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Governance Models Across Football Leagues and Clubs Marston - Governance Models Across C

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Governance Models Across Football Leagues and Clubs Marston - Governance Models Across C Building on the first CIES governance study about national associations and leagues, this second FIFA-mandated research analyses the league-club relationship as well as internal Editions CIES club governance models. The authors draw on core areas of club licensing as a basis for an exploratory global comparative analysis of a sample of eighteen leagues and one- hundred and forty-one clubs spanning all six confederations. Covered here are topics including ownership requirements, political representation and decision-making, financial rights and GOVERNANCE MODELS obligations, players’ status, infrastructure, promotion/relegation and the disciplinary ACROSS FOOTBALL LEAGUES process. The authors outline the limits of where league responsibilities end and club ones AND CLUBS begin. At the club level, the study explores the questions of legal form, political representation and management, administrative structure and the role of supporters and links with the community. Camille Boillat & Kevin Tallec Marston The authors highlight the variety of league- club relationships and internal club governance models across the globe. In general, clubs have a strong voice in the management and governance of their leagues. However, the club-league relationships are far from uniform around the world and cannot be categorized as simply either ‘horizontal’ or ‘vertical’. Clubs themselves have diverse internal governance structures, even if there are some common practices. This book serves as a blueprint for future global benchmarking across leagues and clubs. The research will be a valuable resource for professional football stakeholders as well as the academic field. Camille Boillat, a geographer by training, is a scientific collaborator at the International Centre for Sport Studies (CIES), while Kevin Tallec Marston, who earned his PhD in history, works as a research fellow, CIES Academic A research mandate projects manager and teaches on the FIFA on behalf of Master programme. C. Boillat & K. Tallec Marston - Governance models across football leagues and clubs Marston - Governance models across C. Boillat & K. Tallec GOVERNANCE MODELS ACROSS LEAGUES AND CLUBS CENTRE INTERNATIONAL D’ÉTUDE DU SPORT Réflexions sportives Edited by Denis Oswald and Christophe Jaccoud Vol. 5 The collection, Réflexions sportives, features conference proceedings organised or co-organised by CIES, as well as ongoing studies undertaken by experienced and novice researchers. Its aim is to promote CIES as a platform for academic debate, to produce work on topical subjects as well as offer publication opportunities to talented researchers. Editorial Board Hon. Prof. Denis Oswald (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES Scientific Director), Prof. Christophe Jaccoud (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Dr Raffaele Poli (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Vincent Schatzmann (CIES General Secre- tary), Dr Roger Besson (Université de Neuchâtel and CIES), Thomas Busset (CIES) et Dr Kevin Tallec Marston (CIES) GOVERNANCE MODELS ACROSS LEAGUES AND CLUBS Camille Boillat & Kevin Tallec Marston Editions CIES - Collection Réflexions sportives - Neuchâtel 2016 Le Centre International d’Etude du Sport (CIES), institution scientifique créée en 1995 d’un partenariat entre la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), l’Université de Neuchâtel, la Ville et le Canton de Neuchâtel, a pour mis-sion de développer, dans une perspective de type pluridisciplinaire (juridique, so-ciologique, géographique, économique et historique), des activités de recherche, de formation et de consulting au service de la communauté sportive. Le CIES a pour vocation de servir de passerelle entre les mondes de la recherche, de l’enseignement et la communauté sportive. The International Centre for Sport Studies (CIES), a scientific institution created in 1995 as a result of the joint venture between the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the University of Neuchâtel and the Town and State of Neuchâtel, aims to develop, using a multi-disciplinary approach (law, sociology, geography, economics and history), research, education and consulting activities to provide to the sports world. The CIES’ purpose is to serve as bridge between the research and education worlds and the sports world. © Copyright CIES - Centre International d’Etude du Sport Avenue DuPeyrou 1 CH - 2000 Neuchâtel (Suisse) Tél : +41 (0)32 718 39 00 Fax : +41 (0)32 718 39 01 Contact : [email protected] www.cies.ch ISBN 2-940241-25-2 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the organisations that provided us with relevant information and supported the research process. With eighteen leagues and one-hundred and forty-one clubs in our research sample, there are too many individuals to mention here by name. We are grateful for the time and effort spent by all the leagues and clubs that re- sponded to the surveys. In addition, we would like to specifically recognize the contribution of a number of organisations that assisted the process by serving as intermediaries in facilitating the collection of data, specifically FIFA, several confederations, a number of national leagues and associations as well as a host of FIFA Development Officers around the world. Without their endless support, this project would never have been completed. Addi- tional support and comments from CIES colleagues was invaluable during the writing and editing phase of the project. Finally, as FIFA was at the origin of this research with its wish to bet- ter understand the governance relationships and engage with all professional stakeholders in the global football pyramid, we wish to convey our thanks to James Johnson, head of the newly founded Professional Football Department at FIFA, for his support for the project and his knowledge of the topic. Any errors in the text are the authors’ alone. Table of contents I. Introduction ............................................1 1. Research aims, scope and limitations .........................3 2. Research methodology ....................................4 3. Overall legal framework and models. 10 4. Structure of the report ...................................13 II. Relationships between leagues and clubs ....................15 1. Importance of the national association on league and club governance .......................................15 2. The influence of the league on club governance and vice versa .....17 2.1. Ownership of clubs: criteria and limitations .................17 2.2. Representation of clubs in league bodies ....................29 2.3. Finance: rights and obligations ..........................41 2.4. Players’ status, contracts and transfers ......................51 2.5. Facilities: rights and obligations .........................64 2.6. The promotion/relegation process – closed league admission criteria .......................................67 2.7. Disciplinary regulations ...............................73 3. Summary – balance of power, influence and decision-making ......78 III. Internal club governance .................................81 1. Legal form and ownership structure .........................82 1.1. Legal form .........................................82 1.2. Ownership structure ..................................84 VIII Governance models across leagues and clubs 1.3. Separation of a club’s football/professional section from the parent club/amateur section .........................88 2. Political representation and management .....................89 2.1. Appointment of the club president ........................89 2.2. Appointment of the club executive committee ................93 2.3. Representation at the club general assembly .................97 3. Administrative structure. .99 3.1. Number of employees .................................99 3.2. Number and function of club departments .................102 4. Role of supporters. .108 4.1 Number of official supporters’ groups .....................108 4.2. Number of season ticket holders .........................110 4.3. Supporters’ decision-making power .......................112 5. Role of community .....................................113 5.1. Links with local authorities ............................114 5.2. Club community support programmes ....................115 5.3. Volunteers ........................................117 6. Summary – diversity across the globe .......................119 IV. Conclusions. .123 V. Bibliography .........................................139 VI. Appendices ..........................................141 1. League responses .......................................141 2. Club responses ........................................142 3. League questionnaire ...................................145 4. Club questionnaire .....................................148 5. FIFA Ranking .........................................149 List of figures Figure n°1: Response rate and data collection ......................8 Figure n°2: Proportion of replies by top/bottom clubs (by league) .......9 Figure n°3: League structural model ............................10 Figure n°4: Legal form of clubs required by the league (overall) ........18 Figure n°5: Legal form of clubs required by the league (FIFA Ranking) ..19 Figure n°6: Frequency of representation within league general assemblies .....................................32 Figure n°7: Frequency of representation within league executive committees ...................................36 Figure n°8: Entity responsible for the negotiation of media/broadcast
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