AI Kirouac Jr., On the political front: I noticed that the Ministry of Mississauga I Marion & Larry Manders, Kendal Citizenship, Culture and Recreation's new busi I Monika Marko, Toronto I Tracy Ruddell, ness plan does not make reference either to the Orono I Gerry Scheer, Eganville IMike Teal, detailed business plan we had to file for them (for Waterlool Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 3 held in the Johnson Room, 2nd Floor ofthe Novotel Society's table and did a brisk business. All proceeds Hotel, North York, Ontario, on Saturday October 25, from the sale will be placed in the Society's Endow 1997, at a time which will be announced in the ment Funds. Special thanks to John Blaubergs, Symposium program. All Society members in good Christine Caroppo and Brian Clarence for trans standing may attend. Copies offinancial statements for portation and pricing assistance. the preceding fiscal year, and various reports, will be • available, and an Agenda will be circulated. To ensure We are also tremendously grateful to Rudy Fecteau there is time for adequate consideration, motions for completing the OAS Community Speaker Kits , submitted in writing in advance will be added to the over the summer. All chapters will be given a kit at Agenda and given precedence over those submitted the October Symposium in North York. verbally from the floor. Written motions intended for the Agenda should reach the Society's office at least Ifyou have not registered for the OAS Symposium one week prior. TIJis notice is intended to comply with in North York on October 24-26, do so immedi Article V(3) ofthe Society's Constitution. ately. The Ontario Archaeological Society extends its The OAS recently received the following "Open deepest sympathy to the family and friends oflong Letter to Ontario's Arts, Culture & Heritage time member Barry Mitchell ofDeep River, Ontario. Community", dated September 8, 1997: Barry passed away in August. He will be remem bered for his work in central eastern Ontario and his "The Ontario Liberal Caucus believes that arts, culture contributions to Arch Notes, Ontario Archaeology and & heritage matter to the people ofOntario. OAS Symposia. We believe that the people ofOntario recognize the Congratulations to Bill and Consuelo Fox on the birth value ofarts, culture & heritage in their communities oftheir daughter Michelle Aurora Tulimaaq Fox on and they support the concept ofmeaningful public August 9, 1997, Inuvik NWT. We hear that Michelle participation in the arts. .will be accompanying her proud parents to the OAS Symposium in North York. Unfortunately, this is a message that continues to be lost on the Mike Harris government. Despite well Thanks to Charles Garrad, JefTBursey, Don documented proofon the contribution ofarts, culture Simons and John Pollock for providing Passport & heritage activities to local economies; despite the -to-the-Past opportunities for volunteers on their clear loss ofarts & culture activity and opportunity in respective sites. As many archaeological projects communities right across Ontario; despite the pleas of begin to move indoors into laboratory settings, artists and arts organizations on behalfofemerging remember that there are Passport members available artists and developing organizations, this government to help wash, sort, label and assist with data entry. continues to neglect those things and those activities Please consider making the next phase ofyour that make our communities and our Province great. archaeological project a Passport opportunity. Contact Ellen B1aubergs at the OAS office to provide informa TIJis week, the Members ofthe Ontario Liberal tion for the next Bulletin to PTTP members. Caucus have put forward a motion to Ontario's Culture Minister asking for her government's support Tea & History· What a Combination! Many thanks for a "Culture Matters Month" here in Ontario. We to Tony Stapells, Mima Kapches, Christine Carop have asked this Minister and this government to accept po, Brian Clarence and John Blaubergs for their and promote the value ofarts, culture & heritage, not book donations to the Society's table at the Ontario only among their own ranks, but also to all the people Historical Society's Tea & History event held on ofOntario. Sunday, August 17th. Lise Ferguson, Christine Caroppo and Ellen Blaubergs "womaned" the We enclose a copy ofthis Motion for your information 4 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) and we would be delighted with your written support In recognition ofthe importance and intent ofthis and endorsement. Motion, we the undersigned proudly sign our names. Arts, culture & heritage do matter to the Members of Dalton J.P. McGunity, M.P.P. the Ontario Liberal Caucus. Please join us in sending Leader, Ontario Liberal Party a united message to this government. Michael Gravelle, M.P.P. • All the Best, Ontario Liberal Culture Critic and 27 other M.P.P.s" [Signed] Attention Members! Do you support the state Dalton McGuinty, MPP ments made above? Ifso, we strongly urge you write Leader ofthe Official Opposition to your MPPs and tell them. The more letters, the Leader, Ontario Liberal Party better. Since our own Minister has turned a deaf ear and on so many heritage matters (including archaeology) in Michael Gravelle, MPP this province, perhaps the adoption ofthis motion will Liberal Culture Critic" serve to draw much needed public attention to the value and importance ofarts, culture and heritage Attached was the following motion: activities all across the Province. Don't hesitate. Write now and send us copies ofyour letters and any "Culture Matters Month Motion responses. Ellen Blaubergs I In recognition ofthe economic and social contributions ofthe arts in all its many forms, and in recognition of AD-HOL the work carried out by artists, not-for-profit arts, culture & heritage organizations and culture industries, CONSULTING presents." the government ofthe Province ofOntario hereby declares as Culture Matters Month. for: In the spirit ofCulture Matters Month we: • prir:nary -recognize and acknowledge the richness and diversity ah! • JUnior and value ofarts activity year round . '-Kits • intermediate -recognize the economic contributions ofarts, culture students & heritage activity on the Provincial economy Interpreter led, -celebrate and honour the role that arts, culture & heritage play in enhancing our communities and artifact-based enriching the lives ofall Ontarians presentation on: -acknowledge the necessity for strong public support Dinosaurs for Ontario's artists and not-for-profit sector through Rocks the Ontario Arts Council by calling on the govemment Native People to restore funding to 1996/97 levels ATVeUR SCHeeL -call on the people ofthe Province to participate in arts activities in their communities For Kit Information, -calion the business community to continue in their Costs, & Availability, call: support ofthe work oflocal artists and local arts .Jo Holden activity. [905) 45.. ·6796 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 5 Summary of an On-Going Archaeological Assessment, Lt.-Colonel John Butler Homestead (AgGu-66), Niagara-on-the-Lake Robert Mayer, Jim Wilson andSean Douglas , Introduction stead on the St. Andrews Glen property (Figure 2). The Planning Act, R.S.o. 1990, Sections 2(b) and Although no structures are indicated on the H.R. 50(4a), establishes that the protection offeatures of Page & Co.'s 1878 map ofNiagara Township in the archaeological interest is a matter ofprovincial Illustrated Historical Atlasfor the Counties of concern. For this reason, an archaeological resource Lincoln and WeI/and, the property was owned at that assessment (Stages 1 to 3) was commissioned by the time by the estate ofH. H. Killaly (Figure 3). Land Blythwood Group as a standard condition ofdevel registry records indicate that a Hamilton H. Killaly is opment approval for the proposed 11.9 acre St. listed as owner ofa property within the ''Miscella Andrews Glen subdivision (26T-18-9701) on Lot neous" block in 1857. From these records it was 206, Part Lot 1, Plan MIl, RP-30R927, Niagara on-the-Lake, R.M. ofNiagara, Ontario (Figure 1). Background Research (Stage 1) Figure 1: Location of the Study Area. Based upon the close proximity to Two Mile Creek, the presence ofwell-drained soils, and _generally level topography suitable for human .habitation, virtually all ofthe property exhibited -high potential for the discovery ofpre-contact Aboriginal archaeological resources. The Stage 1 background research determined that, in addition to the historically significant Butler's Burial Monument situated on the opposite side ofTwo Mile Creek immediately north ofthe property, there are four registered archaeological sites within 2,000 metres that have historic Euro-Canadian components. These sites are AhGs-I0 and AhGs 11, both early 19th century sites also containing pre-contact Aboriginal components, as well as Fort Mississauga (AhGs-2) and the Presbyterian Schoolhouse site (AhGs-6). Given that Euro-Canadian settlement activities at the mouth ofthe Niagara River began as early as the second halfofthe 18th century, most properties in the immediate vicinity ofNiagara-on-the-Lake (formerly Newark) also have a high potential for historic archaeological resources. An 1810 "Plan ofNiagara "prepared by A. Gray, an Assistant Quartermaster General in the British Army, shows the general location ofthe "Col. Butler" home- 6 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) possible to trace ownership back to the original credit employment, or other material reward, or crown grant to Col. Thomas Butler - a significant (less tangibly) security, information or the opportu historical and military figure during the American nity to profit. In return a client is typically able to Revolution and the War of 1812. He was the son of offer loyalty, service, personal acclaim, and support Lt.-Col. John Butler of"Butlers Rangers" fame - including support ofthe patron's commercial during the revolution and commanded one ofhis enterprises, the carrying ofarms under his leader father's regiments at that time. ship should the needarise, andpolitical support in circumstances where numbers count. ...Such Thomas Butler died from a disease in December relationships are conditioned by the customs ofthe 1812. His house and outbuildings were burned community and the character ofthe economy in along with the nearby Town ofNewark (now which they are located, but they are invariably Niagara-on-the-Lake) by invading American forces personal, face toface, and reinforced by other ties, five months later, during the War of1812, on or such as those ofa common religion or ethnicity or about May 27, 1813. The site represents one ofthe (as in Upper Canada) ofcommon service in the few relatively undisturbed domestic archaeological local militia regiment" (Noel 1990:13-14). sites remaining from that period and earlier in Niagara-on-the-Lake. A local historian (Joy The Butler family's significant military contribution Ormsby, personal communication) is ofthe opinion suggests an important social contribution to the that John Butler originally homesteaded the property, region. It is quite possible that the family played the and that Thomas inherited it and all ofthe buildings role ofpatron to other settlers. This relationship on it upon his father's death in May, 1794. should be further explored during more detailed The Butler family's significant military contribution historical research, ifand when circumstances suggests an important social contribution to the permit. region. The family owned the property for entire first halfofthe nineteenth century, and played a General Survey (Stage 2) prominent role in the development ofthe township, Owned by Adrei, Ruth, John and Vera de Latt, the both economically, socially, and politically. In his property is currently being operated by a tenant as a book, Patrons, Client and Brokers, Sid Noel (1990) horse farm and riding academy. Consequently the explains the role these prominent landowners and pasture and paddock areas could not be ploughed financiers played in moulding life in Upper Canada without a substantial negative impact to the existing and Canada West. To Noel, the political, social, and land use. One small dirt paddock with an exposed economic make-up ofOntario was based over ground surface was pedestrian surveyed at a two whelminglyon land. The owner, or patron, metre interval. The remainder ofthe property, incrementally acquired large tracts ofproperty that exclusive ofthe chronically wet flood plain, was were subsequently leased or sold to new migrants to surveyed using the standard test pit method. Ap the community. This process created a two level proximately 1.5 acres in the vicinity ofthe existing social system: the patron who had money, credit, and house and bam structure were found to have been access to resources; and the client who had his (very previously impacted by landscape modifications and rarely her) labour and loyalty to offer. They both were therefore surveyed at a ten-metre interval. The sought political, economic, and social advantages in balance was surveyed at a five-metre interval. each other: The general survey (Stage 2) found two locations "The core interaction is thus reciprocity, an with archaeological materials. Location 1 (AhGs exchange ofmutually valued goods or services 18), the Butler Homestead, extends over an approxi 2 between individuals who are ofunequal status and mate 40x40 metre area (1,600 m ) and is primarily a in control ofunequal resource. Less abstractly, a 19th century Euro-Canadian site with a modest pre patron is typically in a position to bestow upon a contact Aboriginal component. Location 2 is an client some tangible benefit, such as access to land, isolated findspot containing a single piece ofOnon- Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 7 daga chert chipping detritus ofundetennined pre whiteware during the I830s. Unlike creamware, contact Aboriginal cultural affiliation. Based upon pearlware was often decorated. Almost a quarter the Stage 2 results, a Stage 3 evaluation was recom (23.2%) ofthe pearlware sherds exhibit evidence of mended for Location I in order to detennine its blue transfer printing, 2\.7% are hand painted, 6.9% archaeological significance and information potential. are deeply moulded green or blue edgeware, 5.4 % This was required before recommendations could be are "flow" blue, 1% are banded, and there is one made for either clearance ofthe condition ofdevel sponge decorated pearlware sherd. opment approval or for Stage 4 mitigative measures. Because Location 2 exhibited limited information The collection also contains 277 (25.9%) whiteware potential or educational value, no additional assess sherds. Whiteware has a nearly colourless glaze. It ment or mitigative measures were recommended for became popular during the 1830s, and completely it. replaced pearlware by 1850. Undecorated sherds comprise 87.4 % ofthe whiteware assemblage, with Site Specific Investigation (Stage 3) the remainder made up ofhand painting (3.6%), blue The site specific investigation (Stage 3) ofLocation I transfer printing (3.6%), "flow" blue transfer printing (AhGs-18) consisted ofthe hand excavation of 12 (3.2%), banded wares (1.1%), sponged wares test units (each one-metre square) at strategic (0.7%) and a single example ofdeeply moulded blue locations covering the extent ofthe positive Stage 2 edgeware (0.3%). test pits. These units contained 1,953 artifacts including 1,039 ceramic sherds, 326 brick fragments, Lesser amounts ofred earthenware (3.6%), porcelain 227 pieces ofpane and table glass, 175 pieces of (2.5%), stoneware (0.3%) and yelloware (0.1 %) mortar or plaster, 98 animal bone fragments, 47 were also recovered. While whiteware continues to · wrought nails, 30 white ball clay pipe fragments, six be manufactured even today, the diagnostic sherds ·miscellaneous metal artifacts, five buttons and five are consistent with a pre-1850 occupation. The fact •pieces ofpre-contact Aboriginal chipping detritus. that 67.4% ofthe ceramic assemblage consists of ·Two.subsurface cultural features, a pit and a portion either creamware or pearlware, suggests that the .ofa.dry laid floor or foundation, were partially occupation may have begun as early as the late 18'" :exposed but not excavated. century. Ceramic Artifacts The 1,066 fragments ofceramic Glass Artifacts Glass artifacts include 148 sherds of tableware and crockery provide the best indication of window pane glass, 65 bottle fragments, 13 pieces of the time period during which the site was occupied. glass rendered unidentifiable due to burning, as well The dorninant ceramic type in the collection is as a fragment ofa lid from a glass dish. None ofthe creamware (48.5%). Creamware is a type of 65 bottle fragments originate from the base or neck. ceramic that was produced from approximately There are 38 colourless fragments, 14 with an AD 1760 until 1830. It differs from white earthen extremely heavy patina on their surface, four dark ware in that it tends to have a slight yellowish to olive green, three light aqua, and a piece ofa thin greenish glaze. On sites in Ontario creamware is light green bottIe. usually quite plain. The only decorated sherd in the collection to date has a green band and a yellow Structural Artifacts Structural artifacts, including band. brick, plaster, mortar and wrought nails, were frequently recovered from the test units. Ofthe 326 In addition to the creamware, 202 (18.9%) fragments brick fragments, orange was slightly more common ofpearlware were recovered. Pearlware is another than red. The six buffbrick fragments were recov early ceramic type often found in association with ered from one test unit. creamware. Pearlware has a slightly bluish glaze due to the addition ofcobalt, and was first manufac All 47 nails recovered are hand-wrought. By 1830, tured in 1779. It was largely replaced by refined these types ofnails were largely replaced by 8 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) machine-cut nails. The fact that all ofthe nails were Pre-contact Aboriginal Artifacts Five pieces of hand-wrought is consistent with the ceramic assem chipping detritus ofundetermined pre-contact blage. This suggests that the site was first occupied Aboriginal cultural affiliation were recovered. Four very early during the 191h century. ofthese flakes are Onondaga chert while one is an example ofa small flake ofKettle Point chert. Kettle Other Euro-Canadian Artifacts Thirty white ball Point chert is a high quality raw material that clay pipe fragments were recovered, including 15 outcrops along the southeast shore ofLake Huron bowl and 15 stem fragments. None ofthe stem just south ofGrand Bend, Ontario. It is unusual to fragments are decorated. The two bowl fragments find this material so far from its source. have an impressed 'w" mark with an encircling impressed decoration ofa design that appears to be Recommendations previously unreported in published reports on Based upon the satisfactory survey conditions, the archaeological sites in Ontario (Figure 4). standard assessment sampling techniques employed during both the Stage 2 general survey and the Stage Exclusive ofthe wrought nails, six metal artifacts 3 investigation ofthe Butler Homestead (AhGs-18), were recovered, including two lead bale seals, two additional Stage 4 mitigative measures are deemed to door hinge fragments and two unidentified pieces of be warranted as a condition ofdevelopment ap miscellaneous metal. The first lead seal is lenticular proval. Given the historical importance and military in shape and 18 mm wide (Figure 5). Its length is contributions ofJohn and Thomas Butler, as well as indeterminate as it appears to have had a deep "V" the presence ofsubstantial deposits ofin situ cultural notch cut into it about 2/3 ofthe way along its length. material originating from an significant historical Although there is no evidence ofgilding on this event (i.e., the burning ofNewark and surrounding artifact, it does have a crest motif in the form oftwo homesteads during the War of 1812) and the possi rows ofvery small raised floral decorations (three in ble presence ofstructural foundations, Stage 4 each row) placed above and below a four mm wide mitigative measures could include, in whole or in raised band.The second seal is circular, measuring part, an avoidance strategy or a systematic excava 39 mm in diametre (Figure 6). On its obverse side tion because the site exhibits a high information this artifact has inscribed in raised upper case potential by provincial standards for archaeological lettering "ALEXANDERDAVlSON AGENT resources .. LONDON". There is a small scroll decoration above the inscription and the entire obverse side was Ifan avoidance strategy cannot be implemented, a covered with.gilt. These seals could also be com mitigative excavation should involve the clearing of mercial business tokens similar to specimens found brush and hand excavation ofthe core site area. Any at Fort York in Toronto (Karlis Karklins, pers. in situ cultural layers beneath the shallow plough com.). There are five individuals named Alexander zone and any subsurface cultural features or struc Davison at different addresses in various London tural remains should be hand excavated and recorded business directories for the period immediately using standard methods. Ifapproved by the preceding the War of1812 (Holden 1805, 1806, OMCzCR, any mechanical removal oftopsoil should 1807,1808,1809,1810,1811 and 1812; Kent 1806, be limited to deeply disturbed ploughzone areas. 1807 and 1808). Their professions are listed as navy agent, army clothier, merchant, prize agent and Substantial information can be anticipated to be Slaymaker. No Alexander Davison was listed in the obtained from analyses ofthe cultural and structural directories examined for 1814, and only one Alexan materials left behind after the residence was burned der Davison, a merchant, for 1815 (Kent 1814, during the War of1812. In addition, the excavation 1815). is timely in that the longer some ofthe artifact types remain in the ground, the more broken and less Five clothing buttons were also recovered, including displayable they will become as a result offrost three plain metal and two plain bone. fractures and ground movement. Now that the site Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 9 location is public knowledge, time is also ofthe tion will be conducted by licenced archaeologists essence with regard to the very real potential for the using traditional methods involving labour-intensive site to be illegally looted by unscrupulous artifact hand tools rather than today's more commonly used collectors using metal detectors to find the core site mechanical means. The developer will pay for the area. In this situation it would appear far better to associated additional costs. Subject to weather and , systematically record the site sooner rather than later, ground conditions, fieldwork can be completed before looting occurs. within a two to three month schedule. Opportunities for volunteers to participate in the fieldwork will be Given the significance ofthe site and its association investigated with local schools and other organiza with an important founding family ofUpper Canada, tions such as the Lincoln and Weiland Militia it is also recommended that additional historical Regiment and the Ontario Archaeological Society's research be conducted. This research should include "Passport to the Past" program. the following: • a land title search to confirm the ownership ofthe Subject to the approval ofthe OMCzCR, significant property from the present land ownership back to items will be set up in a display with appropriate the original land grant. This will ensure the maps and drawings at the Niagara Historical Mu accuracy ofthe chain oftitle and connection to seum or other selected venue as may be determined historical individuals (i.e., John and Thomas by the Town. The entire artifact collection recovered Butler). will be catalogued as per provincial requirements, • contacting knowledgeable local and regional and stored at a suitable location as may be deter individuals and LACAC in order to obtain historic mined by the Town. Artifact collections recovered information not readily available at public facili by licenced consulting archaeologists normally end .ties. up in long term storage without public access or •.:examining various primary historical documents display opportunities. The developer has offered to that may shed light on settlement activities that pay for the display ofsignificant items. 'occurred on the property. This includes but is not limited to tax assessment and tax collector rolls, Any areas with significant subsurface structural the 1861 and 1871 Census ofCanada, the probate features will be documented as per provincial records for Niagara Townships, early newspapers requirements, and will not be removed for one full or joumals, minutes from township and municipal year following the Stage 4 mitigative excavation. councils, and damage claims for the War of1812. The results will be presented to the Town and the • examining the Abstract Index to LandRegistry Town will have one year to decide whether any Records in order to determine the financial role the portion ofthe site merits creation ofan interpretative Butler family played in the early economic devel centre, and consideration ofsuch alternatives as opment ofNiagara. public or private acquisition to preserve the site. • interviewing Butler family descendants in order to Acknowledgement, obtain any oral traditions to facilitate interpretation The on-going assessmoot ofthis site has been greatly facilitated ofthe site. by a number ofindividuals and agoocies inclnding: Robert Mills and Neil Middleton oflbe Blytbwood Group Inc.; Dena Doro The OMCzCR has reviewed the methods and results szenko oflbe Ontario Heritage Foundation; Paul Antone, Dennis Carter-Edwards and Karlis Karklins ofParks Canada; plus Neal ofthe assessment, and concurred with the recom Ferris and Penny Young oflbe Ontario Ministry ofCitizooship, mendation for Stage 4 mitigative measures. Culture and Recreation. Arthur Figura, Lorelyn Giese, Janet Kreds and Broot Winuner were extremely diligent during all Proposed Stage 4 Mitigative Excavation stages oflbe fieldwork. Mike Little gooerated lbe computer graphics. 1. Trevor Hawkins provided editorial comments on The proposed Stage 4 mitigative excavation follows various drafts ofthis article. The contributions made by all are provincial guidelines and standards in conducting a gratefully acknOWledged and greatly appreciated. detailed hand-excavation and documentation ofthe site and analysing the data recovered. The excava- 10 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) Figure 2: Part of an 1810 Plan ofNiagara (adapted from A. Gray, 1810). \ "·ur )1.;:>.:';\"'"l',"('lJ'•-;~' t. ,•.1.:..~: __- \,.'""\- . lUI , ::f Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 11 Figure 3: Part ofH.R. Page & Coo's 1876 Map ofthe TowDship ofNiagara. j 12 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) Figure 4: Drawings of "TD" Marks on Ball Clay Smoking Pipe Bowls and Stem. a b 1 o 1 2 3 4 5 I IIII I centimetres Figure 5: Drawings ofa Lead Seal with an Unidentified Crest. front profile back o 1 2 3 I I I I centimetres Figure 6: Drawings ofan "Alexander Davidson" Lead Seal. :ALEXANDER DAVISON AGENT LONDON front profile back o 1 2 3 4 6 I I II I I centimetres Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 13 References Mayer Heritage Consultants Inc. 1996 ArchaeologicalAssessment (Stages 1, 2 and Government ofOntario 3), de Lalt Property, Niagara-on-the-Lake, 1990 PlanningAct,R.S.O.1990. Queen's Printer, R.M. ofNiagara, Ontario. Ms on file, On Toronto. tario Ministry ofCitizenship, Culture and 1990 Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990. Queen's Recreation, London and Toronto. Printer, Toronto. Noel, S.J.R. Gray, A. 1990 Patrons, Clients, Brokers: Ontario Society 1810 Plan ofNiagara, No. V, Upper Canada. Ms andPolitics 1791-1896. University ofTo on file, Public Archives ofCanada, Ottawa ronto Press, Toronto. (NMC 0019551). Page, HR. & Co. Houlden, W. 1971 [1876] Illustrated Historical Atlas ofthe 1805-1815 Holden's Annual London and Country Counties ofLincoln and Weiland. (reprinted) Directory. Microfilm on file, Parks Canada, Ross Cumming, Port Colbome. Department ofHeritage, Ottawa. Tremaine, G. Kent, H. C. 1862 Map ofthe Counties ofLincoln and Weiland, 1805-1815 Kent's Directory being an Alphabetical Canada West. Ms on file, Mills Map Library, List ofthe Names andResidences ofthe McMaster University, Hamilton. Merchants & Traders ofLondon andParis At{jacent. Microfilm on file, Parks Canada, Mayer Heritage Consultants / 429 Colbome Street, Department ofHeritage, Ottawa. London, Ontario, N6B 2T2 / 519 6458100/519 6458109 (t) I Ministry news For more information, contact the Archaeological Licence Office at 4163147123/ 3147175 (t). August and September 1997 Excavation William Fitzgerald, 97-113, Hunter's Point (BfHg-3), Part lots 6 & 7, Cone. 14 EBR, Eastnor Twp, Bruce County Consulting Colleen Halverson, 97-114, Northern Ontario / Leslie Ann Currie, 97-053(A), South Central Ontario Conservation George Kenny, 97-098, Lac Seul Indian Reserve (First Nation) (surface collecting'only) / Glenn Kearsley, 97-112, Lot 18, Concession 1, Snowden Township, Haliburton County /Lawrence Jackson, 97-121, Southern Ontario Survey and Test Excavation Francois Vigneault, 97-115, Province ofOntario / Jean-Luc Pilon, Canadian Museum ofCivilization, 97-116, Black Bay Peninsula, Lake Superior, East ofThunder Bay, including Allen site (EcJs-l) Field School David Smith, 97-119, Cootes Paradise, Hamilton, and other known Princess Point sites I 14 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) Idea exchange Bob Mayer received the following letter, c. c. oed to by W. 1. Wintemberg, on pages 35-38, titled "Report Michael Johnson, from Marilyn Mushinski, the on a supposed aboriginal fish-weir in Burgess Lake, Minister ofCitizenship, Culture and Recreation, near Drumbo, Ontario". Can anyone help? Suzanne dated July 29, 1997, in reactiou to his letter to the Needs-Howarth 141665290991 s.needs editor ofToronto Life (reprinted in the previous @sympatico.cal issue), which he had c.c.-ed to both the Minister and to Michael Johnson, Manager ofArchaeology and In anticipation ofthe 1997 symposium, JeffBursey Heritage planning at MCzCR gives us his engendered perspective on the Late Woodland period in southern Ontario: Like many "Thank you'f6r.)'our letter regarding the recent archaeologists who work in the Great Lakes region, I article in Toronto Life magazine about the status of have spent a considerable amount oftime thinking archaeological conservation in Ontario. Ministry staff about the Late Woodland period. When asked about put a lot oftime and effort into providing information my "specialty", more often than not I will mutter to help Ms Dewar write the article and were disap something about pottery and the late prehistoric pointed by its bleak and disheartening representation period and, ifgiven a choice, I prefer excavating ofarchaeological conservation efforts in Ontario. I Iroquoian village sites to just about anything else. certainly support the view that archaeology in No less than excavating, I enjoy reading other Ontario is not a national or international disgrace. people's reconstructions ofthe past, again primarily Rather, I would argue that the level and quality of those ofthe Late Woodland period, and trying to conservation work done in Ontario is superior to that increase my understanding ofwhat went on in done in most ifnot all other provinces, and most US various regions throughout the northeast and beyond. jurisdictions. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that I, like many, look forward to this fall's OAS symposium and its Conservation archaeology in Ontario is a young and ambitious goal of"Tarning the Taxonomy". still growing discipline, and many ofMs Dewar's comments reflect any ofthe old growing pains faced For much ofsouthern Ontario, at least, most re by the archaeological consultant industry and our searchers recognize the "Ontario Iroquois Tradition" ministry. There is no question that we still have a as an "etic" construct created by J. V. Wright and way to go, but more than anything else it will be revised to varying degrees by other researchers as essential that we all work together to tackle these new data has become available. Further, judging by challenges as we move forward. the contributors to Ellis and Ferris' The Archaeology ofSouthern Ontario to AD 1650, most archaeolo We appreciate your comments and your attempt to gists have had little difficulty using Wright's stages to redress some ofthe negative images left by the organize their material and, for example, could take a article. We look forwardto working with you and handfull ofrimsherds from the surface ofa site and your colleagues in the months and years to come to assign it quickly to one ofthese stages. Somewhat ensure that all ofour efforts to conserve Ontario's less agreement occurs, however, regarding whether archaeological heritage will prove to be a positive these stages also reflect "emic" categories, ie. legacy for future generations who wish to know of temporal and/or spatial (political? ethnic? linguistic?) ., their past." I boundaries that would have been recognized by the inhabitants ofthe sites themselves. I'm looking for a copy ofthe Annual Archaeologi Most ofthe hypotheses that have been offered to cal Report 1901 (dated 1902), specifically an article account for the presence or absence oftemporal and Arch Nt!tes N.S. 2(5) 15 spatial boundaries have focussed on various types of temporal boundaries. Most frequently these bound interaction between groups. J. V. Wright's "Con aries have been based on either hostile (ie. warfare) quest Hypothesis", for example, required the pres or friendly (ie. long distance trade) interaction ence oftwo opposing groups, one ofwhich was between groups. This should not be considered engaged in a war ofconquest. Opponents argued surprising since the documented ethnohistories ofthe that there was little evidence ofconquest, and, indigenous groups were recorded by European males perhaps more importantly, that there was little who interacted primarily with native males who evidence ofthe kind ofpolitical cohesion that could included these activities within their activity sets. produce invading armies. As an alternative, the Rethinking these models on the grounds that the "Peer Polity" model championed by Ron Williamson activities ofmales may not be fully representative of and Susan Jamieson, among others, suggested that, the cultures under consideration is leading me to at least in the earliest periods, Iroquoian groups were begin questioning their validity. relatively autonomous and interacted to varying degrees based largely on their proximity to each Ethnohistorically, the Iroquoians were known to be other. There has been little room in some ofthese matrilineal and matrilocal and most known aspects of reconstructions for the interpretation ofspatial or domestic and political life appear to have revolved temporal patterns discerned from the relative around relationships between women. Houses were frequencies ofartifacts or stylistic attributes and occupied by related women and their families, there have been suggestions that these patterns may domesticated food-stuffs were produced by related be misleading or irrelevant for socio-political groups offemales, and women appear to have taken reconstructions. Many have thus been particularly an active, ifnot decisive, role in electing "chiefs" and critical ofWright'S and other traditional reconstruc forming their policies. Ethnohistorians have summa tions because they appear to be based primarily on rized these roles by noting that women seem to have rirnsherds. dominated village life while men controlled events beyond the clearings. However, given that even .The topic ofhow to classify prehistoric cultural warfare and broad regional trade were subject to at groups and studies ofthe dynamics and interactions least some input from women, particularly since between them has been around as long as archaeol these activities would have had some impact on ogy itselfhas. Current researchers recognize that the village life, it is safe to suggest that women had a use ofspecific aspects ofmaterial culture may be voice in these aspects ofIroquoian life as well. misleading for reconstructing ethnic boundaries and Undoubtedly, the formation and maintenance of that more details ofthe specific context ofthese broader contacts between villages or village clusters artifacts must be taken into account before they can would have relied on real or fictive kinship relation be used in "emic" reconstructions. In particular, ships, again traced on matrilineal lines. many researchers have become wary ofthe use of single attributes or classes ofartifacts because ofthe In general, Iroquoian archaeology has been a study of onus placed on the researcher to demonstrate that the women and the residues oftheir activities. Under presence or frequency ofthe attribute or artifact standably, Late Woodland archaeology has focussed actually has relevance to the question under consid on the largest and most productive sites, namely eration. This is not to say, however, that the use ofa villages. Reconstructions ofinternal political organi single attribute or artifact cannot be useful but rather zation, for example, have focussed on the arrange that it should not be relied upon without very careful ments and contents ofhouses within the village. In consideration ofits context. an article in Arch Notes 93(5) I suggested that the presence ofextremely long longhouses may best be Most reconstructions ofethnic or temporal bound explained through events and processes that directly aries in southern Ontario have incorporated hypothe effect women rather than the activities ofwar chiefs ses ofsome form ofinteraction between groups to or traders (ie. men). Even the smaller sites, such as account for the presence or absence ofspatial or cabins, are more often than not attributed to women's 16 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) activities, ie. agricultural stations. The distribution stories. and movement ofvillages across the landscape is similarly most often tied to the concerns ofthe Arguments concerning the identification and role of women. The most often cited reasons for moving sweat lodges have been more difficult to evaluate. villages have included soil exhaustion, pest infesta The identification oflarge semi-subterranean pits as tion ofhouses or fields and the exhaustion ofsources sweat lodges has been far from unanimous. Their offirewood. size, shape and morphology does allow for other interpretations, and their subsequent refilling with Our understanding ofregional chronologies has refuse makes the identification ofprimary deposits similarly focussed on presumed female-oriented difficult, ifnot impossible. Kapches for artifact classes: during the late prehistoric period, example, has noted that these pits often contain rirnsherds have provided much more reliable seria smoking pipes. These pits also usually contain tions than pipes or projectile points and during the numerous other artifact categories such as bone, early seventeenth century, beads and European metal lithics and pottery, however, and not enough excava cooking pots have proven ofvalue. Although males tion data has been produced to demonstrate that undoubtedly had considerable impact on the acquisi pipes, more than any ofthe other refuse found in tion and, perhaps in the case ofbeads, use ofsome of these pits, serve as an indicator oftheir original these artifacts, their use and ultimate disposal more function. likely was the result ofwomen's activities. My point here is not so much that the prehistoric record was Similarly, faunal remains may offer some hope for produced exclusively by women but that what elucidating the contributions ofmales in Iroquoian archaeologists tend to study was more the product of society since it is presumed that males undertook women than men. most ofthe hunting, at least ofthe larger game. Furthermore, research on the quantification of Conversely, defining the role and status ofmen in the recovered animal bones and chemical analyses of Late Woodland period has been either more difficult human bone offers some hope that we will eventually or less interesting. With a few notable exceptions gain greater understanding ofthe relative contribu (i.e. Fox in Arch Notes 80(2) and Kuhn in a 1996 tions ofanimal protein to the diet. Needed, however, article in Journal ofMiddle Atlantic Archaeology) are studies on how game animals might have been studies ofprojectile points have rarely been under divided up and distributed within the community. taken beyond detailing relatively rninor changes in Cross mends ofbroken deer bone across a site, for size and shape through time. Smoking pipes have example, may reveal patterns which could be been the subject ofmore frequent analyses, but the compared to patterns ofpottery stylistic variation results ofthese studies have not produced unambigu across the site, presuming we recover sufficient ous statements. Dave Smith (1987, 1992), for sample sizes. example, has suggested in both his 1987 Ph.D. thesis and a paper in the Rochester Museum ofScience Trade, for the moment, appears to provide the best 1992 Proceedings ofthe 1989 Smoking Pipe archaeological evidence ofmale activities: exotic Conference procedings that polarities in pipe styles items are usually relatively easy to identifY and long in the Crawford Lake area, and possibly beyond, distance trade is presumed to have been primarily a may have been the result ofattempts to mediate male activity. Unfortunately, however, exotic items tensions between groups competing over a scarce tend to be relatively rare and their significance to the resource, namely deer. Rewritten, his conclusion prehistoric people is unclear and subject to some could be interpreted as men attempting to ameliorate debate. Obtaining a few bifaces ofKettlepoint chert, the consequences ofwomen's decisions regarding for example, may have given the trader some I settlement location. Few other studies concerning prestige but with whom? Was this prestige confined the "meaning" ofstylistic attributes or even the to other traders or was it considered enough to allow function ofpipes have produced more than '~ust so" the individual more say in domestic and regional Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 17 politics? Certainly trade in chert tools and raw that any broader reconstructions ofprehistoric socio material, especially Onondaga chert, was an impor political processes must start by acknowledging that tant activity, but again we are only beginning to ask it was the women who provided us with most ofthe questions about how this material was manufactured, data we have to study. Further, based on our distributed and used within the settlement. ethnohistoric records, women probably were the dominant voice in domestic politics and may well Warfare, the other presumed activity ofmales, has have been the dominant voice in decisions having been less easy to distinguish. The seventeenth broader regional consequences. It therefore seems ! century and later ethnohistoric sources can be reasonable that any reconsideration oflate prehistoric criticized for their preoccupation with European taxonomy must start from this perspective. male concems (ie. trade and warfare) and give the impression that large scale warfare was endemic to Ifall this seems to be heading to a suggestion that the region. While I certainly believe that a low our taxonomy should be based on rimsherds, it is! intensity, feuding style ofwarfare had considerable While we may not yet be in a position where we can time depth in the northeast, I do not think this was say we have a full understanding ofthe context and near the scale or intensity seen during the fur trade meaning ofpottery decoration within Iroquoian period. There are, I believe, two lines ofevidence society, we certainly still rely on these artifacts more for prehistoric warfare in Ontario. The most obvious than any other for placing sites within a time frame is the recovered bodies ofwar victims. While in and tracing interaction between groups. Whether the some cases, such as at the Van Oordt site, this decoration was applied by women as an active evidence has been gruesome and spectacular, no method oftransmitting information to others who studies have been published to indicate that more were "reading the pots", or whether decoration than a few people suffered this fate at any given simply reflected changing styles within historical time. ,The other line ofevidence available is that of traditions, their patterns have been the most useful palisades. However, while I do not find other for tracing prehistoric relationships and interactions. functional arguments for these structures to be very Further, given that the effects and significance of convincing (ie. snow fences), I do not think that the trade and warfare has been so difficult to delineate, presence ofpalisades necessarily translates to large why not base our reconstructions on the most scale warfare, either. Palisades were likely con obvious and plentiful residue ofthe primary occu structed to prevent or impair the activities ofsingle pants ofthe sites we excavate. The success ofa or small groups ofraiders from "sneaking" into trader or warrior may have brought prestige to males villages in order to "count coup". Unfortunately, in their long distance travels~but the question remains however, the identification ofraiders in the archaeo as to whether it really had an impact on deciding who logical record has proven difficult ifnot impossible occupied the next hearth in the long house or who even when bodies oftortured captives have been had access to a recently cleared field. And did this found. prestige really have much impact on whether the next feast would include the cousins from the next For the time being, therefore, we are left with a village over? From the perspective ofthe village reconstruction ofprehistoric Iroquoian life based on occupants, trade and warfare may have served no an archaeological record thatappears to be domi more significant a function than getting the men out nated by the residues ofthe decisions and activities ofthe house for the summer months. When we have ofwomen. The position ofmen in these reconstruc more clear evidence ofthe function ofmen in tions is more ambiguous: we know they were there Iroquoian society we can certainly add this evidence and we have some idea ofsome ofthe activities they to the our reconstructions but until then, we should probably undertook but direct elucidation has not focus our efforts on the evidence we do have. I been forthcoming. It makes sense to me, therefore, 18 Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) Miscellanea • The London Museum ofArchaeology is pleased to announce publication ofits newest BuUetin, Number 15: "Archaeological Systematics and the Analysis oflroquoian Ceramics -A Case Study from the Crawford Lake Area, Ontario" (373 pp), by David G. Smith. The publication is a re-fonnatted version ofDavid's doctoral dissertation from McGill University. For copies, send $40 plus $5 shipping and handling to London Museum ofArchaeology /1600 Attawandaron Road / London ON N6G 3M6 / attn: Robert Pearce, Senior Archaeologist / [email protected] • KEWA, 97-3&4 is dedicated to the memory oflan Kenyon. It contains his extensive bibliography as well as reminisces by friends and colleagues. In addition, it contains a still-relevant report Ian completed on a 1976 survey ofthe Ojibway Prairie Reserve. • KEWA 97-5 contains an article by Lawrence Jackson and Donna Morrison about the early Archaic Meadowbrook Knoll site, and the start ofa series ofarticles by Chris Ellis called "Some sites and artifacts I've known", on the Paget sites on the Niagara Pensinsula. • The Ottawa Archaeologist 24:3 is dedicated to the memory ofPeggi Armstrong. Friends and colleagues supplied photos and reminiscences. lbis issue also features an article reprinted from "The Archivist" , entitled Licensing Science and Exploration by Doug Whyte, Archivist, Govermnent Archives Division. It is topical in addressing past and current issues/developments in the Canadian North. • Canadian Journal ofArchaeology 21:1. Recent Developments in the Archaeology ofThe Princess Point Complex in Southern Ontario by David Smith and Gary Crawford summarizes past research on Princess Point, details the work conducted over the past three years, and presents a revised overview ofPrincess Point and its implications for understanding the origins and development offood production in the Northeast Woodlands. • lbis year's Chacmool Conference, November 13-16, is about "The entangled past: Integrating history and archaeology". Nancy Saxberg / Chair 1997 Conference Committee / Department ofArchaeology / University of Calgary / 2500 University Drive NW / Calgary AB T2N IN4 / 13042 @ucdasvml. adrnin.ucalgary.ca. • November 15-16 the Rochester Museum & Science Center presents Longhouse Conference: Inquiries into the Architecture, History, and Symbolism ofLonghouses. Registration fee $25 US required by October 31, payable to RMSC, Longhouse Conference. Send to Longhouse Conference / c/o Ronnie Reitter / Rochester Museum & Science Center-Interpretation Dept. /657 East Avenue / Rochester, NY 14607-2177 / USA. • January 7-11 Society for ffistorical Archaeology meetings in Atlanta • March 25-29 in Seattle: Society for American Archaeology meeting. www.saa.org • May 1-3 the 82nd Annual Meeting ofthe New York State Archaeological Association will be held at Bonnie Castle Resort Hotel, Alexandria Bay, New York. The conference theme is St. Lawrence River archaeology. Although the modem US-Canadian Border did not exist in prehistory, its presence has nonetheless had a ., significant impact on the way we interpret the culture history ofthe valley. It raises the question whether the cultural complexes we use are really objective constructs, or whether they are more influenced by the border, and the limits that it places on research. Contact Tim Abel, Program Chair /PO Box 81 /Philadelphia, NY 13673 / 3156420202/ abeltj@Jlortbnetorg Arch Notes N.S. 2(5) 19 he OAS has several active local chapters. Please 5Jl. http://www.cyberus.ca/-jlpilon/otchh.htm. Membership Tcontact the respective secretaries or the OAS office for individual $17, family $20, student $10 Meetings are more infonnation. usually at7.3Opm on the 2nd Wednesday ofthe month, GRAND RIVER·WATERLOO President: Dean except June-August, at the Victoria Memorial Building, Knight / Secretary: Julie Karlison 519 725 9030. Mailing Metcalfe & Mcleod Streets. address: c/o Dr Dean Knight, Wilfrid Laurier University, THUNDER BAVPresident: Frances Duke / Archaeology, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N21 SecretarylTreasurer: Audrew Hinshelwood, 331 Hallam 3C5. St, Thunder Bay ON P7A IL9. 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Meetings OTTAWA President: Rachel Perkins / Treasurer: Bill are usually at 7.0Opm on the 2nd Tuesday ofthe month, MacLennan / Newsletter: The Ottawa Archaeologist / except June-August, at St. Audrew's Presbyterian Church, Editor: Caroline Theriault / Secretary: Lois King / 405 Victoria Street. Mailing address: Box 4939 Station E, Ottawa ON KIS The Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. OAS MEMBERSHIP FEES 126 Willowdale Ave (second figure indudes subscription to ADVERTISING North York ON M2N 4Y2 Ontario ArchaeologY, Substantial quantity discounts are Indlvlduol $311 $40 available for 3- or 6·lssue runs. Adver J 4167300797(plfl Family $361 $45 Sludent $201$29 tisements should be submitted [email protected] InstitutionlCorporate $60 camera-ready 10 ellher the OAS office hltp://www.adamsheritage.on.caloas Ufe $400 or the Arch Notes editor. For more (temporary locatlonl details contact Ellen Blaubergs at the office.