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Apoidea: Hymenoptera) Fauna in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey1

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Apoidea: Hymenoptera) Fauna in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey1 Türk. entomol. derg., 2014, 38(3): 255-278 ISSN 1010-6960 Orijinal araştırma (Original article) Contributions on the current knowledge of the diversity of the Megachilidae (Apoidea: Hymenoptera) fauna in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey1 Türkiye’nin Akdeniz Bölgesi’ndeki Megachilidae faunası çeşitliliğindeki mevcut bilgilere katkılar Yasemin GÜLER2 Fatih DİKMEN3 Demet TÖRE3 A. Murat AYTEKİN3 Summary The faunal composition and the floral visitation patterns of Megachilidae (Apoidea: Hymenoptera) species in the Mediterranean region of southern Turkey were investigated. Field studies were performed at spring and summer seasons of 2008 and 2009. The study was conducted in fourteen provinces. Four hundred-nine bee specimens were captured from 17 genera and 74 species. Seventy-one plant species were found related with these bees. Sampling date and elevation data were also evaluated to figure out the seasonal activity and altitude choice of bees. Anthidiellum crassepunctatum (Popov, 1935) and Megachile lefebvrei Lepeletier, 1841 were new records for Turkey. Coelioxys acanthura (Illiger, 1806), M. deceptoria Perez 1890, M. pilicrus Morawitz 1877, M. willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) and Rhodanthidium exsectum (Pasteels, 1969) were new records for the Mediterranean Turkey. Keywords: Megachilidae, diversity, new record, plant association, Mediterranean, Turkey Özet Türkiye’nin Akdeniz Bölgesindeki Megachilidae (Apoidea: Hymenoptera) türlerinin faunal bileşenleri ve bunların flora ile ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları, 2008 ve 2009 yıllarının ilkbahar ve yaz sezonunda 14 ilde yürütülmüştür. Onyedi cins ve 74 türe ait 409 arı örneği yakalanmıştır. Yetmişbir bitki türünün bu arılar ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Arıların mevsimsel aktiviteleri ve yükselti tercihlerini belirlemek için, örnekleme tarihleri ve yükselti verileri de değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Anthidiellum crassepunctatum (Popov, 1935) ve Megachile lefebvrei Lepeletier, 1841 Türkiye için, Coelioxys acanthura (Illiger, 1806), M. deceptoria Perez 1890, M. pilicrus Morawitz 1877, M. willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) ve Rhodanthidium exsectum (Pasteels, 1969) ise Akdeniz Bölgesi için yeni kayıttır. Anahtar sözcükler: Megachilidae, çeşitlilik, yeni kayıt, bitki ilişkileri, Akdeniz, Türkiye 1 This study has been supported by Hacettepe University Research Foundation Project No: 0701601010. An abstract of this work was published by the IXth. European Congress of Entomology, 22-27 August 2010, Budapest - Hungary 2 Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Gayret Mah., Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvarı, No: 66, 06172, Yenimahalle, Ankara/Turkey 3 Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey Sorumlu yazar (Corresponding author) e-mail: [email protected] Alınış (Received): 03.01.2014 Kabul ediliş (Accepted): 14.07.2014 255 The diversity of the Megachilidae (Apoidea: Hymenoptera) fauna in the Mediterranean region of southern Turkey Introduction Bees (Apiformes: Apoidea: Hymenoptera) are known as the most important pollinators of angiosperms. They visit plants for collecting pollen or nectar to provide protein and other nutrients for their progeny (Michener, 2007). Nearly all the bee species, which belong to the seven different families, were involved in this service (Michener, 2007). Megachilidae (leafcutter bees, mason bees, resin bees and carder bees) is one of the most important one throughout these families with its unique pollen collecting adaptation which the scopa (the pollen collecting hairs) of female is located on the ventral side of the metasoma (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998). Traditionally, Mediterranean region is characterized by its high plant diversity in the World (Thompson, 2005). Moreover it is one of the most attractive landscapes of the World because of its biological, cultural and geological importance (Blondel et al., 2010). This territory covers the Mediterranean coastal zones of Turkey (Mediterranean Anatolia), Israel and Syria in the east; France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco and Tunisia in the west. It is situated at the meeting point between Eurasia and Africa and so the different zoogeographical territories (Thompson, 2005). Not only its geographical features but also the historical events let this region to be more diverse biologically (Thompson, 2005). Especially because of the glacial and interglacial periods in Pleistocene, there are numerous refuges and genetic reserves formed in this region (Blondel et al., 2010). According to Çıplak (2008), Anatolian topography played a very important role in Pleistocene dispersal changes by providing suitable habitats. Climatic changes during these periods pushed many northern populations to the south and this mobility had enhanced their speciation rates (Çıplak, 2003). Mediterranean Anatolia or in other means Mediterranean Region of southern Turkey is one of the most mountainous districts and contains mountain chains with high elevations (Çıplak, 2008). Maybe because of these barriers and aforesaid geological events, the region is characterized by high plant diversity (Myers et al., 2000; Türe & Böcük, 2010). Besides, several studies (Zanden, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992; Warncke, 1985, 1988a, 1988b, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1991d, 1991e, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c; Özbek & Zanden, 1992a, 1992b, 1993, 1994, 1996; Özbek, 2011, 2013) that have been focused on the Megachilidae fauna of Turkey since sixtees projected a high richness in the region which consists of one hundred and ninety-eight species. Güler & Çağatay (2006) reported that Turkish fauna consist of 461 Megachilidae species. According to these previous data nearly 40% of the Turkish fauna were also distributed in Mediterranean region of Turkey. Henceforth, the richness in the region has to be questioned in relation with the high plant diversity. Our study was aimed to re-discover this richness and to make contribution, if possible. Secondly, in order to understand the factors that affect the vertical distributions of the bees, seasonal activity and altitude preferences were also evaluated in this study. Monitoring the richness and abundances of pollinators and their plant preferences would provide crucial information in developing new ecosystem management models. For this reason some basic diversity analyses were performed to compare the richness of the localities and regions more analytically. Moreover, floral visitation patterns of the bees were analyzed and discussed to figure out main plant categories related with Megachilidae members of the Mediterranean Turkey. Materials and Methods The study covered the area of Mediterranean Region of Southern Turkey (Figure 1). The field surveys were conducted in fourteen provinces which are wholly placed (Adana, Antalya, Burdur, Hatay, Isparta, Mersin, Muğla, Osmaniye) and partly placed (Afyon, Denizli, Karaman, Kayseri, Kahramanmaraş, Niğde) at Mediterranean Turkey. The Turkey map (Figure 1.A) that was displaying the provinces at the study area was prepared by Diva-GIS v.7.3 (Hijmans et al., 2005). The map (Figure 1.B) displaying the 85 sampling locations as black circles was prepared with CFF 2.0 (Barbier & Rasmont, 2000: Carto Fauna- Flora). Field studies were performed during the spring and summer seasons of 2008 and 2009. April 24th 256 Güler et al., Türk. entomol. derg., 2014, 38(3) was the first, August 09th was the last day for the field studies at 2008; March 20th was the first, August 11th was the last day for the field studies of the second year. Since the area of the field survey was huge (nearly 100.000 km2), random sampling protocol was used to search and collect as much as it can be. All bee specimens were collected via hand nets and aspirators. Meanwhile, the plants that have been visited by bees also recorded or collected for diagnosis. All captured bee samples and collected plants were properly prepared for collections. All of these specimens were deposited in the Plant Protection Museum of the Plant Protection Central Research Institute and in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. GPS coordinates were taken by Garmin Etrex H®. Materials were examined with stereoscopic microscopes for diagnosis. Identification of the bee specimens were made by Y. Güler according to Özbek (1979), Warncke (1980, 1992a), Zanden (1986), Dorn & Weber (1988), Banaszak & Romasenko (1998), Michener (2007), Amiet et al. (2004) and Scheuchl (2006) and by comparing the specimens with the bee collections of Bavarian State Zoology Collection (Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany- ZSM), the Upper Austrian Provincial Museum (Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum- Biologiezentrum, Linz, Austria- OLML). Michener (2007) was followed for the taxonomy of the bee groups. The species are listed below in the alphabetical order within genera and species. Identification of plant specimens were made by D. Töre according to Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands (Davis, 1965-1985, 1988; Güner et al., 2000). Brummit & Powell (1999) and The International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2008) were followed for the author names of the plant taxa. Figure 1. A) Map generated by Diva-GIS displays the provinces of study area. B) Map generated by CFF displays the sampling stations. Biodiversity analyses In order to make multivariate analyses on the biodiversity parameters, a data matrix including GPS coordinates, habitat properties, abundances of bee species and related plants was generated. Krebs (1999) and Magurran (2004) were used for
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